Animal Waste Management of Dairy Cattle Paper

To Fulfill the Assignment of Animal Waste Management

By :
Mirsa Ita Dewi Adiana
Nur Rohmatuz Zakiyah
Galuh Dianita Fitri

135050100111189
135050100111240
135050100111259

K Class

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FACULTY

UNIVERSITY of BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2016

CHAPTER 1
PREFACE

1.1 Background
One of the important things that must be considered in the livestock
business is the management of waste or leftover products from cattle or feed that
is not consumed. If the waste is not done processing, it significantly restrict
harmful to livestock and their environment. According Ngadiyono (2007), waste /
cow manure if not handled properly, can be a source of disease for both breeding
cattle ranchers or farmers themselves, but can cause a bad odor will also disturb
the environment. Still many farms that have not implemented waste management
is often a concern. Disposal of waste in the form of solid or liquid without
processing or directly into rivers, can pollute the environment and can kill living
creatures in the river ecosystem, destroying the beauty and pollute the
environment around the river. Waste treatment process is necessary especially for
farms to comply with existing rules and does not pollute the environment, which
indirectly surrounding communities are not harmed by the presence of these
farms. During this time many public complaints will be adversely affected by the
activities of the farm because most farmers ignore the waste management of the
business, and some even attempt to dispose of waste into the river, causing
environmental pollution. Livestock waste produced by livestock activities such as
feces, urine, food remains, as well as water from the cleaning of livestock and
polluting cages which sparked protests from local residents. Whether it is a bad
smell that stung, until the complaints of itching when bathing in rivers
contaminated farm waste.
In this regard, the efforts to overcome livestock waste that is considered
disturbing since become a source of environmental pollution need to be addressed
in an appropriate manner so as to provide other benefits such as the economic
benefits of such treatment. Waste handling is necessary not only because of the
demands will be a comfortable environment for the development of animal
husbandry but also absolute attention to quality of the environment, so that its
presence does not become a problem for the surrounding community.Utilization of
farm waste (livestock manure) is one alternative that is very appropriate to address
the rising prices of fertilizer and fuel scarcity. Moreover, the use of manure as a
fuel source in the form of biogas. Technology and the product is a new thing for
masyaraka, t our farmers and ranchers. Utilization of manure as an energy source,
does not reduce the amount of organic fertilizer derived from manure. This is
because in making biogas manure that has been processed is returned to its
original condition is taken only of methane (CH4), which is used as fuel.
Livestock manure is processed in biogas production was moved to a drier, and
when it is dry can be stored in bags for later use.

1.2 Problem Solving

Based on the explanation above how the management of dairy cattle waste.
1.3 Objective
To know the animal waste management in dairy cattle.
1.4 Benefit
Can be solved the problem of animal waste in dairy cattle.

CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
2.1 Biogas
1) Biogas Design
When we want to made a biogas, we will need some requireents such
as:
The availability of manure as a raw material for making gasbio.
Stirring, before being put into the reactor, in a state of fresh cow dung
mixed with water (1: 1). However, if the cow dung in dry form, the
amount of water that should be added until the desired consistency (1:
1.25 to 1: 2).
Temperature. The optimal temperature gasbio formation around 32-37
C. Methanogenic bacteria are not active at extremely high or low
temperatures. The optimum temperature is around 35 C, if the
temperature drops to 10 C, gas production will be stopped.
The optimal pH in anaerobic digestion gasbio formation that is
approximately 6.8 - 8, digestion rate will decline in the condition of pH
higher or lower.
Retention time, at high temperatures the rate of fermentation takes place
so quickly that the time required is shorter.
This is the example of biogas design:

Figure 2. Biogas design from

2) Potential Uses of Biogas and Biomethane

Burners and boilers used to produce heat and steam can be fueled by
biogas. The direct substitution of biogas for natural gas or LPG (Liquefied
petroleum gas), however, will not work for most standard commercially
available burners. At given fuel gas feed pressures, gas must flow into
combustion in the right stoichiometric ratio with air. Because of its high CO2
content, if biogas flows through the burner orifice at the pressure intended for
feeding methane or propane, the fuel-to-air ratio is insufficient to ensure flame
stability. This chapter discusses the potential uses of biogas and biomethane. At
present, dairy manure biogas is used on-farm for direct electricity generation
and some of the waste heat is recovered for other uses. One of our goals was to
explore alternative direct on-farm uses of raw and slightly cleaned biogas.
Because of its highly corrosive nature (due to the presence of H 2S and water).
The most common and popular on-farm use of biogas is to fuel an enginegenerator (generator-set or genset) to produce electricity.
Conversion of a boiler system to operate on biogas typically involves the
enlargement of the fuel orifice and a restriction of the air intake. Important
considerations include the capability of the combustor to handle the increased
volumetric throughput of the lower-Btu biogas, flame stability, and the
corrosive impact of raw biogas on the burner equipment.
To prevent corrosion from H2S and water vapor, operating temperatures
should be maintained above the dew point temperature (250 F) to prevent
condensation. It may also be advisable to use propane or natural gas for start up
and shut down of the system, since higher operating temperatures cannot be
maintained at these times.
Tabel 1. Comparation Natural Gas Fuel Specifications vs. Typical Raw Biogas
Composition

Beyond the regulatory impediments to using raw biogas as a vehicle

fuel in California, the low methane content of raw biogas (typically 55% to

70%) combined with its inherent trace contaminants (especially H2S) can have
significant negative impacts on engine performance, durability, and emissions.
While the degree of impact depends on both engine control and vehicle
technology (e.g., open loop vs. closed loop, heavy duty vs. light duty), raw
biogas is generally considered technically unsuitable as a vehicle fuel. For
these reasons, there are no known vehicle engine manufacturers planning to
offer products rated to operate on raw biogas as a fuel.
2.2 Manure
Animal agriculture is a large segment of the economy. The huge quantities of
manure generated by animal feeding operations (AFO's) can be an economical
source of plant nutrients and a valuable soil amendment to Improve Soil
Quality and Maintain Soil pH. Thus, manure can be a valuable asset to a livestock
production operation if its nutrients and organic matter are recycled through land
application properly.

Manure may cause surface and groundwater pollution if mismanaged. The

key to a proper management is to determine the nutrient content of the manure,
the percentages of those nutrients that are available to crops, and the nutrient
requirements of the crop at a realistic yield goal. These three factors will help you
to apply the proper amount (agronomic rate), but the method and timing of
application will ensure the effectiveness of nutrient you applied. Best management
practices (BMPs) will minimize the impact of manure on the environment.

Composting is a way to handle manure that should be

considered. Composting will increase the value of manure, kill parasites and
weed seeds, and decrease the volume of waste. Compost piles should be located
away from buildings since they may spontaneously combust. Piles must be turned
either on a weekly basis or based on the internal temperature of the
pile. Passively aerated piles are not turned but have perforated pipes placed in the
pile. Internal temperatures of compost should reach about 140 F. A minimum
pile size of 4 feet by 4 feet by 4 feet is needed to achieve composting
temperatures. A 3 bin system can be used on smaller farms or windrows (long,
free-standing piles) can be used on larger farms.
Some guidelines for composting are:
-

Piles should be turned when temperatures fall below 110 F or above

140 F

Base width of the pile should be twice its height

Moisture content should be that of a wrung out sponge (30-40% dry

matter)

The ideal carbon:nitrogen ratio is 20:1 to 40:1 (horse manure with no

bedding is 25:1, rice straw is 79:1 and oat straw is 48:1, wood products
are 500:1, so more frequent turning may be needed or nitrogen may
need to be added in the form of urea or manure if bedding is included
in the mix)

Finished compost will have a soil-like texture and smell earthy

The process can take as little as 3 months with frequent turning

Spreading is a common way to handle manure. Some things to keep in

mind:
-

Nutrients in manure and availability to plants in general, manure

contains 21% so;ids, 110 lb/yr Nitrogen, 59 lb/yr phosphate and 110
lb/yr potash. The amount of nitrogen available is a result of the
chemical composition of the manure, manure application, and
management. Available nitrogen ranges from 35% if spread and left
on the surface of the soil to 60% if spread and worked into the soil

within a day. Available phosphorus ranges from 80% from phosphate

and 90% from potash.
-

Time of year It is ideal to spread manure in the spring so that you

minimize potential losses before the crop can take it up and nutrients
are supplied for the upcoming growing season. Spreading in the fall is
also a good idea. Manure should not be spread in the winter since the
ground may be frozen and may be washed away by rain or melting
snow.

Pasture vs. crop fields

Pasture - Parasite eggs or weed seeds can cause a problem if applied to
pastures. If applied too thickly, grasses may be smothered.Crops As
bedding materials are broken down by microorganisms, nitrogen
depletion of the soil may occur. Nitrogen fertilizer may need to be
added to prevent this. Soil should be tested to determine crop needs
and manure applied should not exceed the crop needs. Manure can be
collected and packaged to send to a soil testing laboratory for analysis
at the land grant universitys soil testing lab. A standard N-P-K
(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) value can be determined in order to
decide how many acres the manure should be spread on.

Methods of spreading
Manure can be spread with a tractor and spreader for ease of
spreading. Other methods can be employed but may be more labor
intensive. You might consider purchasing equipment with a friend or
group of friends if it is cost prohibitive for your budget. Compost can
be spread as to 1 inch thick and then mixed well into the soil.

2.3 Sludge for feed alternative

It is known that animal waste and other organic materials capable of producing
biogas containing 55-70% gas Methane, 27-44% of gas carbon dioxide and
contains little hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other gases (Werner et al, 1989). Biogas in the form of methane (CH4) directly can be burned to produce a flame,

carbon dioxide and water. Fire produced can be used as fuel stove, gas lamps,
incubators, heating chicks (brooder), engine coolant (referigerator), drives a
generator and boiler for generating electricity, while carbon cioxide water and
beneficial to plants (Felizardo, 1990)
Bio gas quality can be improved by treating some of the parameters are: The
first parameter is the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water content, and
carbon dioxide (CO2). hydrogen sulfide (H2S) contain toxins and substances that
cause corrosion, if the bio gas containing these compounds, it will cause a
dangerous gas so that the maximum allowable concentration of 5 ppm. When
burned, the hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) will be more dangerous because it will
form the new compounds together Oxygen, ie sulfur dioxide / sulfur trioxide (SO2
/ SO3). These compounds are more toxic. Sulphur acid (H2SO3), of a compound
that is more corrosive at the same time will be formed. The second parameter is
the removal of carbon dioxide content of which has the objective to improve the
quality. (Testifying, 2008). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is very complex and expensive,
in principle, the CO2 can be removed by absorption through the lime / lime milk
(Ca (OH) 2) (Werner et al, 1989). How to separate the hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S)
from biogas can be done by flowing into the catcher (Werner et al, 1989). The
catcher can be calcium oxide (lime milk) (Jonah, 1990) or ferric hydrate (Werner
et al, 1989). This separation process is referred to as desulfurization.
Desulfurization can be influenced by the absorption of ferric hydrate (Fe (OH) 3)
or can also be directed to the bog iron, a form of absorbent of limonite /
hydratedIron (III) oxide-hydroxide. Penyerapnya form of granules plate purifier
that can be regenerated by demolition (evaporation) into the air. The absorption
capacity of the refiner plate depends on the content of ferric hydrate (Fe (OH) 3)
(Werner et al, 1989). The result Methane gas (CH4) become more pure and not
corrosive, whereas sulfur mineral substances which captors become useful as feed
additives and asbestos materials. Finally, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) into
economic goods that can be accounted for bio gas unit holders (Kadarwati, 1981)
Mineral elements known as inorganic substances or ash content. Organic
elements burned in the combustion process, but inorganic substances do not,
because that is referred to as ash (Winarno, 2002). Mineral elements are divided
into two, namely the elements Mineral Mineral macro and micro elements.
Elements macro minerals are like Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K plays an important role in
the physiological activity and metabolism, while the element Mineral micro such
as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) is required
in enzyme systems (Anonymous, 2007b).
Iron (Fe) in the body normally binds to proteins and Fe-S bond, become a
cysteine residue in the protein ferodoksin of bacteria and plants. In the body, most

of Fe is used for metabolic processes and partly kept as a reserve. Fe used in the
process of enzymatic metabolism in the hemoglobin of about 55% and 15% in
myoglobin. Fe element is kept as a reserve in the form of ferritin, a protein
complex that is soluble, about 70-80%, and as hemosiderin which is a protein
complex is not soluble. Both forms Fe bond is stored in the liver, bone marrow,
spleen, and skeletal muscle. When the equilibrium concentration of Fe in the body
is disturbed then the Fe content in the storage location, before Fe used in
metabolism, decreased (Anonymous, 2007).
Based on the above it can be concluded that all the essential minerals, both
micro and macro, it is very important to the life of animals. Livestock productivity
not only be maintained, but can also be upgraded with the needs of such Minerals,
thus the formation of material new mineral filtering results of bio-gas with ferric
hydrate (Fe (OH) 3) and lime milk (Ca (OH) 2 will greatly help livestock
farmers , especially with the relatively cheap price compared with Mineral
commercial market today.

CHAPTER 3
CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION
- Animal waste management in dairy cattle there is to use biogas,
manure, and sludge to feed alternative.
- Biogas is the system to utilize dairy cattle w
3.2 SUGGESTION

REFERANCE
Anonimous. 2016. Animal Waste Managemen.
Crawford, J. H. 2003. Kompos. Bogor: Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan
Indonesia.
Krich, K., Augenstein, D., Batmale, J.P., Benemann, J., Rutledge, B and Salour, D.
2005. A Sourcebook for the Production and Use of Renewable
Natural Gas in California. USDA Rural Development.
Ngadiyono, N. 2007. Beternak Sapi. PT Citra Aji Pratama, Yogyakarta
Winarno, F. G. 2002. Ilmu Pangan Dan Gizi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/wqguide/animals.ht
ml. Accesed on 19 March 2016.