Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Elias Ghannoum1
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of IEC Publication No. 60826 (old number IEC 826)
entitled 'Loading and Strength of Overhead lines'. This publication has been a
milestone in the introduction of improved structural design criteria of overhead
transmission lines based on reliability methods. Originally published by IEC in 1991
as a technical report type II (i.e. a pre-standard phase), this document was then
extensively reviewed by CIGRI~ and IECfrC11/WG08, and a revised version of this
document is currently being circulated to National Committees of IEC/TCll for
adoption as an IEC Standard.
This IEC publication specifies loadings and strengths requirements of overhead lines
derived from reliability-based design principles. It is based on the concept whereby a
transmission line is designed as a system made of components such as supports,
foundations, conductors and insulator strings. This approach enables to coordinate the
strengths of components within the system taking into account the fact that in such a
series system, the failure of any component could lead to the loss of power
transmitting capability. It is expected that this approach should lead to an overall
economical design without undesirable mismatch between strengths of line
components.
Many improvements were introduced in the revised version of IEC 60926 (IEC 2002)
such as: dividing the document into a normative section containing all requirements
and another section consisting of a commentary to the document and technical
annexes, providing default load and strength factors when statistical data are scarce,
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
60
Introduction
During the last decades, the IEC (Intemational Electrotechnical Commission)
Committee T C l l and CIGRE Study Committee SC22 pioneered improvement of
overhead transmission lines design criteria as well as the introduction of
reliability/probabilitybased design concepts (Ghannoum, 1986), (CIGRI~ 1990).
A milestone of this evolution occurred in 1991 when the IEC 826 document entitled
"Loading and Strength of Overhead Lines" was published (IEC, 1991). This
document introduced reliability and probabilistic concepts for calculation of loading
and strength requirements for overhead lines components. This document was
published as a technical report type 2, i.e. a pre-standard document that will be
reviewed in a few years for the purpose of converting it to an IEC standard.
When document IEC 826 was published, IEC asked CIGRE to prepare application
examples of this document and to simplify it for an eventual conversion to the status
of an IEC international standard. The CIGRE task was completed in 1998 and a
revised/simplified version of IEC 826 (now IEC 60826) was sent by CIGRE SC22 to
IEC T C l l .
The new version of IEC 60826 (IEC, 2002) is currently being circulated for vote (as
of May 2002) to National Committees members of IEC/TC11.
This paper provides an overview of IEC and CIGRt~ work and summarizes the main
features of IEC 60826.
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
61
The definition given in all IEC standards reads: "A normative document, developed
according to consensus procedures, which has been approved by the IEC National
Committee members of the responsible committee in accordance with Part 1 of the
ISO/IEC Directives as a committee draft for vote and as a final draft International
Standard and which has been published by the IEC Central Office."
Adoption of IEC standards by any country, whether it is a member of the
Commission or not, is entirely voluntary.
What is CIGRE
CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems) is a permanent nongovernmental and non profit-making International Association based in France. It
was founded in 1921 and aims to:
9 Facilitate and develop the exchange of engineering knowledge and
information, between engineering personnel and technical specialists in all
countries as regards generation and high voltage transmission of electricity.
9 Add value to the knowledge and information exchanged by synthesizing stateof-the-art and world practices.
9 Make managers, decision-makers and regulators aware of the synthesis of
CIGRE's work, in the area of electric power.
More specifically, issues related to the planning and operation of power systems, as
well as the design, construction, maintenance and disposal of HV equipment and
plants are at the core of CIGRE's Mission.
Relationship between CIGRE and IEC
Many IEC publications and standards originated from CIGRE technical work. It is
generally the practice that CIGRE develops new technical work until such work
reaches technical consensus and maturity. Once this stage is reached, the resulting
work may be used by IEC as a basis for preparation of a new standard or revising an
existing one.
The cooperation between IEC and CIGRE is obvious in the development and revision
of IEC 60826 as explained in this paper (CIGRt~ 1990).
Objectives of IEC 60826
When developed, IEC 60826 was oriented to correct some identified shortcomings of
safety factor methods such as (Ghannoum, 1984):
9 Possible inconsistencies and unbalance in strengths of components
9 Unknown reliability level (except by general inference from experience)
9 Difficulty to adjust overall line reliability
9 Difficulty to design composite structures (steel and wood for example)
9 Difficulty to evolve with new technologies
9 Difficulty to adjust design to local conditions
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
62
Scope
IEC 60826 specifies the loadings and strengths requirements of overhead lines
derived from Reliability Based Design (RBD) principles. It also provides a
framework for the preparation of National overhead transmission lines Standards
using reliability concepts and employing probabilistic or semi-probabilistic methods.
However, National Standards still need to establish the local climatic data for the use
and application of this standard.
The design criteria in IEC 60826, although intended to apply to new lines, they can
also be used to address the reliability requirements for refurbishment and uprating of
existing lines.
It is noted that IEC60826 does not cover the detailed design of line components such
as towers, foundations, conductors or insulators. Nevertheless it provides loading and
strength requirements that allow a coordinated and consistent design between these
components.
or
Load with a return period T = Strength met with 90% probability (or having a 10%
exclusion limit).
The above relation was found to give consistent reliability (or probability of survival
Ps) almost equal to (1 - 1/2T ), with a typical range of (1 - 1/T ) to ( 1 - 1/2T ). These
results remain valid for various distributions of load curves Q such as extreme type
(Gumbel), log-normal and Frechet, as well as for Normal and log-Normal strength R
distributions. Refer to Figure 1 for the case where T = 50 years and the coefficient of
variation (COV) Q was varied from 12 to 50%.
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
63
System design
IEC 60826 design methodology is based on the concept whereby a transmission line
is designed as a system made of components such as supports, foundations,
conductors and insulator strings. This approach enables to coordinate the strengths of
components within the system taking into account the fact that in such a series
system, the failure of any component could lead to the loss of power transmitting
capability. It is expected that this approach should lead to an overall economical
design without undesirable mismatch between strengths of line components.
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
64
Reliability levels
Three Reliability levels (I, II, III) are provided in IEC 60826. These levels correspond
to return periods of design loads of 50, 150 and 500 years. In general,
9 Level I is considered minimum for all permanent lines
9 Level II applies to lines with voltages equal or exceeding 230 kV
9 Level III applies to important lines in excess of 230 kV that are a unique
source of supply.
Security requirements
Security requirements relate to behavior of lines once failure is initiated. They aim to
prevent uncontrolled propagation of failures (cascading). In such case, components
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
65
are allowed to be reach stresses very close to their ultimate limit state. It is noted that
in IEC 60826, security is a deterministic concept, while reliability is probabilistic.
Security and reliability requirements are interrelated because both tend to increase
strength of components. Security measures, if more critical than climatic loads
(reliability requirements), can also increase reliability.
Safety requirements
These are required to protect people from injury. They consist of construction and
maintenance loads. It is aimed that the probability of failure under such loads should
be very low.
LOADS
STRENGTH LIMIT
STATE
climatic, ice, wind, wind + ice, with a damage limit
return period T
failure limit (torsional and longitudinal) Failure limit
construction and maintenance loads
damage limit
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
66
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
67
COV of
R2
0,05-0,10
0,10-0,40
Note: in the above Table, R2 is the component designed more reliable than R1
Wind loads and limitations of wind calculations
Wind loads on conductors and tower structures are the source of important and
critical loading requirement for overhead transmission lines. Methods to calculate
wind forces starting with a reference wind speed are provided in the document for the
following conditions:
9 Spans between 200 m and 800 m
9 Height of supports less than 60 m
9 Altitude below 1300 m
Ground roughness
For the purpose of calculating wind pressure and forces, four (4) categories of ground
roughness (also called terrain types) are provided:
9 A- Flat coastal areas and deserts
9 B- Open country, cultivated fields
9 C- Numerous low height obstacles
9 D- Suburban areas
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
68
ELECTRICALTRANSMISSIONIN A NEWAGE
Icing types
Ice accretion on conductors and structures are the source of important loads, and often
control the design in many northern countries. The document covers three types of ice
accretion: precipitation icing, wet snow, and in-cloud icing. Methods to calculate
design icing are provided and cover a range of cases with various availabilities of
statistical data.
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
69
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
70
For lines that require a higher security level, additional security measures can be
considered such as: Increasing the number of points where the RSL is applied,
Considering the RSL in conjunction with some climatic load, and/or inserting anticascading towers.
All types
Damage limit
Failure limit
lowest of :
- Vibration limit, or
- the infringement of critical clearances defined by Ultimate tensile
appropriate regulations, or
stress (rupture)
- 75% of the characteristic strength or rated tensile
strength (typical range in 70 % to 80 %)
Damage Umit2
Failure limit
Unacceptable permanent
deformation or slippage
Rupture
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
71
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
72
Conclusion
This paper summarizes the background, key features of and the evolution of
document IEC 60826 that provides for: a) a design methodology based on reliability
concepts, b) more consistent design that targets a minimum reliability, and c) avoids
mismatch between line components.
Local weather conditions are taken into account during the design process, and tools
are provided in order to increase reliability and security if warranted either by the
importance of the line or by local conditions.
This document should provide for more economical design for a given target
reliability compared to safety factor methods or, inversely, should provide for a
higher reliability for given limit loads.
The IEC 60826 has been integrated to many international standards (ex. IS 802, CSA
C22.3, 2002, CENELEC and utility practices and represents a major contribution to
the international trend in migrating toward reliability based design concepts in
overhead line design.
References
IEC/60826 - Ed. 2.0 (1991): Loading and strength of overhead transmission lines,
June 1991.
Houle, S., Hardy, C., and Ghannoum, E. (1991), "Static and Dynamic Testing of
Transmission Lines Subjected to Real Wind Conditions", CIGRI~ Symposium on
Compact Overhead Lines, Leningrad, June 1991.
Electric Power Research Institute Report, "Conductor Wind Loading - Results of
EPRI Field Validation studies" EPRI, TR-104480.
GHANNOUM, E., Orawski, G. (1986), "Reliability Based Design of Transmission
Lines According to Recent Advances by IEC and CIGR]~", International Symposium
of Probabilistic Design of Transmission Lines, Toronto, June 1986.
GHANNOUM, E. (1983), "Probabilistic Design of Transmission Lines - Part I :
Probability Calculations and Structural Reliability", IEEE/PES 1983 Winter Meeting,
New-York.
GHANNOUM, E. (1983), "Probabilistic Design of Transmission Lines - Part II
Design Criteria Corresponding to a Target Reliability", IEEE/PES 1983 Winter
Meeting, New-York.
GHANNOUM, E., (1984) "Improving Transmission Line Design by Using
Reliability Techniques", IEEE/PES 1984 Winter Meeting, Dallas.
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra
73
Downloaded 18 Sep 2010 to 190.144.171.70. Redistribution subject to ASCE license or copyright. Visithttp://www.ascelibra