78

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Another generalization of the contraction principle for weak contractions was obtained by Alber and Guerre-Delabriere [2] in Hilbert spaces. A mapping f : X X
is called a -weak contraction if
(1.3)

d(f (x), f (y)) d(x, y) (d(x, y)),

for x, y X,

where : [0, ) [0, ) is a continuous and nondecreasing function with (t) = 0

if and only if t = 0. If we take (t) = kt where k [0, 1), then (1.3) reduces
to (1.1). Moreover, the weak contractions are also closely related to the ones of
Boyd and Wong type. If is a lower semi-continuous function from the right, then
(t) = t (t) is an upper semicontinuous function from the right and (1.3) turns
out to be (1.2). The validity of Alber and Guerre-Delabrieres result in complete
metric spaces was proved by Rhoades [15]. We state this result as follows.
Theorem 1.2 (Rhoades [15]). Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and f a weak
contraction on X. Then f has a unique fixed point.
In 1967, Browder [7] proved strong convergence theorems with an implicit iteration in a Hilbert space, and, respectively, Halpern [10] proposed the necessary
condition for the strong convergence of an explicit iteration still in a Hilbert space.
In 1992, Wittmann [21] used the explicit scheme introduced by Halpern and obtained a strong convergence result under certain control conditions (see (C1)-C(3)
in Theorem 1.4). Moudafi [13] generalized Browders and Halperns theorems in
another direction and those generalizations are called viscosity approximations.
The motivation of this research is to study Moudafi viscosity approximations
with a weak contraction in a CAT(0) space. A metric space X is a CAT(0) space
if it is geodesically connected and if every geodesic triangle in X is at least as thin
as its comparison triangle in the Euclidean plane (see Section 2). It is well known
that any complete and simply connected Riemannian manifold having nonpositive
sectional curvature is a CAT(0) space. Complete CAT(0) spaces are often called
Hadamard spaces. In recent years, CAT(-1) and CAT(0) spaces have come to play
an important role both in the study of groups from a geometrical viewpoint and in
the proofs of certain rigidity theorems in geometry.
Let C a closed convex subset of a CAT(0) space X, T : C C a nonexpansive
mapping (i.e., d(T x, T y) d(x, y), for all x, y C), and u an arbitrary point of
C. The mapping x 7 u (1 )T x, where (0, 1), is a contraction on C by
Lemma 2.3 in Section 2; hence for each (0, 1) there exists a unique x C such
that x = u (1 )T x . In 2010, Saejung [16] established the convergence theorems of Halpern iterations for a nonexpansive mapping. In 2012, Shi and Chen [17]
proved the convergence theorems of the Moudafi viscosity iterations with a contraction under certain appropriate conditions with the so-called property P. Recently,
Wangkeeree and Preechasilp presented a dierent proof from that of Shi and Chen
without assuming the property P by using the concept of quasilinearization instead.
Their theorems are stated as follows. Let us denote by F(T ) the fixed point set of
a mapping T : C C and PC : X C the metric projection (see Section 2).
Theorem 1.3 ( [20, Theorem 3.1]). Let C be a closed convex subset of a complete
CAT(0) space, T : C C a nonexpansive mapping with F(T ) = and f : C C

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

79

a contraction. Define a net by

x = f (x ) (1 )T x ,

for (0, 1).

Then {x } converges strongly to a point x

C as 0+ such that x
= PF(T ) f (
x).
Theorem 1.4 ( [20, Theorm 3.4]). Let C be a closed convex subset of a complete
CAT(0) space, T : C C a nonexpansive mapping with F(T ) = and f : C C
a contraction. Define a sequence {xn } by x1 C and
xn+1 = n f (xn ) (1 n )T xn ,
where {n } is a sequence in (0, 1) satisfying
(C1)
(C2)

lim n = 0;

n = ;

n=1

(C3)

either

|n+1 n | <

or lim (n+1 /n ) = 1.

n=1

Then {xn } converges strongly to a point x

C such that x
= PF(T ) f (
x).
In [18] Suzuki considered the Browder type and Helpern type iterations with a
Meir-Keeler contraction for a sequence of nonexpansive mappings in a Hilbert space.
In this work we pay our attention to a -weak contraction f satisfying (1.3) for a
sequence of nonexpansive mappings in a CAT(0) space.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we recall the definition of geodesic metric spaces and summarize some useful lemmas and the main properties of
CAT(0) spaces. In Section 3 we establish a series of technical results about Browder,
Halpern and Wittmann type convergence theorems in a CAT(0) space. In Section 4
we derive our main results with a weak contraction for a sequence of nonexpansive
mappings by invoking NST- and AKTT-conditions (Section 2) and conclude that
the respective Browder, Halpern and Wittmann type convergence theorems imply
(and therefore are equivalent to) Moudafi viscosity approximations. We remark
that when a family of nonexpansive mappings reduces to one single nonexpansive
mapping, NST- and AKTT-conditions must hold and so can be dropped. Meanwhile, in addition to presenting dierent proofs from those of Theorems 1.3 and 1.4
by Wangkeeree and Preechasilp, we also extend these results to weak contractions
as well.
2. Preliminaries
Let (X, d) be a metric space. For x, y X, a geodesic path joining x to y (or a
geodesic from x to y) is an isometric mapping c : [0, ] R X such that c(0) = x,
c() = y, i.e., d(c(t), c(t )) = |t t |, for all t, t [0, ]. Therefore d(x, y) = . The
image of c is called a geodesic (segment) from x to y and we shall denote a definite
choice of this geodesic segment by [x, y]. A point z = c(t) in the geodesic [x, y]
will be written as z = (1 )x y, where = t/, and so d(z, x) = d(x, y) and
d(z, y) = (1 )d(x, y).

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SHUECHIN HUANG

A subset C of X is convex if every pair of points x, y C can be joined by a

geodesic in X and the image of every such geodesic is contained in C.
Definition 2.1. Given a real number , we denote by Mn the following metric
spaces:
(i) if = 0, then M0n is the Euclidean space Rn ;
n
n
(ii) if > 0, then M
is obtained from the sphere S by multiplying the distance
function by 1/ ;
n
(iii) if < 0, then Mn is obtained
from the hyperbolic space H by multiplying
the distance function by 1/ .
It is well known that Mn is a geodesic metric space. If 0, then Mn is uniquely
geodesic, i.e., there is exactly one geodesic
joining any two points. The diameter of
Mn will be denoted D and thus D is / if > 0, and otherwise.
A geodesic triangle in a metric space X consists of three points p, q, r X,
its vertices, and a choice of three geodesic segments [p, q], [q, r], [r, p] joining them,
its sides. Such a geodesic triangle will be denoted ([p, q], [q, r], [r, p]) or (less accurately if X is not uniquely geodesic) (p, q, r). If a point x X lies in the union
of [p, q], [q, r] and [r, p], then we write x .
A triangle = (
p, q, r) in M2 is called a comparison triangle for =
([p, q], [q, r], [r, p]) in X if dM2 (
p, q) = d(p, q), dM2 (
q , r) = d(q, r) and dM2 (
r, p) =
2
d(r, p). Such a triangle M always exists if the perimeter d(p, q)+d(q, r)+d(r, p)
of is less than 2D ; it is unique up to an isometry of M2 [6, I.2.14]. A point
x
[
q , r] is called a comparison point for x [q, r] if dM2 (
q, x
) = d(q, x).
A geodesic triangle in X is said to satisfy the CAT() inequality if, given a
comparison triangle M2 for , for all x, y ,
d(x, y) dM2 (
x, y),
where x
, y are respective comparison points of x, y.
Definition 2.2. If 0, then a geodesic space X is called a CAT() space if all
geodesic triangles satisfy the CAT() inequality.
If > 0, then X is called a CAT() space if X is D -geodesic and all geodesic
triangles in X of perimeter less than 2D satisfy the CAT() inequality.
Hilbert spaces are CAT(0). A CAT() space is a CAT( ) space for every .
Lemma 2.3. Let (X, d) be a CAT(0) space and let , [0, 1]. Then
(i) for x, y X, we have
d(x (1 )y, x (1 )y) = | |d(x, y).
(ii) [6, II.2. Proposition 2.2] for x, y, p, q X, we have
d(x (1 )y, p (1 )q) d(x, p) + (1 )d(y, q).
In particular, if p = q, it reduces to
d(x (1 )y, p) d(x, p) + (1 )d(y, p).
(iii) [8, Lemma 2.5] for x, y, z X, we have
d(x (1 )y, z)2 d(x, z)2 + (1 )d(y, z)2 (1 )d(x, y)2 .

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

81

Let p, q, r be three distinct points of X with d(p, q) + d(q, r) + d(r, p) < 2D .

()
The -comparison angle between q and r at p, denoted p (q, r), is the angle at
p in a comparison triangle (
p, q, r) M2 for (p, q, r). Let : [0, a] X and

let : [0, a ] X be two geodesic paths with (0) = (0). Given t (0, a]
and t (0, a ], we consider the comparison triangle ((0), (t), (t )) and the
()
-comparison angle (0) ((t), (t )). The (Alexandrov) angle or the upper angle
between the geodesic paths and is the number (, ) [0, ] defined by
(, ) = lim sup (0) ((t), (t )) = lim sup (0) ((t), (t )).
()

t,t 0

()

0 0<t,t <

If X is uniquely geodesic, p = q and p = r, the angle of (p, q, r) in X at p is the

(Alexandrov) angle between the geodesic segments [p, q] and [p, r] issuing from p
and is denoted p (q, r).
Proposition 2.4 ( [6, I.1.13, 1.14 and II.1.8]). Let X be a metric space and let
, , be three geodesics issuing from a common point. Then
(i) (, ) = ( , );
(ii) (, ) (, ) + ( , );
(iii) if : [a, a] X is a geodesic with a > 0, and if , : [0, a] X are
defined by (t) = (t) and (t) = (t), then ( , ) = .
The next proposition provides very useful properties of the metric projection in
a complete CAT(0) space.
Proposition 2.5 ([9, Proposition 3.5]). Let X be a complete CAT(0) space and let
C X be a closed convex subset of X. Then the following are satisfied:
(i) For each x X, there exists a unique point PC x C such that d(x, PC x) =
d(x, C).
(ii) If x
/ C and y C with y = PC x, then PC x (x, y) /2.
(iii) The mapping x 7 PC x is a nonexpansive retraction of X onto C.
The mapping PC of X onto C in Proposition 2.5 is called the metric projection.
The following primary results are crucial to the study of our problem.
Lemma 2.6 ( [3, Lemma 2.3]). Let {n }, {n } and {n } be three sequences of
nonnegative
numbers
and {n } a sequence of real numbers such that {n } [0, 1]

with n=1 n = ,
n=1 n < and lim supn n 0. Suppose that
n+1 (1 n )n + n n + n ,

n N.

Then limn n = 0.
Lemma 2.7 ([1]). Let {n } and {n } be two sequences
of nonnegative numbers and

{n } a sequence of positive numbers such that n=1 n = and lim supn n /n =

0. Suppose that
n+1 n n (n ) + n ,

n N,

where : [0, ) [0, ) is a continuous and strictly increasing function with

(0) = 0. Then limn n = 0.

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SHUECHIN HUANG

Let C be a closed convex subset of a metric space X. In this article we mainly

consider a countable family of nonexpansive mappings with the following conditions,
called NST-conditions; see [3, 19]. Let {Tn } and
S be two families of nonexpansive
self-mappings of C such that = F(S) n=1 F(Tn ), where F(S) denotes the
common fixed point set of all mappings in S. Then {Tn } is said to satisfy NSTcondition (I) with S if for each bounded sequence {xn } in C,
lim d(xn , Tn xn ) = 0 implies lim d(xn , Sxn ) = 0 S S.
n

In this case, F(S) = n=1 F(Tn ). If S consists of one mapping S, then {Tn } is
said to satisfy NST-condition (I) with S. The family {Tn } is said to satisfy NSTcondition (II) if for each bounded sequence {xn } in C,
n

lim d(xn+1 , Tn xn ) = 0 implies

lim d(xn , Tm xn ) = 0

m N.

The family {Tn } is said to satisfy AKTT-condition (or NST-condition (III)) if for
every bounded subset B of C,

sup{d(Tn+1 x, Tn x) : x B} < .

n=1

3. Basic properties
This section contains the basic results needed for a study of viscosity approximations. Suppose that C is a closed convex subset of a CAT(0) space. Let
T : C C be a nonexpansive mapping with F(T ) = . It is known that F(T )
is closed and convex. Fix any u C. For (0, 1], define a mapping S : C C
by S x = u (1 )T x. Observe that S is a contraction. In fact, for x, y C,
it follows from Lemma 2.3(ii) that
d(S x, S y) (1 )d(T x, T y) (1 )d(x, y).
Then S has a unique fixed point in C.
Proposition 3.1. Let C be a closed convex subset of a CAT(0) space (X, d), T a
nonexpansive mapping on C and f a -weak contraction on C. Then
(i) T f is a -weak contraction on C.
(ii) For each (0, 1), a mapping S = f (1)T is an -weak contraction
on C.
Proof. It is seen that for any x, y C,
d(T f x, T f y) d(f (x), f (y)) d(x, y) (d(x, y)).
Hence T f is a -weak contraction on C.
Next, fix (0, 1). For x, y C, using Lemma 2.3(ii), we get
d(S x, S y) d(f (x), f (y)) + (1 )d(T x, T y)
d(x, y) (d(x, y)) + (1 )d(x, y)
d(x, y) (d(x, y)).
Therefore S is an -weak contraction on C.

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

83

Throughout the rest of this section X denotes a complete CAT(0) space, C is a

closed convex subset of X and T = {Tn } is a sequence of nonexpansive mappings on
C with F(T) = . Let {n } be a sequence in (0, 1]. We say that (X, C, {Tn }, {n })
have
(i) Browder property if for each u C, the sequence {xn } defined by
xn = n u (1 n )Tn xn

(3.1)

converges strongly whenever (C1) is satisfied;

(ii) Halpern property if for each u C, the sequence {xn } defined by x1 C,
xn+1 = n u (1 n )Tn xn

(3.2)

converges strongly whenever (C1) and (C2) are satisfied;

(iii) Wittmann property if for each u C, the sequence {xn } defined by (3.2)
converges strongly whenever (C1)-(C3) are satisfied.
Proposition 3.2. Suppose that (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) have Browder property. For
each u C, define the sequence {xn } by (3.1) and let P be a mapping on C defined
by P u = limn xn . Then P is a nonexpansive mapping on C.
Proof. Fix u, v C and define two sequence {xn } and {yn } in C by
xn = n u (1 n )Tn xn ,

yn = n v (1 n )Tn yn .

Apply Lemma 2.3(ii) to get

d(xn , yn ) n d(u, v) + (1 n )d(Tn xn , Tn yn )
n d(u, v) + (1 n )d(xn , yn );
therefore d(xn , yn ) d(u, v). It follows that d(P u, P v) d(u, v) and so P is
nonexpansive.

Proposition 3.3. Let X, C, {Tn }, {n } and P be as in Proposition 3.2. Let f be

a -weak contraction on C. Define a sequence {xn } in C by
xn = n f (xn ) (1 n )Tn xn .

(3.3)

Then {xn } converges strongly to the unique point z C satisfying P f z = z.

Proof. Theorem 1.2 and Proposition 3.1 guarantee the existence and the uniqueness
of {xn } and z. Define a sequence {yn } by
yn = n f (z) (1 n )Tn yn .
Proposition 3.2 assures the strong convergence of {yn } to P f z = z. For n N,
we have
d(xn , yn ) n d(f (xn ), f (z)) + (1 n )d(Tn xn , Tn yn )
n d(f (xn ), f (yn )) + n d(f (yn ), f (z)) + (1 n )d(xn , yn )
d(xn , yn ) n (d(xn , yn )) + n d(yn , z)
which implies that
(d(xn , yn )) d(yn , z).

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SHUECHIN HUANG

It follows that
lim (d(xn , yn )) = 0,

and so limn d(xn , yn ) = 0. This shows that {xn } converges strongly to z.

Proposition 3.4. Suppose that (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) have Halpern property. For each
u C, define the sequence {xn } by (3.2) and let P be a mapping on C defined by
P u = limn xn . Then
(i) P u is independent of the choice of the initial point x1 .
(ii) P is a nonexpansive mapping on C.
Proof. To prove (i), fix u C and define the sequences {xn } and {yn } by x1 = u,
y1 C,
xn+1 = n u (1 n )Tn xn ,

yn+1 = n u (1 n )Tn yn .

Then
d(xn+1 , yn+1 ) (1 n )d(Tn xn , Tn yn ) (1 n )d(xn , yn ).
We have limn d(xn , yn ) = 0 by Lemma 2.6 and therefore P u does not depend on
the initial point.
To verify (ii), fix v C and define a sequence {zn } in C by z1 = v,
zn+1 = n v (1 n )Tn zn .
From
d(xn+1 , zn+1 ) n d(u, v) + (1 n )d(Tn xn , Tn zn )
n d(u, v) + (1 n )d(xn , zn ),
it follows that
d(x2 , z2 ) 1 d(u, v) + (1 1 )d(x1 , z1 ) = d(u, v)
and so we derive by induction that d(xn , zn ) d(u, v). Hence d(P u, P v) d(u, v).

Proposition 3.5. Let X, C, {Tn }, {n } and P be as in Proposition 3.4. Let f be

a -weak contraction on C, where is strictly increasing. Define a sequence {xn }
in C by
(3.4)

xn+1 = n f (xn ) (1 n )Tn xn .

Then {xn } converges strongly to the unique point z C satisfying P f z = z.

Proof. Again, the existence and the uniqueness of z is assured by Theorem 1.2 and
Proposition 3.1. Define a sequence {yn } by
yn+1 = n f (z) (1 n )Tn yn
so that by hypothesis {yn } converges to P f z = z. For n N, we have
d(xn+1 , yn+1 ) n d(f (xn ), f (z)) + (1 n )d(Tn xn , Tn yn )
n d(f (xn ), f (yn )) + n d(f (yn ), f (z)) + (1 n )d(xn , yn )
d(xn , yn ) n (d(xn , yn )) + n d(yn , z).

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

85

Apply Lemma 2.7 by setting n = d(xn , yn ) and n = n d(yn , z) to get

limn d(xn , yn ) = 0. Consequently, {xn } converges strongly to z.

It is seen that Propositions 3.4 and 3.5 still hold when (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) have
Wittmann property. We simply state these results as follows.
Proposition 3.6. Suppose that (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) have Wittmann property. For
each u C, define the sequence {xn } by (3.2) and let P be a mapping on C defined
by P u = limn xn . Then
(i) P u does not depend on the initial point x1 .
(ii) P is a nonexpansive mapping on C.
Proposition 3.7. Let X, C, {Tn }, {n } and P be as in Proposition 3.6. Let f be
a -weak contraction on C, where is strictly increasing. Then a sequence {xn }
in C by (3.4) converges strongly to the unique point z C satisfying P f z = z.
4. Moudafi viscosity approximations
In this section we discuss the viscosity approximations for a sequence of nonexpansive mappings with weak contractions and carry out the extension results of
recent convergence theorems.
We first recall convergence theorems of the implicit and explicit iterations proved
by Piatek [14, Theorems 3.5 and 4.3] in a CAT(0) space.
Theorem 4.1 ([14, Theorem 3.5]). Let X be a complete CAT(0) space and T :
X X a nonexpansive mapping with F(T ) = . Choose u X and define a net
y = u (1 )T y for (0, 1). Then {y } converges strongly to PF(T ) u as
0+ .
Theorem 4.2 ([14, Theorem 4.3]). Let X, T , u be as in Theorem 4.1. Define a
sequence {yn } in X by u, y1 C and yn+1 = n u (1 n )T yn , where {n } is a
sequence in (0, 1) satisfying (C1)-(C3). Then {yn } converges strongly to PF(T ) u.
We now present simple and dierent proofs from those of Theorems 1.3 and
1.4 by Wangkeeree and Preechasilp to generalize Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 to weak
contractions without assuming property P; also cf. [17, Theorems 2.2 and 2.3].
Theorem 4.3. Let X, C and T be as in Theorem 4.1 and suppose that f is a
-weak contraction on C. Define a net {x } by
x = f (x ) (1 )T x ,

(0, 1).

Then {x } converges strongly to the unique point x

C as 0+ such that
x
= PF(T ) f (
x).
Proof. Define a net {y } in C by y = f (
x) (1 )T y for (0, 1). Theorem
4.1 assures the strong convergence of {y } to PF(T ) f (
x) = x
. For (0, 1), we
have
d(x , y ) d(x , x
) (d(x , x
)) + (1 )d(x , y );
thus
d(x , y ) d(x , x
) (d(x , x
)).

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SHUECHIN HUANG

It follows that
d(x , x
) d(x , y ) + d(y , x
) d(x , x
) (d(x , x
)) + d(y , x
)
which implies that
(d(x , x
)) d(y , x
) 0 as 0+ .
The monotonicity and continuity of assert that lim0+ d(x , x
) = 0.

Theorem 4.4. Let X, C, T and {n } be as in Theorem 4.2. Suppose that f is a

-weak contraction on C, where is strictly increasing. Define a sequence {xn } in
X by
xn+1 = n f (xn ) (1 n )T xn .
Then {xn } converges strongly to the unique point x
= PF(T ) f (
x).
Proof. Define a sequence {yn } in C by yn+1 = n f (
x) (1 n )T yn so that {yn }
converges strongly to PF(T ) f (
x) = x
by Theorem 4.2. For n N, we have
d(xn+1 , yn+1 ) n [d(f (xn ), f (yn )) + d(f (yn ), f (
x))] + (1 n )d(xn , yn )

d(xn , yn ) n (d(xn , yn )) + n d(yn , x

).

Since n=1 n = and limn d(yn , x

) = 0, we apply Lemma 2.7 by putting
n = d(xn , yn ) and n = n d(yn , x
) to conclude that limn d(yn , xn ) = 0, that is,
limn d(xn , x
) = 0.

We next study viscosity approximations with weak contractions. To this end, we

first consider the iteration (3.1) for a family of nonexpansive mappings satisfying
NST-condition (I) and prove Browder type convergence theorem.
Theorem 4.5. Let C be a closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, S
a nonexpansive mapping
on C, {Tn } a family of nonexpansive mappings on C such

F(T
that = F(S)
n ), and {n } a sequence in (0, 1) with (C1). Suppose that
n=1
{Tn } satisfies NST-condition (I) with S. Let u C and define a sequence {xn } by
(3.1). Then {xn } converges strongly to the point PF(S) u.

Proof. We recall that F(S) =

n=1 F(Tn ) because of NST-condition (I). Let p
F(S). Then
d(xn , p) n d(u, p) + (1 n )d(xn , p)
and hence
d(xn , p) d(u, p), for all n N.
It follows that {xn } is bounded, and so is {Tn xn }. Since
d(xn , Tn xn ) = n d(u, Tn xn ) 0

as n ,

NST-condition (I) asserts that

lim d(xn , Sxn ) = 0.

On the other hand, observe that

(4.1)

d(p, xn )2 + d(u, xn )2 d(u, p)2 .

In fact, consider a comparison triangle (

u, p, Tn xn ) for (u, p, Tn xn ) in R2 . Since
dR2 (
p, Tn xn ) dR2 (
p, x
n ),

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

87

u, Tn xn ) =
this implies that xn (
p, Tn xn ) /2. Proposition 2.4(iii) states that xn (
. Hence by Proposition 2.4(ii), we have
xn (
u, p) /2
and so
d(p, xn )2 + d(u, xn )2 dR2 (
p, x
n )2 + dR2 (
u, x
n )2 dR2 (
u, p)2 = d(u, p)2 .
To prove that {xn } converges strongly to the point PF(S) u, define a net {yt } in
C by
yt = tu (1 t)Syt , for t (0, 1).
Let x
= PF(S) u. Theorem 4.1 assures the strong convergence of {yt } to x
. Then we
apply Lemma 2.3 to get
d(xn , yt )2 td(xn , u)2 + t(1 t)d(u, Syt )2
(1 t)d(xn , Syt )2
(1 t)[d(xn , Sxn ) + d(xn , yt )]2 .
Subtracting (1 t)d(xn , yt )2 and dividing by t on both sides of this inequality yields
d(xn , yt )2 d(xn , u)2 + (1 t)d(u, Syt )2
1t

[d(xn , Sxn )2 + 2d(xn , Sxn )d(xn , yt )].

t
We take the limit superior as n to obtain
lim sup[d(xn , yt )2 d(xn , u)2 + (1 t)d(u, Syt )2 ] 0
n

and then take the limit superior as t 0+ (by interchanging these two limit superiors) to obtain
lim sup[d(xn , x
)2 + d(u, x
)2 d(xn , u)2 ] 0.
n

Using this inequality, together with (4.1), we have

0 2 lim sup d(xn , x
)2 lim sup[d(xn , x
)2 + d(u, x
)2 d(xn , u)2 ] 0.
n

This asserts that {xn } converges strongly to x

, which completes the proof.

Let X, C, {Tn }, S, {n } be as in Theorem 4.5 so that (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) have

Browder property. Then we can apply Proposition 3.3 to extend Theorem 4.5 to
viscosity approximations with weak contractions as follows. Therefore Browder type
convergence theorem implies viscosity approximations with weak contractions.
Theorem 4.6. Let X, C, {Tn }, S, {n } be as in Theorem 4.5 and f a weak
contraction on C. Then a sequence {xn } defined by (3.3) converges strongly to a
point x
C such that x
= PF(S) f (
x).
We now consider the Halpern type iteration (3.2) for a family of nonexpansive
mappings.

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SHUECHIN HUANG

Theorem 4.7. Let C be a closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X,

S a nonexpansive mapping
on C, {Tn } a family of nonexpansive mappings on C

such that = F(S)

F(T
n ), and {n } a sequence in (0, 1) satisfying (C1) and
n=1
(C2). Suppose that {Tn } satisfies NST-condition (I) with S and NST-condition (II).
Define a sequence {xn } by x1 = u C and (3.2). Then {xn } converges strongly to
a point x
= PF(S) u.

Proof. Let p
n=1 F(Tn ) so that d(x2 , p) 1 d(u, p) + (1 1 )d(x1 , p) = d(u, p).
By induction we have d(xn , p) d(u, p) for all n N. Hence {xn } is bounded, and
so is {Tn xn }. Since
d(xn+1 , Tn xn ) = n d(u, Tn xn ) 0

as n ,

according to NST-condition (II), it follows that limn d(xn , Tm xn ) = 0 for all

m N. Let {ym } be a sequence in C defined by
ym = m u (1 m )Tm ym
so that {ym } converges strongly to x
by Theorem 4.5. Fix m N. Using the same
argument as discussed in Theorem 4.5, we have
d(xn , ym )2 m d(xn , u)2 + m (1 m )d(u, Tm ym )2
(1 m )d(xn , Tm ym )2
(1 m )[d(xn , Tm xn ) + d(xn , ym )]2 ;
hence
d(xn , ym )2 d(xn , u)2 + (1 m )d(u, Tm ym )2
1 m

[d(xn , Tm xn )2 + 2d(xn , Tm xn )d(xn , ym )].

m
We first take the limit superior as n and then the limit superior as m
to get
(4.2)

lim sup[d(xn , x
)2 + d(u, x
)2 d(xn , u)2 ] 0.
n

It remains to prove that {xn } converges strongly to x

. We actually obtain from
Lemma 2.3(iii) that
d(xn+1 , x
)2 (1 n )d(Tn xn , x
)2 + n [d(u, x
)2 (1 n )d(u, Tn xn )2 ]
(1 n )d(xn , x
)2 + n [d(u, x
)2 (1 n )d(u, xn+1 )2 ].
Furthermore, we estimate the second term on the right hand side of this inequality
by
d(u, x
)2 (1 n )d(u, xn+1 )2
= (1 n )[d(u, x
)2 d(u, xn+1 )2 ] + n d(u, x
)2
(1 n )[d(xn+1 , x
)2 + d(u, x
)2 d(u, xn+1 )2 ] + n d(u, x
)2 .
Therefore the previous inequality implies that
d(xn+1 , x
)2 (1 n )n + n n ,

APPROXIMATIONS IN GEODESIC METRIC SPACES

89

where n = d(xn , x
)2 and
n = (1 n )[d(xn+1 , x
)2 + d(u, x
)2 d(u, xn+1 )2 ] + n d(u, x
)2 .
We apply (4.2) and Lemma 2.6 to this inequality and conclude that
lim d(xn , x
) = 0,

as desired.

It is seen that (X, C, {Tn }, {n }) established in Theorem 4.7 have Halpern property. The following convergence result of the iteration (3.4) with weak contractions
is an immediate consequence of Proposition 3.5. Consequently, Halpern type convergence theorems implies viscosity approximations with weak contractions.
Theorem 4.8. Let X, C, {Tn }, {n } and S be as in Theorem 4.7. Suppose that f
is a -weak contraction on C, where is strictly increasing. Then a sequence {xn }
defined by (3.4) converges strongly to a point x
C such that x
= PF(S) f (
x).
Let C be a closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X. We recall that a
one-parameter family S = {T (t) : t 0} of self-mappings of C is called a strongly
continuous nonexpansive semigroup on C if the following conditions are satisfied:
(i) for each t 0, T (t) is a nonexpansive mapping on C;
(ii) T (0)x = x, for all x C;
(iii) T (s + t) = T (s) T (t), for all s, t 0;
(iv) for each x C, the mapping t 7 T (t)x from [0, ) into C is continuous.
The family S is said to be uniformly asymptotically regular (in short UAR) on C if
for any h 0 and any bounded subset D of C,
lim sup d(T (h)T (t)x, T (t)x) = 0.

t xD

Suppose that S = {T (t) : t 0} is a U AR and strongly continuous nonexpansive

semigroup on C with F(S) = , and {n } (0, 1], {tn } (0, ) are two sequences
such that limn n = limn n /tn = 0. In 2014, Huang [11, Theorem 4.2]
proved that (X, C, {T (tn )}, {n }) have Browder property. Moreover, a sequence
{xn } in C defined by u C and
xn = n u (1 n )T (tn )xn ,
converges strongly to the point PF(S) u. Hence we can apply Proposition 3.3 to
generalize this Browder type convergence theorem to viscosity approximations with
weak contractions.
Theorem 4.9. Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, C a closed convex subset of
X, S = {T (t) : t 0} a UAR and strongly continuous nonexpansive semigroup
on C with F(S) = , f a weak contraction on C, and two sequences {n } (0, 1],
{tn } (0, ) such that limn n = limn n /tn = 0. Define a sequence {xn }
in C by
xn = n f (xn ) (1 n )T (tn )xn .
Then {xn } converges strongly to a point x
C such that x
= PF(S) f (
x).

90

SHUECHIN HUANG

In [16, Theorem 3.2] Saejung proved Wittmann type convergence theorem. As an

application, we finally state a direct consequence of Saejungs theorem and Proposition 3.7, viewed as a generalization of Theorem 1.4 by Wangkeeree and Preechasilp
to viscosity approximations with weak contractions.
Theorem 4.10. Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, C a closed convex subset of
X, {T
n } a family of nonexpansive mappings on C satisfying AKTT-condition such
that
n=1 F(Tn ) = , f a -weak contraction on C, where is strictly increasing,
and {n } a sequence in (0, 1] satisfying (C1)-(C3). Define
a mapping S : C C by
Sx = limn Tn x, for x C. Suppose that F(S) = n=1 F(Tn ). Then a sequence
{xn } defined by (3.4) converges strongly to a point x
C such that x
= PF(S) f (
x).
Remark 4.11. If the family {Tn } of nonexpansive mappings consists of one single
mapping in Theorems 4.5-4.8 and 4.10, the NST-and AKTT-conditions certainly
hold and therefore can be removed.
Acknowledgements
The author is also extremely grateful to the anonymous referee(s) for very careful reading of the manuscript and helpful remarks, including some corrections of
notation and parts of the proof, to revise this original work.
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Manuscript received October 23, 2014
revised March 12, 2015

Shuechin Huang
Department of Applied Mathematics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
E-mail address: shuang@mail.ndhu.edu.tw