Part A: Determination of Water Hardness

25 mL of tap water was pipetted into a conical flask. We added 1mL of buffer
solution followed by 3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator to the solution. It is
then titrated with 0.01 M EDTA until the solution turned from wine red to sky blue
with no hint of red. We saved the solution for color comparison. We repeat this
titration to obtain more accurate results.

Part B: Determination of Concentration of Ca2+(aq) ions

25 mL of tap water was pipetted into a conical flask. We added 30 drops of 50% w/v
NaOH solution, and waited for a couple of minutes to completely precipitate the
magnesium ions as Mg(OH)2(s). We added 3 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator
and titrated with 0.01 M EDTA until it changed to sky blue. We saved the solution for
color comparison. We repeat this titration to obtain more accurate results.

Part C: Lowering of water hardness

Two beakers with 500ml each of ground water have been added with 10 grams and
15 grams of Calcium Hydroxide. The solution was stirred for about 20 minutes. After
10 minutes, the solution was filtered using a filter paper. The supernatants were
collected and measured for all the parameters described.

Part D: pH Measurement
The pH values of all the samples were measured with a pH meter.

Part E: Alkalinity
For alkalinity, we titrated 100 mL of sample with 0.02 N H2SO4 to pH 4.5 and stirred
the water during the titration. The total alkalinity as CaCO3 was getting by
multiplying the volume (as ml) used of titrant by ten. The equation is: Total alkalinity
as mg CaCO3/L = mL of titrant * 10.

Part F: Measuring of Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids

To measure TSS, the tap water was filtered, and then the filtrate (the water that
passes through the filter) was evaporated in a pre-weighed dish and dried in a room
temperature, until the weight of the dish no longer changed. The increase in weight
of the dish represents the total dissolved solids, and was reported in milligrams per
liter (mg/l).
To measure TDS, samples (tap water) were first filtered to remove suspended solids.
A precise amount of sample is added to a carefully cleaned, dried, and weighed
beaker. The water was then evaporated in a hot plate. The difference in mass
between the two weights was the mass of the total dissolved solids. Calculations
were then performed to convert the change in mass to mg/L of TDS.

Part G: Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids

To remove TSS, the tap water was filtered using a filter paper. In removing TDS,
samples (tap water) were first filtered to remove suspended solids then the filtrate
undergone to distillation process where in the liquid vapor became free from TDS.