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INTRODUCTION
TO
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STRATEGIC
STU D IE S
IrregularWarfare:Terrorism
andInsurgency

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I O"fininginsurgencyand
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@L::ir,
I terrorismis problematic
insurgencies
o lndividual differwidelyin
characterandtype
o Generally,terroristsseekto create
awareness of theirpolitical
grievance,
whileinsurgents hopeto takepower
throughforceof arms

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o IRREGULAR WARFARE = typesof violence

conductedby substateactorsincluding
terrorism
& insurgency.

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ffi :liiiirr Insurgency
o ls an armedinsurrection or rebellion againstan
established systemof government in a state.
o lf the violentchallengeby the insurgents is forcefully
resistedby its incumbents, andit normally is a civilor
internalwar situationwill result.E.g.:protracted
violencebetweenthe parties.
o Twogoals:
1. Seekto replacethe incumbent regimewitha system
of governmentconducive to theirinterest& inclination
of the insurgents.e.g.toendformercolonialcontrol.
2. Typicalform of violentopposition to authoritarian
regimewithinstatesthatareformallyindependent.
E.g.revolution, ethnicnationalism (Africa)
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 Insurgency
o Recruitsundertwoprinciple:
1.To theirsenseof ethnicidentity
2.To theirpolitical
allegiance
o Usestrategyof unconventional warfare
includingguerillawarfare
o Insurgency is instances
of Clausewitzian
tradition
of viewing themilitary
instrument
asthemeansof achieving political
goals.

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I TeffOfiSm
o Theluse or threateneduseofviolence on a
systematic political
basisto achieve objectives.
o Methods includes hijacking,
hostage taking,
bombings,indiscriminateshootings,
assassinations& massmurders.
o Distinguishedbetween state/political
& factional
terrorism.
o Political-
coercive agenciesatthestatedisposal
combined withideologiesthatreston
ends/means rationalizations.
o Factional-
carriedoutby nonstateactors&
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 ffii ii:i:, :ii:ii: Terrorism
o Statesponsored terrorism- internal
factional groupswithoutside
governmental supportltransnational
o ltsnota species of guerilla
warfare
o lt is a strategyor method thatis
comrnon to groupsof widelydifferent
political,philosophical& religious
beliefs

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ffi :iiiiiL:
:i::::i:' MaoZe Dong'sThree-Stage
Theoryof Insurgency
o The insurgentmovesfromthestrategic
defensiveto stalemate to the strategic
offensive
o As the insurgents
growmorepowerful, they
takeon moreof thecharacteristicsof a
conventionalmilitary
force

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MaoZe Dang'sThree-Stage
Theoryof Insurgency
o Stage1: Strategic Defensive - characterized
by avoidance at allcostsof pitched, set-piece
battles.Tacticaloffensiveswithlocal
numerical arecarried
superiority, outto
furtherstretchenemyresources.
o Themoralsuperiority of theguerillas is
establishedwiththelocalpopulation, political
indoctrination
is carriedout& newrecruits
aretrainedto fightas irregularsin remote,
safebases.
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# i::i:iir::iii::,
MaoZe Dong'sThree-Stage
Theoryof Insurgency
o Stagell: Stalemate - beginswithprolonged battleto
attritethe enemy'sphysical& moralstrength.
Governmental control,in the formof localotficialsis
targetedand its representatives killedor forcedto
leave.With government presence in ruralareas
neutralized, the population can be drawnuponfor moral
& physicalsupport.Thatsupportmustbe channeled
intomainbuildingcapable,conventional mainforces.
o Stagelll: StrategicOffensive: the endgameof the
conflict,in whichpopularand mainforcesconductthe
battleof maneuverand use overwhelming forcedestroy
decimated enemyforcesin theirdefensive positions.
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# :iiiiiii:ii:::i
lrregular
warfareandtime
o Timeis the mostimportant
elementfor the success
of an insurgency
r Can be "exchanged"to make up for other
weaknesses
o Marighella andthe "urbanguerrilla"
etfortto achieve
speedyvictory
o Timeis the mostimportant elementin the success
of insurgencies, a nonlinearprogression
involving
that includesthe spaceto manoeuvre andto gain
legitimacyand/orsupportall of whichare necessary
for eventualVictory.
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@ ::i:i:i:; lrregular
warfareandspace
o Relationship between spaceandtime
o Usingforce-to-space ratiosto offsetrelative
weakness
o Terrainas a factor
o Establishingsafeareas
o Terrainis importantto offsetweaknesses and
gaintacticaladvantages, includinggaining
'forceto space'superiorityat thetime& place
of yourchoosing.
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 @ ,iliit:
lrregular
warfareand
support
o Insurgentscanseekbothinternal andexternal
support
o lmportanceof supportfromthe local
populace
o CheGuevaraandtheoryof the"foco"whichisthe
centreof gravityof guerrilla
movement.
o Represent the political
& militaryheartof
insurgency & believedthatguerrilla movement itself
cangenerate the conditionforvictory,
o Thesuccesswilleventually inspirelocalpeasant to
cometo supportthem,allowing theorganization to
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lrregular
warfareand
support
o Support is dependent on legitimacy,
it
is derivedinternally
fromthequalityof
the interaction
withthelocalpopulace
andexternally viaresources from
alliesandsympathizers.

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warfareand
lrregular
legitimacy
o Relationshipbetween support
and
legitimacy
o Insurgentsactingas a government
in
"liberated"
areas
and"negative"
e "Positive" measures

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warfareand
lrregular
legitimacy(cont)
o lmportance military
of linking operations to a
political
end
keyto sustaining
o Moraljustification thestruggle
o Excessive government responses to insurgency
canconvince people to supporttheinsurgents
provides
o Moraljustification thecornerstone to
sustainthestruggle, usuallyblending cultural
andsocialcauses withpolitical
ends.
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ffi iiiii riiiii Keypoints

o Terrorism & insurgencies

canbe examined
intermsof time,space,legitimacyor
support,reflecting
specific
localcontexts
ratherthanpredetermined goalsattributed
o
a generaltheory.

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ffi i:iiiii:i::ill Counter-insurgency

o Methodsusedby statein responseto localthreatsare
aimedcruciallyat maintaininga laMul,hencepolitical-
moral,legitirnacy
o Maintaining political/moral
legitimacy
o Location:ldentifyingan insurgency,preferably
duringits
veryearlystages
r Oftena slow process
o lmportanceof intelligence-gathering
andassessment
o lsolation:Segregating insurgentsfromthe population
politically
and phySically

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Ljnivsi'sity
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I
(COnt)
I COUntef-inSUfgenCy
o Sr"l"rs basedon isolating insurgents bothphysically
& politically.
o The importance of "theheartsandminds"of the
people
o Eradication:The physicaldestruction of insurgent
forces
o Activeand passivetechniques
o The eradication of insurgentsis oftena slow
processandwilltakedifferentformsin different
politicaland culturalcontext.

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# i:iilr iiiii
Futureinsurgency
o Cultureand insurgency
inspiredinsurgents
o Culturally mightchangethe
'Trinitarian'
natureof uprisingsfromtraditional
warsto chaoticethnicconflicts.
o Religiousfanaticism and"apocalyptic
- martyrdom
millenarianism"
o The replacement fanaticsof political
by religious
withapocalypticmillenarianism'possibly
portendsthe lethalcombinationof martyrswith
weaponsof massdestruction.
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ffi, Futureinsurgency
o Religionis usefulas rallyingpointandenablerfor
terrorismbut cannotprovidea strategyto achievethe
desiredobjectives.
o Technology: WMD,information technology
o The Internetreachesacrosstimeandspace
o lnformationtechnologies andtheWorldWideWeb
(uruvw)haveprovidedterroristwithnewcapabilitiesto
reachacrosstimeand space,creatingvulnerability in
a statesbasedsystemwherecontrolof information
equalspower.
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# ::iiill;i:;:::l'
Conclusion
o Hadlongbeenusedto change political
systems& acquirepower
o Religion,
culture,
ethnicity& technology
remainimportantelements of irregular
warfare.
o Religion
-Chechen - protracted guerilla
war
o Ethnicity-
Somalia- Somaliwarlord seekto
gainpolitical
powerto influence theirclan.
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