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ENE 104

Electric Circuit Theory


Lecture 11:
Polyphase Circuits

(ENE) Mon, 26 Mar 2012 / (EIE) Wed, 4 Apr 2012

Week #12 : Dejwoot KHAWPARISUTH

http://webstaff.kmutt.ac.th/~dejwoot.kha/

Objectives : Ch12

Page 2

single-phase and polyphase systems


Y- and - connected three-phase system

per-phase analysis of three-phase systems

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Introduction:

Page 3

An example set of three voltages, each of which is 120o out of


phase with the other two. As can be seen, only one of the voltages
will be zero at a particular instant.
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Polyphase Circuits

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Double-Subscript Notation:

Page 4

(a) The definition of the


voltage Vab.

(b) Vad = Vab + Vbc+ Vcd


= Vab + Vcd.
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Polyphase Circuits

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Double-Subscript Notation:

Page 5

Van 100 0 V.
Vbn 100 120 V.
Vcn 100 240 V.
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Polyphase Circuits

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Double-Subscript Notation:

Vab

Page 6

Van Vnb Van Vbn


100 0 100 120 V.
100 (50 j86.6) 173.2 30 V.

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.1

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Let = 1000 V, = 4080 V, and


= 70200 V. Find (a) ; (b) ; (c)

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.1

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.2

Page 9

Refer to the circuit of figure below and let


= 3 A, = 2 A, and = 6 A. Find (a),
; (b) ; (c)

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.2

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Polyphase Circuits

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Single-Phase Three-Wire System:

Page 11

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Polyphase Circuits

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Single-Phase Three-Wire System:

Page 12

Consider:

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Since

Van = Vnb

Then

Van
Vnb
I aA
I Bb
Zp
Zp

And

InN = IBb + IAa = IBb - IaA = 0


Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example:

Page 13

Effect of Finite Wire Impedance:


Analyze the system below and determine the power
delivered to each of the three loads as well as the power
lost in the neutral wire and each of the two lines.

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example:

Page 14

115 0 I1 50(I1 I 2 ) 3(I1 I 3 ) 0


(20 j10)I 2 100(I 2 I 3 ) 50(I 2 I1 ) 0
115 0 3(I 3 I1 ) 100(I 3 I 2 ) I 3
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Polyphase Circuits

0
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Example:

Page 15

I1 11.24 19.83 A.
I 2 9.389 24.47 A.

I 3 10.37 21.80 A.
The average power drawn by each load:

P50 I1 I 2 50 206 W.
2

P100 I 3 I 2 100 117 W.


2

P20 j10 I 2 20 1763 W.


2

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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 16

I1 11.24 19.83 A.
I 2 9.389 24.47 A.

I 3 10.37 21.80 A.
The loss in each of the wires:

PaA I1 1 126 W.
2

PbB I 3 1 108 W.
2

PnN I 3 I1 1 3 W.
2

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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 17

The transmission efficiency, :

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total

power delivered to load

total power generated


2086

89.8%
2086 237
Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.3

Page 18

Modified Figure below by adding a 1.5


resistance to each of the two outer lines, and a
2.5 resistance to the neutral wire. Find the
average power delivered to each of the three
loads.

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.3

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.3

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Polyphase Circuits

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Three-Phase Y-Y Connection:

Page 21

A balanced three-phase system:


may be defined as having

Van Vbn Vcn


and

Van Vbn Vcn 0

A Y-connected three-phase four-wire source.


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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Three-Phase Y-Y Connection:

Positive, or abc,
phase sequence.
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Negative, or cba,
phase sequence.
Polyphase Circuits

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Three-Phase Y-Y Connection:

Page 23

Line-to-Line Voltage:

Vab
Vab
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Van Vbn
V p 0 V p
3 Vp

Polyphase Circuits

120

30
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Three-Phase Y-Y Connection:

Page 24

Line-to-Line Voltage:

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Vab 3 V p

30

Vbc 3 V p

90

Vca 3 Vp

210

Polyphase Circuits

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Three-Phase Y-Y Connection:

Page 25

Van
I aA
Zp
I bB

Vbn

Zp
Van

I aA

120
Zp
120

I cC I aA 240
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A balanced three-phase system, connected


Y-Y and including a neutral.

Therefore:

I Nn I aA I bB I cC 0
Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 26

Find the currents, voltages and the total power


dissipated in the load

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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 27

Per-phase:

Van 200 0 V.
Vbn 200 120 V.
Vcn 200 240 V.

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Van
I aA
2 60
Zp

Vab 3 V p

30

Vbc 3 V p

90

Vca 3 Vp

210

I bB 2 180
I cC 2 300

Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 28

Per-phase:

v AN 200 2 cos(120t 0)

iAN 2 2 cos(120t 60)


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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

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even though phase voltages and currents have


zero value at specific instants in time, the
instantaneous power delivered to the total load is
never zero.

p A (t ) v AN i AN

800 cos(120t ) cos(120t 60)


400[cos(60) cos(240t 60)]
200 400 cos(240t 60)]

pB (t ) 200 400 cos(240t 300)]


pC (t ) 200 400 cos(240t 180)]
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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 30

the instantaneous power absorbed by the total


load is therefore

p(t ) p A (t ) pB (t ) pC (t ) 600W

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.4

Page 31

A balanced three-phase three-wire system has a


Y-connected load. Each phase contains three
loads in parallel: j100 , 100 , and 50 + j50 .
Assume positive phase sequence with =

4000 V. Find (a) ; (b) ; (c) the total power


drawn by the load

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.4

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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

Page 33

A balanced three-phase system with a line


voltage of 300V is supplying a balanced Yconnected load with 1200W at a leading PF of
0.8. Find the line current and the per-phase load
impedance.
The phase voltage is

The per-phase power is

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V p 3003 V .
1200
3

Polyphase Circuits

400 W .

Week #12

Example:

Page 34

1
P Vm I m cos( ) Veff I eff cos( )
2
V p 3003 V .
Pp 1200
3 400 W .

The line current is


Pp
400
IL
300
2.89 A.
V p cos( )
0.8
3
The phase impedance is
Zp
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Vp
IL

300
3

2.89

Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example:

Page 35

The PF is 0.8 leading, so the impedance phase


angle is cos 1 (0.8) 36.9
thus

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Z p 60 36.9

Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.5

Page 36

A balanced three-phase three-wire system has a


line voltage of 500 V. Two balanced Y-connected
loads are present. One is a capacitive load with
7 j2 per phase, and the other is an inductive
load with 4 + j2 per phase. Find (a) the phase
voltage; (b) the line current; (c) the total power
drawn by the load; (d) the power factor at which
the source is operating.

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Polyphase Circuits

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Practice: 12.5

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Polyphase Circuits

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Example:

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A balanced 600-W lighting load is added (in


parallel) to the previous example. Determine the
new line current.

I 2 2.89

per-phase circuit

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Polyphase Circuits

Z p 60 36.9

Week #12

Example:

Page 39

The amplitude of the lighting current is


determined by
P Veff I eff cos( )

200 3003 I1 cos 0

So

I1 1.155 assume

I1 1.155 0 A.
I 2 2.89 36.9 A.

And the line current is


I L I1 I 2 3.87 26.6 A.
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.6

Page 40

Three balanced Y-connected loads are installed on a


balanced three-phase four-wire system. Load 1
draws a total power of 6kW at unity PF, load 2
requires 10kVA at PF=0.96 lagging, and load 3
needs 7kW at 0.85 lagging. If the phase voltage at
the load is 135 V, if each line has a resistance of
0.1 , and if the neutral has a resistance of 1 , find
(a) the total power drawn by the load; (b) the
combined PF of the load; (c) the total power lost in
the four lines; (d) the phase voltage at the source;
(e) the power factor at which the source is operating.
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.6

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.6

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Polyphase Circuits

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The Delta () Connection:


VL

Page 43

Vab
Vbc
Vca

Vp

Van
Vbn
Vcn

A balanced D-connected load is present on a three-wire


three-phase system. The source happens to be Yconnected.

Where VL 3V p
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and
Polyphase Circuits

Vab 3 V p

30
Week #12

The Delta () Connection:

Page 44

The phase current


I AB
I BC
I CA

Vab

Zp
Vbc

Zp
Vca

Zp

I p I AB I BC I CA
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the line current:


I aA I AB I CA

I L I aA I bB I cC

and
Polyphase Circuits

I L 3I p
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The Delta () Connection:

Page 45

An example with an inductive load

I p I AB I BC I CA
I L I aA I bB I cC
I aA I AB I CA

I L 3I p
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

-Connected:

Page 46

Pp

V p I p cos
VL I p cos
IL
VL
cos
3

total power,

P 3Pp
3VL I L cos

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Y-connected:

Page 47

Pp

V p I p cos
V p I L cos
VL

I L cos
3

total power,

P 3Pp
3VL I L cos

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.7

Page 48

Each phase of a balanced three-phase -

connected load consists of a 0.2 H inductor in


series with the parallel combination of a 5 F

capacitor and a 200 resistance. Assume zero


line resistance and a phase voltage of 200 V at
= 400 rad/s. Find (a) the phase current; (b)
the line current; (c) the total power absorbed by
the load
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.7

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Page 49

Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example 12.5:

Page 50

Determine the amplitude of the line current in a


three-phase system with a line voltage of 300 V
that supplies 1200 W to a -connected load at a
lagging PF of 0.8
Pp

V p I p cos
VL I p cos
IL
VL
cos
3

I L 2.89 A., Z p 180 36.9


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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example 12.6:

Page 51

Determine the amplitude of the line current in a


three-phase system with a line voltage of 300 V
that supplies 1200 W to a Y-connected load at a
lagging PF of 0.8
Pp

I L 2.89 A., Z p 60 36.9


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Polyphase Circuits

V p I p cos
V p I L cos
VL

I L cos
3
ZD
ZY
3
Week #12

Practice: 12.8

Page 52

A balanced three-phase three-wire system is


terminated with two -connected load in
parallel. Load 1 draws 40kVA at lagging PF of
0.8, while load 2 absorbs 24 kW at a leading PF

of 0.9. Assume no line resistance, and let


= 44030 V. Find (a) the total power drawn
by the load; (b) the phase current 1 for the
lagging load; (c) 2 ; (d) .
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.8

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Page 53

Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 54

wattmeter

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Polyphase Circuits

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Power Measurement:

Page 55

P V2 I cosangV2 angI

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.9

Page 56

Determine the wattmeter reading in Figure


below, state weather or not the potential coil had
to be reversed in order to obtain an upscale
reading, and identify the device or devices
absorbing or generating this power. The (+)
terminal of the wattmeter is connected to: (a) x;
(b) y; (c) z.

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.9

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.9

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Polyphase Circuits

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Power Measurement:

Page 59

The wattmeter in a Three-Phase System:

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 60

The wattmeter in a Three-Phase System:


T

1
PA v Ax iaAdt
T 0
v Ax v AN vNx
vBx vBN v Nx
vCx vCN v Nx
T

1
P PA PB PC (v Ax iaA vBx ibB vCxicC )dt
T 0
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 61

The wattmeter in a Three-Phase System:

v Ax v AN vNx
vBx vBN v Nx
vCx vCN v Nx
T

1
P PA PB PC (v Ax iaA vBx ibB vCxicC )dt
T 0
T
T
1
1
(v AN iaA vBN ibB vCN icC )dt v Nx (iaA ibB icC )dt
T 0
T 0
T
1
(v AN iaA vBN ibB vCN icC )dt
T 0
ENE 104

Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 62

The Two-Wattmeter Method:

P1 VAB I aA cosangVAB angI aA


P2 VCB I cC cosangVCB angI cC
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 63

The Two-Wattmeter Method:


in the case of a
balance load:
we can find PF

ENE 104

P1

VAB I aA cosangVAB angI aA

P2

VCB I cC cosangVCB angI cC

VL I L cos30

VL I L cos30
Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Power Measurement:

Page 64

The Two-Wattmeter Method:


in the case of a
balance load:
we can find PF

P1 cos30

P2 cos30
P2 P1
tan 3
P2 P1
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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example 12.7:

Page 65

The balanced load is fed by a balanced threephase system having Vab 230 0 and positive
phase sequence. Find the reading of each
wattmeter and the total power drawn by the
load.
Vab 230 0
Vbc 230 120

Vca 230 120


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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example:

Page 66

Vab 230 0

Vca 230 120


Vac 230 60
Van
I aA

4 j15
P1
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230
3

30

4 j15

8.554 105.1

Vac I aA cosangVac angI aA

230 8.554 cos 60 105.1 1389 W


Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Example:

Page 67

Vbc 230 120

I aA 8.554 105.1
I bB 8.554 134.9
P2

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Vbc I bB cosangVbc angI bB

230 8.554 cos 120 134.9 512.5 W


Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.10

Page 68

For the circuit of Figure below, let the loads be


= 2560, = 50 60, = 5060,
= 6000 V rms with (+) phase sequence, and
locate point x at C. Find (a) ; (b) ; (c)

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Polyphase Circuits

Week #12

Practice: 12.10

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Polyphase Circuits

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Week #12

Practice: 12.10

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Polyphase Circuits

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Week #12

Example: Final 2/47

Page 71

balanced positive phase


sequence I aA , I bB , I cC the total complex power
supplied by the source
a
480

0o

Vrms

+
_
10 ohm
-j10 ohm

+
_
B
j5 ohm
+
_
c

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AC Circuit Power Analysis

Week #12

Example: Final 2/47

Page 72

Van 480 0 V.

480

0o

Vrms

+
_
10 ohm

Vbn 480 120 V

-j10 ohm

+
_
B
j5 ohm

Vab 3 V p

30

Vbc 3 480 90
I
Vca 831.38 210 BC

+
_

Vcn 480 240 V.

Vab
I AB
83.1 30
10
831.38 90

166.3
j5

831.38 150
I CA
83.1 120
j10
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AC Circuit Power Analysis

Week #12

Example: Final 2/47

Page 73

I AB 83.1 30

480

0o

Vrms

+
_
10 ohm

I BC 166.3

-j10 ohm

+
_
B
+
_

I CA 83.1 120

j5 ohm

I aA I AB I CA
I bB I BC I AB

I cC I CA I BC

Stotal V I

*
AB AB

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V I

*
BC BC

AC Circuit Power Analysis

V I

*
CA CA
Week #12

Example: Final 2/46

Page 74

Wattmeters W1 37,297.54 W.
W2 139,196.31 W. the magnitude the
line voltage 4160 V. Z

P2 P1
tan 3
P2 P1
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AC Circuit Power Analysis

Week #12

Ex:

Page 75

a
480

0o

+
-

Vrms

Wm1

+
_

ZA= 60 -30

+
ZA

ZB= 24 30

+
_

ZC

o
480 120

+
_

ZB
480

-120

Wm2

+
-

+
-

ZC= 80 0

VAB, VBC, IAB, IBC, IaA, IcC


wattmeter
ENE 104

AC Circuit Power Analysis

Week #12

Ex:

Page 76
A

a
480

+
-

Vrms

Wm1

+
_

+
ZA

+
_

ZC

480 120

+
_

ZB
480

-120

Wm2

ENE 104

AC Circuit Power Analysis

+
-

+
-

Week #12

Hw:

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Page 77

AC Circuit Power Analysis

Week #12

Reference:

W.H. Hayt, Jr., J.E. Kemmerly, S.M. Durbin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, Sixth Edition.
Copyright 2002 McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

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Circuit Analysis and Electrical Engineering

Page 78

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