MHCK Glossary

APPENDIX A
Glossary of Tien-tai Terms

compiled by Paul L. SWANSON
(This glossary is currently under construction. There are still many gaps, unfilled blanks,
inconsistencies, and unanswered questions. Constant revisions, additions, emendations, and
corrections are under way, aiming for eventual completion at an unknown date in the future.
This present version is current as of March 2004)
(French terminology and denitions from works by Jean-Nol ROBERT and Etienne LAMOTTE)
2004 Paul L. SWANSON
BASIC PATTERN OF ENTRIES:

English term ***
Chn. Chinese reading (Wade-Giles; Pin-yin)
Jpn. Japanese reading
Frn. French translation/term
Skt. Sanskrit term
Def: Definition in English
Def-Frn. Definition in French
Ref. Major references in Tien-tai-related works and
canonical texts
see also: Related terms
A
ability to receive
Chn. neng chi; nng q Jpn. nkai
Frn.
Def: the varying capacities of sentient beings to
practice and realize enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 691ab
absolute
Chn. ch tai; ju di
Jpn. zettai
Frn. absolu
Def: Chih-i uses the term relative to refer to a sense
of something (e.g., for cessation and contemplation)
in contrast to or with respect to a comparable or
opposite item. The term absolute is used to
indicates its intrinsic meaning without regard to or in
contrast to something else.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 696b13c24; Mo-ho chih-kuan 21c2122b20
see also: relative
absolute subtlety U
Chn. ch tai miao; ju di mio
Jpn. zettaimy (zetsudaimy)
Frn.
Def: that which is subtle in itself, and not in contrast to
that which is crude.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 696c2497b3
see also: relative subtlety
actual repentance H
Chn. shih tzan; sh chn
Jpn. jisan
Frn.
Def: repentance in deed, the actual performance of
confession, or repentance of offenses, in contrast to
ideal repentance, or repentance in principle. The
ceremonial performance of praises, worship,
chanting or sutras, and so forth involved in ritual
repentance.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a18, Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13c22
see also: ideal repentance
acquired qualities @6
Chn. hsiu te; xi d
Jpn. shutoku
Frn. maintiennent les attributs
Def: virtuous qualities attained through practice, in
contrast to inherent qualities.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54a25c8
see also: inherent qualities
adapted (teachings) F
Chn. jung tung; rng tng
Frn. lintention dintgrer
Jpn. yz
Def: adapted or fused teachings, a characteristic

feature of the fourth Praj Period, where
distinctions such as great and small are removed,
or fused, and the intention is to integrate the
teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775a23; Gish, 268c; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
97c1798a10
see also:
adorn and purify the meditation chamber 1

Chn. yen ching tao chang; yn jng do chng
Jpn. gonj dj
Frn. orner et purifier le Lieu de pratique (dEveil)
Def: one of the ten items involved in the practice of the
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14a69; Fa-hua san-mei chan-i,
950a25b7
see also: Lotus Samdhi
adornment of virtue t6v

Chn. fu te chuang yen; f d zhung yn
Jpn. fukutoku shgon
Frn. les ornements des mrites
Skt. puya-sambhra
Def: An Abhidharma term, but Chih-i refers to its use
in the Mahparinirva Stra where it speaks of two
adornments of a Buddha, that of wisdom and
virtuous qualities (the other ve perfections
[pramit]). For Chih-i, this is the condition
[necessary but not sufficient cause] for Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Nirva Stra, T 12.767b15c2 ; Fa-hua hsan-i,
695a910; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 11c13, 42a8, 53c19.
see also: adornment of wisdom
adornment of wisdom Jv
Chn. chih huei chuang yen; zh hu zhung yn
Jpn. chie shgon
Frn. lornement de la sagesse
Skt. jna-sambhra
Def: An Abhidharma term, but Chih-i refers to its use
in the Mahparinirva-stra where it speaks of the
two adornments of a Buddha, that of wisdom and
that of virtuous qualities (the other ve perfections
[pramit]). According to the Mahparinirva Stra,
the rvaka, pratyekabuddha, and bodhisattvas up to
the ninth bodhisattva stage are adorned with virtue,
but only the highest bodhisattvas and the Buddhas
are adorned with wisdom. For Chih-i, this is the
cause of Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Nirva Stra, T 12.767b15c2; Fa-hua hsan-i,
695a910; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 11c13, 42a9, 53c18.
see also: adornment of virtue; perfect in the adornment
of mastery
adventitious afflictions a
Chn. ke chen; k chn Jpn. kyakujin
2
Frn.
Skt. *gantukakleapraha
Def: An expression for passionate afflictions (klea)
found in the Vimalakrti Stra. In Chih-is scheme of
things, these adventitious afflictions refer to the
surface passionate afflictions that must be severed
rst, before one attempts to sever the deeper
afflictions such as fundamental ignorance.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Vimalakrti Stra, T 14.545a28; Mo-ho chih-kuan
7c12;
see also: fundamental ignorance
aggregates (skandha), sense entrances (yatana) and

sense realms (dhtu), as objects (of
contemplation)
Chn. yin ju chieh ching; yn r ji jng
Jpn. on-ny-kai-ky
Frn.
Skt. skandha-yatana-dhtu
Def: The rst of the ten objects of contemplation, the
discussion of which takes up more than a third of the
entire contents of the Mo-ho chih-kuan. Hurvitz (p.
329): This refers to the ve skandhas, the twelve
yatanas, and the eighteen dhtus this ching is
believed to be ever present, whether being
contemplated or not.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49b, 51c101c
see also: ten objects of contemplation
laya-consciousness %
Chn. a-li yeh; l y
Jpn. araya
Frn.
Skt. laya-vijna
Def: the store consciousness. A concept of the
Yogcra school, which taught the existence of an
underlying consciousness, a pre-consciousness, that
unies into one experiential whole all the diverse
operations of conscious activity.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54a26
see also:
all wisdom contained in a single thought so:

Chn. i nien hsiang ying huei; y nin xing yng hu
Jpn. ichinen s no e
Frn. la Sagesse conforme dune seule pense
Skt. eka-[citta-]kana-prayukta-praj (samyukta-praj )
Def: one thought in which all insight and wisdom are
united. The wisdom of Buddhahood in the Shared
Teachings. For all wisdom to be contained in a single
thought. Where ones mind or thoughts correspond
to reality as emptiness.
Def-Frn. cette expression signie quen une seule
pense (=instant) le bodhisattva se trouve
parfaitement conform (mush shitai) et se dbarrass
de toutes les imprgnations des passions. Cest
lultime instant prcdant lEveil pour les bodhisattva
Appendix A
de cette doctrine, qui contraste avec les 34 penses

(sanjshi-shin) par lesquelles doivent passer les
bodhisattva de la doctrine des trois corbeilles.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777c2324; Gish, , 281b
see also:
analytical method
Chn. hsi fa; x f
Jpn. shakuho
Frn.
Skt.
Def: an analytical method of breaking down that
involves only an analysis and negative breaking down
of conceptualizations, passions, delusions, and so
forth; Chih-i criticizes it as an inferior method of
contemplation or realizing emptiness at the level of
the Tripiaka Teaching.
Def-Frn.
see also:
analyze (phenomena) and realize emptiness W

Chn. hsi kung kuan; x kng gun
Jpn. shakukkan (shakushiki nyk 5W)
Frn. contemplation analytique de la vacuit
Def: to analyze phenomena and conclude that they are
empty; the method of realizing emptiness at the level
of the Tripiaka Teaching.
Def-Frn. malhabile parce quelle ne parvient la
vacuit que par lanalyse de la forme.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695b29; And, 118; Mo-ho chihkuan, 7a2528; Gish, 266a
see also: essential emptiness
analogy of the color of milk

Def: an analogy in the Mahparinirva Stra that
illustrates the inability of non-Buddhists to
understand the Dharma, just as a blind person
cannot truly know the color of milk even if compared
to a shell, rice, snow, or a white crane.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, 688c1523
see also:
analogy of the three (stages of) illumination X

Chn. san chao y; sn zho y
Jpn. sanshyu
Frn. les trois lieux illumins
Def: an analogy from the Avatasaka Stra that the
rising sun rst illumines the highest peaks (the
preaching of the stra) at the time of Buddhas
enlightenment), then illumines the dark valleys (the
preaching of Hnayna doctrines at Benares), and
nally illumines the wide plains (preaching the vast
Mahyna teachings); a way of classifying the
Buddhas teaching that overlaps with the analogy of
the ve avors (from the Mahparinirva Stra).
Def-Frn. dabord les hauts sommets (kzan [), puis
les valles (ykoku ), et enn la plaine (heichi
rG); cette dernire phase est divise en trois an de
faire correspondre cette comparaison aux 5
GLOSSARY OF TIEN-TAI TERMS
priodes; a) shokuji 7, lheure de repas du matin;

b) guchji 2_, ensoleillement; c) shgo 5,
midi; cette dernire heure correspondant au got du
nectar.
Ref. Avatasaka Stra, T 9.611631
see also: ve avors
annihilationism (n)
Chn. tuan (mieh) chien; dun (mi) jin
Jpn. dan (metsu no) ken
Frn. nihilisme
Skt. uccheda-di
Def: 1) the mistaken (materialistic) view that
everything is annihilated at the time of death.
Nihilism or annihilationism in contrast to the
view that the soul lives on forever (eternalism). 2)
to sever deluded views. 3) In the Ssu-chiao-i, the
awareness of transiency aroused through the
apparent death of the Buddha.
Def-Frn. opinion prnant la non-existence de toute
autre dimension que le monde phnomnal; cest,
avec lopinion oppose, vata-di.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775c12
see also: eternalism
animals z
Chn. pi mao tai chiao; p mo di jio
Jpn. him taikaku
Frn.
Def: lit., things with fur and horns.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776a23
see also:
appropriate joy H]
Chn. suei hsi; su x
Jpn. zuiki
Frn. complaisance
Skt. anumodan
Def: joy experienced over the good of others; rejoicing
appropriately over the good qualities or experiences
of others; one aspect of the fivefold repentance
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 98b1122; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.269c270b
see also: fivefold repentance
approximate understanding m
Chn. shih chieh; s ji Jpn. jige
Frn. fume danalogie de lEveil
Skt. *prvasvabhva
Def: that which resembles, simulates, or approaches
true understanding.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 264c17
see also:
arhat %+
Chn. a luo han; lu hn
Frn. arhat
Skt. arhat
Jpn. arakan
Def: one who has attained ultimate sagehood (at least

according to the Hnayna tradition). One who has
killed the traitor of passions, who will have no more
rebirths, and who is worthy of homage.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: four fruits
arhat (killer of enemies [bandits]) N

Chn. sha chieh; sh zi Jpn. setsuzoku
Frn.
Skt. ari + han
Def: lit. to kill bandits; a folk etymological derivation
of arhat.
Def-Frn.
see also:
asaru medicine %( [*Bhumea lacena]

Chn. a po lo yo; p lu yo Jpn. abara yaku
Frn.
Skt. asaru, apra
Def: a potent medicine that should be tempered with
water; an analogy for the role of bodhicitta before
undertaking strenuous practices. A simile from the
Avatasaka Stra: It is analogous to the asaru %(
medicinerst one takes pure water [before
drinking it]. Bodhicitta is also like this. All
bodhisattvas, in cultivating various practices, at the
very beginningbefore anything else[arouse
bodhicitta].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 9c20; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.779b611;
see also:
arousing of evil and deled karma % ; B

Chn.yu lou erh yeh; e hsi yi
y&u lu y; x yn
Jpn. uro akug; akushin
Frn. les mauvais fruits dcoulement; les mauvaises
causes (semblables)
Skt.
Def: that which causes beings to be reborn in the four
evil destinies.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 271b8
see also:
arousing [the aspiration for] the thought (of bodhiwisdom) ()

see: aspiration for enlightenment
aspiration for enlightenment ()

Chn. pu ti hsin (chu fa hsin)
p t xn (ch f xn)
Jpn. bodaishin (shohosshin)
Frn. la pense dEveil
Skt. bodhicitta
Def: lit, the mind of bodhi[-wisdom]. The initial
4
volition, intent, or hope to attain enlightenment. For

those of the Perfect Teaching, the first level of the
ten stages of abodes.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2a4, 4a1811a13
see also: ten abodes
Avajit Hzj(%#)
Chn. o pi (a shuo shih)
bi ( shu sh)
Jpn. Atsuhi (Asetsuji)
Skt. Avajit
Def: Lit., One of the first five disciples of the Buddha;
one of the five mendicants
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 73b4; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.136b137a
see also: [jta-]Kauînya and the five mendicants
atom t
Chn. lin hs; ln x
Jpn. rinkyo
Frn.
Skt. paramu
Def: Lit., next to nothingness, i.e., the smallest
particles or elements of existence. The Abhidharma
idea that existence can be reduced to successions of
extremely basic elements (dharmas). Also written
ta, dust-like atom.
Def-Frn.
see also:
(the delusion of) attachment to outer characteristics

o()
Chn. ch hsiang (huo); q( xing (hu)
Jpn. jus (waku)
Frn.
Skt.
Def: the delusion of being attached to the idea that
nirva and sasra are different or completely
separate.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b23
see also: deluded views and attitudes
attachment to precepts w(8)

Chn. chieh (chin) ch; ji (jn) q(
Jpn. kai (gon) ju
Frn.
Skt. lavrata-parmara; la-bhatpdna
Def: over-reliance on ascetic practice and blind
adherence to the precepts; one of the ve
(mistaken) views.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b25; Mo-ho chih-kuan 40c21
see also:
attachment to (mistaken) views

Chn. chien ch; jin q(
Frn.
Skt. di-parmara
Jpn. kenju
Appendix A
Def: to be attached to a mistaken, inferior view, and

wrongly think that it is a superior or correct view; one
of the ve (mistaken) views.
Def-Frn.
see also: ve mistaken views
attainment of awakening upon aspiring for

enlightenment
Chn. pien cheng cheng cheh; bin chng zhng ju
Jpn. benj shkaku
Frn.
Def: that supreme awakening, the attainment of
Buddhahood, is completely assured when one rst
aspires for enlightenment. The identity of bodhicitta
and supreme enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c23; Avatasaka Stra, 449c.
see also:
auxiliary methods 1
Chn. chu-tao fa-men; zh do f mn
Jpn. jod hmon
Frn. auxiliaires de lEveil
Skt. bodhipakya
Def: ancillary techniques designed to assist realization
of the path; ritual processes and other meditative
techniques that are useful in helping one realize the
goal of ones practice.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 18c12; 43b16
see also:
avaricious desire and bodhi-wisdom are indivisible

l,
Chn. tan y chi pu ti; tn y j p t
Jpn.tonyoku soku bodai
Frn.
Def: the indivisibility of passionate desires (such as
greed) with bodhi-wisdom.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 18b2
see also: passionate afictions are indivisible with prajwisdom
Avatasaka Period T
Chn. hua yen shih; hu yn sh
Jpn. kegon-ji
Frn. la priode de lornamentation eurie
Def: according to the Tien-tai classication scheme,
the preaching of the Avatasaka Stra immediately
after the Buddhas enlightenment under the Bodhi
tree.
Def-Frn. durant les 21 premiers jours qui suivirent son
veil, kyamuni exposa lAvatasaka Stra, lequel
donne son nom cette priode: ce texte est
considr comme cumulant doctrine relle et
circonstancielle, doctrine parfaite et doctrine
particulire et, pour la mthode, comme relevant du
subitisme. Mais le Buddha avait trop prsum des
capacits de ses auditeurs et ceux-ci restrent

hbts, comme des sourds-muets.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c
see also: Five Periods and Eight Teachings
Avici hell %([)G

Chn. a pi (wu chian) ti y; b (w jin) d y
Jpn. abi (muken) jigoku
Frn. lenfer sans intervalle
Skt. avci
Def: the Avici hell; the lowest and most painful of the
various Buddhist hells; the hell without interval
between sufferings
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 270c28
see also:
B
beasts
Chn. pang sheng; png shng Jpn. bsh
Frn.
Skt. tiryag-yoni
Def: the beasts, animals; one of the six destinies; lit.
that which lives on its side.
Def-Frn.
see also:
benecal actions 2
Chn. li hsing; li xng
Jpn. rigy
Frn.
Skt. artha-cary
Def: One of the four methods used to induce people to
convert to the Buddhist path.
Def-Frn.
see also: four inducements
beyond words B1
Chn. yen y tao tuan; yn y do dun
Jpn. gongo ddan
Frn.
Skt. sarva-vda-cary-uccheda
Def: Lit., the way of words and discourse is severed. A
phrase frequently used by Chih-i to express reaching
the point where one can only admit the inadequacy
of verbal expression and conceptual understanding.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3b25, 21b7, 54b27, 59b15; Ying-lo
ching, T 24.1019c23; Avatasaka Stra, T 9.424c4; Ta
chih tu lun, T 25.71c78;
see also: discursive thought is inadequate
birth-body X
Chn. sheng sheng, shng shn Jpn. shjin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: The body one is born with in this world. Ones
physical body.
5
Def-Frn.
see also:
blessings 0
Chn. en; n
Jpn. on
Frn.
Def: the good influences, or grace, of the Buddha or
Dharma.
Def-Frn.
see also:
(sasra, like a) boat that ows with the current

HJ
Chn. shun liu chou; sh li zhu
Jpn. junru bune
Frn.
Def: the ow of the current, an image for samsra; we
oat along the current of life and death as a boat
ows with the current.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a19; Mo-ho chih-kuan 49b6
see also:
bodhisattva of the Distinct Teaching *f

Chn. pieh chiao pu sa; bi jio p s
Jpn. bekky bosatsu
Frn. les bodhisattva de la doctrine particulire
Def: bodhisattvas who practice according to and
understand at the level of the Distinct Teaching; e.g.,
they practice the gradual and successive or
progressive method of cessation and contemplation.
The ten suchlikes of the bodhisattva of the Distinct
Teaching is discussed in terms of their cultivation of
the Middle Way as a practice of progressive
contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694; Gish, T 74,271c1523
see also: three types of bodhisattvas
bodhisattva of the Shared Teaching F*f

Chn. tung chiao pu sa; tng jio p s
Jpn. tsgy bosatsu
Frn. les bodhisattva de la doctrine commune
Def: bodhisattvas who practice according to, or follow,
the Shared Teaching.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694; Gish, 271c914
see also:
bodhisattva of the six perfections Ef

Chn. liu tu pu sa; li d p s
Jpn. rokudo bosatsu
Frn. les bodhisattva des six pramit
Def: a bodhisattva of the Tripiaka Teaching,
characterized as one who specializes in the practice
of the six perfections (pramit).
Def-Frn.
6
see also:
bodhisattva of the Tripiaka Teaching X(*)f

Chn. san chang (chang chiao) pu sa
sn zng (zng jio) p s
Jpn. sanz (zky) bosatsu
Frn. les bodhisattva des trois Corbeilles (troisime)
Def: bodhisattvas who practice according to, or follow,
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694; Gish, 271c49
see also:
bodhisattvahood as an object (of contemplation)

f
Chn. pu sa ching; p s jng Jpn. bosatsu ky
Frn.
Def: The tenth of the ten objects of contemplation:
Even if he escapes the above mentioned fate (no.
9), he may become over mindful of his vows to save
all beings and mistakenly come to imagine the
tentative role of the bodhisattva as the ultimate goal
toward which his contemplation is directed
(Hurvitz).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 49b
see also:
body of recompense X (M)

Chn. pao sheng (pao fo); bo shn (bo f)
Jpn. hjin
Frn. en corps de rtribution
Skt. sabhogakya
Def: the body of the Buddha with which the blissful
reward of enlightenment is enjoyed.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 6b6c1
see also: triple body (of the Buddha)
body of wisdom X
Chn. huei sheng; hu shn
Jpn. eshin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: the cumulative accumulation of wisdom, the
wisdom of a buddha. In Tien-tai, the highest levels
of enlightenment, i.e., tgaku and mygaku.
Def-Frn.
see also:
bonds of karma are indivisible with liberation

%,m0
Chn. chieh yeh chi chieh tuo; ji y j ji tu
Jpn. ketsug soku gedatsu
Frn.
Def: the indivisibility of the bonds of karmic deeds and
the liberation of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2a9,
Appendix A
see also: sasra is indivisible with nirva, passionate

afflictions are indivisible with praj-wisdom
both lucidly and clearly illumined P_g

Chn. shuang chao fen miao; shung zho fn mng
Jpn. ssh bunmy
Frn.
Def: for both aspects of emptiness and conventionality
to be illumined through the practice of
contemplation. The first compound (lit., both
illumined) appears almost fifty times in the Mo-ho
chih-kuan and is often modified with the compounds
emptiness and conventionality Wx, or the two
truths. Thus it appears to be an important technical
term for the simultaneity of the twofold aspects of
reality, whether that is expressed as mundane and
real truth or emptiness and conventionality.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 18a16, 25
see also:
both-walking-and-sitting samdhi PPX*

Chn. pan hsing pan chuo san mei;
bn xng bn zu sn mi
Jpn. han-gy hanza zanmai
Frn. samdhi mi-assis mi-march
Def: one of the Four Samdhis. Includes methods of
cultivating contemplation that involve various
activities, such as the Vaipulya repentance practice of
ritual purity, or the Lotus Samdhi, focussed on
practices based on the Lotus Stra. Lit., half-walkingand half-sitting samdhi, but the content of the
practice indicates inclusion of both walking and
sitting types of samdhi, not literally half-and-half.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13a2414b25
see also: Four Samdhis
Brahma mind
Chn. fan hsin; fn xn Jpn. bonshin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: An advanced state of mind wherein one cultivates
the four virtues W (brahma-vihra) of kindness
(maitr), compassion (karu), joy (mudit), and
equanimity (upek).
Def-Frn.
see also:
Brahm heaven
Chn. fan tien; fn tin
Jpn. bonten
Frn.
Skt. Brahm, brahmdeva, brahmloka
Def: the personication of the basis of origin of all
things; also his dwelling place. One of the twenty-ve
realms of existence.
Def-Frn.
see also: twenty-five realms of existence
Buddha-nature M
Chn. fo hsing; f xng Jpn. bussh
Frn. la nature de buddha
Skt. buddhat, buddhatva, buddhavaa, buddha-gotra,
buddha-dhtu
Def: the innate ability or potential to attain
buddhahood; buddhahood inherent in all beings;
the essence of buddhahood. The capacity for
enlightenment, given the right conditions. The
ultimate nature of reality, synonymous with other
terms that attempt to describe the indescribably,
such as suchness, the true features (of reality),
and the Dharma realm.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 53ff.; Ssu-chiao-i, 775c10
see also: threefold Buddha nature
Buddhahood in the future HM

Chn. tang lai cheng fo; dng li chng f
Jpn. trai jbutsu
Frn.
Skt. sparyika
Def: the attainment of Buddhahood in the future, in a
later life.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Buddhahood of everyone one meets Ts

Chn. chu hsiang tuei mien;
ch xing du min
Jpn. sokuk taimen
Frn.
Def: the universal Buddhahood of all being; lit., among
all you come into contact with, there is no one who is
not an enlightened being.
Def-Frn.
see also:
C
capability n
Chn. chi i; j y
Jpn. kigi
Frn.
Def: the capacity of a sentient being; to preach in
accordance with the listeners capability to
understand.
Def-Frn.
see also:
capacity for understanding (X/) , n, n

Chn. (san cheng) ken hsing, chi ken, ken chi
(sn chng) gn xng, j gn, gn j
Jpn. (sanj) konj, kikon, konki
Frn. prdisposition
Def: the natural or inherent capabilities (of those in
the three vehicles) for understanding; spiritual
7
endowments or potential.
Def-Frn. la facult de comprhension des tres, leur
prdisposition recevoir lenseignment dun
buddha.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775a5; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 19a17
see also:
cessation
Chn. chih; zh
Jpn. shi
Frn. quiescence; larrt; fixant (sa pense)
Skt. amatha
Def: To concentrate and still the mind. To stop or put
an end to delusions and passionate afictions. Both
the action of stilling the mind and the quiescence
attained thereby. Usually paired with
contemplation. In the Mo-ho chih-kuan (21b6c5),
Chih-i explains the relative sense of cessation (in
contrast to the absolute meaning [21c2122b20])
in terms of three meanings: stilling , stopping ,
and cessation in contrast to non-cessation #.
Chih-i also points out that Many other stras and
treatises also use the [technical] terms complete [lit.
far] separation ?, or non-abiding #W, nonattachment #], unconditioned [`, quiescent
extinction n, non-discrimination #_, dhynic
concentration ,, and the rejection m, removal ,
or abandonment [of passions and delusions] [T
46.22b2225].
Def-Frn. Sommairement, le amatha est la fixation de
pense (cittaikgrya); la vipayan est la
comprhension correcte (bhta-prativedha)
[Lamotte].
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 21b1223c12;
see also: contemplation, cessation-and-contemplation,
threefold cessation, threefold contemplation
cessation-and-contemplation (calming and insight)
Chn. chih-kuan; zh gun

Jpn. shikan
Frn. quiescence et contemplation; larrtcontemplation
Skt. amatha-vipayan
Def: For Chih-i, the broad category of Buddhist
practice that includes all practices and methods used
to attain the goal of Buddhahood. The attainment of
cessation-and-contemplation is like being able to see
to the bottom of a pond when the water is still and
clear of obstructions.
comprhension correcte (bhta-prativedha)
[Lamotte].
Ref. :Mo-ho chih-kuan, 21b1223c12;
see also: cessation, contemplation, threefold cessation,
threefold contemplation
Chandaka
Chn. che ni; ch n
Jpn. Shatoku
Frn.
Def: kyamuni's servant and charioteer before he left
8
home to seek the path. Chandaka accompanied

Gautama (before he bacame kyamuni) on the
night of his "great departure" as he rode his horse
out of the palace at Kapilavastu; Chandaka stayed
behind with the horse as Gautama cut off his hair
and left for the forest. After kyamuni's
enlightenment, Chandaka joined the Buddhist
Sangha, though he was known for his arrogance and
pride for being a member of the kya clan.
Def-Frn.
see also:
circular altar ;
Chn. yan tan; yun tn
Jpn. endan
Frn.
Def: a circular maâla with twenty-four images
prepared for the practice of the Vaipulya
(repentance) Samdhi. According to the the Fangteng chan-fa, these twenty-four gures are the ten
Buddhas (of the ten directions), the ten Buddhakings, the bodhisattva Pupaka, the monk Roaring
Thunder, the mah tan-chih dhra (taught in the
stra), and riputra.
Def-Frn. .
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13b2; Fang-teng san-mei hsing-fa, T
46.945a912; Great Vaipulya Dhra Stra, T
21.650b2021; Fang-teng chan-fa, T 46.797b1317
see also:
circumambulate [the Buddha image] G

Chn. jao hsan; ro xun
Jpn. nyse?
Frn. faire les circumambulations
Lotus Samdhi, that is, circumambulating the
Buddha image.
Def-Frn.
953b29c15
cleansed ^
Chn. tao tai; to ti
Jpn. tta
Frn. ltrer
Def: to filter; rinsed, washed, selected; a characteristic
feature of the fourth Praj period.
Def-Frn. ltrer les attachements aux choses grce la
rvlation de la Vacuit; cest la phase de
transmission de lhritage; aprs avoir pris
conscience de la Vacuit des phnomnes, les
auditeurs peuvent avancer un stande suprieur.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775a24; Gish, , 268c5,18
see also:
clumsy deliverance E
Chn. chu tu; zhu d Jpn. setsudo
Frn.
Def: the Hnayna form of salvation; a realization of
emptiness that involves analysis and extinction rather
than a direct realization; the attainment of mere
Appendix A
cessation and not the insight of contemplation; in

contrast to the skillful deliverance of a bodhisattva or
Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23c29
see also: skillful deliverance
coarse cot V
Chn. sheng chuang; shng chung
Jpn. jsh
Frn. sige de corde
Skt. pha
Def: Lit. rope bed/chair. One of the eighteen articles
that a monk is allowed to own, as dened in the
Vinaya with certain restrictions. In the Ssu-fen l (T
22.937b46), for example, the Buddha allows a sick
monk to make such a bed or chair, and to use any
kind of rope except for those made with animal
skins or hair. Chih-i calls for the use of this item for
the constantly-sitting samdhi. Given Chih-is
instructions, however, this item must be different
from its Indian model. Given the difculty of sitting
cross-legged in a chair, this may refer to a kind of
at stand or dais such as those seen in a Zen temple.
If it does refer to a chair, it would have to be large
enough on which to sit cross-legged, or perhaps have
only a back and not any armrests.
Def-Frn. Sige ou lit de corde tresse, selon le modle
indien traditionnel.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 11b4
see also:
color of the mountains and the taste of the sea are

always the same [}5I[[
Chn. shan hai se wei wu erh wu pieh;
shn hi s wi w r w bi
Jpn. sankai shikimi muni mubetsu
Frn.
Def: Lit, neither two nor distinct; common Buddhist
images for the equality of all dharmas; that good and
bad phenomena are equally empty.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 18b7; Mahparinirva Stra, T
12.805ab; Ta chih tu lun, 25.752a5b
see also:
combined, singular, contrastive, encompassing/

entangled
Chn. chien tan tuei tai; jin dn du de
Jpn. kentan taitai
Frn. de cumul, simple, de confrontation,
daccompagnement
Def: In Tien-tai, the characteristic features
respectively of the rst four periods: combinedthe
Avatasaka, a combination of perfect and distinct
teachings; singularthe gamas, only Hnayna;
contrastivethe Vaipulya, the Mahyna in contrast
or opposition against the Hnayna teachings; and
the encompassing/entanglingthe Praj, the
teaching of nyat, which encompasses all the
previous teachings.
Def-Frn. Les rapports entre les quatre doctrines et les

cinq priodes: 1) Lors de la premire priode, celle
de lOrnamentation eurie, sont enseignes la fois
la doctrine parfaite et la doctrine particulire, elle est
donc dite de cumul; 2) La priode du Parc des
Daims ne voit que la doctrine des trois Corbeilles,
cest pourquoi elle est dite simple; 3) Pendant la
priode de stra dvelopps les quatre doctrines sont
exposes et confrontes les unes aux autres, do son
nom de confrontation; 4) A la priode de la
Sagesse est enseigne la doctrine parfaite, mais
accompagne des doctrines commune et
particulire, ce qui explique son surnom
daccompagnement.
Ref. :
see also:
come together y
Chn. huei ju; hu r
Jpn. eny
Frn. (des doctrines subite et graduelles enseignes)
antrieurement et les confondit
Def: For the Tripiaka, Shared, and Distinct teachings
to open and enter or ow into and be absorbed
by the Perfect Teaching. To ow like a river into
the sea; to unite.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i 775b11
see also:
(unity of) common person and sage /(s)

Chn. fan sheng (yi ju); fn shng (y r)
Jpn. bonsh (ichinyo)
Frn. les tres saints et profanes (sont lainsit unique)
Skt. *pthagjana-arhat
Def: (the underlying unity of) the common ignorant
person and the enlightened sage (arhat)
Def-Frn.
see also:
common praj (teachings)

Chn. kung po jo; gng bn ru
Jpn. g hannya
Frn. la sagesse commune
Def:
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
complete cause; ratio cognoscendi U

Chn. liao yin; lio yn Jpn. ryin
Frn. les causes de comprhension
Skt. jpaka-hetu
Def: 1) ratio cognoscendi; if A is the reason for
realizing B, then A is the ratio cognoscendi for B. 2)
the cause for aspiring to Buddhahood; in Tien-tai,
the function of praj-wisdom as one of the threefold
qualities of the Buddha nature. The inherent cause
for seeking Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
9
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695a6; 742-; Ssu-chiao-i, 779c; Moho chih-kuan, 23b11.
see also: threefold Buddha nature, direct cause,
conditional cause
(samdhi of) complete extinction n

Chn. mieh chin ting; mi jn dng
Jpn. metsujin j
Frn.
Skt. nirodha-sampatti
Def: an attainment of complete cessation of all
thoughts and desires.
Def-Frn.
see also:
complete teachings *
Chn. man tzu chiao; mn z jio
Jpn. manji ky
Frn. mots complets, entiers
Def: full words in contrast to half words or letters;
complete teachings; the Mahyna teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, 653c655b, 379c; Ssu-chiaoi, 775a17; Fa-hua hsan-i, 703c10, 694b
see also: incomplete (half) (teachings)
concentration of no-conceptions `
Chn. fei hsiang ting; fi xing dng
Jpn. his j
Frn. la concentration de non-notion
Skt.
Def: a state of concentration achieved through the
practice of yoga in which all thoughts and
conceptions cease. A state achieved by kyamuni
while practicing under Udraka Rmaputra.
Def-Frn.
see also:
concentration (samdhi) which is the realization of

the inexhaustibility of emptiness W[N
Chn. kung wu pien chu ting; kng w bin ch dng
Jpn. k muhensho j
Frn.
Skt. ka-nantya-yatana-samdhi
Def: the first level of attainment in the realm of
formlessness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71b3; Graded Terms, T 46.675a18b14
see also: four concentrations on emptiness
conditional cause $
Chn. yan yin; yun yn
Jpn. enin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: the practices or conditions; specifically those that
bring about wisdom. One of the three types of
threefold Buddha-nature.
10
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: threefold Buddha nature, direct cause,
complete cause
conscious being L
Chn. han shih; hn sh
Jpn. ganjiki
Frn.
Skt. bhta
Def: endowed with consciousness; sentient beings,
livings beings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
consoling analogies ]
Chn. wei y; w y
Jpn. iyu [?]
Frn.
Def: the consoling remarks that can be made to a sick
person, as in the remarks by Vimalakrti with regard
to his own dis-ease.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 75c29; Vimalakrti Stra, T
14.544c1726
see also:
constantly-sitting samdhi X*
Chn. chang chuo san mei; chng zu sn mi
Jpn. jza zanmai
Frn. samdhi assis
Def: one of the Four Samdhis. A method of Buddhist
practice wherein one sits in meditation for a period
of ninety days. Also referred to as single-practice
samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 11a2812a18
see also: single-practice samdhi
constantly-walking samdhi X*
Chn. chang hsing san mei; chng xng sn mi
Jpn. jgy zanmai
Frn. samdhi de la marche perptuelle
Def: one of the Four Samdhis. A method of Buddhist
practice whereby one concentrates on and chants the
name of Amitbha (Jpn. Amida) while walking for a
period of ninety days.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12a1913a23
see also:
constantly quiescent f5
Chn. chang heng chi jan; chng hng j rn
Jpn. jg jakunen
Frn.
Skt. sad nta (?)
Def: eternally quiescent, constantly at peacea
dening characteristic of samdhi.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Appendix A
(ordinary) constituent sasra _B

Chn. fen tuan sheng szu; fn dun shng s
Jpn. bundan shji
Frn. renaissances dlimites
Def: the ordinary cycle of birth-and-death experienced
by deluded beings, in contrast to the transformation
beyond conceptual understanding, a type of rebirth
experienced by those who have severed all delusions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. rmldev Stra, T 12.219c; Mo-ho chih-kuan 20a26
see also: transformation beyond conceptual
understanding
contemplate with attention I

Chn. kuan cha; gun ch
Jpn. kansatsu
Frn.
Def: to contemplate with full awareness and
concentration, contemplate thoroughly
Def-Frn.
see also: illumine and contemplate thoroughly
contemplating thoughts; contemplation of the mind

Chn. kuan hsin; gun xn
Jpn. kanjin
Frn. la pense contemplative
Def: in Tien-tai, the practice of contemplation. More
specifically, the contemplation of thoughts
themselves; the contemplation of the mind (either
and both as the subject or object of contemplation).
A general term for Buddhist practice. The practice of
contemplation that results in the experience of
direct insight, which serves as authoritative for
understanding and interpreting the Buddhist
tradition. The subject of the Mo-ho chih-kuan,
specifically the section on proper or correct
contemplation that begins in the fifth fascicle and
continues to the end of the work.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 52b2ff.
see also: contemplation, cessation-and-contemplation
contemplation (insight)
Chn. kuan; gun
Jpn. kan
Frn. contemplation
Skt. vipayan
Def: the practice of concentration or meditation to
attain wisdom. Both the practice of contemplation
and the insight gained thereby. In the Mo-ho chihkuan (21c5c21), Chih-i explains the relative sense of
contemplation (in contrast to the absolute
meaning [21c2122b20]) in terms of three
meanings: piercing through A, penetrating insight
, and contemplation in (relative) contrast to noncontemplation #. Chih-i also give the following
terms as areas covered by kuan: knowledgeable
insight F (*jna-darana), awakened insight
Q, clear consciousness g, wisdom J,

complete illumination U, penetrating insight
C (Mo-ho chih-kuan, 22b2526].
comprhension correcte (bhta-prativedha) [Lamotte]
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 21b1223c12;
see also: cessation, cessation-and-contemplation;
threefold cessation, threefold contemplation
contemplation of evil
Chn. rh kuan; gun
Jpn. akukan
Frn.
Def: to contemplate evil thoughts and desires as they
arise in the mind. The type of contemplation
recommended for the neither-walking-nor-sitting
samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
contemplation of impurity #
Chn. pu ching kuan; b jng gun
Jpn. fujkan
Frn. la contemplation de limpur
Skt. aubha-bhvan
Def: to contemplate the impurity of this life, such as
contemplating the decay of corpses, the impurity of
the physical body, and so forth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 45b3, 93a819, 121a122b
see also: nine considerations, ten considerations
contemplation of the conventional x

Chn. chia kuan; ji gun
Jpn. kekan
Frn. la contemplation de la conditionnalit
Def: to contemplate provisional existence or reality,
that things, though empty, have provisional or
conventional existence. One of the threefold
contemplations.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779c7; Mo-ho chih-kuan, ?
see also: threefold contemplation
contemplation of the (supreme) Middle Way

_1 (s)
Chn. chung tao (ti yi yi) kuan
zhng do (d y y) gun
Jpn. chd (dai-ichigi ) kan
Frn. la contemplation (de la Vrit suprme) de la voie
mdiane
Def: contemplation of all things as simultaneously
empty of substantial Being and yet having
conventional existence; contemplation of all things
as neither this nor that and beyond verbalization
and conceptualization....
Def-Frn.
Ref.
11
contemplation, training, discipline, and cultivation

@
Chn. kuan lien hsn hsiu; gun xn xi xi
Jpn. kan ren kun ju
Frn. contemplation, entranement, imprgnation, et
exercices
Def: various types of Buddhist practices of meditation
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3a7, 36b5
see also:
contemplative wisdom (J)

Chn. kuan hui (kuan fa chih huei);
gun hu (gun f zh hu)
Jpn. kane (kanb chie)
Frn. sagesse contemplative
Def: the praj-wisdom based on, or gained through,
contemplation of dharmas (factors of existence)
Def-Frn. la sagesse qui procde lexamen des facteurs
dexistence par la mise en pratique des mthodes de
mditation.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775b1; Gish, 264b
see also:
controlling, rectifying, and stabilizing

(concentrating) the mind
Chn. tiao chih ting; tio zh dng
Jpn. ch-choku-j
Frn.
Def: Chih-is gloss for samdhi
Def-Frn.
see also: samdhi
conventionality; conventional (provisional)

[existence] x
Chn. chia; ji
Jpn. ke
Frn. la conditionnalit
Skt. prajaptirupdya
Def: that all things, though empty of substantial Being,
have a conventional or provisional reality.
Def-Frn.
see also: emptiness, the Middle, threefold truth
copper cakravartin s (the stage of)

Chn. tung lun; tng ln
Jpn. drin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: The level of the second of six wheel-turning
kings as described in the Jen-wang ching and the
Ying-lo ching; in terms of the Six Identities this
corresponds to the level of partial realization of the
real truth _BR.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 18b10, 67a16, 90a17, 99b17,
100c13; Jen-wang ching, T 8.826b829a; Ying-lo ching,
T 24.1016a
see also: identity in partial realization
12
[contemplation of] counting ones breaths []

Chn. shu hsi [kuan]; sh x [gun]
Jpn. susokukan
Frn. dcompte des respirations
Skt.
Def: a form of contemplation or aid to concentration
that consists of counting ones breaths
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 45b18;
see also: six gates, gate [method] of counting ones
breaths
D
daily activity c%
Chn. chih sheng chan yeh; zh shng chn y
Jpn. jish sangy
Frn.
Def: the activity of secular life; business.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 683a6; Lotus Stra, T 9.??? (Hurvitz,
p. 276)
see also:
dark and pale ,

Chn. nung tan; nng dn
Jpn. ntan
Frn. densit de la saveur
Skt.
Def: the contrast between the superior and the
inferior; thick and faint
Def-Frn. le lait est moins condens que les autres tats
de son traitement et ainsi tenu pour infrieur; on
pourrait donc penser que le Kegon est infrieur aux
doctrines qui le suivent, ce qui nest pas le cas.
see also:
dark destinies r
Chn. yu tu; yu t
Jpn. yto, yzu
Frn.
Def: the three evil destinies of hell, beasts, and hungry
ghosts
Def-Frn.
see also: three evil destinies; six destinies (of
transmigration); ten destinies
death suffered by ordinary mortals _B

Chn. fen sheng szu; fn dun s
Jpn. bundan shi
Frn.
Def: the ordinary death experienced by deluded beings
in the sasric realm of distinctions, in contrast to
the transformation beyond conceptual
understanding, the death experienced by those who
have severed all delusions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. rmldev Stra, T 12.219c; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
20a26;
Appendix A
see also: transformation beyond conceptual

understanding, (ordinary) constituent sasra
(Period of the) Deer Park ()

Chn. lu yan (shih); l yun (sh)
Jpn. rokuon (ji)
Frn. (la priode) du Parc des Daims
Def: The Deer Park at Mgadva (modern-day
Benares) where, according to the Tien-tai scheme,
the Buddha went three weeks after his
enlightenment and preached the Hnayna teachings
for twelve years; the second of the Five Periods of
Tien-tai; also called gama Period (the period of
the ve gamas).
Def-Frn. le Buddha abaisse donc le niveau de son
enseignement pour ladapter aux faibles facults de
ceux qui lcoutaient et ce fut la seconde priode,
comprenant les douze annes durant lesquelles
furent exposes les quatre gama, ce qui explique le
terme dAgon-ji sappliquant aussi cette priode.
Cest essentiellement une poque de transition au
cours de laquelle les tres obtus sont attirs vers la
Voie, priode de sduction, et elle est
pratiquement synonyme de doctrine des trois
Corbeilles.
deled ignorance [F
Chn. jan wu wu chih; rn w w zh
Jpn. zenma [zeno] muchi
Frn. mconnaissance pollutante
Skt. klia, saklia
Def: the passions of this triple world.
Def-Frn.
see also:
dened precepts )w
Chn. che chieh; zh ji
Jpn. shkai
Frn.
Skt. *prajapti-svadhya
Def: the precepts or moral behaviour that has been
explicitely dened by the Buddha or in the Buddhist
texts. In contrast to natural morality, conduct that
is good or bad in itself, whether or not it is dened in
the Buddhist precepts.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: natural morality
denitive analysis |
Chn. ting pan; dng pn
Jpn. jhan
Frn.
Skt.
Def: a denitive analysis or interpretation
Def-Frn.
see also:
deliberate [conditioned] cultivation $@ ()

Chn. yan hsiu (fang pien); yun xi (fn bin)
Jpn. enshu (hben)
Frn. pratiques objet (de caractre expdientiel)
Def: the conscious and deliberate practice of gradual,
successive contemplation; in contrast to the true
spontaneous practice of contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 703b18; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 87a11
see also: real cultivation
delight of meditation ,
Chn. chan yeh; chn yu
Jpn. zenetsu
Frn. la joie extatique de la mditation
Def: the joy, ecstacy, or delight one experiences
through the pratice of meditation.
Ref: Mo-ho chih-kuan, 47b23ff.
see also: joy of the Dharma
deluded views and attitudes (conceptions)

()
Chn. chien ssu (fan nao) huo; jin s (fn no) hu
Jpn. kenji (bonn) waku
Frn. des garements des vues et penses
Def: all the explicit mistaken views and attitudes
(conceptions) or emotions that afict human beings.
The rst of the three categories of delusions.
see also: (deluded) views and attitudes, minute
delusions, delusion of ignorance, three categories of
delusions
delusion of (fundamental) ignorance [g

Chn. wu ming huo; w mng hu
Jpn. mumy-waku
Frn. les garements de lignorance
Def: see fundamental ignorance
delusions of this realm

Chn. chieh nei huo; ji ni hu
Jpn. kainai waku
Frn. garements mondains
Def: the delusions and mistaken views and thoughts of
this triple world; the cause for rebirth in sasra.
Synonymous with deluded views and attitudes.
Def-Frn.
demon
Chn. lo cha; lu ch
Jpn. rasha
Frn. ogres
Skt. rkasa
Def: the personifications of evil or delusions, e.g., the
passions and mistaken views.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 38a16; Mahparinirva Stra, T
12.673c18674a29.
see also:
13
demonic forces as objects (of contemplation) %

Chn. mo shih ching; m sh jng
Jpn. maji ky
Frn.
Def: The fth of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (p. 329): Devils, especially vara, alarmed
by the spiritual progress being made by the
practitioner, assume forms visible to his minds eye
and attempts to distract him. This distraction is often
so effective that the practioner is obliged to begin
again with the rst objects.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 114c22131c24
see also:
determined single-mindedness s
Chn. cheh ting i hsin; ju dng y xn
Jpn. ketsuj isshin
Frn.
Def: a high level of singlemindedness.
Def-Frn.
see also:
deviant views
Chn. hsieh chien; xi jin
Jpn. jaken
Frn. les vues perverses
Skt. mithy-di
Def: mistaken metaphysical ideas
Def-Frn.
see also: five mistaken views
dhra
Chn. tuo luo ni; tu lu n
Jpn. darani
Frn. souvenance
Skt. dhra
Def: an incantation that is the idealization of a
Buddhist principle in a verse or phrase, and that
contains spiritual power. A device to help one retain
the teachings one has heard, or to bring out good
qualities. Chih-i often defines dhra in terms of a
device to uphold or keep good and hinder or get rid
of evil.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 97a714, 98c10; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.268a1b4
see also:
dhra for destroying evil karma &%

Chn. po erh yeh tuo luo ni; p y tu lu n
Jpn. haakug darani
Frn.
Skt.
Def: one of three dhra from the Stra on Petitioning
Avalokitevara used in the liturgical repentance; this
dhra has the power to destroy the obstacles of
14
karma.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15a2529; Stra on Petitioning
Avalokitevara, T 20.35a2223
see also: three obstacles
dhra for eliminating poison and restraining harm

N
Chn. hsiao fu tu hai tuo luo ni;
xio f d hi tu lu n
Jpn. shfuku dokugai darani
Frn.
Skt.
retribution.
Def-Frn.
Avalokitevara, T 20.35a415, 2223
dhra of six-syllable phrases I

Chn. liu tzu chang ch tuo luo ni;
li z zhng j tu lu n
Jpn. rokuji shku darani
Frn.
Skt.
passionate afflictions.
Def-Frn.
Avalokitevara, T 20.36a612
Dharma body X
Chn. fa sheng; f shn Jpn. hosshin
Frn. le corps de Loi
Skt. dharmakya
Def: one of the three bodies of the Buddha. The
body of the Dharma; the essence of reality; the
fundamental beginningless and endless truth.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Dharma eye Q
Chn. fa yen; f yn
Jpn. hgen
Frn.
Skt. dharma-cakus
Def: one of the five eyes. Insight into dharmas or
phenomena; to see things as they are. Endowed with
this insight, bodhisattvas perceive phenomena
correctly and are thus able to help sentient beings in
the mundane world.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 25a5
see also: five eyes
Appendix A
[ten] dharma realm[s] [Y]

Chn. [shih] fa chieh; [sh] f ji
Jpn. [j]hokkai
Frn.
Skt. dharmadhtu
Def: the totality of reality; the ten realms or destinies
(Skt. gati) of human existence, from hell to
Buddhahood; these two meanings are closely
interconnected in Chih-is thought. In the Fa-hua
hsan-i this term is explained as follows: [These ten
destinies] are all called dharma realms for three
reasons. First, all ten are based on the dharmadhtu,
for there is no dharma outside the dharmadhtu.
Therefore all of them taken together are referred to
as the ten dharma realms. Second, these ten various
dharma realms are classified distinctly and thus are
not the same. Their causes and results are distinct
and there are differences between ordinary ignorant
people and sages. Therefore, with this in mind, they
are called [distinct] realms. Third, these ten
[dharma realms] are all identical with the
dharmadhtu and include all of reality. All of reality is
included in hell and does not transcend this
destiny.... The same is true for all destinies up to and
including the Buddha realm. The ten dharma realms
are all based on the dharmadhtu; that which is based
depends on the basis; this is the understanding of the
realm of emptiness. Each realm of the ten realms
being distinct is the realm of conventional existence.
To say that all ten realms are the dharmadhtu is the
realm of the middle. I have made these distinctions
to facilitate understanding, but to understand it
correctly and put it into words [one must say that]
emptiness is identical to conventional existence and
the middle. There is [ultimately] neither one nor
two nor three.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i 693c7-16
see also: ten destinies/realms
Dharmakya Mahsattva Xw
Chn. fa sheng ta shih; f shn d sh
Jpn. hosshin daishi
Frn.
Skt. *dharmakya-mahsattva
Def: Tien-tai teaches that bodhisattvas from the initial
stage of the rst stage of ten abodes to highest
enlightenment should be called Dharmakya
Mahsattvas.
Def-Frn.
see also: forty-one bodhisattva stages
dhyna of [six] supranormal powers and [three

illuminating] insights Fg,
Chn. tung ming chan; tng mng chn
Jpn. tsmy zen
Frn.
Def: the stages of dhyna meditation that follow the
sixteen types of superior meditations. In the Graded

Themes, Chih-i lists these as the four dhyna stages,
and what appear to be the four concentrations on
emptiness, and explains their content with reference
to The Great Collection of Stras (T #397). The
realization of these stages of dhyna result in the
attainment of the six supranormal powers and the
three illuminating insights.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.674c6675b19
see also: sixteen superior (meditations), six
supranormal powers, three illuminating insights,
four dhyna stages, four concentrations on emptiness
direct cause
Chn. cheng yin; zhng yn
Jpn. shin
Frn. les causes principales
Def: in Tien-tai, one of the three aspects of
Buddhahood, i.e., the function of the Dharma body
as one of the threefold qualities of Buddha-nature
inherent in all beings; the direct cause for the
attainment of Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
see also: threefold Buddha-nature, conditional cause,
complete cause
direct karmic retribution

Chn. cheng pao; zhng bo
Jpn. shb
Frn.
Def: lit., the direct karmic retribution induced by ones
own deeds. Our body and mind; a sentient being;
this life, which is the result of deed in past lives.
Def-Frn.
see also: indirect karmic retribution
direct purpose (for kyamuni) to appear in this

world mC
Chn. chu shih pen huai; ch sh bn hui
Jpn. shusse no hongai
Frn. intention originelle
Def: The fundamental or original reason for a Buddha
to be born in this world, i.e., in order to save beings,
lit. to destroy the basis [of passions and
attachments?]/fundamental [ignorance] and
transcend the [mundane] realm.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Drghanakha
Chn. chang chao; chng zhu Jpn. chs [?]
Def: The story of Drghanakha (long-clawed) is given
in the prologue to the Ta chih tu lun, where
Drghanakha does not agree with teachings of the
Buddha; this is part of the seventeenth of twenty
reasons for the Buddha to preach prajpramit.
Def-Frn.
15
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 40c13; Ta chih tu lun, T

25.61b1862a28
see also:
discursive thought is inadequate n

Chn. hsin hsing chu mieh; xn xng ch mi
Jpn. shingyshometsu
Frn.
Skt. citta-pravtti-sthti-nirodha
Def: Lit., the locus of discursive thought is
annihilated or the activities of the mind become
quiescent and [all passions] extinct. A phrase used
frequently by Chih-i to express reaching the point
where one can only admit the inadequacy of verbal
expression and conceptual understanding. Often
used in tandem with the phrase beyond words.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3b25, 21b7, 54b27, 59b15; Ying-lo
ching, T 24.1019c23; Avatasaka Stra, T 9.424c4; Ta
chih tu lun, T 25.71c78
see also: beyond words
disease as an object (of contemplation)

Chn. ping huan ching; bng hun jng
Jpn. bykan ky
Frn.
Def: The third of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (p. 329): The extreme agitation [from
contemplating the kleas] may lead to bodily illness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 106a19111c21
disposition [of cessation-and-contemplation] _

Chn. chi fen; q fn
Jpn. kibun
Frn.
Def: the stage or attitude of one inclined to practice
the Buddhist path, before entering the five
preliminary grades of the disciple
Def-Frn.
Ref.Mo-ho chih-kuan, 51b13
see also: five preliminary grades of the disciple
Distinct advancing to Perfect

Chn. yan chieh pieh; yun ji bi
Jpn. en sh betsu
Frn. la doctrine parfaite ente sur la particulire
Skt.
Def: To make a quantum leap from the level of the
Distinct Teaching to that of the Perfect.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
distinct interpretation
Chn. pieh chih; bi sh Jpn. besshaku
Frn. exgse particulire
Def: the distinct interpretation of something, in
contrast to the general, shared or common
interpretation.
16
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 33.???;
see also: shared (common) interpretation
distinct and progressive threefold truth qX

Chn. ke li san ti; g l sn d
Jpn. kyakureki no santai
Frn.
Def: the three truths of emptiness, conventionality, and
the Middle as distinct and involving a progressive
insight; in contrast to the threefold truth as perfectly
integrated.
Def-Frn.
Ref. perfectly integrated threefold truth
see also: shared (common) interpretation
distinct states of mindfulness o(`)(W)

Chn. pieh hsiang (hsiang) nien chu (chu);
bi xing (xing) nin ch (zh)
Jpn. bess nenjo
Frn. le degr des xations de lattention sur le
caractre propre
Skt. svalakaa-smtyupasthna
Def: the stage after advancing past the ve meditations
for putting the mind at rest. The stage where one,
through mindfulness, overcomes the four obstacles.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776c29; Hurvitz, 23
see also: ve meditations for putting the mind at rest,
four mindfulnesses, general states of mindfulness,
three levels of acquiring erudition
distinct (teaching) that includes the perfect s

Chn. yan chian yi pieh; yun jin y bi
Jpn. enken ichibetsu
Frn.
Def: teachings that contain the Perfect Teachings but
are mostly the Distinct Teachings; specically the
Avatasaka Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also:
Distinct (Separate) Teachings *

Chn. pieh chiao; bi jio
Jpn. bekky
Frn. la doctrine particuliere
Def: one of the fourfold teachings in the Tien-tai
doctrinal classication scheme. The teachings of the
Buddha meant specically or distinctly for the
bodhisattva, apart from the Tripiaka and Shared
Teachings. Mahyna, not Hnayna teachings; that
is, only for bodhisattvas and not for those of the two
vehicles of the rvaka and pratyekabuddha.
Representative texts containing this teaching include
the Daabhumika, Awakening of Faith, and Mahynasagraha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c9, 778a24; Gish, 266c267b
see also: Fourfold teachings
Appendix A
distinct transformation (of bodhisattvas) 5

Chn. pieh hua; bi hu Jpn. bekke
Frn. conversion spare, salut particulier
Def: the distinct conversion or transformation of
Bodhisattvas of the Distinct Teaching. In answer to
why this Teaching is called distinct, Gishin answers,
The Ta chih tu lun claries the praj-wisdom that is
unique to bodhisattvas. When the Vaipulya stras
and the Pacaviati Stra were preached, the
rvakas and pratyekabuddhas also heard it but the
bodhisattvas were distinctly transformed.
Def-Frn. On voit donc quavec cette doctrine (la
doctrine particuliere), on slve davantage dans le
grand vhicule, par comparaison avec la
doctineprcdente, premire porte du Mahyna,
o les trois vhicules pratiquaient ensemble, mme si
les bodhisattva seuls en retiraient pleinement les
fruits.
Ref. Gish, 266c2629
see also:
divine bodhisattvas
Chn. yi tien; y tin
Jpn. giten
Frn.
Def: Lit., righteous divine beings, a name for one of
the four types of divine states. In the Mahparinirva
Stra, the other three are worldly divine beings
(the earthly kings and princes), those born in
heavenly states (the gods such as Indra), and the
pure divine beings (stream-enterers through
pratyekabuddhas). Righteous divine beings refers
to bodhisattvas who have advanced to and beyond
the ten stages of abodes. The ten stages of abodes for
those of the Distinct Teaching correspond to the ten
bhmi stages for those of the Shared Teaching.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 42a7; Mahparinirva Stra , T
12.737c2429
see also: pure divine state
divine eye Q
Chn. tien yen; tin yn
Jpn. tengen
Frn
Skt. divya-cakus
Def: the eye or eyesight that is able to see things that a
normal, physical eye cannot perceive. One of the five
types of eyes or eyesights.
Def-Frn.
see also: five eyes
dragon king P
Chn. lung wang; lng wng
Jpn. ry-
Frn. des dragons
Skt. ng-rja
Def: technically not a dragon but a mythical Indian
creature closer to a snake. The translation dragon
follows the meaning of the Chinese characters.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2b12, Avatasaka Stra, T

9.440b16441a5
see also:
dream kings Z
Chn. meng wang; mng wng
Jpn. mu-
Frn.
Def: a group of twelve figures mentioned in the Great
Vaipulya Dhra Stra, one of which should appear
in a dream to a practicer before he is allowed to
proceed with undertaking the Vaipulya Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 13bc; Great Vaipulya Dhra Stra,
T 21.642a615
see also:
drum stained with poison 31, 31

Chn. tu tu ku, tu tu ku;
d t g(, t d g(
Jpn. dokuzuko; zudokko
Frn.
Def: in contrast to the heavenly/divine drum 1
(which is compared to the voice of the Buddha), the
drum stained with poison leads all who hear it to
death; a metaphor for the sensual desires associated
with or aroused by sound.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 44a1213, 98b1920, Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.661a
see also:
dual role of one who contemplates and that which is

contemplated b8
Chn. liang chung neng suo; ling chng nng su&
Jpn. ryju njo
Frn.
Def: the relationship between one who contemplates
and the objects of contemplation; the overlapping
relationship between the contemplator and the
contemplated.
Def-Frn.
Ref. And, p. 255; Mo-ho chih-kuan ???
see also: mallet and block
dull faculties
Chn. tun ken; dn gn Jpn. donkon
Frn. rceptivit obtuse
Skt. dhandha-indriya
Def: people who are slow to understand, people with
inferior abilities or capabilities; in contrast to those
with superior abilities who can understand quickly.
Def-Frn.
see also: sharp (skillful) faculties, inferior faculties
E
eight courtesies k
Chn. pa ching fa; b jng f
17
Jpn. hachi kei h

Frn. les huit obligations de respect
Skt. gurudharma
Def: The eight severe canonical provisions (Pli aha
garu-dhamm, Skt. gurudharma) that place a nun in
complete dependence on the monks: she cannot go
into retreat in a place where there is no monk; every
fortnight she must go to the community of monks
and receive instruction there, but she can never
instruct a monk nor admonish him; the ceremonies
of ordination, the ending of the retreat, and penance
are repeated before the community of monks.
Def-Frn.
see also:
eight dhyna k,
Chn. pa chan; b chn Jpn. hachi zen
Frn. les huit mditations
Def: The four dhyna stages (meditative states in the
realm of form) plus the four concentrative states of the
world of no form.
Def-Frn.
see also: four dhyna stages
eight divination signs kv

Chn. pa kua; b gu
Jpn. hachike ?
Frn. les huit ???
Def: A system of divination based on a series of eight
combinations of solid and dotted lines, starting with
three solid lines and ending with three dotted lines:
F G H I J K L M.
Def-Frn.
see also:
eight [levels of] domination ke

Chn. pa sheng chu; b shng ch
Jpn. hasshjo
Frn. les huit dominations
Skt. atv abhibhvyantanni (abhibhu)
Def: after attaining the eight liberations, the levels of
contemplation wherein one increasingly attains
mastery and domination over pure and impure
realms.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 93a14; Ta chih tu lun, 216a3b29;
Graded Themes T 46.677b16c25
see also: eight liberations, ten spheres of the totalization
of objects
eight highlights (in the life of the Buddha) ko6M,

koM1
Chn. pa hsiang tso fo, pa hsiang fo cheng tao;
b xing zu f, b xing f chng do
Jpn. hass sabutsu, hass (butsu) jd
Frn. les huit tapes de la ralisation de la bouddhit
Skt.
Def: the eight important events in the life of a
18
historical buddha: 1. descend from the Tuita

heaven, 2. enter mothers womb, 3. birth in this
world, 4. leave home to become a mendicant, 5.
overcome temptation and conquering the demons of
desire after years of practice, 6. attain the
enlightenment of a Buddha, 7. turn the wheel of the
Dharma, and 8. enter final nirva.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779c12; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 10c15, 29a9
see also:
eight impossible realms k

Chn. pa nan; b nn Jpn. hachi-nan
Frn.
Skt. aa-akani
Def: the eight states or realms in which it is impossible
(or difficult) to meet a Buddha or hear the Buddha
Dharma: hell, hungry ghosts, beasts, the heaven of
long life, Uttarakuru (the northern continent; these
last two because they involve too much pleasure), the
blind-deaf-dumb, those too wise in the ways of the
world, and a Buddhaless era (lit. before or after a
Buddha).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
eight kinds of forbearance (recognition) kT ()

Chn. pa jen (jen); b rn (rn)
Jpn. hachinin
Frn. des huit sortes de ...
Skt. ...knti
Def: eight forbearances or recognitions that lead to
enlightenment; part of the thirty-four enlightened
mental states; along with the eight kinds of wisdom,
mental states or attitudes that help one to sever
mistaken views, two types for each of the Four Noble
Truths.
According to the Abhidharmakoa, the eight
recognitions are:
1. the recognition of the truth of suffering (duhkhedharma-jna-knti)
2. the recognition that arises after realizing the truth of
suffering (duhkhenvaya-jna-knti)
3. the recognition of the truth of the cause of suffering
(samudaye-dharma-jna-knti)
the cause of suffering (samudayenvaya-jna-knti)
5. the recognition of the truth of how to extinguish
suffering (nirodhe-dharma-jna-knti)
how to extinguish suffering (nirodhenvaya-jnaknti)
7. the recognition of the truth of the Path (mrgedharma-jna-knti)
the path (mrgenvaya-jna-knti)
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 27c22; Abhidharmakoa ??; [see
Appendix A
Hokkai shidai shomon?]

see also: thirty-four enlightened mental states; eight
kinds of wisdom; stage of eight kinds of patience
eight kinds of suffering kN

Chn. pa ku; b k(
Jpn. hakku
Frn. des huit sortes de douleur
Def: a list of eight kinds of suffering: birth, aging,
disease, death, separation from that which one loves,
being with that which one hates, not obtaining that
which one wants, and the ve grasping aggregates
(skandha).
Def-Frn. la naissance, la vieillesse, la maladie, la mort,
la sparation davec ce que lon aime, la runion
avec ce que lon naime pas, ne pas obenir ce que
lon recherche, le cinq agrgats dattachements
Ref. Gish, 275a1
see also:
eight kinds of wisdom kJ

Chn. pa chih; b zh
Jpn. hachichi
Frn. des huit sortes de sagesse (savoirs)
Skt. aa-jna
Def: part of the thirty-four enlightened mental states;
along with the eight kinds of patience, mental states
or attitudes that help one to sever mistaken views,
two types for each of the Four Noble Truths.
Def-Frn.
see also: thirty-four enlightened mental states; eight
kinds of patience (recognition)
eight liberations (renunciations) km0 (6)

Chn. pa chieh tuo (pei she); b ji tu (bi sh)
Jpn. hachi gedatsu (haisha)
Frn. les huit librations
Skt. a-vimoka
Def: Eight stages of liberation leading to complete
cessation (nirodha-sampatti): 1) remove desires by
concentration on a certain external object, 2)
cultivate total concentration by focussing the mind
internally, 3) maintain calm while freeing the mind
from external objects, 4) attain a state of mental and
physical purity, 5) focus on unlimited space and
dissolve the distinctions of the external world, 6)
attain both physically and mentally a realm without
limits, 7) attain the foundation that transcends space
and the mental realm, and 8) attain a state in with
this foundation is constantly manifested. Some
explanations add a ninth liberation: complete
nothingness (nirodha-sampatti?).
Def-Frn. 1. Ayant [la notion] des visibles intrieurs, il
voit aussi les visibles extrieurs; 2. Nayant pas [la
notion] des visibles intrieurs, il voit les visibles
extrieurs; Il se rend corporellement prsent le
Vimoka agrable; 48. Les quatre recueillements
immatriels et le recueillement de la destruction de
la notion et de la sensation.
Ref. Liu-miao fa-men, 46.549c38; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
93a13; Ta chih tu lun, 215a216a; Graded Themes T
46.676c23677b14
see also: nine liberations, eight dominations, ten
spheres of the totalization of objects
eight mindfulnesses k
Chn. pa nien; b nin Jpn. hachi nen
Frn. les huit commmorations
Skt. anusmti
Def: To be mindful of the Buddha M, Dharma ,
Sangha R, the precepts w, equanimity , divine
matters , the inhaling and exhaling of ones breath
m, and death .
Def-Frn.
1. la commmoration du Buddha (buddhnusmti)
2. la commmoration de la Loi (dharmanusmti)
3. la commmoration de la Communaut
(saghnusmti)
4. la commmoration de la moralit (lnusmti)
5. la commmoration de labandon (tygnusmti)
6. la commmoration des divinits (devatnusmti)
7. la commmoration de linspirations et de
lexpiration (npna-smti)
8. la commmoration de la mort (maranusmti)
Ref. Ta chih tu lun, 218c228c; Mo-ho chih-kuan 30b29,
93a15; Graded Themes T 46.675c28b5.
see also:
eight superhuman beings such as gods and dragons

PkH
Chn. tien lung pa pu; tin lng b b
Jpn. tenry hachibu
Frn.
Skt.
Def: The eight beings of deva (superhuman gods), nga
(dragons), yaka (ying demons), gandharva (semidivine beings), asura (beings that are constantly
ghting), garuda (a type of bird), kinara (halfhuman, half-beast), and mahoraga (serpent deity).
Def-Frn.
see also:
eight tactile sensations k

Chn. pa chu; b ch
Jpn. hachi f (?)
Frn.
Def: The eight tactile sensations of heavy b, light ,
cold , hot , rough _ (5), smooth , soft , and
coarse .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 70c15
see also:
eight winds kK
Chn. pa feng; b fng Jpn. hachi f
Frn.
Def: the eight happy and unhappy conditions that
agitate the human mind: benefit 2, decline {, ruin
8, honor , praise B, slander @, suffering N, and
pleasure .
19
Def-Frn.
see also:
eighteen kinds of emptiness YkW

Chn. shih pa kung; sh b kng
Jpn. jhachi k
Frn.
Def: According to the Ta chih tu lun:
1. internal emptiness W (adhytmanyat)
2. external emptiness W (bahirdhnyat)
3. internal and external emptiness W
(adhytmabahirdhnyat)
4. the emptiness of emptiness WW (nyatnyat)
5. great emptiness W (mahnyat)
6. emptiness as the supreme meaning sW
(paramrthanyat)
7. the emptiness of the conditioned W
(sasktanyat)
8. the emptiness of the unconditioned [W
(asasktanyat)
9. the emptiness of the ultimate W
(atyantanyat)
10. the emptiness of that without beginning [xW
(anagranyat)
11. the emptiness of that which is dispersed _W
(avakranyat)
12. the emptiness of nature or essences W
(praktinyat)
13. the emptiness of that with specic marks oW
(svalakananyat)
14. the emptiness of all dharmas UW
(sarvadharmanyat)
15. the emptiness of that which cannot be obtained
#=W (or, of the past, present, and future)
(anupalambhanyat)
16. the emptiness of non-being/non-existence [W
(abhvanyat)
17. the emptiness of being/existence W
(svabhvanyat)
18. the emptiness of both non-existence and
existence [W (abhvasvabhvanyat).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ta chih tu lun, 25.285b710; Pacaviati Stra, T
8.219c912, 250b251c; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13b29,
64b105, 90c110; Graded Themes, 689b11690b25
see also:
eighteen realms Yk
Chn. shih pa chieh; sh b ji
Jpn. jhachikai
Frn.
Skt. yatana
Def: The six sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue,
body, mind), six sense objects (color/form, sound,
smells, tastes, touch, dharmas), and six sense
consciousnesses.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, T 26.666b19c26
see also: twelve (sense) entrances, six senses
20
eighteen unique qualities (of the Buddha) Yk#

Chn. shih pa pu kung fa; sh b b gng f
Jpn. jy-hachi fug h
Frn. les dix-huit attributs exclusifs du Buddha
Skt. ada-veika-(buddha-)dharma
Def: Characteristics that are unique to the Buddha: ten
powers, four fearlessnesses, three mindfulnesses, and
great compassion. The list in the Ta chih tu lun has
(1)(3) no physical, verbal, or mental faults, (4)
equanimity with regard to sentient beings, (5)
complete meditative concentration, (6) a mind that
does not abandon anyone, (7)(11) never lacking in
zeal (the aspiration to save all sentient beings),
diligence, mental power (mindfulness), wisdom, and
liberation [or, concentration], (12) nonretrogression from liberation, (13)(15) make
physical, verbal, and mental manifestations by the
power of wisdom in order to save sentient beings,
(16)(18) omniscience concerning all that was in the
past, present, and future.
Def-Frn. 1. Le Tathgata n'a pas de faute corporelle
(nsti tathgatasya skhalitam).
2. I'l n'a pas de faute vocale (nsti ravitam).
3. I'l n'a pas de mmoire dfaillante (nsti
muitasmtit).
4. I'l n'a pas notion de varit (nsti nntvasaj).
5. I'l n'a pas de pense non-concentre (nsty
asamhita cittam).
6. I'l n'a pas d'indiffrence inconsidre (nsty
apratisakhyyopeka).
7. I'l n'a pas perte de zle (nsti chandaparihi).
8. I'l n'a pas perte d'nergie (nsti vryaparihi).
9. I'l n'a pas perte d'mmoire (nsti smtiparihi).
10. I'l n'a pas perte d'sagesse (nsti prajparihi).
11. I'l n'a pas perte d'dliverance (nsti vmuktiparihi).
12. I'l n'a pas perte du savoir et de la vision de la
dliverance (nsti vimuktijnadaranaparihi).
13. Tout acte corporel du Tathgata est prcd du
savoir et accompagne le savoir (sarva tathgatasya
kyakarma jnaprvagama jnnuparivarti).
14. Tout acte vocal est prcd du savoir et
accompagne le savoir (sarva vkkarma jnaprvagama jnnuparivarti).
15. Tout acte mental est prcd du savoir et
accompagne le savoir (sarva manaskarma jnaprvagama jnnuparivarti).
16. Il a sur le temps pass un savoir et une vision sans
attache et sans obstacle (atte 'dhvany asagam
apratihata jna daranam).
17. Il a sur le temps futur un savoir et une vision sans
attache et sans obstacle (angate 'dhvany asagam
18. Il a sur le temps prsent un savoir et une vision sans
attache et sans obstacle (pratyutpanne 'dhvany asagam
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b29, 30c13, 96c519; Ta chih tu
lun, T 25.247b11256b4; Graded Themes,
695a21696a2
Appendix A
see also: ten powers, four fearlessnesses, three

mindfulnesses
eightfold right path k1

Chn. pa cheng tao; b zhng do
Jpn. hassd
Frn.
Skt. angamrga
Def: the content of the fourth of the Four Noble
Truths; a part of the thirty-seven parts of the way:
right views (samyagdi) right discrimination
(samyaksakalpa) Z, right speech (samyagvc)
B, right deeds (samyakkarmnta) %, right way of
life (samyagjva) f, right diligence (samyagvyyma)
{m, right mindfulness (samyaksmti) , right
concentration (samyaksamdhi) .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, 682c11683a7
see also: Four Noble Truths; thirty-seven parts of the way
eighth person k^
Chn. pa jen; b rn
Jpn. hachinin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: The third of the ten bhmi stages of the Shared
Teaching. The mixing or identifying of the terms
eighth person k^ and eight forbearances kT
seems common in the Chinese context, and I am not
sure of its origin or significance. The original
Sanskrit (aamaka-bhmi; see, e.g.
Pancaviatishasrik Prajpramit, ed. N. Dutt,
London, 1934, p. 225) suggests that eighth person
is the original meaning, though it is not certain what
this eighth person refers to. Tilman Vetter
(following Edgerton) proposes that this refers to the
eighth stage of the rvaka where one will no longer
regress to a lower stage (see the discussion in Toung
Pao LXXXIV, 1998, p. 181). Chih-i makes this
connection again in the Mo-ho chih-kuan (72c14) and
in the Fa-hua hsan-i (T 33.730c27), where he
identifies the stage of the eighth person with a
bodhisattvas attainment of anutpatika-dharma-knti.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71c2829, 74a1314.; The Great
Collection of Stras, T 13.158c2,
see also:
eighty-eight passionate afictions kYkq

Chn. pa shih pa shih; b sh b sh
Jpn. hachij-hasshi
Frn. les garements des vues ds aux quatre-vingt-huit
sbires
Def: All of the afictions and passions of this world.
The thirty-two afictions of the realm of desire,
twenty-eight of the realm of form, and twenty-eight
for the formless realm.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: myriad mistaken views
eighty minor marks [of a Buddha] kY)Y

Chn. pa shih chung hao; b sh zh&ng ho
Jpn. hachij shuk
Frn. les quatre-vingts sous-marques [du Grand
Homme]
Skt. atyanuvyajanni
Def: The eighty minor physical marks or
characterisitics of a great man or Buddha. The lists
vary, but include such features as his veins are not
visible, he walks like a lion (and an elephant, goose,
and bull), all parts of his body are perfect, his navel
forms a clockwise spiral, his ears are long and full,
and his head is very big.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ta chih tu lun, , T 25.273a10276b20 (Lamotte, Le
Trait IV, pp. 190530); Hurvitz, Chih-i, pp. 35561;
Graded Themes, 696b26697a14
see also: thirty-two major marks
eleven wisdoms YsJ

Chn. shih i chih; sh y zh
Jpn. jichi chi
Frn. des onze sagesse (onze savoirs)
Skt.
Def: a list of eleven types of wisdom from the
Pacaviati Stra: Dharma wisdom J, comparable
wisdom J, wisdom of [knowing] other peoples
minds J, worldly wisdom J, wisdom of
suffering N, wisdom of the causes of suffering TJ,
wisdom of the extinction of suffering nJ, wisdom of
the path 1J, wisdom of exhaustion [of passions]
J, wisdom of non-arising [J, and wisdom of
reality-as-it-is sJ.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 28c17; Graded Themes,
683b26684a2; Pacaviati Stra, T 8.219a1315
see also:
eloquence # (to preach with pleasure)

Chn. le shuo; l shu
Jpn. gysetsu
Frn. lexpos plaisant de la Loi
Skt. pratibhna
Def: to preach with pleasure; for a bodhisattva to hear
and enjoy a superior Dharma and preach it to
sentient beings for their benet. One of the four
kinds of preaching (catu-pratisavid); to be
unobstructed in preaching the Dharma.
Def-Frn.
see also: four unobstructed eloquences
(interaction of) empathy and response :1H

Chn. kan ying tao chiao; gn yng do jio
Jpn. kann dk
Frn. rception .
Skt.
Def: the interaction of the empathy or receptivity of
sentient beings and the response (grace) of the
Buddha or Dharma. Stevenson has the mutual
resonance between stimulus (on the part of the
21
practitioner] and [the Buddha Dharmas] response.

Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c14, 5a9, 12b15; Fa-hua hsan-i,
33.646c649c
see also:
emptiness W
Chn. kung; kng
Jpn. k
Frn. vacuit
Skt. nyat
Def: the true nature of things as empty of
independent, substantial self-existence (Being).
Def-Frn.
see also: conventional existence, the Middle, the
threefold truth, eighteen kinds of emptiness
emptiness of emptiness WW
Chn. kung kung; kng kng Jpn. kk
Frn. vacuit
Skt. *ny nyat
Def: that empty dharmas are also empty of
emptiness; an expression of conventional reality; a
denial of substantial emptiness.
Def-Frn.
see also: conventional existence, the threefold truth
empty village W
Chn. kung ch; kng j
Jpn. kju
Frn.
Skt.
Def: A phrase from the Vimalakrti Stra: The
daughters of the gods asked: What is this pleasure
that has as its object the garden of the Law?
Vimalakrti replied: It is the pleasure that consists in
believing rmly in the Buddha, in desiring to hear
the Law, attending to the community, driving away
pride and respecting the teachers, unerringly
considering the (twelve) bases of consciousness like
an empty village, protecting the thought of
enlightenment,
Def-Frn.
Ref. Vimalakrti Stra, T 14.543b2, Mo-ho chih-kuan
51b17
see also:
endowed with ve virtuous qualities 2_X

Chn. wu fen fa sheng; w( fn f shn
Jpn. gobun hosshin
Frn. les cinq agrgats purs
Skt. paca-ansravaskandha
Def: one who is endowed with the ve virtuous
qualities of keeping the precepts, concentration,
wisdom, liberation, and the knowledge-insight of
liberation; in Tien-tai, the highest attainment by
those of the Hnayna.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694c5; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.221a;
Mo-ho chih-kuan 53c14,
22
see also: fivefold Dharma body
entering [realizing] the conventional from

emptiness (and equality), contemplation of
Wx (rf)
Chn. chung kung ju chieh (ping teng) kuan;
cng kng r ji (png dng) gun
Jpn. jug nikke (byd) kan
Frn. la contemplation dgalit allant de la vacuit
dans la conditionnalit
Def: to reafrm conventional reality after or on the
basis of a realization of emptiness; the second stage
of Chih-is threefold contemplation
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 75b80b
see also: threefold contemplation, entering emptiness
from the conventional
entering [realizing] emptiness from the

conventional (and the two truths),
contemplation of xW ()
Chn. chung chiag ju kung (erh ti) kuan;
cng ji r kng (r d) gun
Jpn. juge nikk (nitai) kan
Frn. la contemplation des deux vrits allant de la
conditionnalit dans la vacuit
Def: to advance from a naive acceptance of
phenomena or conventional reality as substantially
real to realizing its emptiness; the rst stage of Chihis threefold contemplation
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 62a75b
see also: threefold contemplation, entering the
conventional from emptiness
enticement(, period of)

Chn. yu yin; yu yn
Jpn. yin (ji)
Frn. priode de sduction
Def: conventional teachings used as skillful means to
entice beings to higher levels of truth; refers to the
teachings of the Tripiaka Period
Def-Frn.
Ref. Hurvitz, p. 233
see also: Fourfold Teachings
enticing (others to enlightenment)

Chn. pei chieh; bi ji
Jpn. hish
Frn. les degrs ents analogues (?)
Def: for the Buddhas grace to benet sentient beings;
for the Buddha to lead, or pull others to
enlightenment. To advance to a higher stage of
achievement, such as taking a quantum leap from
the stages of the distinct to the stages of the perfect
teachings; for those of the distinct or shared
teachings who have superior ability to advance (be
enticed) to the level of the perfect teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 778a; Gish, 274c75a; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
34c2135a10
see also: advancing (to a higher level)
Appendix A
ephemeral (thought) k ()

Chn. chiai erh (chih hsin); ji r (zh xn)
Jpn. kaini (no kokoro)
Frn.
Def: a way of expressing the shortest possible time,
used in the context of discussing a single thought
moment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 32b23, 54a8, 69a8
see also: single thought moment; trichiliocosm in a
moment of consciousness
equivalent to awakening f
Chn. teng cheh; dng ju
Jpn. tgaku
Frn. lEveil gal
Skt. *samasambodhi (samyaksambodhi)
Def: preliminary enlightenment; the realization of the
equality of all things; in Tien-tai, the 51st of the 52
bodhisattva stages.
Def-Frn. Si on regarde ce degr depuis la terre du
Nuage de la Loi (la dernire des dix terres), on
lappellera degr de buddha; si on le regarde du
degr de lEveil sublime, on lappellera degr de
bodhisattva la pense adamantine ou encore
bodhisattva de la terre immacule.
see also: fty-two (bodhisattva) levels
eradicate and transcend [the idea of] fundamental

[Being] C
Chn. huai pen cheh pen; hui bn ju bn
Jpn. kai-hon zetsu-hon
Frn.
Def: An expression used by Chih-i the express the
realization of emptiness.
Def-Frn.
see also: fundamentally lacking in [substantial] Being
eraâ Q0
Chn. i lan; y ln
Jpn. iran
Frn.
Skt. eraâ
Def: a type of plant whose seeds are toxic and is famous
(in contrast to sandalwood) for its foul smell; used to
make castor oil. See the Mahparinirva Stra:
World Honored One. I look at the world and see
that an eraâ seed gives birth to an eraâ tree. I
have not seen an eraâ [seed] giving birth to a
sandalwood tree. I now see for the rst time an
eraâ seed giving birth to a sandalwood tree. [That
is to say,] my body is the eraâ seed, and my mind,
with no roots of faith, is the sandalwood tree. To say
no roots [of faith] means that at rst I did not know
or respect the Tathgata, and did not have faith in
the Dharma and Sangha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.727c28728a7; Mo-ho
chih-kuan 54c23
see also: rootless faith
essential emptiness, contemplation of W

Chn. ti kung kuan; t kng gun
Jpn. taikkan
Frn. contemplation intuitive de la vacuit
Def: to contemplate and realize that all is empty; the
method of contemplation in the Shared Teachings,
criticized by Chih-i as too negativistic, though
superior to the method of realizing emptiness by
analyzing and breaking down phenomena used in
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also: analyze (phenomena) and realize emptiness
essential emptiness of form, realizing emptiness by

contemplation of 5W
Chn. ti se ju kung kuan; t s r kng gun
Jpn. taijiki nikk kan
Frn. la vacuit par la comprhension intuitive de la
forme
Def: to analyze phenomena into their component
parts, as in the Abhidharma tradition, but to see that
all phenomena as a whole are empty of substantial
being. The contemplation of emptiness of the
Shared Teachings, in contrast to the realization of
emptiness through analysis of Hnayna teachings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
eternal abiding of nature and marks [of the Buddha]

oW
Chn. hsing hsiang chang chu; xng xing chng zh
Jpn. shs jj
Frn. la nagture et les caractres (de buddha)
demeurent ternellement
Skt. bhva-lakaa
Def: nature and mark; the inherent reality and the
phenomenal manifestation; in Tien-tai the eternal
reality and unity of inherent nature and phenomenal
existence; the inherent nature of this world.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, ????; Ssu-chiao-i, 780a13
see also:
eternal abiding of this world oW

Chn. shih chien hsiang chang chu
sh jin xing chng zh
Jpn. sekens jj
Frn.
Skt.
Def: that this phenomenal world is also eternal and
equal to the world of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b27; Lotus Stra, T 9.9b
see also:
23
eternal dwelling of the truth (tathat) (W)

Chn. chen chang (chen ju chang chu)
zhn chng (zhn r chng zh)
Jpn. shinj (shinnyo jj)
Frn. ainsit demeurent ternellement
Def: the realm of nirva, eternal reality, the eternal
abiding of suchness
Def-Frn.
see also:
eternalism
Chn. chang chien; chng jin
Jpn. jken
Frn. vues eternalisme
Skt. svata-di
Def: one of the two extreme views, that the world is
eternal; the opposite of annihilationism, that
nothing exists. Buddhism teaches a middle way
between these two extremes.
Def-Frn. opinion prnant lternit du monde et du
soi, lune des deux vues extrmes.
Ref.
see also: annihilationism, extreme views
evil friend , evil teacher F

Chn. rh yu, rh chih shih
y&u, zh sh
Jpn. akuy; akuchishiki;
Frn. un mauvais ami
Skt. ppamitra
Def: a friend who leads one astray; in contrast to a
good friend, a teacher, one who helps one
approach enlightenment. As it says in the Gish, If
one is killed by an evil friend, one can fall into hell. If
one is killed by an elephant, one does not fall into
hell.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 274a21
see also: good friend
exhausting dust a [of passionate afictions]

Chn. chen lao; chn lo
Jpn. jinr
Frn.
Skt. klea-kaya
Def: Along with ignorance, one of the basic conditions
of ordinary sentient beings; to be covered with, and
exhausted by, passionate afflictions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 1c26;
see also:
expose the tentative and manifest the real

Chn. kai chan hsien shih; ki qun xin sh
Jpn. kaigon kenjitsu
Frn. rvler le caractre circonstanciel des doctrines
incompltes pour mieux manifester la ralit de la
doctrine parfaite
24
Def: to show that the triyna is not ultimately true but

that all is included in ekayna. To show conventional
truth for what it is and reveal the ultimate truth. To
reject the tentative and establish the real gC).
One of the three meanings of the word tentative.
Def-Frn.
see also: tentative (three meanings of)
exposing, signifying, awakening, and entering

(realizing) ;
Chn. kai shih wu ju; ki sh w r
Jpn. kai ji go ny
Frn. rvler, indiquer, faire comprendre, faire
pntrer
Def: a phrase from the Lotus Stra connoting that the
one great purpose of the Buddha in appearing in
this world is to expose and signify the Buddha
Dharma, thus helping sentient beings to become
awakened to and enter or realize the Buddha
Dharma.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.7a2228
see also:
external guardians
Chn. wai hu; wi h
Jpn. gego
Frn.
Def: people who care for a practicers external needs,
as mentioned by Chih-i with regard to practicing
constantly-walking samdhi. As the Kuan-hsin lun shu
says: One must have external protectors who, day
and night, regulate ones meals and are diligent and
patient, like a mother caring for her children. Also
one must have excellent fellow practitioners of
serious demeanor and rm discipline, who act like
persons traveling together on a perilous road.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12b9, 43a; Kuan-hsin lun shu, T
46.601b2022;
see also: fellow practicers
external obstacles
Chn. wai chang; wi zhng
Jpn. gesh
Frn. les obstacles extrieurs
Def: obstacles and hinderences which originate outside
the mind.
Def-Frn.
see also:
extract suffering and grant bliss kN,

Chn. ba ku y le; b k( y( l
Jpn. bakku yoraku
Frn.
Def: the compassionate activity of Buddhas and
bodhisattvas; lit., to remove or extract suffering and
bestow pleasure or bliss. The Ta chih tu lun glosses
this compound in terms of two characters for
Appendix A
compassion: , maitr and karu: Great mercy

(maitr) is to extract the suffering of all sentient
beings; great compassion (karu) is to bring out
the causes and conditions for joy and bliss for
sentient beings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 8a23; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.256b1213
see also:
extreme offenses N&

Chn. pien tsui; bin zu
Jpn. henzai
Frn. des fautes-limites
Skt. prjika
Def: the most serious moral offenses, and require
expulsion from the Sangha if committed by a monk,
with no hope of ever taking the precepts again. For
the adult monk, there are four prjika: having
sexual intercourse, stealing, murdering, and claiming
to have attained a level of understanding that one
has not yet attained.
Def-Frn.
see also:
extreme views N
Chn. pien chien; bin jin
Jpn. henken
Frn. vues extrmes
Skt. antagrha-di
Def: the two extreme views of annihilationism, that the
self and all else is extinguished at the time of death,
or that of eternalism, that the self exists forever.
Def-Frn. the two vues extrmes qui sont galement
proscrire, comme lensemble des cinq opinions
(goken) errones.
see also: annihilationism, eternalism, ve mistaken views
eye of wisdom Q
Chn. huei yen; hu yn Jpn. egen
Frn.
Skt. praj-cakus
Def: one of the five eyes. Intellectual insight.
Philosophical acumen. Insight into the truth. To
perceive that all things are empty.
Def-Frn.
see also: five eyes
F
faithful yearning =
Chn. hsin le; xn l
Jpn. shingy
Frn.
Skt. abhimukti, raddhsyati
Def: to believe in and vow to attain; to believe and
rejoice in something.
Def-Frn.

see also:
far and near (to enlightenment)

Chn. yan chin; yun jn
Jpn. on-gon
Frn.
Def: These terms correspond to the outer [far]
and inner [near] means explained in the Tsu-ti
chan-men. Far refers to the introductory practices
of one who is still far from Buddhahood, and near
refers to the more advanced practices of one who
approaches the nal goal, thus far (or outer)
means refer to the preliminary twenty-five
preparations, and the near (or inner) means
refers to the more advanced practices.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 35c1315; Tsu-ti chan-men,
46.483c508a
see also: twenty-five means
fellow practicers |
Chn. tung hsing; tng xng
Jpn. dgy
Frn.
Def: As the Kuan-hsin lun shu says: One must have
external protectors who, day and night, regulate
ones meals and are diligent and patient, like a
mother caring for her children. Also one must have
excellent fellow practitioners of serious demeanor
and rm discipline, who act like persons traveling
together on a perilous road.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 12b10; Kuan-hsin lun shu, T
46.601b2022)
see also: external guardians
fty-two (bodhisattva) levels 2YR

Chn. wu shih rh wei; w( sh r wi
Jpn. goj-ni i
Frn. les 52 degrs
Def: the stages through which a bodhisattva advances
on the path to Buddhahood: the ten levels of faith,
ten abodes, ten levels of practice, ten levels of merittransference, ten stages, the level equivalent to
awakening, and the level of (supreme) subtle
awakening.
Def-Frn. les dix degrs de la foi, les dix stations, les dix
pratiques, les dix dexions, les dix terres, lEveil
gal, lEveil sublime
Ref. Gish, 267b; Fa-hua hsan-i, 731c
see also:
nal fruit Fw
Chn. kuo tuo; gu& tu Jpn. kazu
Frn.
Def: the final, ultimate goal of Buddhahood; attained
only by those who realize the Perfect Teaching, not
those of the Tripiaka, Shared, and Distinct
Teachings.
Def-Frn.
25
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 33a29b6

see also:
re-blood-sword JM
Chn. huo hsieh tao; hu& xu do
Jpn. ka-ketsu-t
Frn.
Def: the three evil destinies of hell, beasts, and hungry
ghosts (preta).
Def-Frn.
see also:
rst [stage of] abodes W

Chn. chu chu; ch zh Jpn. shoj
Frn. la premire station
Def: the first of the ten bodhisattva stages of the ten
abodes, the second group of ten stages in the fiftytwo stages leading to Buddhahood. The level of
aspiration for enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
see also: ten abodes, fifty-two (bodhisattva) levels; first
aspiration for enlightenment
rst arising (of ignorance) (s)

Chn. yan chu (i nien); yun ch (y nin)
Jpn. gansho (ichinen)
Frn. ltre primordial
Def: The rst arising, or rst moment, of the arising of
ignorance or passionate affliction.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695a14
see also:
rst aspiration for enlightenment

Chn. chu fa hsin; ch f xn Jpn. shohossin
Frn.
Skt. prathama-cittotpda; *bodhicitta
Def: to aspire for Buddhahood, to arouse a mind that
seeks enlightenment; in Tien-tai, the rst of the ten
stages of dwelling.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c22, 777b2
see also: aspiration for enlightenment
rst deeds %
Chn. chu yeh; ch y
Jpn. shog
Frn.
Def: the earliest or first actions taken on the path
toward enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ve aggregates (skandha) 2
Chn. wu yin; w( yn
Jpn. go-on
Frn. les cinq agrgats
Skt. paca-skandha
Def: the ve aspects of which a human being consists:
26
form 5 (rpa), sensation 1 (vedan), conceptions `

(saj), volitions (saskra), and consciousness
(vijna).
Def-Frn. la forme, des sensations, la conscience, des
constructions psychiques, ?
see also: name-and-form
ve categories of profound meaning 2b

Chn. wu chung hsan i; w( chng xun y
Jpn. goj gengi
Frn. les cinq catgories du sens mystique
Def: The ve categories Chih-i uses to explicate the
profound meaning of the Lotus Stra: 1. shakumy
e, explaining the name/title; 2. bentai ,
expounding on the essence; 3. mysh g; ,
clarifying/elucidating the gist; 4. rony ,
discussing the application; 5. hanky |*, classifying
the teachings.
Def-Frn. 1. lexplication du nom, 2. le discernement de
la substance, 3. llucidation de lintention, 4. la
discussion de lapplication, 5. lexamencritique des
doctrines.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 682c29684a23
see also:
ve classics 2
Chn. wu ching; w( jng
Jpn. goky
Frn.
Def: the five Chinese classics: the Book of Changes, Books
of History, Odes, Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ve collections of precepts 2HA

Chn. wu pu l; w( b l
Jpn. gobu ritsu
Frn.
Def: the Vinaya collections associated with five of the
traditional Indian sects: Theravdin, Mahsakas,
Dharmaguptakas, Sarvstivdins, and
Mlasarvstivdins.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ve constant (virtues) 2
Chn. wu chang; w( chng
Jpn. goj
Frn.
Def: the ve virtues that all people should constantly
keep: humaneness _, duty , propriety /, wisdom
J, and trust =.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b3; Mo-ho chih-kuan 31b, 77b37
see also:
ve [preliminary] constituents [of meditation] 2

Chn. wu chih; w( zh Jpn. goshi
Frn. les cinq membres [de la concentration]
Appendix A
Skt.
Def: in the Abhidharma tradition there are ve
constituents of meditation, which in Tien-tai are
considered preliminary constituents:
1. vitarka , a process of positioning, implying
examination leading up to judgment and decision;
2. vicra , the steadily moving reection, the quiet
and serious consideration and study of that which
has been brought into the circle of interest by the gross
vitarka. These rst two constituents are the cognitive
aspect of the process of concentration, and are
followed by;
3. prti ], joy, an agreeable sensation, and
4. sukha H, bliss, which togeather are the emotive
aspect which is never absent in any of our mental
processes. Finally, there is
5. cittikgrat s, concentration.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 48a2529, 70c15
see also: four [preliminary] constituents [of meditation]
ve contemplations for putting the mind at rest

2
Chn. wu ting hsin kuan; w( tng xn gun
Jpn. gojshin (kan)
Frn. le degr des cinq attentions de la pense
Skt.
Def: to put the mind at rest by means of compassion,
counting ones breaths, meditating on conditioned
co-arising, meditating on impurities, and being
mindful of the Buddha. Five kinds of contemplation
for putting an end to the ve unwholesome attitudes:
1) # (fujkan, aubha-bhvana), subdue or heal
covetousness by contemplating the impure
features of the world;
2) (jihikan, maitrsmti), sooth anger by
contemplating all sentient beings with a
compassionate mind;
3)$ (innenkan, prattyasamutpda-smti), heal
ignorance by contemplating the truth that all
phenomena arise from causes;
4) M (nenbutsukan, buddhnusmti), overcome
obstacles by contemplating the Buddha; and
5) (susokukan, na-apna-smti), control
distraction by contemplating and counting ones
breaths.
Def-Frn. 1) lattention de la pense sur leimpuret, 2)
lattention de la pense sur la compassion, 3)
lattention de la pense sur les relations de causalit,
4) lattention de la pense sur la commmoration de
buddha, 5) lattention de la pense sur le compte des
respirations.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776c2629,777c12; Gish, 264b; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 35c1314, 92c2793b2, 117b
see also: distinct states of mindfulness, general states of
mindfulness
ve divine realms of the non-returner 2L

Chn. wu na han tien; w( n hn tin
Jpn. gonagon-ten
Frn.
Skt. angmin
Def: the state wherein there is no more falling back
into a state of ignorance. One of the twenty-ve
realms of existence; the fth through ninth levels of
the fourth dhyna stage.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Hurvitz, 34042; Ssu-chiao-i, 776a1315; Mo-ho chihkuan, 71a24b1
see also: twenty-five realms of existence; four dhyna
stages
ve dull (obvious) afflictions 2q

Chn. wu tun shih; w( dn sh
Jpn. go donshi
Frn.
Def: lit., the ve dull passions; the obvious passions:
covetousness, anger, ignorance, pride, and doubt.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b2627; Mo-ho chih-kuan 49c, 102a27
see also: five sharp afflictions
ve elements 2
Chn. wu hsing; w( xng
Jpn.gogy
Frn. cinq ...
Def: The classical Chinese teaching that all things are
composed of ve basic elements: wood, re, earth,
metal, and water.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 31b16, 77b310
see also:
ve eyes 2Q
Chn. wu yen; w( yn
Jpn.gogen
Frn. cinq yeux
Def: Or, five eyesights: that of the physical eye Q,
divine eye Q, eye of wisdom Q, Dharma eye Q,
and Buddha eye MQ.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 26a18b10, 101a79; Ta chih tu
lun, 25.348bc.
see also: eye of wisdom, Dharma eye, Buddha eye
ve fetters 2
Chn. wu hsi; w( x
Jpn. gokei
Frn.
Def: in his commentary to the Mahparinirva Stra ,
Kuan-ting explains that there are two
interpretations for the ve fetters: One is the fetters
of the ve corpses 2, and the second is the fetters
of the ve limbs 2 [of the two arms, two legs, and
neck]. The ve corpses refers to the demons of
desires that are conquered through the ve types of
contemplations of impurity #[which involve
contemplating corpses in their various stages of
decay].
Def-Frn.
Ref. T #1767, 38.95b2324
27
see also:
ve avors 2I
Chn. wu wei; w( wi
Jpn. gomi
Frn. cinq saveurs
Skt.
Def: an analogy based on the Mahparinirva Stra
that compares the various teachings of the Buddha
and the attainment of nirva to the ve progressive
stages in the renement of milk; used in Tien-tai as
an analogy for the ve periods in the development of
the Buddhas teaching. The ve avors are milk ,
coagulated milk [cream] &, curds c, butter lc,
and ghee E, corresponding respectively to the
teachings of the Avatasaka Stra, the Tripiaka (the
gamas), the Vaipulya stras, the Prajparmit
stras, and the Mahparinirva and Lotus Stras.
Def-Frn. le lait, la crme, la caillebotte, le beurre, le
nectar
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, T46.725c,775c19; Mahparinirva
Stra, 449a,690c691a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2c10,
88a1719
five forbearances 2T
Chn. ssu jen; w( rn Jpn. go nin
Frn.
Def: The five levels of forbearance or recognition:
forbearance or recognition from overcoming
[delusions] NT; forbearance or recognition from
attaining faith NT; forbearance or recognition from
pliantly following [the path] ]T; and the
forbearance of the non-arising of dharmas [T,
and the recognition of quiescent extinction nT. A
list from the Jen-wang ching.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Jen-wang ching T ???
see also: four forbearances
ve good roots/faculties 23
Chn. wu shan ken; w( shn gn
Jpn. gozenkon
Frn. cinq facultis
Skt. pacendriyi.
Def: five moral faculties: faith =, diligence {,
mindfulness , concentration , and wisdom ; one
of the categories of the thirty-seven steps on the path.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 30c7, 89b27c8; Graded Themes,
682a1427
see also: thirty-seven steps on the path, five powers
ve heinous (grave) offenses 2?

Chn. wu ni; w( n
Jpn. gogyaku
Frn. des cinq crimes
Skt. pacnantaryi
Def: the ve worst, most deadly offenses: 1. patricide, 2.
matricide, 3.arhatcide, 4. to make a Buddha bleed,
and 5. to cause a schism in the Sangha.
Def-Frn.
28
Ref. : Mo-ho chih-kuan, 10a16, 50c29

see also:
ve impediments 2
Chn. wu kai; w( gi
Jpn. gogai
Frn.
Skt. paca-nvaraa
Def: The five kinds of passions that inhibit progress to
enlightenment and need to be removed when
preparing to cultivate Buddhist practice: covetous
desires l, hateful anger , drowsiness and sleep
xX, restlessness and remorse L, and doubt .
Part of the twenty-five means or preparations for
practice.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780b17; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 44c647a23;
Hsiao chih-kuan, 464a465b, Graded Themes, T
46.668a5b4
see also: twenty-five means, three poisons, ten (kinds of)
afflictions
ve impurities 2
Chn. wu cho;w( zhu Jpn. gojyoku
Frn.
Skt. *paca-kaya
Def: The impurites of this kalpa (kalpa-kaya), of
mistaken views (di-kaya), of passionate afflictions
(klea-kaya), of sentient beings (sattva-kaya), and of
one's lifespan (yu-kaya).
Def-Frn.
see also:
ve levels of delusions 2WG

Chn. wu chu ti huo; w( zh d hu
Jpn. gojji no waku
Frn.
Def: the delusions with which sentient beings in the
triple world are aficted: 1. mistaken views in the
triple world sWG, 2. obstacles to knowledge in
the world of desires (G, 3. obstacles to
knowledge in the world of form 5(G, 4. obstacles
to knowledge in the formless world (G, 5.
fundamental ignorance [gG.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695b7; Ssu-chiao-i, 779b13; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 13c6
see also:
ve-limbed prostration 2VG

Chn. wu ti tou ti; w( t tu d
Jpn. gotai tji
Frn.
Skt. prapatya paca-maâla-namaskraa,
pacamaâly praipatya
Def: dropping to the ground in five-limbed prostration,
where the two elbows, two knees, and crown of the
head all touch the floor.
Def-Frn.
Appendix A
see also:
ve limbs of the precepts 2w

Chn. wu chih chieh; w( zh ji
Jpn. goshi kai
Frn. les cinq groupes de commandements
Def: a list of types of precepts in the Mahparinirva
Stra:
1. the pure precepts that are the basic deeds of the
complete bodhisattva Sf%5w
2. the rest of the pure precepts of the retinue in front
of and behind [the Buddha] |95w
3. the pure precepts perceptions that are all non-evil
perceptions U5w
4. the pure precepts of mindfulness that is a
maintenance of correct mindfulness 5w
5. the precepts of the supreme path that is a complete
conversion nT%XXw.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 36c20; Mahparinirva Stra, T
12, T 12.674a2629
ve mistaken views 2
Chn. wu chien; w( jin
Jpn. goken
Frn. cinq opinions (errones)
Skt. paca-di
Def: 1) the mistaken view that the body is substantial
X (satkya-di), 2) extreme views N (antagrhadi), 3) deviant views (mithya-di), 4)
attachment to mistaken views (di-parmara),
and 5) excessive attachment to the precepts (lit.,
morality and vows w[8] (lavrata-parmara).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: ve sharp views
ve objects (of sensory perception) 2a

Chn. wu chen; w( chn
Jpn. go jin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: lit the ve dusts,the objects which one
experiences though color/form, sound, odor, taste,
and touch.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ve parts [of the practice of dhyna] 2_

Chn. wu fen; w( fn
Jpn. gobun
Frn.
Skt.
Def: five aspects of progressing or retreating in the
practice of dhyna: 1. retreating M_, 2. dwelling
W_, 3. progressing m_, and 4. accomplishing G_,
and 5. keeping/guarding _.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Tzu-ti chan-men, T 46.512b20c12; Mo-ho chih-kuan
51b29
see also:
Five Periods and Eight Teachings 2k*

Chn. wu shih pa chiao; w( sh b jio
Jpn. goji hakky
Frn. cinq priodes et huit doctrines
Def: The Tien-tai pan-chiao doctrinal classication
scheme. The ve periods are those of the Avatasaka
Stra, the gamas (Deer Park), the Vaipulya stras,
the Prajpramit stras, and the Mahparinirva
and Lotus Stras. The eight teachings are the four
methods of conversion: sudden, gradual, secret, and
variable; and the four doctrines of conversion, i.e.,
the Fourfold Teachings: Tripiaka, Shared, Distinct,
and Perfect.
Def-Frn. la priode de lOrnementation eurie, la
priode du Parc des Daims, la priode des stra
dvelopps, la priode de la Sagesse, la priode du
Lotus et de lExtinction.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c9; Mo-ho chih-kuan 34b2328
see also: four teachings (according to content),
Fourfold Teachings
ve powers 2j
Chn. wu li; w( l
Jpn. goriki
Frn. force
Skt. paca-balni.
Def: the powers of faith =, diligence {, mindfulness
, concentration , and wisdom ; one of the
categories of the thirty-seven steps on the path.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 30c8, 89c416; Graded Themes,
682a28b15
see also: thirty-seven steps on the path, five good roots
ve practices 2
Chn. wu hsing; w( xng
Jpn. gogy
Frn.
Def: the ve practices of a bodhisattva as explained in
the Mahparinirva Stra: 1. noble practice /, the
cultivation of precepts, meditation, and wisdom; 2.
altruistic practice (or noble conduct) , actions
to relieve suffering and bring joy to sentient beings;
3. divine practices , actions done in accordance
with divine principles; 4. parental practices , to
act with compassion, as a mother to a child; and 5.
the practice of dis-ease , to suffer pain and disease in the same manner as other sentient beings, for
their benet.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, 673b729b; Ssu-chiao-i,
778b2; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c1718, 51c1618;
see also:
ve precepts 2w
Chn. wu chieh; w( ji Jpn. gokai
Frn. force
Skt. paca-la
Def: the five basic rules for moral living: do not kill, do
29
not steal, avoid illicit sex, do not lie, avoid drinking

intoxicating beverages
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gradual Themes T 46.670c5671a23
see also:
ve preliminary grades of the disciple 2{R

Chn. wu pin ti tzu wei; w( pn d z wi
Jpn. gobon deshi i
Frn. disciple muni des cinq catgories de mrites
Def: In the Tien-tai scheme of the various stages on
the path to Buddhahood, the ve lowest or
preliminary levels of practice and attainment (in the
Perfect Teaching) for a disciple of the Buddha:
appropriate joy ], reading and reciting of the
stras , preaching the Dharma ,
preliminary practice of the six perfections while
practicing contemplation E, and the proper
practice of the six perfections E. The level of
a practicer before he/she attains the stage of faith.
The ve stages of outsider practices. The level
claimed by Chih-i to have been attained in his life.
Def-Frn. Les catgories de la joie approprie, de la
rcitation des textes canoniques, de la prdication,
de la pratique cumule des six grandes vertus, de la
pratique principale des six grandes vertus. Je dis
pour ma part que ces cinq catgories constituent le
premier des expdients slavifiques de lcole parfaite,
permettant de faciliter la comprhension en faisant
regarder le grand daprs le petit, linstar des 5
attentions de la pense de la doctrine des trois
Corbeilles.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779ab; Hurvitz, p. 368; Mo-ho chihkuan, 1b16, 35c, 83a22; Gish, 267bc; Lotus Stra,
44c46b.
see also:
ve shades 2
Chn. wu i; w( y
Jpn. goei
Frn.
Def: The "five shades" that block the light of the sun or
moon are smoke, clouds, dust, fog, and the asura
Rhu (the mythological figure who causes eclipses).
These five are used in the Hsiao chih-kuan to illustrate
five obstacles that need to be removed in preparation
for practicing meditation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 57b14; Hsiao chih-kuan, 465b13,
Ta chih tu lun, 185a911; Mahparinirva Stra, T
12.761a710
see also:
ve sharp afflictions 22q

Chn. wu li shih; w( l sh
Jpn. go rishi
Frn.
Def: subtle, sharp every-day unconscious mistaken
views and passionate afflictions: 1) the mistaken view
that the body is substantial (X; satkya-di), 2)
extreme views (N antagrha-di), 3) deviant views
30
( mithya-di), 4) attachment to mistaken views,

or that ones own views are superior to all others
(; di-parmara), and 5) excessive attachment
to the precepts, or the false view that the only way to
liberation is by keeping non-Buddhist precepts (lit.,
morality and vows; w[8]; lavrata-parmara)
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b26; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49c, 55c10,
102a26
see also: ve mistaken views, five dull afflictions, ten
afflictions
ve stages of name-and-form e5R

Chn. ming se wei; mng s wi
Jpn. myshiki-i
Frn. les diffrents stades de la formation du nom-forme
Def: ve stages in the development of a human fetus,
referring to the rst ve weeks in the womb; a
categorization from the Abhidharma-koa: kalala,
arbuda, pe, ghana, prakh.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 273b2729; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 52c27
see also:
ve supranormal powers 2eF

Chn. wu shen tung; w( shn tng
Jpn. go jints
Frn. les cinq supersavoirs
Skt. paca-abhij
Def: Five supranormal or supernatural powers
possessed by an enlightened person: 1) the ability to
appear anywhere one wishes [F or eF; 2) the
ability to see what ordinary people cannot see QF;
3) the ability to hear sounds that others cannot hear
F; 4) the ability to read other peoples minds
F; and 5) the ability to perceive ones own and
others past lives ffF.
Def-Frn.
see also: six supranormal powers
ve types of impurity [of the human body] 2)#

Chn. wu chung pu ching; w( zh&ng b jng
Jpn. goshu fuj
Frn. cinq impurets [du corps]
Skt. [ky]uci
Def: five types of impurity of the human body are: 1.
impurity of the place of birth , 2. impurity of
seeds ){, 3. impurity of its nature , 4. impurity of
its features o, and 5. ultimate impurity (in
death).
Def-Frn.1. L'impuret de l'endroit de la naissance
(jtisyhnuci); 2. l'impuret de la semence (bjuci);
3. l'impuret de la nature propre (svabhvuci); 4.
l'impuret des caractres propres (svalakauci); 5.
l'impuret de l'aboutissement final (paryavasnuci).
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 93b9; Ta chih tu lun,
198c15199a28
see also:
Appendix A
vefold Dharma body 2_X

Chn. wu fen fa sheng; w( fn f shn
Jpn. gobun hosshin
Frn. les cinq agrgats purs
Skt. paca-ansravaskandha
Def: the ve virtuous qualities of the Dharma Body:
keeping the precepts w (la), concentration
(samdhi), wisdom (praj), liberation m0
(vimoka), and the knowledge-insight of liberation
m0F (vimoka-jna-darana); in Tien-tai, the
highest attainment by those of the Hnayna.
Def-Frn. de conduite, de concentration, de sagesse, de
dlivrance, et de savoir et vision de la delivrance.
Ref. Gish, 271b; Fa-hua hsan-i, 694c5; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.221a; Mo-ho chih-kuan 53c14
see also:
vefold repentance 2
Chn. wu hui; w( hu
Jpn. goge
Frn. les cinq repentances
Def: The vefold ceremony in Tien-tai for repenting
of the sins committed by and through the six senses
or sense organs; the ve kinds of confession
practiced by those cultivating the Lotus Samdhi: 1.
repentance of the offenses committed through the
six senses HL, which includes (a) universal
confession and (b) specic confession; 2. petitioning
the Buddhas to remain in the world and preach the
Dharma N , 3. rejoicing in the good of others H],
4. transferring ones own merit to others nT, 5.
vowing to save or benet all beings X.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a10b5; Hurvitz, 36869;
952a953b; Fa-hua san-mei chan-i, 952a28953b29;
Mo-ho chih-kuan, 98a13
see also: repenting [of the offenses] of the six senses,
Lotus Samdhi
x your thoughts [on reality] and have them emerge

spontaneously ]
Chn. hsi nien hsien chien; x nin xin qin
Jpn. kechinen genzen
Frn.
Def: A description of the function of cessation as a
result of stopping delusions and passionate
afflictions.
Def-Frn.
see also:
xing [ones thoughts] on the dharmadhtu as the

object [of contemplation] ]$
Chn. hsi yan fa chieh; x yun f ji
Jpn. kechien hokkai
Frn.
Def: A characteristic of the perfect-and-sudden
cessation-and-contemplation. To contemplate reality
itself as the object of ones attention. A phrase from
the The Teaching of Majur, and used in the
paragraph in Kuan-tings introduction to the Mo-ho

chih-kuan that is considered the essence of Tientai teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c24, 11b22; The Teaching of
Majur, T 8.731a27
see also:
flower of reward T
Chn. hua pao; hu bo
Jpn. keh
Frn.
Def: the rewards received in this life from performing
good deeds, in contrast to the fruit or results or
recompense received in future lives.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
formless realm [5
Chn. wu se chieh; w s ji
Jpn. mushikikai
Frn. le monde de labsence de forme
Skt. rpya-dhtu
Def: the realm of experience by one who has severed
all desires and attachments to form but has still not
experienced enlightenment. The realm that has no
form but consists of only the other four of the ve
skandhas. Consists of four levelsemptiness
(kyatana), consciousness (vijnnantryyatana),
non-existence (kicanyyatana), and neither
conceptions nor no-conceptions (naivasajnsajyatana)realized through four concentrations
(samdhis) on emptiness. Part of this triple world,
including the realm of desires and the realm of form.
Def-Frn. correspondant aux quatre yatana
Ref.
see also: triple world, four concentrations on emptiness,
four emptiness heavens
forty-one bodhisattva stages vYsR

Chn. ssu shih i wei; s sh y wi
Jpn. shij ichii
Frn.
Def: The forty-one bodhisattva stages of the ten abodes
YW, ten practices Y, ten of merit transference
YnT, ten bhmis YG, and (almost) equivalent to
awakening f. Tien-tai teaches that bodhisattvas
from the initial stage (the rst stage of ten abodes) to
highest enlightenment should be called
Dharmakya Mahsattvas Xw.
Def-Frn.
see also:
forty-two letters vY
Chn. ssu shih erh tzu; s sh r z
Jpn. shij-ni ji
Frn.
Def: The forty-two letters of the Sanskrit or Siddham
alphabet: a %, ra , pa, ca, na, la, da, ba, â, a, va,
ta, ya a, ka, sa, ma, ga, tha, ja, va, dha, a, kha, ka,
31
sta j, rtha, bha, cha, sma, hva, tsa, gha, ta, na,
pha, ska, ysa, ca, a, and ^ha w.
Def-Frn.
25.684b687c
see also:
forward and reverse contemplation of twelvefold

causes and conditions ?Y$
Chn. ni shun kuan shih erh yin yan;
n sh gun sh r yn yun
Jpn. gyakujun-kan jni innen
Frn.
Def: the contemplation of the twelve links of
conditioned arising both forward and backwards,
giving twenty-four aspects. The Fang-teng chan-fa
explains: Of the twenty-four links, there is the
forward contemplation of twelvefold [conditioned
arising, from the rst to the last, which leads to]
awakening insight into threefold Buddha-nature.
The reverse contemplation of twelvefold
[conditioned arising, from the last to the rst, leads
to] awakening insight into threefold Buddha-nature.
That is, [the links of] ignorance, passion, and
attachment correspond to Buddha-nature as
complete cause; [the links of] volitional action and
existence correspond to Buddha-nature as
conditional cause, and [the links of] consciousness,
name-and-form, and so forth correspond to Buddhanature as direct cause [of Buddhahood].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13c14; Fang-teng chan-fa,
46.798b48
see also: threefold Buddha-nature
four appropriate methods vH

Chn. ssu suei; s su
Jpn. shi zui
Frn.
Def: The teaching that the Buddha uses four
appropriate methods [in accordance with the
capabilities of sentient beings] to preach the
Dharma: in accordance with their desires, in
accordance with what is appropriate, in accordance
with therapeutic reasons [healing the dis-eases that
need to be healed], and in accordance with the
truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c18, 66c11, 91b11
see also: four methods of instruction (siddhnta)
four boundless demeanors v[g

Chn. ssu wu liang hsin; s w ling xn
Jpn. shi mury shin
Frn.
Skt. brahmavihra; catvryapramni
Def: four immeasurable mental attitudes: of
friendliness (maitri) , to seek to bring pleasure to
others; compassion (karu) , or sharing in the
suffering of others; joy (mudit) ], rejoicing in the
32
happiness of others; and abandonment or

equanimity (upek) f, to abandon all false
discrimination and be free of all attachments, and
thus face all things equally (dispassionately).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Liu miao fa men, 459b5; Mo-ho chih-kuan 23c24,
30b29; Graded Themes, T 46.672b5c5
see also:
four categories of oneness vs

Chn. ssu i; s y
Jpn. shiitsu, shiichi
Frn. la quadruple unit
Def: the four unities:
the oneness of teaching *s, that all teachings of the
Buddha are ultimately non-contradictory and
lead to the single goal of Buddhahood);
the oneness of practice s, that true practice is
ultimately one and for the single purpose of
attaining Buddhahood;
the oneness of persons ^s, that the eternal Buddha
is non-dual and that all people will ultimately
attain Buddhahood;
and the oneness of reality 7s, that reality is one.
The unity of all reality as taught in the Lotus Stra.
Used originally by Fa-yn in his Fa-hua i-chi, a
commentary on the Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn. lunit de principe, lunit de doctrine, lunit
de pratique, lunit des tres
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 692a692a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23c18;
Fa-hua wen-ch, T 34.42ab; Fa-hua i-chi, 572c574a;
see also:
four categories of passions vWG

Chn. ssu chu ti; s zh d
Jpn. shijji
Frn. quatre stations (garements)
Def: synonymous with deluded views and attitudes: 1)
all mistaken views in the triple world, 2) all the
deluded and mistaken thoughts and attitudes in the
realm of desire, that is, passions for sensuous
pleasures; 3) all mistaken thoughts and attitudes in
the realm of form, that is, passions for forms; and 4)
all mistaken thoughts and attitudes in the formless
realm, that is, passion for continued existence.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 691c6; Ssu-chiao-i, 776b22;
rmldev Stra, T 12.220a221a; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
5c11, 59c1, 85c8
four concentrations on emptiness v[5/vW

Chn. ssu wu se ting/ ssu kung ting;
s w s dng/s kng dng
Jpn. shi mushiki j/shi k j
Frn.
Def: lit. four concentrations of the formless [realm];
four levels of realizing emptiness in the realm of
formlessness: the place of the inexhaustibility of
emptiness W[N, the place of the inexhaustibility
of consciousness [N, the place of non-existence
Appendix A
[8 (or the lesser place of neither

consciousness nor no-consciousness) and the place
of neither conceptions nor no-conceptions
``; four types of practicing concentration
on formlessness: the emptiness of dharma marks
o, of non-existence [, of own-being , and of
other-being .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Liu miao fa men, 459b5; Mo-ho chih-kuan 30b28,
70b119; Fa-chieh tzu-ti chu-men, T 46.675a18b14;
Graded Themes, T 46.672c6673a10
see also: triple world, formless realm, four emptiness

heavens, four dhyna stages
four constituents [of meditation] v

Chn. ssu chih; s zh
Jpn. shi-shi
Frn. les quatre (premiers) membres [de la
concentration]
Skt. aga-catuaya
Def: the four constituents of the second dhyna stage:
inner purity, joy, bliss, and single-mindedness; four
preliminary or supplementary means of
concentration taught in the Cheng shih lun
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 48a23, 70c29; Cheng shih lun ???
see also: four dhyna stages, five [preliminary]
constituents [of meditation]
four continents v? , v4
Chn. ssu chou, ssu tien hsia
s zhn, s tin xi
Jpn. shish/shitenka
Frn.
Def: the four continents of Buddhist cosmology; in
Tien-tai, part of the twenty-ve aspects of existence:
1. Uttarakuru in the north, 2. Jambudvpa in the
south, 3. Prvavideha in the east, and 4.
Aparagodnya in the west.
Def-Frn.
see also:
four demonic forces v%

Chn. ssu mo; s m
Jpn. shima
Frn.
Def: Four Mras; demonic forces, both actual and
symbolic, that get in the way of cultivating the
Buddhist path. The four demonic forces are the
demons of the skandha %, the demons of
passionate afflictions %, the demon of death
%, and the supernatural demons {%.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12a1, 50c23ff.; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.99b1116
see also: demonic forces
four dhyna stages v,()

Chn. ssu chan (tien); s chn (tin)
Jpn. shizen (ten)
Frn. quatre degrs de mditation
Skt. catur-dhyna
Def: the four states of dhyna meditation, part of the
twenty-ve states of existence; the four states which
arise in the realm of form through the the practice of
dhyna. The first dhyna stage has the five
constituents of examination (vitarka) , reflection
(vicra) , joy ], bliss , and single-mindedness
s. The second stage has the constituents of inner
purity , joy, bliss, and single-mindedness. The
third stage has the five constituents of equanimity or
abandonment , mindfulness , wisdom , bliss,
and single-mindedness. The fourth stage has the
constituents of neither-suffering-nor-bliss #N#,
equanimity, mindfulness, and single-mindedness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 12a28, 70c71b, 89c1214; Ssuchiao-i, 776b14; Hurvitz, pp. 34042; Graded Themes, T
46.671a24672b4
see also:
four (basic) elements v

Chn. ssu ta; s d
Jpn. shi dai
Frn.
Skt. mah-bhta
Def: : the four elements that make up the world: earth,
water, re, and wind.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 45c19, 93c4
see also:
four emptiness heavens vW

Chn. ssu kung chu tien; s kng ch tin
Jpn. shiksho-ten
Frn.
Skt.
Def: the four stages of emptiness in the realm of
formlessness: 1. kcnantyyatana, 2.
vijnnantyyatana, 3. kinicanyyatana, and 4.
naivasajsamjyatana.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also: Ssu-chiao-i, 776a1315
four evil destinies v+

Chn. ssu rh ch; s q
Jpn. shiakushu
Frn.
Def: the four evil gati, or realms, part of the twenty-ve
realms of existence: 1) naraka G (ti y; jigoku), hell;
2) tiryagyoniT (hs sheng; chikush), beasts ; 3)
hungry ghosts i (o kuei; gaki); asura @ (a shui lo;
ashura; titans).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: ten destinies
four fearlessnesses v[(8)a

Chn. ssu wu (suo) wei; s w (su&) wi
Jpn. shi mu-(sho-)i
Frn. les quatre ...
33
Skt. catvri-vairadyni
Def: One of the characteristics of a Buddha; to be able
to teach sentient beings fearlessly; to be endowed
with four kinds of fearlessness:
1. fearlessness from knowing that one has attained
supreme awakening (samyaksabuddhasya);
2. fearlessness from knowing that one has exhausted
all deled outows (kisravasya);
3. fearlessness from knowing that one has preached
the Dharma concerning the obstacles to the path
(ye v punar may rvakam antaryik dharm
khyt ity etad vairadyam);
4. fearlessness from knowing that one has preached

the Dharma of the path to liberation (yo v punar
may rvaka niryya mrga khyta ity etad
vairadyam).
The Introduction to Graded Themes of the Dharma Realm

lists the four fearlessnesses as follows:
1. fearlessness from [having attained] omniscience
sJ;
2. fearlessness from having exhausted all defilements
;
3. fearlessness in teaching about the obstacles to the
path #1;
4. fearlessness in exhaustively teaching about
suffering and the path #N1.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 12a14, 17b4, 30c15, 96b20c5;
Graded Themes, T 46.694c14695a20
see also: ten powers
four fruits vF
Chn. ssu kuo; s gu&
Jpn. shika
Frn. les quatre fruits
Skt. catvri-phalni
Def: The path to arhatship, consisting of attaining
four fruits: that of the stream-enterer (one who is
just entering the path, rotpanna), once-returner
(one with only one more rebirth), non-returner (one
with no more rebirths), and arhat.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 1a16, 30c29
see also:
four forbearances vT
Chn. ssu jen; s rn
Jpn. shi nin
Frn.
Skt.
Def: The four levels of forbearance or recognition:
recognition or forbearance from overcoming
[delusions] NT; recognition or forbearance from
attaining faith =T; recognition or forbearnane from
pliantly following [the path] ]T; and the
forbearance of the non-arising of dharmas [T.
Levels of attainment for those of the Distinct Teaching.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 72b17, Fa-hua hsan-i, T
33.730ab; Ta chih tu lun, 25.586a122
see also: five forbearances
34
four fruits of the ramaa vF

Chn. ssu sha men kuo; s sh mn gu&
Jpn. shi shamon ka
Frn. les quatre fruits
Skt. catvri-phalni
Def: see four fruits
four gates v
Chn. ssu men; s mn Jpn. shimon
Frn. les quatre ???
Skt.
Def: The four ways of understanding reality or
phenomena; a form of the tetralemma of four
options with regard to existence: as existence (or
Being; naive realism), non-existence (or emptiness,
nothingness; nihilism), both existence and nonexistence, or neither existence nor non-existence.
Chih-i gives a detailed discussion of these four gates
in terms of the Fourfold Teachingsthe Tripiaka,
Shared, Distinct and Perfect Teachingsin the Mo-ho
chih-kuan, T 46.73c75b.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 13c4, 32b10, 73c75b; Ta chih tu
lun, T 25.517b, 639c, 640c7ff.
see also: tetralemma
four good roots v3

Chn. ssu shan ken; s shn gn
Jpn. shizenkon
Frn. les quatre racines de bien, les quaytre degrs sont
les suivants
Skt. kualamla
Def: for Sarvastivdins, the preparatory practices for
attaining Arhatship:
1. heat | (uma-gata), to burn away the passions
with the re of wisdom, to contemplate the Four
Noble Truths and cultivate its sixteen aspects;
2. the summit, peak, or crossroads (mrdhaavasth) between regressing to the previous stage
or advancing to the next; where one perfects the
good roots;
3. patience T (knti), where one patiently accepts
the truth of the Four Noble Truths, the stage
before Arhatship where merit is irreplacably
attained; and
4. supreme in the world s, the stage just before
that of the arhat. In Tien-tai, four early levels of
attainment (beyond the ve contemplations for
putting the mind at rest, distinct states of
mindfulness, and general states of mindfulness)
for overcoming deluded views and attitudes in the
Tripiaka Teaching.
Def-Frn. chauffement, sommet/tte, patience,
suprmes dharmas mondains
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777a34; Mo-ho chih-kuan 35c14
see also:
four inducements v
Chn. ssu she; s sh
Jpn. shish
Appendix A
Frn. les quatre ???

Skt. sagraha-vastu
Def: four methods used to induce people to convert to
the Buddhist path:
1. dna +: giving (preaching) the Dharma, and
giving things that people need;
2. priya-vdita (B: inducing people through loving
words.
3. artha-cary 2: helping people through physical,
verbal, or mental conduct.
4. samnrthat |: to help others by putting oneself in
their position, and being able to help through the
afnity thus experienced.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 14b58, 97a47; Ta chih tu lun, ???
see also:
four interpretations of Four [Noble] Truths v)v

Chn. ssu chung ssu ti; s zh&ng s d
Jpn. shishu shitai
Frn. des quatre catgories de quatre vrits
Def: four ways of understanding the Four Noble
Truths, as interpreted by Chih-i, based on the
rmaladev and Mahparinirva Stras, and
correlated with the fourfold teachings according to
content and method; four levels of understanding
the Four Noble Truths: 1) as arising and perishing
n, 2) as neither arising nor perishing [n, 3) as
immeasurable [g (beyond conceptual
understanding yet arising and perishing), or 4) as
spontaneous [6 (beyond conceptual understanding
and neither arising nor perishing). There four levels
of interpretation correspond, respectively, to the
four categories of the Tripiaka, Shared, Distinct, and
Perfect Teachings.
Def-Frn. Chacune des quatre catgories correspond
lune des quatre doctrines de la nature de
lenseignement (keh shiky) et manifeste donc
chaque fois un niveau suprieur de comprhension
de lenseignement fondamental veau suprieur de
comprhension de lenseignement fondamental de
Buddha que sont les quatre vrits.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 700c; Ssu-chiao-i, 776c20, rmldev
Stra, T ????; Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.
see also:
Four (Buddha) Lands vF

Chn. ssu tu; s t(
Jpn. shido
Frn. des quatre Terres de buddha
Def: four types of Buddha lands, or pure lands which
the Buddha creates, as taught in the Tien-tai
tradition: 1) the co-dwelling land /|F, the land
where ordinary people and sages dwell together ; 2)
the land where skillful means remains F; this
is the state of arhats and pratyekabuddha, who have
severed the delusions of views and thoughts and have
transcended rebirth in this triple world, yet are still a
step away from the enlightenment of a Buddha. ; 3)
land of true recompense without obstruction
[F; this is the state of the bodhisattva, who
has realized the truth of the Middle Way; and 4) the

land of perpetual quiescent light MF(symbolic of
the three virtuous qualities of the Buddha of Dharma
body, liberation, and wisdom). This is the state of the
Buddha, who has no delusions and has perfectly
realized the truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Commentary to Vimalakrti Stra, T 38.564b565a;
#2218.465c; Mo-ho chih-kuan 5c19, 20a2527, 53a19
see also: (the individual four lands)
four methods of instruction vA

Chn. ssu hsi tan; s x tn
Jpn. shi shittan
Frn. quatre points du vue
Skt. siddhnta
Def: four methods the Buddha uses to present the
Dharma to his audience: the worldly ( laukikasiddhnta), the individual (`^ prtipauruikasiddhnta), the therapeutic (, prtipakikasiddhnta), and the supreme (s, pramrthikasiddhnta).
Def-Frn. Quatre catgories permettant de classer les
diffrentes doctrines exposes par le Buddha; ces
quatre points du vue sont vrais et ne se contredisent
pas mutuellement: 1) point de vue mondain, qui se
conforme aux ides reues des gens du monde, va
dans le sens de leurs dsirs pour les mener
insensiblement vers la connaissance, ainsi lon fait
comme si la personne existait rellement alors que
ce nest quun assemblage de facteurs dexistence, ce
qui rjouit lauditeur. On parle aussi en ce cas du
point de vue qui atte les dsirs (gyyoku shitsudan).
2) point de vue individuel: le Buddha module son
enseignement selon la nature de chacun, en fonction
de ses facults, an de lorienter vers la bien; ce
point de vue visant dvelopper chez lindividu des
racines de bien, on parle aussi de point de vue des
racines de bien (zenkon shitsudana). 3) point de vue
thrapeutique: aux gens submergs par le dsir, le
Buddha enseigne la compassion, ceux qui sont
dans lignorance, il enseigne le discernement des
causes et conditions etc., svertuant supprimer
ainsi les passions, ce qui explique svertuant
supprimer ainsi les passions, ce qui explique lautre
nom de point de vue qui limine le mal (danaku
shitsudan). 4) point de vue absolu: aux tres de
facults mres, le Buddha expose directement la
Ralit des choses, la vrit qui leur permet
daccder immdiatement lEveil; cest pourquoi
lon parle encore de point de vue faisant pntrer le
Principe (nyri shitsudan).
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 1c14, 4c225a, 19c822, 22a26b1,
54c955a; Fa-hua hsan-i 686a1691a5; Ta chih tu lun
59b1761b18
see also:
four mental cessations v[

Chn. ssu i chih; s y zh
35
Jpn. shi-i-shi
Def: see four mindfulnesses
four mindfulnesses v
Chn. ssu nien chu kuan; s nin ch gun
Jpn. shinenjo-kan
Frn. quatre xations de lattention
Skt. catvni-smty-upasthnni
Def: four states of mindfulness; mindfulness
concerning the four objects, to have insight into the
true thusness of body, feelings, mind, and dharmas;
the rst four practices of the thirty-seven steps on
the way: mindfulness that
1) this physical body is impure X#
(kyasmtyupasthna),
2) that sensations are ultimately painful 1N
(vedansmtyupasthna);
3) that thoughts are impermanent [
(cittasmtyupasthna); and
4) that phenomena (dharmas) are without
substantial reality [a (dharmasmtyupasthna).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776c29; Mo-ho chih-kuan 30c2,
88b25c16; Graded Themes, 681b17c7
see also: thirty-seven steps on the path
Four (Noble) Truths v(/)

Chn. ssu (sheng) ti; s (shng) d
Jpn. shi (sh) tai
Frn. les quatre vrits
Skt. catvni rya-satyni
Def: one of the basic teachings of Buddhism: the truth
that everything in this life consists in suffering
(duhkha), the truth that the cause (samudaya) of
suffering is our passionate attachments and
delusions, the truth that extinction (nirodha) of
suffering is possible, and the truth of the way (marga)
to extinguish suffering: the eightfold path of right
views, right thoughts, right words, right actions, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right
concentration.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5bc; Fa-hua hsan-i, 700c702a;
Graded Themes, 680a18c9
see also: eightfold right path, sixteen meditations on the
Four Noble Truths
four paths v1
Chn. ssu tao; s do
Jpn. shid
Frn.
Def: The four paths that lead to nirvaa., as taught in
the Abhidhrama tradition: 1. The path of practice
;1 (also translated as the path of means 1)
wherein one severs afflictions by attaining the three
levels of erudition and the four good roots; 2. the
unobstructed path [1 (also translated as
[1), wherein one severs afflictions through the
attainment of wisdom; 3. the path of liberation
m01, wherein one attains true wisdom beyond the
previous level; and 4. the path of supreme progress
36
em1, wherein one progresses even further to attain

the results of both meditation and wisdom.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 70c; Abhidharma-koa, fascicle 25
(T 29.129aff.).
see also:
four phases of a thought v

Chn. ssu yn hsin; s yn xn
Jpn. shiun-shin
Frn. les quatre mouvements (phrases) de lapparition
de la pense
Def: the four phases that a thought passes through: 1.
previous to the thought J (pre-thought, not-yetthinking), 2. imminent thought (about-tothink), 3. the thought itself (thought proper),
and 4. completed thought C (the thought
completed).
Def-Frn. la pense non encore conue, la pense sur le
point dtre conue, la pense proprement dite, la
pense acheve.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15b20ff.; Gish, , 278ac; Cheh-i
san-mei, T 46.623a5b23.
see also:
four proper activities vX

Chn. ssu wei i; s wi y
Jpn. shi igi
Frn.
Def: The four types of activities of going, stopping,
sitting, and laying down; more specifically, to act
properly or rightly in all of ones actions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 6c13, 96c6; Ssu-chiao-i, 466c29
see also: noble demeanor; upright behavior
four proper endeavors vl

Chn. ssu cheng chin; s zhng qn
Jpn. shi sh kon
Frn. effort correct
Skt. catvri prahni; samyakpradhna
Def: four types of efforts (or abandonment) for
advancing on the path; part of the thirty-seven steps
on the path:
1. producing a desire for the non-arising of evil
which has not yet arisen J|#;
2. producing a desire for extiguishing evil that has
already arisen C|n;
3. producing a desire for the arising of favorable
good things that have not yet arisen J3|;
4. producing a desire for the duration, increase, nonloss, and fulfillment of favorable good things that
have arisen C3|n.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 89b716, 97a29, Graded Themes,
681c828
four reliances vS
Chn. ssu i; s y
Jpn. shi-e
Appendix A
Frn.
Skt. catvryaprayani
Def: to rely on the Dharma (teaching) and not the
person (teacher), to rely on the meaning and not the
letter, to rely on the definitive meaning and not the
indefinite meaning, and to rely on wisdom and not
on [ordinary] consciousness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, 687c21688b8
see also:
Four Samdhis v)X*

Chn. ssu chung san mei; s zh&ng sn mi
Jpn. shishu zanmai
Frn. les quatre samdhi
Def: the fourfold Tien-tai system for cultivating
concentrated contemplation: the constantly-sitting
samdhi, the constantly-walking samdhi, the bothwalking-and-sitting (or half-walking and halfsitting) samdhi, and neither-walking-nor-sitting
samdhi.
Def-Frn. samdhi assis, samdhi de la marche
perptuelle, samdhi mi-assis mi-march, samdhi ni
assis ni march
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 11a2120a23
see also:
four siddhntas; the four appropriate methods

Def: see four methods of instruction
four stages of sagehood; the four causal and

resultant stages vTvF
Chn. ssu hsian ssu kuo; s xing s gu&
Jpn. shik shika
Frn. quatre orientations et quatre fruits
Def: the four causal and resultant stages leading to
becoming an Arhat: 1. stream-enterer (srota-panna),
2. once-returner (sakd-gmin), 3. no more returning
(angmin), and 4. arhat
Def-Frn. Avec ces quatre orientations et quatre fruits,
nour arrivons ltat de saintet.
Ref. Gish, 280b, 265a;
see also:
four supranormal powers v[

Chn. ssu ju i tsu; s r y z
Jpn.shi nyoi soku
Frn. fondement du pourvoir magique
Skt. catvra ddhipd
Def: one of the categories of the thirty-seven steps on
the path:
1. the power endowed with the forces of the
concentration and exertion of the will [
(canda[samdhiprahasaskrasamanvgata]
ddhipd);
concentration and exertion of the mind
()[ (citta[samdhiprahasaskrasamanvgata] ddhipd);
concentration and exertion of diligence {m[

(vrya[samdhiprahasaskrasamanvgata]
ddhipd);
concentration and exertion of discursive reasoning
(Z)[ (mmsa[samdhiprahasaskrasamanvgata] ddhipd);
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 89b1627; Graded Themes,
681c29682a13
four teachings according to content 5v*

Chn. hua fa ssu chiao; hu f s jio
Jpn. keh shiky
Frn. quatre doctrines classes selon le nature, ou le
contenu, de leur enseignement
Def: In the Tien-tai classication scheme, the four
types of teachings of the Buddha according to their
content: Tripiaka, Shared, Distinct, and Perfect.
Def-Frn. 1) La doctrine des trois Corbeilles: souvent
abrge en zky, dsigne lenseignement du petit
Vhicule en gnral; et correspond donc la priode
du Parc des Daims. Elle a pour objet les trois classes
dtres du petit Vhicule (les auditeurs, les pratyekabuddha, et les bodhisattva) et enseigne le principe
de la Vacuit simple (tank), ou partielle (henk), qui
est saisie par la contemplation analytique de la
Vacuit (shakk), et est encore loin de la
comprhension totale.
2) la doctrine commune: ainsi appele parce quelle
communique aussi bien avec la doctrine des
Corbeilles qui la prcde quavec les doctrines
particulire et parfaite qui la suivent. Elle mrite
galement lpithte de commune car les tres des
trois vhicules y parviennent de faon identique la
comprhension intuitive de la forme et lentre
dans la Vacuit; cette dernire expression (taishiki
nyk), synonyme de taik-kan, soppose Ga celle vue
plus haut, shakk-kan, qui peut se dire aussi shakushiki nyk. Les bodhisattva de facults infrieures
dpendant de cette doctrine et qui ne peuvent la
saisir que superciellement, obtiennent les mmes
fruits que les auditeurs de la doctrine des Corbeilles,
tandis que ceux de facults suprieures
comprennent le principle sublime de la mdianit
(chd), latent au plus profond de cette doctrine, et
peuvent ainsi accder au niveau des deux doctrines
suivantes, phnomne appel connexion or, plus
littralement, entement, il est en lespce de deux
sortes: entement de la particulire sur la commune
(betsu-sh-ts), et entement de la parfaite sur la
commune (en-sh-ts).
3) la doctrine particulire: ainsi appele parce que
tant son enseignement que ses effets et ses moyens
diffrent aussi bien de ceux des deux doctrines
prcdentes que de la doctrine parfaite qui la suit, ce
qui signie quelle est particulire au sens de non
partage, aves les autres. Praticulire, elle lest aussi
37
au sens qui la contemplation des trois vrits (santai)

y est effectue de faon spare et successive, ce qui
fait que lon arrive la contemplation du principe de
la mdianit simple (tanch) indpendante des deux
autres vrits, la vacuit et la conditionnalit. Les
bodhisattva de facults suprieures peuvent
cependant y accder la comprhension de la
mdianit non-simple (futan-ch) cest dire
indissocie de la vacuit et de la conditionnalit, et
ainsi tre connects avec la doctine parfaite; cest
lentement de la doctrine parfaite sur la doctrine
particulire (en-sh-betsu).
4) La doctrine parfaite: marque labolition de tous
les contraires et la parfaite intgration (enny) de ce
qui tait indiffrenci dans les doctrines
prcdentes. En particulier, la mdianit est
contemple comme non simple, our non isole des
deux autres vrits, chacune des trois contenant les
deux autres; les bodhisattva par excellence de cette
doctrine une seule pense (isshin sankan) et non plus
de faon successive et spare; on parle encore dans
la mme sens de triple contemplation non successive
(fushidai sankan), par opposition la triple
contemplation successive (shidai sankan), et de triple
contemplation parfaitement intgre (enny sankan).
see also: fourfold teachings; four teachings according to
method
four teachings according to method 5v*

Chn. hua i ssu chiao; hu y s jio
Jpn. kegi no shiky
Frn. des quatre doctrines classes selon la mthode de
leur enseignement
Def: In the Tien-tai classication scheme, the four
methods of conversions, or types of teachings, used
by the Buddha: sudden, gradual and successive,
secret, and variabl.
Def-Frn. 1) la doctrine subite (tongy *): le Buddha
transmet directement sans le modier ni ladapter le
contenu de lEveil quil venait de raliser; cette
mthode correspond la priod de prdiction de
lAvatasaka.
2) la doctrine graduelle (zengy 4*): ou plutt
lenseignement graduel, terme regroupant les
doctrines de plus en plus leves que kyamuni
prche en partant de lenseignement sur les quatre
vrits et les douze liens causaux;
3) la doctrine secrte (himitsuky O*): Lors des
quatre premires priodes, le Tathgata, grce au
caractre inconcevable des trois sphres prche
certains lenseignement subit, dautres
lenseignement graduel; les uns et les autres ne se
connaissent pas entre eux et il peut ainsi leur faire
obtenir les bienfaits (de sa doctrine);
4) lenseignement indtermin (fujky #*): L
encore, lors des quatre premires saveurs (priodes),
le Buddha ne fait que prcher la Loi laide dun
seul et unique son (ou parole) dont chaque tre
38
obtient une certaine comprhension en fonction de

lespce de ses facults.
see also: four teachings according to content
Four Truths as conditioned 6v

Chn. yu tso ssu ti; y&u zu s d
Jpn. usa shitai
Frn.
Def: In contrast to the deeper insight into the four
noble truths as uncreated, unconditioned, or
spontaneous.
Def-Frn.
see also: Four Truths as spontaneous
Four Truths as arising-and-perishing nv

Chn. sheng mieh ssu ti; shng mi s d
Jpn. shmetsu shitai
Frn. les quatre vrits de la production et destruction
Def: the rst of the four ways of understanding the
Four Noble Truths: that all phenomenal things truly
arise and perish; to analyze, realize the cause-result,
rise and fall of phenomenal existence through the
Four Truths; the Four Noble Truths as understood
by rvakas and Abhidharmists, those of the Tripiaka
Teaching.
Def-Frn. cest la catgorie dpendant de la doctrine
des trois Corbeilles, ainsi appele parce quelle
reconnat la ralit des productions et destructions
qui soprent en vertu des causes et conditions au
niveau des trois vrits de la douleur, de lorigine et
de la voie, celle sur la destruction tant tout aussi
rellement accomplie. Ces quatre vrits sont aussi
dites conditionnes et sont donc appeles tre
dpasses.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776a12, Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5b1519
see also: four interpretations of Four Truths
Four Truths as immeasurable [gv

Chn. wu liang ssu ti; w ling s d
Jpn. mury shitai
Frn. les quatre vrits incommensurables
Def: one of the four types of the Four Noble Truths as
interpreted by Chih-i; the Four Noble Truths in their
immeasurable aspects, for the causes and conditions
of the Four Noble Truths to be immeasurable and
beyond the understanding of the rvaka and
pratyekabuddha; to return to the phenomenal world
after transcending it and act freely within it. The
understanding of the Four Noble Truths by
bodhisattvas, those of the Distinct Teaching.
Def-Frn. dpendant de la doctrine particulire; elles
sont la rvlation du fait que les facteurs dexistence
mondains et extra-mondains font que les vrits
comportent des distinctions aussi innombrables que
les grains de sable du Gange, qui ne sont pas
discernable loeil de saggesse des tres des deux
premiers vhicles, tant accessibles seulement aux
grand bodhisattva.
Appendix A
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 701a; Ssu-chiao-i, 778a26; Mo-ho chihkuan, 5b25c15

Four Truths as non-arising (and non-perishing)

[([n)v
Chn. wu sheng (wu mieh) ssu ti
w shng (w mi) s d
Jpn. mush (mumetsu) shitai
Frn. le quatre vrits de labsence de production (et de
destruction)
Def: the second of the four ways of understanding the
Four Noble Truths according to Chih-i; that causes
and results, ignorance and enlightenment, are empty
and there is no real arising nor extinguishing; the
understanding of the Four Noble Truths in terms of
emptiness by those of the Shared Teaching.
Def-Frn. catgorie expose dans la doctrine commune
et place sous le signe de la rvlation de la Vacuit:
on y prend conscience que les liens causaux, et donc
leurs fruits, sont vides et illusoires dans leur
substance, tous les facteurs dexistence dpeneant de
ces causes tant aussi vides et ne produisant rien.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 701a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5b1925
Four Truths as spontaneous [6v

Chn. wu tso ssu ti; w zu s d
Jpn. musa shitai
Frn. les quatre vrits sans artices
Def: lit. uncreated; the fourth of the four types of the
Four Noble Truths as interpreted by Chih-i; the
realm of thusness, with no action; the Four Noble
Truths as they reveal the true cause and result
relationship of all things, the true aspect of the
Middle Way; the understanding of the Four Noble
Truths by those of the Perfect Teaching.
Def-Frn. relevant de la doctrine parfaite; fonde sur la
rvlation de la ralit substancielle de ltat
dignorance et de ltat dEveil. A cette lumire, la
vrit sur la douleur est la prise de conscience du fait
quil ny a rien concevoir la prise de conscience du
fait quil ny a rien concevoir comme douleur
puisque le sasra est identique lainsit: la vrit
sur lorigine consiste comprendre que les actes
errons tant originellement purs, il ny a pas
supprimer lorigine de la douleur; le sasra tant
edentique au nirva, la destruction nest pas
raliser et comprendre cela, cest la vrit sur la
destruction; la vrit sur la voie est comprendre quil
ny a pas de voie pratiquer puisque les extrmes
errons sont identiques au juste milieu et le pervers
est la Voie du buddha. Sous ces quatre vrits il ny a
plus besoin de artices des pratiques, do lpithte
de sans artices.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 701b; Vimalakri Stra, T 38.562a;
Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5c186a7; rmldev Stra, T
12.221b22c11
four types of attachments v

Chn. ssu ch; s q(
Jpn. shishu
Frn. quatre prises (saisies)
Skt. updna
Def: The Abhidharmakoa categorizes the traditional 108
klea into four types:
1. the attachments of desire (kma) for things of the
ve senses.
2. the attachments of mistaken views (di).
3. the attachments of following false precepts (lavrata).
4. the attachments of the self (tma-vda); to be
attached to the self and the view that one has an
ongoing Self.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, ???
see also:
four types of deluded views v

Chn. ssu chien huo; s jin hu
Jpn. shi-kenwaku
Frn.
Def: four ways of analyzing mistaken views in terms of
the four possibilities of the tetralemma: 1) the
individual fourfold views v, 2) the multiple
fourfold views Uv, 3) the integrated or combined
fourfold views Sv, and 4) the fourfold views that
are beyond words [v
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 62bff.
see also:
four types of rvakas v)l

Chn. ssu chung sheng wn; s zh&ng shng wn
Jpn. shishu shmon
Frn.
Def: a list of four types of rvakas from Vasubandhus
Treatise on the Lotus Stra: determined rvakas
l, rvakas of overweening arrogance
nEl, rvakas who have retrogressed from
aspiration to enlightenment Ml, and
transformed rvakas :5l (i.e., bodhisattvas and
Buddhas who have taken on the form of a rvaka in
order to save sentient beings).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Treatise on the Lotus Stra (*Saddharmapuârkopadea), T 26.9a1517; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
51a23
see also:
four unexplainables v#=#

Chn. ssu pu ke shuo; s b k shu
Jpn. shi fukasetsu
Frn. quatre inexprimables
Skt. anabhilpya
Def: the teaching, based on four of six propositions in
the Mahparinirva Stra, that the arising of
dharmas, their non-arising, both, and neither, are all
unexplainable and beyond conceptual
39
understanding; these four positions correspond,

respectively, to the Fourfold Teachings.
Def-Frn. quatre des six propositions pour les adapter
aux quatre doctrines de la nature de lenseignement;
si les dharma sont ineffables, on peut cependant en
dire quelque chose pour le bien des tres: 1) ils sont
produits et produisants; 2) ils sont produits et ne
produisent pas; 3) il y a non-produit et produit; 4) il
y a complte non-production.
Ref.
see also:
Four Universal Vows (of a bodhisattva) veX

Chn. ssu hung shih yan; s hng sh yun
Jpn. shigu seigan
Frn. les quatre grandes rsolutions
Def: the earliest reference to these Four Universal
Vows is in Chih-is Tzu-ti chan-men, and perhaps is
his formulation. They are: though sentient beings are
unlimited, I vow to save them all; though passions are
immeasurable, I vow to sever them all; though
dharmas are inexhaustible, I vow to study them all;
though the Buddhist path is supreme, I vow to
perfect it. The Graded Themes has an even more
concise formulation: to save that which is not yet
saved JE|E, to understand that which is not yet
understood Jm|m, to bring to peace that which
is not yet peaceful JH|H, and to lead to nirvana
that which has not yet attained nirvana J
|.
Def-Frn. 1) Faire traverser ceux qui nont pas encore
travers, cest la rsolution de sauver le nombre
inni des tres.
2) Faire accder lEveil ceux qui ny ont pas encore
eu accs: cest la rsolution de supprimer le
innombrables passions.
3) Mener la stabilit ceux qui ny sont pas encore:
cest la rsolution de pratiquer les innombrables
mthodes.
4) Faire accder lExtinction ceux qui ne lont pas
encore obtenue: cest la ralisation de raliser lEvil
suprme de buddha.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695a9; Ssu-chiao-i, 780c67; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 5b13, 8a710b; Graded Themes,
685b7686a15
see also:
four unobstructed eloquences (wisdoms)

v[(J)
Chn. ssu wu ai pien; s w i bin (zh )
Jpn. shi muge ben
Frn. quatre loquences sans obstacles
Skt. catu-pratisavid
Def: the four eloquent methods of preaching the
dharma: 1) dharmapratisavid, to be unobstructed
with regard to the Dharma; 2) artha-pratisavid, to be
unobstructed with regard to the content and
meaning of the Dharma teachings; 3) nirukti
pratisavid, to be unobstructed with regard to words;
40
4) pratibhna pratisavid, to be unobstructed,

eloquent, in preaching the Dharma.
Def-Frn. 1) absence dobstacle dans lenseignement, 2)
absence dobstacle dans les dogmes, 3) absence
dobstacle dans les langues, 4) absence dobstacle
dans laisance.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 96c1997a2; Graded Themes,
693c18694a20
see also: eloquence
four warped (perverted) views vDI

Chn. ssu tien tao; s din do
Jpn. shitend
Frn. quatre erreurs
Skt. viparysacatuka
Def: the four mistaken views that the world is
permanent, full of pleasure, having selfhood, and
pure (nitya-sukha-tma-uci), rather than transcient,
full of pain, lacking selfhood, and impure.
Def-Frn. la permanence, le plaisir, le soi, la puret
Ref. Gish, 264b
see also:
Fourfold Teachings v*
Chn. ssu chiao; s jio Jpn. shiky
Frn. quatre doctrines
Def: the four kinds of teaching taught by the Buddha,
as classied in the Tien-tai doctrinal classication
scheme (pan-chiao). The four are the Tripiaka (the
Hnayna teachings, the gama stras), the Shared
(teachings such as emptiness which are shared by the
Mahyna and Hnayna), the Distinct (teachings
specically Mahyna, taught only for bodhisattvas),
and the Perfect (the highest teaching as revealed
most fully in the Lotus Stra).
Ref.
see also: four teachings according to content
fourteen types of transformations Yv5

Chn. shih ssu pien hua; sh s bin hu
Jpn. jshi henge
Frn.
Def: fourteen types of transformation that occur in the
four dhyna stages: two for the first dhyna, three for
the second dhyna, four for the third dhyna, and
five for the fourth dhyna
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.678a27b18
forty unique qualities [of a Buddha] vY#

Chn. ssu shih pu kung fa; s sh b gng f
Jpn. yonj fuguh
Frn.
Def: A list of eighteen unique characteristics is more
common. A list of forty is given in the Daabhmikavibh stra, starting with being able to y freely
through the air and producing immeasurable
transformations, and ending with the ten powers of a
Buddha and unobstructed liberation.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 13a4; Daabhmika-vibh stra, T
Appendix A
26.71c72a.
see also: unique qualities [of a Buddha], ten powers
Fragrant City
Chn. hsiang cheng; xing chng
Jpn. koj [??]
Frn.
Skt. *Sarvaga^ha
Def: a Buddha-land (city) called All Fragrances
(*Sarvaga^ha), the abode of the preaching
Bodhisattva Dharmodgata, to which Sadpralpa
(the Ever-weeping) makes his way at the cost of great
effort, in order to hear the Dharma.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 20a27; Pacaviati Stra, T
8.417a; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.734ab;
see also:
fully-realized meditative states ,

Chn. ken pen chan; gn bn chn
Jpn. konpon zen
Frn.
Skt. mla-dhyna
Def: According to the Abhidharma-koa, meditative
states in the each of eight levels of the realms of form
and the formless realm consist of partially-realized
meditation (which consists only in suppressing the
passionate afflictions), and fully-realized meditation
(which consists of severing these delements) at the
levels of the four dhyna stages.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 6c7, 17b1, 92c; Abhidharma-koa,
???
fundamental ignorance [g
Chn. wu ming huo; w mng hu
Jpn. mumy-waku
Frn. les garements de lignorance
Def: The most fundamental of the three categories of
delusions that afict human beings. The
fundamental tendency toward ignorance that
remains even after one has severed all the explicit
and subtle/minute delusions. The habitual
tendencies that must be gotten rid of after all the
explicit delusions and views are severed
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: deluded views and attitudes/emotions, minute
delusions, delusion of (fundamental) ignorance
fundamentally lacking in [substantial] Being [8

Chn. pen wu suo yu; bn w su& y&u
Jpn. hon-mu sho-u
Frn.
Def: An expression of emptiness, the lack of
unchanging, substantial Being.
Def-Frn.
see also:
G
Garland (Avatasaka) T
Chn. hua yen; hu yn
Jpn. kegon
Frn.
Skt. Avatasaka
Def: The Avatasaka Stra, or, according to Tien-tai
classication, the teachings of the Buddha under the
Bodhi tree in the three weeks immediately after his
enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c10, 18;
see also: Avatsaka Period
garuâ
Chn. chin kang chih; jn gng ch
Jpn. kongshi (?)
Frn.
Skt. garuâ
Def: Golden-winged bird. The garuâ is a mythical
bird in Indian legend, an extremely erce and
powerful bird that could devour dragons, also
believed in the Buddhist tradition to be an
incarnation of Majur.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Avatasaka Stra, T 9.778c1721; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
9c2425;
see also:
gate for going in and out [of sense experience]

Chn. shu men; sh mn Jpn. yumon
Frn.
Def: a description of the yatana, the twelve sense
entrances: the six senses of sight, sound, taste,
smell, touch, and consciousness, and their
repspective sense organs.
Def-Frn.
see also: stepping or passing into [sense experience]
gate of cessation
Chn. chih mn; zh mn
Jpn. shimon
Frn.
Skt. sthna, amatha
Def: to calm and quiet ones mind by focussing
through concentration on a single object. One of the
six subtle gates of contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Liu-miao fa-men U (T #1917, 549555)
see also: six subtle gates (of contemplation)
gate of contemplation
Chn. kuan men; gun mn
Jpn. kanmon
Frn.
Def: to contemplate the object of concentration.
One of the six subtle gates of contemplation.
Def-Frn.
41
gate [method] of counting ones breaths

Chn. shu hsi men; sh x mn
Jpn. susokumon
Frn.
Def: to calm ones mind by counting ones breaths
from one to ten. One of the six subtle gates of
contemplation.
Def-Frn.
see also: six subtle gates (of contemplation),
[contemplation of] counting ones breaths
gate of following after ones breaths H

Chn. suei hsi men; su x mn
Jpn. zuizokumon
Frn.
Def: to calm ones mind not by counting ones breaths
but by breathing freely and spontaneously. One of
the six subtle gates of contemplation.
Def-Frn.
gate of purity
Chn. ching men; jng mn
Jpn. jmon
Frn.
Def: for the mind to be pure and unattached to
anything. One of the six subtle gates of
contemplation.
Def-Frn.
gate of reflection
Chn. huan men; hun mn
Jpn. kanmon
Frn.
Def: to reect on the mind of contemplation and
realize its emptiness. One of the six subtle gates of
contemplation.
Def-Frn.
general (inclusive) states of mindfulness )o

Chn. tzung hsiang nien chu; z&ng xing nin ch
Jpn. ss nenjo
Frn. le degr des xations de lattention sur les
caractres gnraux
Def: the third Hnayna stage; after contemplating
individually the impurities of the body, the suffering
implicit in sensations, the impermanence of mind,
and the emptiness of dharmas, to contemplate all of
them together as impure, suffering, impermanent
and empty.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b29, Gish, 264bc
see also: distinct states of mindfulness
42
ghee E
Chn. ti hu; t h
Jpn. daigo
Frn. le nectar
Def: the essence of butter that rises to the top when
butter is melted; symbolic of a refined essence; the
fifth of the five flavors, an analogy used in Tien-tai
for the five periods in the development of the
Buddhas teaching.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b19; 11a19;
see also: five flavors
giving +
Chn. fu shih; b sh
Jpn. fuse
Frn.
Skt. dna
Def: the first of the six perfections (pramit); one of
the four methods used to induce people to convert
to the Buddhist path.
see also: six perfections, four inducements
giving the Dharma

Chn. fa shih; f sh
Jpn. hse
Frn.
Skt. dharmadna
Def: the gift of the Dharma; one of many types of
giving, the first of the six perfections.
see also: giving
(transmission by the) Golden Mouth (of the

Buddha) S(o)
Chn. chin kou (hsiang cheng);
jn k&u (xing chng)
Jpn. konku (sj)
Frn. (la transmission) de la bouche dor
Def: The golden words, sermons, prophesies of the
Buddha. The Tien-tai lineage of twenty-four masters
as listed in the preface of the Mo-ho chih-kuan based
in turn on the history of transmission given in the Fu
fa-tsang yin-yan chuan (T #2058).
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1ab; Fu fa-tsang yin-yan chuan, T
50.297322
good friend 3F
Chn. shan chih shih; shn zh sh
Jpn. zenchishiki
Frn. un ami de bien
Skt. kalya-mitra
Def: in Tien-tai, there are three types of good
friends or teachers: 1. one who provides ones outer
needs, e.g., a supporter of the monastery, provider of
food, shelter, etc.; 2. a fellow practicer, and 3. a
teacher.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780b910; Mo-ho chih-kuan 43a18c10;
Hsiao chih-kuan, T 46.463b2024; Tzu-ti chan-men, T
46.487b1519
see also: evil friend
Appendix A
good (insight into) reality 73

Chn. li shan; l shn
Jpn. ri-zen
Frn.
Def: the insight into reality as emptiness and so forth
attained at the higher levels of the Shared, Distinct,
and and Perfect Teaching.
Def-Frn.
see also: good yields
good yields 3
Chn. shih shan; sh shn
Jpn. ji-zen
Frn.
Def: phenomenal goodness, the good results or
conditions that are cultivated through good deeds
and practices in the ordinary, mundane,
phenomenal world. In Tien-tai, the good results or
conditions gained through basic moral action and
practices taught in the Tripiaka Teaching.
Def-Frn.
see also: good [insight into] reality
great trichiliocosm X
Chn. san chien ta chien shih chieh;
sn qin d qin sh ji
Jpn. sanzen daisanzen sekai
Frn.
Skt. trishasra-mahshasra loka-dhtu
Def: the universe; the three thousand worlds
surrounding Mt Sumeru in the middle. Often
abbreviated to or X.
Def-Frn.
see also:
graded stages R
Chn. wei tzu; wi c
Jpn. iji
Frn.
Skt. anusadhi
Def: the graded stages, or levels, of practice. In Tientai, the inferior teachings and practices of the three
vehicles.
Def-Frn.
see also:
gradual-and-successive cessation-and-contemplation
Chn. tzu ti chih kuan; c d zh gun

Jpn. shidai shikan
Frn. la graduelle Quitude et Contemplation
Def: one of the three ways of practicing cessation-andcontemplation; to advance slowly or gradually from
the shallow to the profound. The kind of practice
taught by Chih-i in his Tzu-ti chan-men, T #1916,
46.475548.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c; Gish, 271c15
see also: variable, and perfect-and-sudden, cessationGLOSSARY OF TIEN-TAI TERMS
and-contemplation.
gradual teachings 4*
Chn. chien chiao; jin jio
Jpn. zengy
Frn. le doctrine graduelle
Def: gradual, progressive teachings; to lead those of the
Hnayna gradually to the deeper truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c13, 775a5;
see also: four teachings according to method
Great Brahm Heaven

Chn. ta fan tien; d fn tin
Jpn. daibonten
Frn.
Skt. mah-brhm deva
Def: the third heaven in the rst dhyna state of the
realm of form.
Def-Frn.
see also:
great sage of the Himlayas [w

Chn. hseh shan ta shih; xu shn d sh
Jpn. sessen daishi
Frn. le grand Homme des monts Neigeux
Def: The Buddha in a former life, during which he
practiced great austerities and led a pure life in the
wild forests and valleys of the Himalaya mountains.
Def-Frn.
12.691b329
Great Text
Chn. ta pen; d bn
Jpn. daihon
Frn.
Def: the Fa hua hsan i, the great text of Tien-tai.
Def-Frn.
greed, anger, and delusion l|

Chn. tan chen chih; tn chn ch
Jpn. ton-jin-chi
Frn.
Skt. rga, dvea, moha
Def: the three poisons; the three major categories of
passions which are the opposite of enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
see also: three poisons
H
habitual propensities of ignorance [gB
Chn. wu ming hsi chi; w mng x q
Jpn. mumy shki
Frn.
Skt. *avidyavsan
Def: the fundamental tendencies of human beings
43
toward delusion and passionate attachment that

remain even after one has removed or conquered
the explicit passions.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: fundamental ignorance, wisdom obstacle
hair of a tortoise and horns of a rabbit z0

Chn. kuei mao tu chiao; qu mo t jio
Jpn. kim tokaku
Frn. le poil de la tortue ou le corne de livre
Def: common Buddhist metaphors for mistaking
something as having features that it does not really
possess, such as a person having an eternal self or a
dharma having independent existence.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15c11, 73b2728; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.61b25c6
see also:
half-walking-and-half-sitting samdhi
See both-walking-and-sitting samdhi
harsh (breathing) 6
Chn. se; s
Jpn. j
Frn.
Def: harsh, uneven, as in breathing; one of the
undesirable forms of breathing for meditation; one
should control ones breath so that it is neither too
harsh nor too smooth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780b19; Hsiao chih-kuan, ???
see also:
healthy person
Chn. chien erh; jin r Jpn. kenji
Frn. athlte
Def: As Chih-i points out in the Hsiao chih-kuan, there
are two types of healthy people: those who do not
do evil, and those who do evil but repent of it.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41b25; Hsiao chih-kuan,
460c2527; Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.720c12
see also:
heaven of Brahms host

Chn. fan fu tien; fn f( tin
Jpn. bonshuten
Frn.
Skt. brahma-kyik deva/loka
Def: The rst heaven of the rst dhyna state in the
realm of form.The lowest stage of concentration. The
dwelling of the host of devas who serve Brahm.
Def-Frn.
see also:
help through afnity [share activity] |

Chn. tung shih; tng sh
Frn.
Skt. samnrthat
44
Jpn. dji

Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14b58, 75c17
Hnayna /
Chn. hsiao cheng; xio chng Jpn. shj
Frn. les petit Vhicule
Skt. hnayna
Def: According to Tien-tai, the smaller or inferior
vehicle, in contrast to Mahyna, the larger or
greater vehicle. A derogatory term for the inferior
teachings prior to the Mahyna. The Tripiaka
Teaching that posits the three vehicles, or ways, of
the rvaka, pratyekabuddha, and bodhisattva, in
contrast to the one single vehicle (ekayna) of the
Mahyna.
Def-Frn.
see also: Mahyna
horizontal and vertical A

Chn. heng shu; hng sh
Jpn. ju
Frn.
Def: Lit., vertical and horizontal . Chih-i often
uses these terms an illustration of being beyond
verbalization and conceptualization. Or, vertical
refers to a discussion of meaning at different levels of
profundity, and horizontal refers a discussion of
meaning at similar levels.
Def-Frn.
see also:
household duties B%
Chn. chia yeh; ji y
Jpn. kagy
Frn.
Def: the responsibilities transferred to the prodigal son
by the rich father in the parable of the Lotus Stra.
Symbolic of the teachings of emptiness transferred to
the rvakas by the Buddha in the fourth period.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.17ab; Ssu-chiao-i, 775b1; Fa-hua
hsan-i, 691a
see also:
humility and repentance H

Chn. tsan kuei chan hui; cn ku chn hu
Jpn. zangi sange
Frn. la honte et le repentir
Skt. hr-apatrap, kama
Def: the proper attitude with which to practice the
Buddhist path.
Def-Frn.
see also:
hundred and eight samdhis kX*

Chn. pai pa san mei; bi b sn mi
Jpn. hyaku-hachi zanmai
Appendix A
Frn.
Def: a list of a hundred and eight types of samdhi
listed in the Pacaviati Stra and explained in
detail in the Ta chih tu lun. Usually referred to along
with the eighteen kinds of emptiness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 22c18, 30c20; Pacaviati Stra,
251a253b Ta chih tu lun, 396b402c; Graded Themes,
691c5692c24
see also: eighteen kinds of emptiness
I
ideal repentance 7H
Chn. li tzan; l chn
Jpn. risan
Frn.
Def: repentance in principle; repentance based on
insight into the true nature of things. A method for
contemplating the true nature of reality. The
principle underlying true repentance, in contrast to
the actual performance of repentance. Ideal both
in the sense of mental and or better than others.
Repenting of ones inadequacies or failures while
contemplating the ultimate truth or reality.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a11; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13c23
see also: actual confession
identity in contemplative practice ,

Chn. kuan hsing chi; gun xng j
Jpn. kangy-soku
Frn. lidentit de contemplation
Def: the third level of the Six Identities. The level in
which one meditates on the Buddha Dharma. The
realization of identity attained through practice of
the Buddha Dharma.
Def-Frn. la pratique conforme cette connaissance est
lidentit de contemplation.
Ref. Gish, 267c
see also: Six Identities
identity in outer appearance o,

Chn. hsiang ssu chi; xing s j
Jpn. sji-soku
Frn. lidentit de analogie
Def: the fourth level of the Six Identities. The level of
realization when one begins to resemble the
Buddha.
Def-Frn. ainsi nomm parce qu force de pratiquer la
contemplations et larrt, on en vient oprer de
faon analogue au vrai.
Ref.
identity in partial realization (of the truth) _B,

Chn. fen cheng chi; fn zhng j
Jpn. bunsh-soku
Frn. lidentit de ralit fractionnelle
Def: the fth level of the Six Identities. The level of
realization when the three virtuous qualities are
partially manifested.
Def-Frn. ainsi appele parce que les trois qualits sy
manifestant par praction, on obtient les attributs de
buddha par fraction.
Ref. Gish, 267b
identity in reality 7,
Chn. li chi; l j
Jpn. risoku
Frn. lidentit de principe
Def: the rst level of the Six Identities. The basic
state of sentient beings, in which they are inherently
endowed with the three virtuous qualities of the
Dharma Body, praj-wisdom, and liberation.
Def-Frn. ainsi nomme parce que les tres, de par leur
nature originelle, sont munis de principe des trois
qualits.
Ref. Gish, 267b
identity of emptiness, the conventional, and the

Middle ,W,x,_ (simultaneously empty,
conventionally existent, and the Middle)
Chn. chi kung chi chia chi chung;
j kng j ji j zhng
Jpn. sokk sokke sokuch
Frn. de lidentication la vacuit, la conditionnalit
et la mdianit
Def: reality as simultaneously empty of substantial
existence yet having conventional existence. The
identity or integration of emptiness,conventionality,
and the Middle.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2a14, 2b9, 7b813, 8c24; Fa-hua
hsan-i, 692b
see also:
ignoble and decient in virtue 4Vt

Chn. ti hsia po fu; d xi bo f
Jpn. teika hakufuku
Frn.
Def: a type of person who is incapable of practicing the
Buddhist way only in terms of good dharmas.
Def-Frn.
ignorance [g
Chn. wu ming; w mng
Jpn. mumy
Frn. ignorance
Skt. avidy
Def: the ordinary state of sentient beings who have
not attained wisdom or insight into the true nature
of things as they are.
Def-Frn.
ignorance, phenomenal =[g

Chn. chih mo wu ming; zh m w mng
Jpn. shimatsu mumy
45
Frn. ignorance piphnomnale

Def: ignorance that appears in action, in contrast to
fundamental (inherent) ignorance; the passions
that arise from ignorance in this triple world.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ignorance the father and passions the mother

[g(l)5
Chn. wu ming (tan y) fu mu;
w mng (tn y) f m(
Jpn. mumy (donyoku) fubo
Frn.
Def: for ignorance to be the father of causes which
hinder attainment of the path, and for covetous
desires/passions to be the mother of the same.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780a8; Ying-lo ching, T 24.1012a
see also:
ignorant person/level of outsider

Chn. wai fan; wi fn Jpn. gebon
Frn. le degr profane extrieur
Def: 1) a common, ignorant person who is outside
the realm of enlightenment. 2) A stage of practice
where one must cultivate the ve contemplations for
putting the mind to rest. 3) In contrast to (low-level)
insider (a common ignorant person with some
awareness of the truth, who is in the know), a
common person who has no awareness of the truth
at all. In Mahyna, one who has not even attained
the states of trust/faith.
Def-Frn.
see also: (low-level) insider
illumine and contemplate thoroughly I

Chn. fan chao kuan cha; fn zho gun ch
Jpn. hansh kansatsu
Frn.
Def: or, turn back to reect upon and discern
thoroughly.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14b3, 15c1617, 56b2428; Chehi san-mei, 621a1012
see also:
(five) impediments (that obstructs wisdom)

Chn. kai; gi
Jpn. gai
Frn.
Def: that which covers or obstructs wisdom. The
passions that inhibit progress to enlightenment, as in
the ve kinds of impediments that need to be
removed when preparing to cultivate Buddhist
practice: covetous desires l, hateful anger ,
drowsiness and sleep xX, restlessness and remorse
L, and doubt .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780b17; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 44c647a23;
46
Hsiao chih-kuan, 464a465b

see also:
improper [2
Chn. wu tuan cheng; w dun zhng
Jpn. mutansh
Frn.
Def: a synonym for asura; ugly, not proper; the male
asura are said to be extremely ugly.
Def-Frn.
see also:
in accordance with feelings Hi

Chn. suei ching; su qng
Jpn. zuij
Frn. selon la disposition desprit dautrui
Def: for the Buddha to preach in accordance with the
capacity or understanding of the listener; a form of
skillful means
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 26c, 55b27; Fa-hua hsan-i, 702b;
Mahparinirva Stra, vol.32
see also: in accordance with wisdom, in accordance with
both feelings and wisdom
in accordance with [both] feelings and wisdom

HiJ
Chn. suei ching chih; su qng zh
Jpn. zuijchi
Frn. selon sa propre disposition desprit et celle
dautrui
Def: for the buddha to preach according to the
capacity of the listener and the content is also
directly that of his enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 702b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 97c18
see also: in accordance with feelings, in accordance with
wisdom
in accordance with ones own thoughts H[

Chn. suei tzu i; su z y
Jpn. zui ji-i
Frn.
Def: for the Buddha to preach in accordance with his
own thoughts; for ones thoughts and understanding
to be skillful because it relys on ones own (or is in
accordance with that of the Buddha).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 7c7, 55b27
see also: in accordance with wisdom, in accordance with
the thoughts of others
in accordance with the thoughts of others H[

Chn. suei ta i; su t y
Jpn. zui tai
Frn.
Def: for the Buddha to preach in accordance with the
capacity or understanding of the listener; for ones
thoughts and understanding to be clumsy because it
Appendix A
relys on that of others.

Def-Frn.
ones own thoughts
in accordance with wisdom HJ

Chn. suei chih; su zh Jpn. zuichi
Frn. selon sa propre disposition desprit
Def: for the Buddha to preach directly in accordance
with his wisdom; to expound directly on the content
of his enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 702bc; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 24b1617
both feelings and wisdom
incarnations _X
Chn. fen sheng; fn shn
Jpn. bunshin
Frn.
Def: lit., divided bodies; the manifestations of
Buddhas or bodhisattvas in this world.
Def-Frn.
see also:
incense from the seashore }M

Chn. hai an hsiang; hi n xing
Jpn. kaigan-k
Frn.
Def: a kind of incense used for the practice of the
Vaipulya (repentance) Samdhi; perhaps the same as
the candana of the near seashore mentioned in the
Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn. .
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13b3; Great Vaipulya Dhra Stra,
T 21.652b13; Lotus Stra, T 9.53b23
see also:
inchworm ah
Chn. ch pu chung; q b chng
Jpn.???
Frn.
Def: an image for those who do not make much
progress ; those who can attain some movement but
are not able to cultivate the practices of the path.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41b5, 65b20; Mahparinirva
Stra, T 12.410b2224
see also:
incomplete (teachings) P*
Chn. pan tzu (chiao); bn z (jio)
Jpn. hanji (ky)
Frn. demi-mots, entiers
Def: half-letters, i.e., incomplete teachings; the
Hnayna teachings.The letters of the Sanskrit
alphabet; by themselves these are half-words and
though they form the basic foundation for verbal
communication, it is only when they are put together
to form full and complete words that meaning and

communication is possible.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, 631a,653c655b; Fa-hua
hsan-i, 694b,703c10; Ssu-chiao-i, 775a17
see also:
increase in the path and lose [further] rebirth

n1
Chn. tseng tao sun sheng; zng do s(n shng
Jpn. zd sonsh
Frn.
Def: a technical phrase in which increasing in the
path refers to the gradual awakening of the wisdom
of the Middle Way in the Perfect, from the rst stage
of abodes to the nal fruit of Buddhahood; losing
[further] rebirth refers to the severance of
ignorance and thus nal deliverance from this
samsaric world of transformations and rebirth.
Def-Frn.
see also:
inconceivable (beyond conceptual thought) #=

Chn. pu ke ssu i; b k s y
Jpn. fukashigi
Frn. prcise quil sagit de la nature de la pense
Skt. acintya ?
Def: beyond conceptual understanding; a phrase often
utilized by Chih-i to expressed the ultimately
inexpressible; that things in their real nature are
beyond verbal and conceptual expression.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also: beyond words
independent ignorance w[g

Chn. tu tuo wu ming; d tu w mng
Jpn. dokuzu mumy
Frn. isole ignorance
Def: ignorance that arises apart from or unrelated to of
the passions, in contrast to related ignorance that
arises related to or tied up with the passions.
Def-Frn.
see also: related ignorance
indetermined (or variable, undetermined) teachings

#*
Chn. pu ting chiao; b dng jio
Jpn. fujky
Frn. lenseignement indtermin
Def: for each member of an audience to receive a
teaching from the Buddhas sermon, each according
to his/her own capacity. One of the four methods of
teaching in the Tien-tai Five Periods and Eight
Teachings classication.
Def-Frn.
47
indirect karmic retribution S

Chn. i pao; y bo
Jpn. eh
Frn. fruit de rtribution indirecte
Def: the indirect karmic retribution induced by our
environment. Also refers to the world itself, our
environment, the place of our dwelling, this
environment wherein one is born due to past deeds.
Def-Frn.
see also: direct karmic retribution
individual liberation m0
Chn. ku tiao chieh tuo; g tio ji tu
Jpn. koch gedatsu
Frn. dliverance individual
Def: In Tien-tai, a critical/negative term referring to
Hnayna nirva.
Def-Frn.
see also:
individual nature _
Chn. hsing fen; xng fn
Jpn. shbun
Frn. la nature despce
Def: the individual or personal characteristics with
which one is born. One of the three definitions of
nature given in the exposition of nature as the
second of the ten suchlikes in the Mo-ho chih-kuan.
In terms of the threefold truth, this meaning
corresponds to the conventional.
Def-Frn. le sense despce, celles-ci tant diffrencies
les unes des autres et ne pouvant changer
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 51c23, 53a2126
see also: unchanging nature, true nature
inexpressible (path) [#(1)

Chn. wu yen shuo (tao); w yn shu (do)
Jpn. mugonsetsu (d)
Frn. la voie ineffable
Def: 1) the way which cannot be verbally expressed; 2)
to practice silently, without speaking.
Def-Frn. en principe un terme appliqu la sagesse
contemplative de la doctrine commune.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777c9; Vimalakrti Stra, T 14.???
see also:
inferior body of transformation :X

Chn. lieh yin sheng; li yng shn
Jpn. retsu jin
Frn. corps dadaptation infrieure
Def: the physical, historical manifestation of the
Buddha; his physical form before his enlightenment.
The inferior body of the historical Buddha in
contrast to his superior body. The body of the
Buddha that appears to ordinary people. In Tientai, the historical Buddha, six feet tall, with all the
characteristics of a human body, plus the 32 major
and 80 minor minor marks of a Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775a9; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 6b15
48
see also: triple body (of the Buddha), transformation

body, superior body of transformation
inferior faculties 4
Chn. hsia ken; xi gn Jpn. gekon
Frn. rceptivit infrieure
Def: those with inferior capabilities, who have a
difcult time understanding and practicing the
Buddha Dharma.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: dull faculties, sharp faculties
inherent/original existence
Chn. pen yu; bn y&u Jpn. honu
Skt. prva-kla-bhava
Def: to be inherent in something, to be born with.
Def-Frn.
see also:
inherent quality 6
Chn. hsing te; xng d Jpn. shtoku
Frn. attribut naturel, acquises par nature
Def: the innate power or potential for virtue in all
sentient beings; in contrast to acquired qualitites of
virtue.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54a525; And, pp. 241, 321
see also: acquired qualities
(low-level) insider
Chn. nei fan; ni fn Jpn. naibon
Frn. profane intrieur
Def: a common person who has at least some vague
notion of the truth. A Buddhist. In Hnayna, those
at the stage of the four good roots; in Mahyna,
those at the three stages of dwelling, action, and
merit transference.
Def-Frn.
see also: ignorant person/level of outsider, four good
roots
(the level of) insight into the path [of the Four
Noble Truths] 1(R)
Chn. chien tao (wei); jin do (wi)
Jpn. kend (i)
Frn. voie de la vision
Skt. darana-mrga
Def: the stage at which one has insight into the Four
Noble Truths. The stage of the stream-enterer
(srota-panna), the rst of the four fruits.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777a5, Mo-ho chih-kuan, 56c57a
see also:
integrate thoughts with reality (the dharmadhtu)

s
Chn. i nien fa chieh; y nin f ji
Jpn. ichinen hokkai
Appendix A
Frn.
Def: an expression of correct contemplation: to fix
ones thoughts on the dharmadhtu as the object of
contemplation, and integrate ones thoughts with
reality. As Chih-i explains, Fixing on the objects
]$ corresponds to cessation; integrating ones
thoughts s corresponds to contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c23, 11b23.
see also: fix thoughts on reality as the object of
contemplation
inter-inclusiveness of the ten realms Y3S

Chn. shih chieh hu ch; sh ji h j
Jpn. jikkai gogu
Frn. les dix mondes qui se contiennent mutuellement
Def: the ten destinies from hell to buddhahood all
interpenetrate each other and all include the other
nine.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, II ???; And, 12124; Mo-ho chihkuan, 52
see also: trichiliocosm in a moment of consciousness
intermediate state _
Chn. chung yin; zhng yn
Jpn. ch-in
Frn. ltat intermdiare
Skt. antar-bhava
Def: the intermediate state between death and rebirth
in another form.
Def-Frn.
see also:
internal and external disciplinary codes A

Chn. nei wai l; ni wi l
Jpn. nai-gai ritsu
Frn.
Def: the internal precepts concern the mental aspect
of upholding the precepts, and the external
precepts concern the physical or actual upholding of
the precepts; the spirit and the letter of keeping
the precepts.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12b56, 13b7; Fang-teng san-mei
hsing-fa, T 46.946a949a
see also:
interpretation on the basis of the teachings

themselves *
Chn. yeh chiao shih; yu jio sh
Jpn. yakuky shaku
Frn.
Def: one of Chih-i four types of interpretations: from
the perspective of the time , peoples capacities
n, the treachings themselves *, and the (five)
flavors I
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua wen-ch, T 34.3b
see also:
interwoven o
Chn. hsiang she; xing sh
Jpn. ssh
Frn. interpntrent
Def: to be mixed up, entangled, interwoven.
Def-Frn.
see also:
irreversible; non-retrogession #
Chn. pu tuei; b tu
Jpn. futai
Frn. la non-rgression
Skt. akilsitva; akhinna
Def: to never backslide to a lower level of attainment;
to reach a stage of enlightenment from which one
will never retrogress; irrevocable, irreversible. Also,
to not get tired or weary.
Def-Frn.
see also:
J
just sitting
Chn. chuan chuo; zhun zu
Jpn. senza
Frn.
Def: the practice to be done for the constantly-sitting
samdhi.
Def-Frn.
see also: singularly chant
joy of the Dharma ]

Chn. fa hsi; f x
Jpn. hki
Frn.
Def: the joy one experiences through realizing the
Dharma.
Ref: Mo-ho chih-kuan 47b23ff.
see also: delight of meditation
K
kalavika bird @8
Chn. chia lu pin chia niao; ji i pn qi nio
Jpn. karihanga ch
Skt. kalavika
Def: an analogy for bodhicitta. The kalavika bird lived
in the Himalaya mountains and was famous for its
beautiful voice. It was believed that its voice could be
heard when it was still in its egg, and was so beautiful
that people would be mesmerized by its sound. This
simile is found in the Ta chih tu lun and Avatasaka
Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ta chih tu lun, T 25.267a1215; Avatasaka Stra,
T 9.778c1416; Mo-ho chih-kuan 9c23;
see also:
49
(former) karma as an object (of contemplation)

%o
Chn. yeh hsiang ching; y xing jng
Jpn. gs ky
Frn.
Def: The fourth of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (329): This illness (the third object) may
make the practitioner acutely aware of former
karman which under normal conditions would not
come to his attention.
Def-Frn.
Ref. : Mo-ho chih-kuan 111c22114c21
see also:
Ktyyana
Chn. chia chan yen; ji zhn yn
Jpn. ...
Def: One of the chief disciples of the Buddha; known
as foremost in debating skills. Lamotte (History of
Indian Buddhism, p. 325 [356-57]) explains, Mah
Ktyyana, the Buddha's great disciple, not to be
confused with Mahktyyanputra, the author of the
Jnaprasthna, who lived in the third century after
the Nirva. It seems that Mahktyyana had
composed a Pi l (Piaka) during the Buddha's
lifetime in order to explain the gamas of his Master,
and the work was still in use in southern India.
Def-Frn.
Ref. : Mo-ho chih-kuan 73c26; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.70a2022
see also:
Ktyyanputra {
Chn. chia chan yen tzu; ji zhn yn z
Jpn. ..
Def: An Abhidharma master of the third century after
the death of the Buddha and the author of the
Sarvstivdin Jnaprasthna (translated into Chinese
as T #1543 and T #1544). Not to be confused with
Ktyyana, the great disciple of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref.: Mo-ho chih-kuan 74b
see also:
[jta-]Kauînya and the five mendicants it2^

Chn. ch lin wu jen; j ln w( rn
Jpn. karin (?) gonin
Frn.
Skt. pacavargika
Def: the five mendicants in the company of which
kyamuni devoted himself to strenuous ascetic
practice for six years, and who deserted him when he
renounced such extreme ascetic ways. After
kyamuni's enlightenment, they were the first
people to whom he preached the sermon on the
Four Noble Truths at Deer Park in Vras, the socalled "first turning of the wheel of the Dharma."
Def-Frn.
50
see also: vajit
king of samdhis X*
Chn. wang san mei; wng sn mi
Jpn. -zanmai
Frn. concentration royale
Def: another name for the contemplation of the
Middle; as Chih-i says, this is called the king of
samadhis because it involves attaining the samdhi
of the threefold truth, and all samdhis are included
within it.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 26a23, 41c1
knife-like wind KM
Chn. feng tao; fng do
Jpn. fken (??)
Frn.
Def: the spirits or forces that blows through the body
and shake the body at the time of death.
Def-Frn.
know how much is sufcient F

Chn. chih tsu; zh z
Jpn. chisoku
Frn. savoir se contenter
Def: the principle of sufficiency; to know how much
is sufficient and to be satisfied with it.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 41c19, 46c10, 90a1; Hsiao chihkuan, 463a29; Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.634b22; I
chiao ching, T 12.1111ac
knowledge that is not shared 3#oF

Chn. pi tzu hu pu hsiang chih
b c h b xing zh
Jpn. hishigo fuschi
Frn.
Def: for those in a group not to know what each other
is understanding; a characteristic feature of the
secret teachings, when the Buddha preaches to an
assembly and each understands according to his or
her own capacity without knowing what the others
understand or not.
Def-Frn.
see also:
L
land of perpetual quiescent light MF
Chn. chang chi kuang tu; chng j gung t(
Jpn. jjakkdo
Frn. la terre de lumire tranquille ternelle
Def: realm attained by one who contemplates the
Middle; the state characterised by permanence, bliss,
selfhood, and purity. One of the Four [Buddha]
Lands.
Def-Frn. Le Buddha Vairocana lomniprsent; cest un
Appendix A
endroit o est accomplie la grande vertu de

permanence, de Soi, de puret, et de bonheur.
Ref. [Commentary on Vimalakirti], T 38.564b565a;
Contemplation of Samantabhadra, T 9.392c1617
see also: Four [Buddha] Lands
land of true recompense without obstruction

[F
Chn. shih pao wu chang ai tu
sh bo w zhng i t(
Jpn. jipp mushge do
Frn. la terre de rtribution relle sans obstacle
Def: realm attained by one who contemplates the
Middle; the state removed from all obstacles and
mistaken views and thoughts. In Tien-tai, the
practice of those of the Distinct teaching. One of the
Four [Buddha] Lands.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779c25; Commentary on Vimalakrti, T
38.564b565a
land where ordinary people and sages dwell together

/|F
Chn. fan sheng tung ch tu; fn shng tng j t(
Jpn. bonsh dkyo do
Frn.
Def: land where ordinary people, divine beings,
ravaka, pratyekabuddhas, sages, and so forth all
dwell together in a Buddha land. One of the Four
[Buddha] Lands.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Commentary on Vimalakrti, T 38.564b565a
land where skillful means remain F

Chn. fang pien yu y tu ; fn bin y&u y t(
Jpn. hben uyo do
Frn. la terre des expdients avec reste
Def: One of the Four [Buddha] Lands.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Commentary on Vimalakrti, T 38.564b565a
latter age =
Chn. mo tai; m di
Jpn. matsudai
Frn. ge final
Def: a corrupt age long after the death of the Buddha
when people are ignorant and their attachments
deep and heavy.
Def-Frn.
see also:
laypeople Rh
Chn. pai i; bi y
Jpn. byakue
Frn.
Skt. avadta-vasana
Def: lit, (those who wear) white robes, in contrast to
the monks who wear colored robes; a euphemism for
lay Buddhists
Def-Frn.
see also:
legalistic precepts Aw
Chn. l i chieh; l y ji
Jpn. ritsu-gi kai
Frn.
Skt. prtimoka/savara-la [??]
Def: the precepts of prohibition, which deal with what
actions to avoid or not perform
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 36c22, 38b7ff.
see also:
[Siddham] letter i Q
Chn. i tzu; y z
Jpn. iji
Frn.
Def: the Siddham letter i, which consist of three parts
set in a triangular pattern. Chih-i often used this
image to illustrate the unity and diversity of threefold
categories such as the threefold truth, the three
virtuous qualities, and so forth.
Def-Frn.
see also: three eyes, three dots
limited existence _
Chn. fen hsien; fn xi Jpn. bungen
Frn.
Def: ones own physical body. In Tien-tai, the three
incalculable eons required for a bodhisattva to
achieve enlightenment, as taught in the Hnayna.
Def-Frn.
see also:
lions lute {7
Chn. shih tzu chin; sh z qn Jpn. shishi koto
Frn.
Def: A lute made from a lions sinew. Music played on
this lute is superior to and overwhelms all other
music; a simile for the words and teachings of the
Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 9c24, 41b1; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.778c710
see also:
Lion of Resolute Speed [Samdhi] {fk[X*]

Chn. shih tzu fen hsn [san mei];
sh z fn xn [sn mi]
Jpn. shishi jinsoku [zanmai]
Frn.
Skt. siha-vikriîta-samdhi.
Def: A concentrated state realized by a Buddha in
which he can manifest great power and compassion
towards sentient beings, like an invigorated lion. The
Lotus Stra speaks of the Buddhas power to move
51
with the resolute speed of a lion. The Ta chih tu lun

lists a samdhi of this name without explanation of
its content. The Graded Themes defines this in terms
of being able to enter and leave samdhi quickly.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 30c2; Lotus Stra, T 9.41a1718;
Ta chih tu lun, T 25.361a10; Fa-chieh tzu-ti chu-men, T
46.679b670a; Graded Themes, 679b13c3
see also:
lions roar {^
Chn. shih tzu hou; sh z h&u
Jpn. shishik
Frn.
Skt. sihanda
Def: The lions roar is symbolic of great power and
profundity, often used to modify the preaching of
the Buddha Dharma. A famous use of this phrase is
in the title of the rmldev Stra (The Lions Roar
of Queen rml).
Def-Frn.
see also:
Lotus-Nirva Period TR
Chn. fa hua nieh pan shih; f hu ni pn sh
Jpn. hokke-nehan-ji
Frn. la priod du Lotus et de lExtinction
Def: according to the Tien-tai Five Periods and Eight
Teachings classication system, this is the fth and
last period in which the Buddha preached the Lotus
and Mahparnirva Stras. The Lotus was taught for
eight years, and the Nirva just before his death for
one day and one night.
Def-Frn. ce sont les huit dernires annes et les
dernires heures de la vie de kyamuni, occupes
pour la plus grande part par le prdication du Stra
du Lotus; les tres accdent alors au summum du
dveloppement de leurs facults et le Buddha les
mne la comprhension et la fruition, de la
sagesse propre aux buddha. Cette doctrine est la
doctrine parfaite, sans mlange; par la prdication
de celle-ci, le Buddha rvle le caractre
circonstanciel et provisoire des doctrines
prcdentes en mme temps que le caractre rel de
la doctrine parfaite et permet de raliser la parfaite
intgration du relatif, et de labsolu, lunication des
tres de tous les vhicules dans le Vhicule unique;
cest pour cela que lon parle de cette priode
comme celle de la doctrine de la grande moisson.
Enn, lors de la nuit de lExtinction, le Buddha sur
le point dentrer en nirva exposa son ultime
enseignement sous la forme du Stra de lExtinction
suprme; il sy chargeait de rattraper, par la rptition
des quatre doctrines, les tres qui navaient pas t
sauvs par la prdication du Lotus et dainsi achever
leur salut, les faisant parvenir la bouddhit par la
rvlation de la nature faisant parvenir la
bouddhit par la rvlation de la discipline
ternelle de Buddha soutenue par lobservance de la
52
discipline. Cest pourquoi, pour ce stra, lpon parle

de doctrine de glanage, par opposition la
doctrine de la grande moisson.
Lotus Samdhi TX*

Chn. fa hua san mei; f hu sn mi
Jpn. hokke zanmai
Frn. le samdhi du Lotus
Def: a method of contemplation based on the Lotus
Stra in which one singlemindedly contemplates the
Dharma realm, having undertaken ten ritual steps:
1 Adorn and purify the meditation chamber 1;
2 Purify the body X;
3 Make an offering of your physical, verbal, and
mental deeds X%;
4 Petition the Buddhas NM;
5 Pay homage to the Buddha /M;
6 Repent [of the offenses] of the six sense organs
HL;
7 Circumambulate [the Buddha image] G;
8 Recite the [Lotus] stra ;
9 Sit in meditation ,;
10 Realize the [true] aspects [of reality] Bo.
Def-Frn.
loving words (B
Chn. ai y; i y(
Jpn. aigo
Frn.
Skt. priya-vdita
Def-Frn.
luminous quiescence (of cessation-and

contemplation) g()
Chn. ming ching (chih kuan); mng zh (zh gun)
Jpn. myj (shikan)
Frn.
Def: Cessation-and-contemplation as luminous
quiescence; contemplation as clear insight and
cessation as quiet cessation. Part of the famous
opening phrase of the Mo-ho chih-kuan, the
luminous quiescence of cessation-and-contemplation
was unknown in former ages.
Def-Frn.
see also:
M
Mah tan-chih dhra #
Chn. mo-ho tan-chih tuo-luo-ni
m h tn ch tu lu n
Jpn. maka tanchi darani
Appendix A
Frn.
Skt. *Mah-dahana-dhra
Def: the set of eighteen types of dhra given at the
beginning of the Great Vaipulya Dhra Stra; the
great dhra for overcoming evil and upholding the
good, or great dhra for subduing [the demon]
Dandara. Explained by Chih-i as the great secret
essence for inhibiting evil and sustaining good
#3.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13b23; Great Vaipulya Dhra
Stra, T 21.641a648a
see also:
Mahyna /
Chn. ta cheng; d chng
Jpn. daij
Frn. le grand Vhicule
Skt. mahyna
Def: the great vehicle, in contrast to the inferior
vehicle (Hnayna). The supreme teaching of the
Buddha. The idea that all beings are destined for
Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
see also: Hnayna
mallet and block |

Chn. chui chen chun pu; chu zhn chn p(
Jpn. tsuichin junboku
Frn.
Def: lit. a hammer (mallet) and a fulling block, simple
and undecorated; an analogy on the relationship
between the contemplator and that which is
contemplated.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ando, p. 255
see also: dual role of one who contemplates and that
which is contemplated
mai jewel #(
see wish-fulfilling jewel
Mra %
Chn. mo luo; m lu
Jpn. mara
Frn.
Skt. mra
Def: The evil one. The tempter. The personication of
evil desires and passions and the temptations of this
world. Demonic forces that hinder contemplation.
The Avatasaka Stra lists ten types of mra:
1 The mra of the ve skandha 2%, because of the
covetous attachments of the skandhas.
2 The mra of passionate afictions (klea) %, because
of the stains of passionate afictions.
3 The mra of karma %%, because they are able to
obstruct [the attainment of enlightenment].
4 The mra of the mind %, because of self-conceit.
5 The mra of death |%, because one becomes separated
from receiving further birth.
6 The mra of divine beings %, because one arouses
haughtiness and debauchery.
7 The mra of losing ones good roots 3%, because
ones mind is not repentant.

8 The mra of samdhi X*%, because of attachments to
tastes.
9 The mra of good friends 3F%, because through
them one may arouse thoughts of attachments.
10 The mra of not knowing the bodhi-wisdom of the true
Dharma #F%, because one is not able to
accomplish all of ones vows.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 43c1; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.663a510
see also:
meaning, intention [
Chn. yi i; y y
Jpn. gii
Frn.
Skt. abhisandhi
Def: meaning and intention
Def-Frn.
see also:
meaning and principle of the teachings *47

Chn. chiao hsia yi li; jio xi y l
Jpn. kyge giri
Frn.
Def: the meaning and principle of the undetermined
method of teaching, i.e. their content, which
includes all four: Tripiaka, Shared, Distinct, and
Perfect Teachings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
meaningless dispute Z
Chn. hsi lun; x ln
Jpn. keron
Frn.
Skt. prapaca
Def: vain speculation, pointless argument
Def-Frn.
see also:
(skillful) means
Chn. fang pien; fn bin
Jpn. hben
Frn.
Skt. upya-(kaualya)
Def: a means used to lead others to enlightenment.
The Buddhas various means used to help others,
one of the main themes of the Lotus Stra. In the Fahua wen-chu (ch. 14), Chih-i gives three
interpretations: 1. a teaching or enticement tting to
the times and capacities of the listeners to lead them
to enlightenment, 2. means as the conventional, not
ultimately real, and 3. these means are the secret,
subtle method of the Buddha.
Also, preparations or preliminary stages in Buddhist
practice.
Def-Frn.
53
Ref. Lotus Stra, ch. 2; Fa-hua wen-ch, ch 14; Mo-ho chihkuan, 35c148c20; Hsiao chih-kuan, ???
see also: twenty-ve preparations (for the practice of
cessation-and-contemplation)
Medicine King
Chn. yao wang; yo wng
Jpn. yaku-
Frn.
Skt. Bhaiajyarja
Def: A bodhisattva who, in the Lotus Stra, burns his
whole body in laying down his life as an offering to
the Buddha, but was reborn immediately in a
Buddhas pure land.
Def-Frn.
Ref. : Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b19; Lotus Stra, 53c54a
see also:
meditation itself as an object (of contemplation)

,
Chn. chan ting ching; chn dng jng
Jpn. zenj ky
Frn.
Def: The sixth of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (329): Various forms of dhyna appear to
his minds eye in a jumble and distract his attention.
Def-Frn.
Ref. : Mo-ho chih-kuan, 117a24131c24
merge the three and return to the one yXbs

Chn. hui san kuei i; hu sn qu y
Jpn. esan ki-ichi
Frn.
Def: to reject the view that rvakas, pratyekabuddhas,
and bodhisattvas are different in their ultimate
attainments, and accept the ekayna view that all are
destined for Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Middle Way _1
Chn. chung tao; zhng do
Jpn. chd
Frn. la mdianit
Skt. madhyam pratipad
Def: In Tien-tai, the simultaneous, balanced, and
complete realization of both emptiness and
conventional existence.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Middle Way of Buddha-nature M_1

Chn. fo hsing chung tao; f xng zhng do
Jpn. bussh chd
Frn. la mdianit .....
Def: One of the expressions of the highest level of
understanding; the Middle Way of the Perfect
Teaching; the Middle Way that is completely beyond
dualistic extremes (that is, not just a middle between
two extremes).
54
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 7a29;
see also: identity of emptiness, the conventional and the
Middle; threefold Buddha-nature
mind-born body [X
Chn. i sheng sheng; y shng shn
Jpn. ishshin
Frn.
Def: There are (according to the rmldev Stra)
three types of beings with a mind-born body: the
arhats, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. These
gures belong to the realm beyond delusion ,
the level of the bodhisattvas involvement in the
world that is undeled and beyond conceptual
understanding. In other words, the activity and
existence of arhats, pratyekabuddhas, and
bodhisattvas is not of this samsaric world which
involves karmic deeds and passionate attachments,
but is pure and free of delements such as delusions
and passions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. rmldev Stra, T 12.220a1718; Rantnagotravibhga, T 31.830b; Mo-ho chih-kuan 30a11
see also:
mindfulness of [external] marks just as they are

o
Chn. yu hsiang nien; r xing nin
Jpn. nyosnen
Frn.
Def: An aspect of being mindful of the Buddha
Amitbha; a part of the Constantly-walking samdhi;
to perceive phenomena are they truly are, empty yet
conventionally existent.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12c15;
see also:
mind inherently endowed with enlightenment

US
Chn. miao hsin ti ch; mio xn t j
Jpn. myshin taigu
Frn. la pense sublime
Def: for the mind to be essentially or inherently
endowed with enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
see also:
mind is Buddha ,M

Chn. chi hsin shih fo; j xn sh f
Jpn. sokushin zebutsu
Frn.
Def: the mind in its present state is endowed with
Buddhahood; Buddhahood is realized in/with the
mind.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Appendix A
minds to interact and trust/ mutual condence

o=
Chn. hsin hsiang ti hsin; xn xing t xn
Jpn. shins taishin
Frn. conance mutuelle
Def: a phrase from the parable of the lost son in the
Lotus Stra. For minds to reach an understanding, to
correspond and trust each other.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.17a; Ssu-chiao-i, 775a26
see also:
minor offenses
Chn. chi lo; j lu
Jpn. kichira (?)
Frn. les petits mfaits
Skt. dukta
Def: .
Def-Frn.
see also: minor precepts
minor precepts #, #
Chn. po i ti, po yeh ti; b y t, b y t
Jpn. paitsudai, payadai
Frn. les fautes qui font chuter
Skt. pcittya
Def: the light or minor offenses that can be
absolved through confession.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 36b29, 38b5
see also: three delusions, minor offenses
minute delusions a
Chn. chen sha huo; chn sh hu
Jpn. jinja waku
Frn. les garements des poussires
Def: the more subtle delusions, or tendencies, that
remain even after one has severed all the explicit
delusions. The second of the three categories of
delusions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 267a; Mo-ho chih-kuan 5c12,
see also: three delusions
mistake B
Chn. tzuo miu; cu mi
Jpn. shakumy
Frn.
Skt. sapramoa
Def: mistake, wrong view, error
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.42c; Fa-hua hsan-i, 693a10
see also:
mixed tentativeness
Chn. chien chan; jin qun
Jpn. kengon
Frn.
Def: to still have some connection with tentative (but
not ultimately true) teachings; a combination of real
and tentative teachings; the real mixed with the

tentative.
Def-Frn.
see also:
moment m(
Chn. hs y; x y
Jpn. shuyu
Frn.
Skt. muhrta
Def: a brief moment of time, equal to thirty lava. Often
equated with a kaa.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :Mo-ho chih-kuan, 58b17
see also:
most superior Lotus teachings Tk

Chn. fa hua chao pa; f hu cho b
Jpn. hokke chhachi
Frn.
Def: for the teachings of the Lotus Stra to transcend
the eight (four methods and four contents) previous
teachings, according to the Tien-tai scheme of the
ve periods and eight teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
motions [during the ordination ceremony] Rv$

Chn. pai ssu chieh mo; bi s ji m
Jpn. byakushi konma
Frn. une liturgie quadruple
Skt. japti caturtha karman
Def: the fourfold motions or proposals preceding the
ordination ceremony for becoming a monk or nun,
which involves stating ones intent and asking and
receiving approval three times. It requires the
presence of three ordaining masters and seven
additional witnesses, all ordained monks.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 36b4, 96a24
see also:
much confusion for those who would be Buddhas

,/
Chn. to lan shang sheng; du ln shng shng
Jpn. taran jsh
Frn.
Def: the reason why distinctions of stages to
Buddhahood are taught even though the stages
interpenetrate each other and all are one.
Def-Frn.
see also:
much hearing l
Chn. to wen; du wn Jpn. tamon
Frn.
Skt. bahu-ruti
Def: lit much hearing or much learning,
55
particulartly about the Buddha Dharma; one has

faith and proceeds with practice based on having
heard and learned about the Buddha Dharma.
Def-Frn.
see also:
mundane truth
Chn. su ti; s d
Jpn. zokutai
Frn. la vrit vulgaire
Skt. savti-satya
Def: the way the world is viewed by those without a
complete understanding of the truth. The
conventional, provisional reality of this world. Also
called the worldly truth, in contrast to the real
truth.
Def-Frn.
see also: real truth, two truths
mutual arising (of the objects of contemplation) 3

Chn. hu fa; h f
Jpn. gohatsu
Frn.
Def: ten ways for the ten objects of contemplation to
arise: 1. in succession or randomly, 2. one by one or
together, 3. all appear or only certain ones appear, 4.
consciously or spontaneously, 5. clearly or not so
clearly, 6. benecially or harmfully, 7. easily or
difcult, 8. remain a long or short time, 9. appear
repeatedly or just once, 10. as three kinds of
obstacles or four kinds of demonic distraction.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49c; Hurvitz, 328; And, 235
see also:
myriad mistaken views kYkq

Chn. pa shih pa shih; b sh b sh
Jpn. hachij-hasshi
Frn. les garements des vues ds aux quatre vingt-huit
sbires
Def: lit, eighty-eight afictions; all the mistaken views
in this triple world.
Def-Frn.
see also: eighty-eight passionate afflictions
N
name-and-form e5
Chn. ming se; mng s Jpn. myshiki
Frn.
Skt. nma-rupa
Def: the first entry in Chih-is Graded Themes; the
totality of empirical experience, reflecting the
Buddhist teaching that all of human experience is a
composite of mental and physical elements; short for
the five aggregates, form being the first and
name referring to the other four mental
aggregates; the fourth link in the twelvefold chain of
causes and conditions
Def-Frn.
56
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.665b525

see also: five aggregates, twelvefold causes and
conditions (conditioned arising)
name of a single Buddha sMe

Chn. i fo ming tzu; y f mng z
Jpn. ichibutsu myji
Frn. tournera vers un seul buddha
Def: to chant the name of a single Buddha as part of
the practice of the constantly-sitting samdhi. Chih-i
and the stras he relys on for this practice do not
identify the single Buddha, but Chan-jan
recommends Amitbha, which tradition follows.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 11b1112; Teaching of Majur, T
8.731b56
see also: singularly chant
naturally
Chn. jen yn; rn yn Jpn. ninun
Frn. produit naturellement
Def: spontaneously, as it is, naturally
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694c2; Gish, 267c15, Mo-ho chihkuan, 36c16, 36c26
see also:
natural morality w
Chn. hsing chieh; xng ji
Jpn. shkai
Frn. moralit (commandements, conduite) naturelle
Def: Conduct that is good or bad in itself, whether or
not it is dened in the Buddhist precepts. In contrast
to defined precepts w, the precepts or moral
behaviour that has been explicitely dened by the
Buddha or in the Buddhist texts. The Ta chih tu lun
defines natural morality as the basic la, that is, avoid
harming others, stealing, illicit sexual activity, four
kinds of negative verbal activity (abusive language,
speaking with a forked tongue, using evil speech, and
using flowery language), and intoxicating beverages.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 36a17ff.; Ta chih tu lun,
25.153b112
see also: defined precepts
nature )
Chn. chung hsing; zh&ng xng Jpn. shush
Frn.
Skt. gotra
Def: lit., seed, nature, or lineage; ones inherent
potential. Sometimes the specific potential to attain
Buddhahood. In the Bodhisattva-bhmi, the four
natures of those capable of becoming rvakas,
pratyekabuddhas, bodhisattvas, and Buddhas.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 60b1820, 61c1218; Bodhisattvabhmi, T 30.900a
see also:
Appendix A
neither Being nor nothingness [

Chn. fei yu fei wu; fi y&u fi w
Jpn. fu-u fu-mu
Frn.
Def: a denial of both extremes of positing a
substantial Being or a nihilistic nothingness; an
expression of the Middle Way.
Def-Frn.
see also:
neither vertical nor horizontal #@#

Chn. pu tsung pu heng; b zng b hng
Jpn. fu??? fu
Frn.
Def: lit. neither vertical nor horizontal. An image
used by Chih-i to describe the symmetry and unity of
various threefold concepts, such as the threefold
truth, the three virtues of a buddha, and so forth.
Def-Frn.
see also: three dots
neither merged nor scattered ##_

Chn. pu ho pu san; b h b sn
Jpn. fu-g fu-san
Frn.
Def: a denial of both total unity or non-duality and
total affirmation of distinctions; an expression of the
Middle Way.
Def-Frn.
see also: neither two nor separate
neither two nor separate [[

Chn. wu erh wu pieh; w r w bi
Jpn. mu-ni mu-betsu
Frn.
Def: a denial of both total non-duality and total
affirmation of distinctions; an expression of the
Middle Way.
Def-Frn.
see also: neither merged nor scattered
neither-walking-nor-sitting samdhi X*
Chn. fei hsing fei tzuo san mei;
fi xng fi zu sn mi
Jpn. higy hiza zanmai
Frn. samdhi ni assis ni march
Def: The fourth of the Four Samdhis. The cultivation
of contemplation in any and all aspects of life by
contemplating each thought as it arises in the mind.
Also called the samdhi of the awakened thoughts
and samdhi of following after ones own thoughts.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14b20a
see also: Four Samdhis, samdhi of awakened thoughts,
samdhi of following after ones own thoughts
nihility [
Chn. hs wu; x w
Jpn. kyomu
Frn.
Def: nothingness in a negative sense, in contrast to the
positive sense of emptiness
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also:
nimble horse r+
Chn. kuai ma; kui m
Jpn. kaima
Frn.
Def: an image used to illustrate someone who is
spiritually sensitive and able to quickly respond to
spiritual instruction. The simile, from the
Sayuktgama, speaks of four kind of horses, those
that respond merely by seeing the shadow of the
whip, by being pricked lightly by the whip, by
receiving a good whack, and by having its esh
pierced to the bone. The rst horse is compared to
one who realizes the truth of suffering and ill and
acts accordingly by only hearing of the suffering of
others, the second upon actually seeing the suffering
or death of others, the third by seeing the suffering
or death of his kinsmen, and the fourth by his own
physical suffering.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 19a23, 34c5; Miscellaneous gama,
T 2.234a16b20 and 429b15c10; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.62a78
see also: shadow of the whip
nine considerations [of decaying corpses] G`

Chn. chiu hsiang; ji( xing
Jpn. ku s
Frn. les Neuf Notions dhorreurs
Skt.
Def: To contemplate a corpse as it passes through nine
stages of decay: 1) to contemplate the corpse as it
begins to bloat (vydhmtaka-saj), 2) the corpse
changes color to a bluish hue as it is blown by the
wind and parched by the sun (vinilaka-saj), 3) the
corpse begins to fester, smell, and fall apart
(vipaûmaka-saj), 4) blood and rotton esh ows
out from the broken corpse and into the ground
(vilohitaka-saj), 5) the corpse rots further (and
turns blue), turns to pus, and loses its original form
(vipyaka-saj), 6) the birds and beasts come and
peck and bite at the corpse (vikhditaka-saj), 7)
the corpse is broken apart and scattered by the birds
(vikiptaka-saj), 8) the esh is gone and all that is
left are the white bones (asthis-saj), and 9) the
bones are bleached in the sun, cremated, and return
to dust (vidagdhaka-saj). This form of
contemplation is meant to help those who are overly
attached to sensual desires.
Def-Frn. mditer les neuf notions:
1. notion du cadavre enfl (vydhmtakasaj);
2. notion du cadavre dchir (vidhtakasaj);
57
3. notion du cadavre saignant (vilohitakasaj);

4. notion du cadavre putrfi (vipyakasaj);
5. notion du cadavre bleuissant (vinlakasaj);
6. notion du cadavre dvor (vikhdikasaj);
7. notion du cadavre dispers (vikiptakasaj);
8. notion du cadavre rduit ltat dos (asthisaj);
9. notion du cadavre brl (vidagdhakasaj).
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23c26, 93a712, 121c122b; Ta
chih tu lun, T 25.217a218b, 381a; Tzu-ti chan-men, T
46.535c; Graded Themes, 675b26c27
see also: ten considerations, contemplation of impurity
ninefold scriptures GH
Chn. chiu pu fa; ji( b f
Jpn. kybuh
Frn. neuf ...
Skt.
Def: A classication of the Buddhist scriptures into
nine categories. There are various lists, but the one
given in the Lotus Stra, the second chapter on
Expedient Means (see Hurvitz, Lotus Stra, p. 33)
is: stra, gth (verses), itivttaka (former matters),
jtaka (former lives), abhuta (miracle tales, things
that have never been before), nidna (causes and
conditions), aupamya (parables), geya (verses
repeating the prose), and upadea (treatises). From
the Mahyna perspective, this is an incomplete
Hnayna canon.
Def-Frn.
see also: twelvefold scriptures
nine gradual and successive concentrations G

Chn. chiu tzu ti ting; ji( c d dng
Jpn. ku shidai j
Frn. neuf ...
Skt.
Def: the four levels of dhyna meditative trance, the
four meditations/concentrations on emptiness in the
realm of formlessness, and the nal
concentration/samdhi wherein all feelings and
conceptions are extinguished (nirodha-sampatti).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 30c12; Graded Themes,
678c20679a19
see also: four dhyna stages, four concentrations on
emptiness
nine levels G
Chn. chiu pin; ji( pn
Jpn. kubon
Frn. neuf catgories
Skt.
Def: nine levels, stations, or stages; i.e. superior,
mediocre, and inferior, each with three superior,
mediocre, and inferior levels.
Def-Frn. neuf catgories de penses du domaine du
dsir: les six premires catgories sont totalement
supprimes, mais les trois dernires subsistent
encore, cest pourquoi lon renat encore une fois.
58

see also:
nine liberations Gm0

Chn. chiu chieh tuo; ji( ji tu
Jpn. ku gedatsu
Frn. les neuf dliverances
Def: Nine of the thirty-four enlightened mental states
that sever obstacles to true knowledge: There are
nine levels of liberation corresponding to the nine
levels of delusions: higher, middling, and lower
levels, each with higher, middling, and lower levels.
Def-Frn.
see also: thirty-four enlightened mental states, eight
liberations, nine non-obstructions
nine non-obstructions G[
Chn. chiu wu ai; ji( w i
Jpn. ku muge, ku muken
Frn. neuf sans-obstacles
Def: Nine of the thirty-four enlightened mental states
that sever obstacles to true knowledge: There are
nine levels of non-obstruction corresponding to the
nine levels of delusions: higher, middling, and lower
levels, each with higher, middling, and lower levels.
Def-Frn.
see also: thirty-four enlightened mental states; nine
liberations
nine types of great dhyna meditation G),

Chn. chiu chung ta chan; ji( zh&ng d chn
Jpn. kushu daizen
Frn. neuf ...
Def: 1. the dhyna of self-nature ,: ways of
cultivating single-mindedness; another name for
amatha-vipayan.
2. universal dhyna s,: of two types, the worldly and
trans-worldly. Each of these in turn is of three types:
the bliss from manifesting the Dharma, arousing the
virtues of samdhi, and beneting sentient beings.
3. difcult dhyna ,: of three typesthe difculty of
abandoning dhyna and being reborn in the realm
of desires; the difculty of becoming endowed with
all virtuous qualities in excess of those of the two
vehicles; and the difculty of attaining bodhi-wisdom
by relying on dhyna.
4. all categories of dhyna s,: the four dhyna
meditative trances.
5. the dhyna of good people 3^,: includes ve
types, i.e., that of the four boundless demeanors plus
that of not being attached to samdhi.
6. the dhyna of all practices s,: includes thirteen
typesnot explained.
7. the dhyna of removing passionate delements
,: includes eight subtypes.
8. the dhyna of this realm and the other realm
,: includes nine subtypes.
9. the dhyna of being free or separate from mistaken
Appendix A
views ?,: includes ten subtypes.

Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 30c1920; Bodhisattva-bhmi, T
30.921b29-c3; Graded Themes, 688b9689b10
see also:
nine types of passionate afflictions G)

Chn. chiu chung fan nao; ji( zh&ng fn no
Jpn. kushu bonn
Frn. neuf ...
Def: the nine types of afflictions that delude the
human body and mind:
1. afflictions of covetous desire (rga-anuaya-lakaaklea, lq).
2. afflictions of anger (dvea-anuaya-lakaa-klea,
q).
3. afflictions of ignorance and stupidity (moha-anuayalakaa-klea, |q).
4. afflictions of covetous desire, anger, and ignorance
together (tivra-rga-dvea-moha-paryavasthna-lakaaklea, l|q).
5. afflictions that are the dwelling of ignorance (avidyavsa-bhmi-saghta-klea, [gWG8).
6. afflictions that can be extinguished directly through
insight into the Four Noble Truths (daranaprahtavya-klea, 18).
7. afflictions that can be extinguished directly through
the path of cultivation (bhvan-prahtavya-klea,
@18).
8. afflictions of the impure stages (auddha-bhmi-gataklea, #G).
9. afflictions of the pure stages (uddha-bhmi-gata-klea,
G).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 44c24; Hsiao chih-kuan, 464b5
see also:
ninety afflictions GYkq

Chn. chiu shih pa shih; ji( sh b sh
Jpn. kyjuky-shi
Frn.
Def: The eighty-eight passionate afflictions, plus the
ten afflictions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.669a4b19
see also: eighty-eight passionate afflictions, ten
afflictions
(the path of) the Nirgrantha ^1

Chn. ni chien tao; n jin do
Jpn. nikend
Skt. Nirgrantha
Def: The Jains, originally one of the traditional six nonBuddhist religious schools contemporaneous with
kyamuni. In the Mo-ho chih-kuan it is used as a
generic term for all non-Buddhist teachings or sects
that do provide a certain degree of worldly wisdom
and religious attainment.
Def-Frn.
see also:
noble demeanor X
Chn. wei i; wi y
Jpn. igi
Frn.
Def: one of the characteristics of a Buddha.
Def-Frn.
see also: four proper activities
no-more-backsliding O
Chn. pa chih; b zh
Jpn. basshi (?)
Frn.
Skt. avaivartika
Def: After bodhisattvas reach a certain level of
attainment, they are no longer in danger of
backsliding into a lower level and losing their
attainments.
Def-Frn.
see also:
no one who attains Buddhahood Fw[^

Chn. kuo tuo wu jen; gu& tu w rn
Jpn. kazu munin
Frn. fruits sans personne (pour les recueillir)
Def: the idea that those of the Tripiaka, Shared, and
Distinct teachings advance to a certain level of
attainment, but there are none who reach the final
fruit of Buddhahood (unless they advance or
upgrade to the Perfect Teachings).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 778a3; Mo-ho chih-kuan 33b45
see also:
no outows [of passions] [

Chn. wu lou; w lu
Jpn. muro
Frn.
Skt. ansrava
Def: the states wherein one no longer suffers from any
outflows of passionate afflictions.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c9,
see also:
Noble One /^
Chn. sheng jen; shng rn
Jpn. shnin
Frn. Le Saint
Skt. rya-jana
Def: a noble person; one who has attained
enlightenment. One of the titles of a Buddha.
Def-Frn. Le Saint (rya) est lune des appellations du
Buddha. Sa sagesse lui permit de discriminer le sens
de la Loi.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c22,
see also:
noble teachings during one career s/*

Chn. i tai sheng chiao; y di shng jio
Jpn. ichidai shky
59
Frn. enseignement du Buddha

Skt.
Def: the entire teachings of the Buddha during fty
years from the evening of his enlightenment to the
time of his parinirva.
Def-Frn.
see also:
noble womb /
Chn. sheng tai; shng ti
Jpn. shtai
Frn.
Def: the bodhisattva stages of the ten abodes, the ten
levels of practice, and the ten levels of merit
transferrence, because they are the "womb" from
which Buddhahood is born.
Def-Frn.
see also:
non-alcoholic [,
Chn. wu chiu; w ji( Jpn. mushu
Frn.
Def: synonym for an asura; lit. no alcoholic beverage;
the story goes that in the past an asura saw the devas
drink the ambrosia of heaven, and seeking to surpass
this drink, the asura gathered owers into the sea in
an attempt to ferment the water. However, the taste
of the sea did not change, so the asura became angry
and vowed to never drink any alcoholic beverage
again.
Def-Frn.
see also:
non-conceptual divine realm [`

Chn. wu hsiang tien; w xing tin
Jpn. musten
Frn.
Def: the state attained through cultivation of
contemplation of no-thought; the trthikas (nonBuddhists) see this as nal nirva. One of the
twenty-ve realms of existence in Tien-tai
cosmology. The fourth realm of the nine levels in the
fourth dhyna stage. Hurvitz explains: Chih-i
understood the first three of these worlds to be
within the reach even of ordinary persons, if they but
kept the Buddhist ten commandments and
performed dhyna, and the fourth, which is
characterized by sensation but lack of thought, to be
within the reach of practitioners of religions other
than Buddhism. Because of the ease of slipping into
this state and, through error, remaining in it, Chih-i
gave it a category of its own in addition to including
it in the fourth dhyna stage.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776a1315; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71a20;
Hurvitz, Chih-i, pp. 24142
see also: twenty-ve realms of existence; four dhyna
60
stages
non-dual and yet not distinct ##

Chn. pu erh pu pieh; b r b bi
Jpn. funi fubetsu
Frn.
Def: the relationship between the phenomena and
ultimate reality, between the mundane and the ideal
(e.g., sasra and nirva); i.e., they are neither
completely identical nor separate.
Def-Frn.
see also: indivisible
non-path 1
Chn. fei tao; fi do
Jpn. hid
Frn. contraire la Voie
Def: or, anti-pathy; that which is the opposite of or
counter to the way of Buddhism; that which acts
contrary to the Buddhist path; non-Buddhist
teachings and practice.
Def-Frn. ce qui est contraire la voie
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 17b29ff.; Vimalakrti Stra, T
14.549a2627
see also:
not a single color nor scent that is not the Middle

Way s5s[_1
Chn. yi se yi hsiang wu fei chung tao;
y s y xing w fi zhng do
Jpn. isshiki ikk muhi chd
Frn. il nest pas une forme, pas un parfum qui ne soit
la voie Mdiane
Def: that all things, without exception, are mutually
interconnected and participate in ultimate reality; a
central phrase in the paragraph in Kuan-tings
introduction to the Mo-ho chih-kuan that is considered
the essence of Tien-tai teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c2324, 4a12; Fa-hua hsan-i
720c1
(one who has) nothing more to learn [1

Chn. wu hseh tao; w xu do
Jpn. mugakud
Frn. voie au-del de la pratique
Skt. aaika-patha
Def: the arhat; one who has nothing more to study,
practice, or learn
Def-Frn.
see also:
(all negative) notions and perceptions U

Chn. chu erh cheh kuan; zh ju gun
Jpn. sho aku kakukan
Frn. (des mauvaises) rflexions descursives
Skt. vitarka-vicra
Def: conceptual examination and reflection, the
conceptual examination and reflection on objects
Appendix A
that precedes or prepares one for deeper quietude

and contemplation; discriminative thoughts; negative
notions and perceptions, such as the distractions that
arise during meditation. Similar to the term
deluded views and attitudes .
Def-Frn.
numerous mental factors [of cognition]

Chn. hsin shu; xn sh Jpn. shins (?)
Frn.
Skt. caitya
Def: theactivity of the mind when it cognizes an object,
including both good and bad thoughts such as
greed, avarice, and so forth.
Def-Frn.
see also:
O
obstacle of passionate afflictions
Chn. fan nao chang; fn no zhng
Jpn. bonn-sh
Frn. les obstacles des passions
Skt. klea-varaa
Def: the delusions that obstruct the attainment of
enlightenment.
Def-Frn. ce qui perturbe corps et pense et les
empche daccder la quitude sappelle obstacle
des passions; ce mot dsigne lattachement des
concepts la ralit du corps dont manent les 128
passions fondamentales, lesquelles perturbent le
corps et la pense des tres et font obstacle au
nirva, do le nom dobstacles des passions.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 61c15; Bodhisattva-bhmi,
30.900a12
see also: wisdom obstacle
ocean of sasra Ns}

Chn. ku lun hai; k( ln hi
Jpn. kurin kai
Frn.
Def: This existence, which is like a wheel of suffering
that continues without end.
Def-Frn.
see also:
offense &
Chn. tsui; zu
Jpn. zai
Frn.
Skt. patti, apuya, ppa
Def: evil, offense; to act contrary to proper conduct
(adharma); actions condemned by good people
(avadya); to break the precepts; for a monk to cause
harm to a lay person (patti); misfortune (apuya)
Def-Frn.
see also:
offering of physical, verbal, and mental deeds

X%
Chn. san yeh kung yang; sn y gng yng
Jpn. sang kuy
Frn. faire offrande par les trois actes
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
950b14c4:
omniscience sJ
Chn. i chieh chih; y qi zh
Jpn. issai-chi
Frn. lomnisscience
Skt. sarvaja
Def: One of the three wisdoms. Lit. all-wisdom. A
translation of the Chinese (Ng) would be the
wisdom of both universality. In terms of the
threefold truth, this is the wisdom of emptiness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 20bc; Ta chih tu lun, 257c260c
see also: universal wisdom, wisdom of the path
one great deed/purpose/matter s

Chn. i ta shih; y d sh
Jpn. ichidaiji
Frn. la grande entreprise unique
Skt.
Def: the teaching of the Lotus Stra that the Buddha
appears in this world for one great purpose, that is,
to reveal the way to Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.7a23; Mo-ho chih-kuan 22b6, 34a21
see also:
one practice for the talented, seven for the middling,

ten for the inferior s _ 4Y
Chn. shang ken i fa, chung ken chi fa, hsia ken shih fa
shng gn y f, zhng gn q f, xi gn sh f
Jpn. jkon ipp, chkon shichih, gekon jupp
Frn.
Def: that those of superior faculties or talents need
only practice one of the ten methods of
contemplation, while those of middling faculties
need to practice seven, and those of inferior faculties
must practice all ten. An interpretation by Chan-jan
(rejected by Ikeda, supported by And)
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 52b
see also: ten modes of contemplation
one real truth s

Chn. i shih ti; y sh d
Jpn. ichijittai
Frn.
Def: the truth that is realized at the level of the Perfect
Teaching. The one truth realized by the Buddha.
That truth is one single reality.
61
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 28b12; Fa-hua hsan-i, 705a1424
see also:
one sound (teachings) s3*

Chn. i yin chiao; y yn jio
Jpn. itton (ky)
Frn. un unique son (parole)
Def: that the Buddhas teachings are one. The
underlying consistency of the Buddhas teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775b6; Gokysh, T 45.480b
see also:
one vehicle s/
Chn. i cheng; y chng Jpn. ichij
Frn. le Vhicule unique
Skt. ekayna
Def: the teaching of the Lotus Stra that all beings are
destined for the single goal of Buddhahood, and that
there is only one vehicle, not three vehicles, to attain
enlightenment.
Def-Frn. lun des principaux degme exposs dans le
Stra du Lotus est celui du Vhicule unique oppos
aux trois vhicules distincts que sont ceux des
auditeurs, des buddha pour soi et des bodhisattva,
tenus pour ressortissant au petit Vhicule, dpass
par lultime prdication de kyamuni.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.8a
see also:
oneness of persons ^s
Chn. jen i; rn y
Jpn. ninitsu
Frn. lunit des tres
Def: that those of the three vehicles ultimately belong
to the one vehicle, and that all are destined for
Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: four categories of oneness
oneness of practice s
Chn. hsing i; xng y
Jpn. gyitsu
Frn. lunit de pratique
Def: that all practices lead to the one goal of
Buddhahood; that ultimately the practices of the
three vehicles are included in that of the one vehicle.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 692a5; Ssu-chiao-i, 775b26
oneness of reality 7s
Chn. li i; l y
Jpn. riitsu
Frn. lunit de principe
Def: the ultimate teaching that reality is integrated and
one.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
62
oneness of teaching *s
Chn. chiao i; jio y
Jpn. kyitsu
Frn. lunit de doctrine
Def: that the nal teaching of the Buddha is the one
vehicle, and not the three vehicles; that ultimately
the teachings of the Buddha are one and noncontradictory.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
ordinary feelings i
Chn. fan ching; fn qng
Jpn. bonj
Frn.
Def: the mind and feelings of ordinary, unenlightened
people.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ostracism
Chn. pin chih; bn zh Jpn. ??
Frn.
Skt. pravrjana
Def: ostracism from the Sangha due to offenses against
the precepts; this can be either permanent or
temporary, the latter allowing for one to rejoin the
Sangha upon proper repentance; there are three
forms: temporary expulsion, enforced silence, and
permanent expulsion.
Def-Frn.
see also:
outcast
Chn. chan tuo lo; zhn tu lu
Jpn. sendara
Frn. intouchable
Skt. ca^la
Def: a derogatory term for outcast people.
Def-Frn.
see also:
overweening pride as an object (of contemplation)

E
Chn. tseng shang man ching; zng shng mn jng
Jpn. sjman ky
Frn.
Def: The eighth of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (p. 329): Having overcome mistaken views
(no. 7), the practitioner may as a consequence
become guilty of the sin of pride. He might, for
instance, fancy himself to have arrived already at
nirva.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49b
Appendix A
P
panacea %8
Chn. a chia tuo yo; qi tu yo
Jpn. agada-yaku
Frn.
Skt. agada
Def: a medicine that incorporates the efcacy of all
medicines. The agada (no-disease) medicine is
often mentioned in the Avatasaka Stra as a simile
for the wisdom of enlightenment that cures all
passionate delements.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 9b20; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.461c2325, 465a23, 777a1516
see also:
parable of the poor (prodigal) son {

Chn. chiung tzu y; qing z y
Jpn. gji yu
Frn.
Def:
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, ch. 4
see also:
parable of the three carts X

Chn. san che y; sn ch y
Jpn. sansha yu
Frn.
Def: the three carts offered to the children to entice
them to leave the burning house, in the parable of
the burning house in the third chapter of the Lotus
Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, ch. 2
see also:
parched wisdom, stage of

Def: the rst of the ten bodhisattva bhmi stages in the
Shared Teaching.
see also: stage of parched wisdom
part coarse, part subtle sasU

Chn. i chen i miao; y chn y mio
Jpn. ichijin ichimy
Frn.
Def: partially conventional and partially true.
Def-Frn.
see also:
partial (one-sided, incomplete) truth 7

Chn. pien chen li; pin zhn l
Jpn. henshin ri
Frn. la vrit partielle
Def: the Hnayna teachings; a partial, incomplete
truth, in contrast to the complete or perfect truth.
Def-Frn. terme bien attest pour dnir la doctrine des
trois corbeilles et marquer son caractre de
transition vers des niveaux plus levs.

see also:
passionate afictions are indivisible with bodhiwisdom ,

Chn. fan nao chi pu ti; fn no j p t
Jpn. bonn soku bodai
Frn.
Def: the indivisibility of the passionate afflictions of the
ordinary sentient being and the wisdom of the
Buddha.
Def-Frn.
see also: sasra is indivisible with nirva
passionate afflictions as the object (of

contemplation)
Chn. fan nao ching; fn no jng
Jpn. bonn ky
Frn.
Def: The second of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (p. 329): The body and mind, usually in a
state of greater or lesser tranquility, become agitated
by concentrated contemplation, as a result of which
the kleas may present themselves in acute form,
distracting the attention of the practitioner from his
main purpose.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49b, 102a106a
passionate desires (WG

Chn. y ai chu ti; y i zh d
Jpn. yokuai jji
Frn.
Def: one of the four stages of abiding; all mistaken,
deluded thoughts and feelings in the realm of desire.
Since desire-passion is the strongest of these deluded
thoughts, it represents the rest.
Def-Frn.
see also:
path of cultivation @1
Chn. hsiu tao; xi do Jpn. shud
Frn. voie de la pratique
Skt. bhvan-marga
Def: the second stage of the arhat, who reects again
on the insight to the Four Noble Truths attained in
the rst stage (darana-mrga); the latter stages of one
more rebirth and no more rebirths.
Def-Frn.
see also: (the level of) insight into the Four Noble
Truths, (one who has) nothing more to learn
patience, the level of TR

Chn. jen fa wei; rn f wi
Jpn. ninbi
63
Frn. pratiquant en permanence la knti

Def: one of the sub-levels of attainment in the
Tripiaka Teaching, or the third of the ten bhumi
stages for those in the Shared Teaching. The level of
longing for patience through contemplation of the
Four Noble Truths; or, the stage of recognizing the
Four Noble Truths.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: four good roots
paying homage to the Buddha(s) /M

Chn. li fo; l f
Jpn. raibutsu
Frn. rendre hommage au buddha
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
951b1227 and 951b27952a27
peaceful in mind and body H5

Chn. an le se hsin; n l s xn
Jpn. anraku shikishin
Frn. srnit heureuse de la forme-pense
Def:
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 555; Gish 271b
see also: transcend mind and body
[four] peaceful practices (v)H

Chn. (ssu) an lo hsing; (s) n l xng
Jpn. (shi) anrakugy
Frn. des quatre pratiques sereines
Def: A bodhisattva practice to disseminate the
teachings of the Lotus Stra for the purpose of peace
and bliss. Based on chapter 14 of the Lotus Stra. Also
translated comfortable conduct. Physical (1) X ,
verbal (2) S, and mental (3) [ practice to realize
the vow to attain (4) X peace and bliss.
Def-Frn. des pratiques sereneines touchant le corps, la
parole, lesprit, et la rsolution.
Ref. Lotus Stra, ch. 14, 9.39b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14a,
55c19; Fa-hua ching an-lo-hsing i , T #1926, 697c702c.
see also: practice with [phenomenal] features; practice
without [substantial] features
penultimate stage, candidate (for Buddhahood)
Chn. pu chu; b( ch Jpn. fusho

Frn. candidature
Def: the stage just previous to Buddhahood. To take
over the place (of the previous Buddha); after the
passing away of one Buddha, for the next Buddha to
reach enlightenment. Also, the next Buddha after
kyamuni, i.e., Maitreya. Also, the highest
bodhisattva rank.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 702a; Ssu-chiao-i, 777b27
see also: penultimate stage with one life remaining
64
penultimate stage with one life remaining s

Chn. i sheng pu chu; y shng b( ch
Jpn. issh fusho
Frn. expectative de succession
Skt. eka-jti-pratibaddha
Def: the stage at which one will remain in this samsric
realm for only the remainder of this one life, and
then enter Buddhahood. The highest bodhisattva
stage.
Def-Frn. le mot dsigne le bodhisattva spars de ltat
de Buddha par une naissance seulement, ce qui fait
quil doit dsigner le bodhisattva sjournant au ciel
des Tuita, qui est tgraditionnellement son
pnultime sjour.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780a7; Amida Stra, 268b; Vimalakrti
Stra, T 14.553c; ??, T 21.748a3
see also: penultimate stage
perennial wisdom J
Chn. chang chih; chng zh
Jpn. jchi
Frn. le savoir ternel
Def: the enduring, constant wisdom of the Buddha;
in Tien-tai, the wisdom of the threefold truth in
contrast with merely the principle of the threefold
truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a7, Mo-ho chih-kuan, 9c4
see also: perpetual (objective) realm
perfect-and-sudden [immediate] cessation-andcontemplation

Chn. yan tun chih kuan; yun dn zh gun
Jpn. endon shikan
Frn. parfaitement subite Quitude et Contemplation
Def: one of the three ways of practicing cessation-andcontemplation, the most superior way of practice; to
attain realization directly, immediately, and
completely. The type of practice taught by Chih-i in
the Mo-ho chih-kuan.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c2a; 25b826b22
see also: gradual-and-successive, and variable, cessationand-contemplation.
perfect awareness of the threefold truth X

Chn. yan cheh san ti; yun ju sn d
Jpn. enkaku santai
Frn.
Def: to have a full and complete awareness of the
threefold truth of emptiness, conventionality and the
Middle.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect capability n
Chn. yan chi; yun j
Jpn. enki
Frn.
Def: those who have the capacity to understand the
Appendix A
full, complete, and perfect truth.

Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect contemplation
Chn. yan kuan; yun gun Jpn. enkan
Frn. la contemplation parfaite
Def: the supreme method of practice in Tien-tai;
perfect insight; contemplation of the perfect
teachings, i.e., reality as the threefold truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also:
perfect faith =
Chn. yan hsin; yun xn
Jpn. enshin
Frn. perfection de la foi
Def: conviction or belief in the perfect teachings, the
simultaneous identity of emptiness, the conventional,
and the Middle.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2a1421; Ssu-chiao-i, 778c18
see also:
perfect in establishing sentient beings CL

Chn. yan chien li chung sheng;
yun jin l zhng shng
Jpn. en konry shuj
Frn. perfection dans ltablissement des tres
Def: perfect in establishing sentient beings in the path
of enlightenment. One of the attributes of the
perfect teaching. To help beings realize the perfect
threefold truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b817; Ssu-chiao-i, 778c18
see also:
perfect in the adornment of mastery $v

Chn. yan tzu tsai chuang yen;
yun z zi zhung yn
Jpn. en jizai sgon
Frn. perfection do lornementation souveraine
Def: one of the attributes of the perfect teaching; the
virtues and wisdoms which adorn the Buddha, not
adventitiously but naturally. The perfect and
complete mastery or freedom with which the Buddha
is endowed.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2a23c9; Ssu-chiao-i, 778c18
see also:
perfect in overcoming N
Chn. yan fu; yun f Jpn. enpuku
Frn. perfection de la rpression
Def: one of the attributes of the perfect teaching.
Perfect in overcoming all passions; to destroy the
distinctions between the tree kinds of delusion, i.e.
the obstacles of mistaken views and to knowledge,
the delusions as numerous and the particles in the
universe, and the delusions of fundamental

ignorance, and thus to simultaneously overcome
these three kinds of delusions.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect in subtlety U
Chn. yan miao; yun mio
Jpn. enmy
Frn. parfaitement sublime
Def: one of the interpretations of the word perfect, as
in the highest perfect teaching. Perfect in
inconceivability, the inconceivability (beyond
conceptual thought) of the unity of the threefold
truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, ???; Ssu-chiao-i, 778c17
see also:
perfect in sufciency
Chn. yan tsu; yun z
Jpn. ensoku
Frn. partaitement sufsant
Def: one of the four aspects of the perfect teachings;
the perfect sufciency of the interpenetration of all
phenomena.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect levels (of attainment) R

Chn. yan wei; yun wi
Jpn. eni
Frn. perfection des deges
Def: one of the attributes of the perfect teaching. To
reach the highest, perfect level of attainment; to
perfect the stages of attainment. For all levels/stages
to be attained in one level/stage of attainment.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect ones capacity and experience the Buddha

nM
Chn. cheng chi kan fo; chng j gn f
Jpn. jki kanbutsu
Frn. la base rceptive de laction condescendante du
buddha
Def: to perfect ones capacity for enlightenment, and
thus provide the opportunity to experience the
response (grace) of the Buddha, who has bent
down t and descended to our level in order to
save us.
Def-Frn.
see also: empathy and response
perfect person ^
Chn. yan jen; yun rn
Jpn. ennin
Frn. les tres relevant de la doctrine parfaite
65
Def: one who practices the Perfect Teaching.

Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779b21; jysh, T 84.86c
see also:
perfect practice
Chn. yan hsing; yun xng
Jpn. engy
Frn. perfection de pratiques
Def: one of the attributes of the perfect teaching; the
practice of the perfect teachings and the perfect and
sudden (or immediate) cessation and contemplation.
For one practice to include all practices, as Kuan-ting
explains in his introduction to the Mo-ho chih-kuan.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect realization B
Chn. yan cheng; yun zhng Jpn. ensh
Frn. perfection ...
Def: perfect realization of the Buddhist Dharma; used
in the Mo-ho chih-kuan to describe the enlightenment
of Hui-ssu, Chih-is teacher.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfect severance
Chn. yan tuan; yun dun
Jpn. endan
Frn. perfections des suppressions
Def: one of the attributes of the Perfect Teaching; the
perfect severance of all delusion, obstacles; i.e. the
simultaneous severance of the three types of
delusions of views/thought, those which are as
innumerable as the dust, and ignorance.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i 778c18
see also:
Perfect Teaching *
Chn. yan chiao; yun jio
Jpn. engy
Frn. la doctrine parfaite
Def: the complete and perfect teachings that include
the essential truth of both Hnayna and Mahyna.
The direct and complete teaching of the Buddha
Dharma.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c9, 778c16;
see also:
perfectly complete
Chn. yan man; yun mn
Jpn. enman
Frn. parfaitement complet
Skt. paripra
Def: 1) full, complete, fullled, perfected. 2) In Tientai, one of the aspects of the perfect teaching;
perfect in completion or fulllment.
Def-Frn.
66
see also:
perfectly fused, in itself, with the truth

Chn. pen tzu yan jung; bn z yun rng
Jpn. honji eny
Frn.
Def: that which is innately, in itself, perfectly merged
or fused with the truth; as in the Perfect teachings
found in the rst four periods are one with the
Perfect teachings of the Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perfectly integrated threefold truth X

Chn. yan jung san ti; yun rng sn d
Jpn. eny santai
Frn. parfaitement intgres trois vrits
Def: the realization of the Middle Way as the
simultaneous afrmation of and correct insight into
both emptiness and conventional existence; in
contrast to the distinct characteristics of the three
truths and a progressive realization or insight into
them.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, ...; Fa-hua hsan-i, 704c705a
see also: distinct and successive threefold truth
perfectly pure and unmixed |s[F

Chn. chun i wu tza; chn y w z
Jpn. junichi muz
Frn.
Def: the perfection of the Lotus Stra, perfectly pure.
Def-Frn.
see also:
period of retreat; summer retreat H, s@

Chn. an ch, i hsia; n j, y xi
Jpn. ango; ichige
Frn. de sen tenir
Skt. vara
Def: the ninety-day summer retreat; in Tien-tai
practice, the length of time during which one
practices the constantly-sitting and/or constantlywalking samdhi
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 277b12
see also:
perpetual (objective) realm

Chn. chang ching; chng jng
Jpn. jgy
Frn. lobjet ternel
Def: the ongoing realm of the flow of causes and
conditions which neither arises nor passes away
(fush fumetsu ##n), and is the object of the
Buddhas universal wisdom. In Tien-tai, identied
with the reality 7 of the threefold truth in contrast
to the wisdom of the threefold truth.
Appendix A
Def-Frn. Lobjet ternal est dpourvu de caractre

(mus), le savoir ternel est dpourvu demprise
(muen): dpourvu demprise, il a cependant prise
(sur son objet): telle est la triple contemplation.
Dpourvues de caractres, elles ont cependant des
caractres manifestes: telles sont les trois vrits.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779a7; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 9c3
see also: eternal wisdom
(from the) perspective of avor I

Chn. yeh wei; yu wi Jpn. yakumi
Frn.
Def: to preach the dharma from the perspective of one
of ve avors.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also: perspective of time-period, teachings, listener
(from the) perspective of the listener n

Chn. yeh chi; yu j
Jpn. yakuki
Frn.
Def: to preach the Dharma of the basis of the listeners
capacity to understand.
Def-Frn.
see also: perspective of teachings, avor, time-periods
(from the) perspective of the teachings *

Chn. yeh chiao; yu jio
Jpn. yakuky
Def: to teach the Dharma from the perspective of the
teachings themselves
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c22; Fa-hua wen-ch, T 34.2a
see also: perspective of time-periods, listener, avor
(from the) perspective of time-periods

Chn. yeh shih; yu sh Jpn. yakuji
Frn.
Def: to teach the Dharma from the perspective of the
time and situation
Def-Frn.
see also: perspective of listener, teaching, avor
perversions of the mind, of conceptualization, and of

[mistaken] views Ì
Chn.hsin hsiang chien tao; xn xing jin do
Jpn. shin-s-ken
Frn.
Def:the totality of mistaken or perverted cognitive
actions: mental perversions, conceptual perversions,
and perversions that consist of mistaken views.
Def-Frn.
see also:
perverted views DI
Chn. tien tao; din do
Frn.
Skt. *viparysa
Jpn. tent
Def: views that are the opposite, or perversion of, the

correct views; the four perverted views that the world
is permanent, blissful, having selfhood, and pure.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 8a20, 93b894a8
see also:
petitioning the Buddha(s) NM

Chn. ching fo; qng f Jpn. seibutsu
Frn. inviter le buddha
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
950c5951b11
place of enlightenment 1
Chn. tao chang; do chng
Jpn. dj
Frn.
Skt. bodhimaâ
Def: lit. the place, or seat, where the Buddha realized
his enlightenment; by extension, a meditation hall or
a place of practice. Metaphorically, the place and
time where one attains Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2c5, 94b14
see also:
practice based on Dharma [meditation]

Chn. fa hsing; f xng Jpn. hgy
Frn.
Def: practice which has its basis in ones own
experience of meditation; contrasted with practice
based on faith or trust in the teachings that one
hears and learns from those who have mastered the
Dharma.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 56c2759a8
see also: practice based on faith
practice based on faith =

Chn. hsin hsing; xn xng
Jpn. shingy
Frn.
Def: practice which has its basis in faith or trust in the
teachings that one hears and learns from those who
have mastered the Dharma; contrasted with practice
based on Dharma [meditation]
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 26b24, 56c2759a8
see also: practice based on Dharma [meditation]
practice founded on doctrine S*@

Chn. i chiao hsiu hsing; y jio xi xng
Jpn. eky shugy
Frn.
Def: practice which has its basis in sound doctrine or
teachings.
Def-Frn.
67

see also:
practice of faith and understanding =m

Chn. hsin chieh hsing; xn ji xng
Jpn. shingegy
Frn.
Skt. adhimukti
Def: A combination of faith and understanding; a
superior understanding of the Dharma on the basis
of faith in it. To believe, trust, and understand. Also
the name of the fourth chapter of the Lotus Stra,
which contains the parable of the lost son.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 31a7; Lotus Sutra, ch. 4
see also:
practice of [experiential] practice

Chn. hsing hsing; xng xng
Jpn. gygy
Frn.
Def: used in contrast with practice of [intellectual]
wisdom. In the Tzu-ti chan-men Chih-i says, There
are two types of practice. The first is the practice of
wisdom; the second is the practice of practice.... The
practice of practice is so-called because all passions
are conquered and destroyed through this practice.
The second practice of wisdom consists of severing
delusions concerning reality through correct
contemplation of the Four Noble Truths,
conditioned arising, and true emptiness. In an
extensive discussion of the two terms in the Mo-ho
chih-kuan (30b1328) Chih-i identifies the practice of
wisdom as the proper practice, and the practice of
practice as the auxiliary practice.
Def-Frn.
Ref. The Great Collection of Stras, T 13.164a2526; Tzuti chan-men, 535b1317; Mo-ho chih-kuan 30b1328,
53c15.
see also: practice of [intellectual] wisdom
practice of [intellectual] wisdom

Chn. huei hsing; hu xng
Jpn. egy
Frn.
Def: used in contrast with practice of [experiential]
practice. In the Tzu-ti chan-men Chih-i says, There
are two types of practice. The first is the practice of
wisdom; the second is the practice of practice.... The
practice of practice is so-called because all passions
are conquered and destroyed through this practice.
The second practice of wisdom consists of severing
delusions concerning reality through correct
contemplation of the Four Noble Truths,
conditioned arising, and true emptiness. In an
extensive discussion of the two terms in the Mo-ho
chih-kuan (30b1328) Chih-i identifies the practice of
wisdom as the proper practice, and the practice of
practice as the auxiliary practice.
Def-Frn.
Ref. The Great Collection of Stras, T 13.164a2526; Tzuti chan-men, 535b1317; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 30b1328,
68
53c15.
see also: practice of [experiential] practice
practice [for] oneself and [to] save others 5

Chn. tzu hsing hua ta; z xng hu t
Jpn. jigy keta
Frn. pratiquer pour soi et sauver autrui
Def: to practice the Buddhist path oneself and thus to
simultaneously benet, lead, and transform others.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua wen-ch, ch 81; Ssu-chiao-i, 779b1112
see also:
practice with [phenomenal] features oH

Chn. yu hsiang an-le-hsing; y&u xing n l xng
Jpn. yus anrakugy
Frn.
Def: Practices involving well-defined activities such as
cleaning, worship, recitation, formal repentance
ceremonies, and so forth, over a period of three
weeks. According to Hui-ssu, practice with features
is based on the chapter (28) on the
Encouragements of Samantabhadra [and consists
of] chanting the Lotus Stra, striving [to control] the
distracted mind. In doing such things people do not
cultivate dhyna nor enter into samdhi. Whether
one sits or stands or walks, one single-mindedly
concentrates on the text of the Lotus Stra, diligently
praciticing without resting, like trying to save one
whose head is on re. Discussed as part of the bothwalking-and-sitting samdhi, though for Chih-i the
distinction between the practices of the
encouragements of Samantabhadra and peaceful
practices as with or without features is not
admitted.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa hua ching an le hsing i, T 46.700a18b7; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 14a1321
see also: practice without [substantial] features; peaceful
practices
practice without [substantial] features [oH

Chn. wu hsiang an-le-hsing; w xing n l xng
Jpn. mus anrakugy
Frn.
Def: In contrast to the practice with features, this
practice is not restricted to predefined time limits or
specific formal rituals. According to Hui-ssu,
Practice without features is the Peaceful Practice
[based on the fourteenth chapter of the Lotus Stra],
[to contemplate that] in all dharmas, the features of
the mind are quiescent and ultimately do not arise.
Discussed as part of the both-walking-and-sitting
samdhi, though for Chih-i the distinction between
the practices of the encouragements of
Samantabhadra and peaceful practices as with or
without features is not admitted.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa hua ching an le hsing i, T 46.700a18b7; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 14a1321
Appendix A
see also: practice with [phenomenal] features; peaceful

practices
practicing ve supplementary methods 2

Chn. hsing wu fa; xng w( f
Jpn. gy goh
Frn. pratiquer les cinq mthodes
Def: the fifth category of the twenty-five means or
preparations for contemplation: supplementary
practices with regard to desires, diligence,
mindfulness, skillful wisdom, and single-mindedness.
Def-Frn.
Praj Period
Chn. po jo shih; bn ru sh
Jpn. hannya-ji
Frn. la priode de la Sagesse
Def: The fourth of the ve periods in the Tien-tai
doctrinal classication scheme; the period in which
the Buddha preached the Prajpramit stras for
twenty-two years.
Def-Frn. 22 annes qui virent la prdication des stra
de la prajpramit dans lintention dinttrer (yz)
les duex vhicule et de ltrer (tta) les attachements
aux choses grce la rvlation de la Vacuit; cest la
phase de transmission de lhritage, aprs avoir
pris conscience de la Vacuit des phnomnes, les
auditeurs peuvent avancer un stade superieur.
pratyekabuddha $M
Chn. yan cheh fo; yun ju f
Jpn. engaku-butsu
Frn. Eveill par les relations de causalit; veill par un
objet; les Buddha pour soi (buddha-pour-soi);
veills solitaires
Skt. pratyekabudda
Def: a solitary Buddha. One who attains
enlightenment without the benet of hearing the
Buddhas teachings, and thus has middling wisdom
and insight. Also, one who is awakened concerning
conditions, based on insight into conditioned
arising.
Def-Frn. Cest donc par la contemplation des douze
relations de causalit quils comprennent le principe
de vrit. Les veills lositaires apparaissent une
poque o il ny a pas de buddha dans le monde et
rsident en solitaires sure des pics isols o ils se
livrent comprennent ainsi deux-mmes labsence de
production et achve bien que ces deux termes
soient diffrents, ils dsignent les mmes degrs de
pratiques.
Ref.
see also: three vehicles
precepts accompanied by both concentration and

the path w1
Chn. chieh ting tao kung; ji dng do gng
Jpn. kai-jdgu
Frn.
Def: In the Tien-tai scheme, the ideal upholding of
the precepts goes beyond the precepts that
accompany [realizing] the path, which is the highest
of the three kinds of monastic discipline in
Abhidharma theory. In line with the Tien-tai
threefold structure, the ideal upholding of the
precepts is the Middle way that includes both the
spontaneous upholding of the precepts through
attainment of dhyanic concentration (the aspect of
cessation and emptiness), and the spontaneous
upholding of the precepts that accompany
attainment of the path (the aspect of
insight/contemplation/wisdom and reaffirmation of
the conventional).
Def-Frn.
see also: precepts that accompany dhyna meditation,
precepts that accompany the path
precepts that accompany dhyna concentration

w
Chn. ting tung chieh; dng gng ji
Jpn. jgu-kai
Frn.
Def: The upholding of the precepts that comes
spontaneously upon realizing dhyna concentration.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 36b17; Abhidharmakoa, fascicle 14
see also: precepts that accompany dhyna meditation
precepts that accompany the path 1w

Chn. tao kung chieh; do gng ji
Jpn. dgu-kai
Frn.
Skt. ansrava-savara
Def: The highest of the three kinds of monastic
discipline in Abhidharma theory (e.g., Koa, Roll 14).
Within the Hnayna, this pertains only to saints,
being a consequence of their undeled (ansrava)
meditation in the Realm of Form and the Formless
Realm. The lower two types of monastic conduct
pertain respectively to that created by ordinary
(srava) meditation in the Realm of Form, and by
meditation in the Realm of Desire (Donner, p. 344).
The attainment of both severing the passionate
delements and reaching the state of no outows
of passions, and attaining the even higher
achievement of insight or wisdom.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13c19, 35a27, 36b20
see also: four dhyna stages; precepts that accompany
dhyna concentration
69
pre-dhyna preparations J(kG)

Chn. wei chih (tao ti) ting; wi zh (do d) dng
Jpn. mishi(chiji) j
Frn.
Skt. angamya
Def: preliminary dhyna practices where one has not
yet entered into the four dhyna stages proper; to
make preparations for attaining the rst dhyna
state.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b13; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 51a10, 71b2
prediction (of enlightenment) 4z

Chn. shou chi; shu j Jpn. juki
Frn. la prdiction (annonciation)
Skt. vykaraa
Def: for a Buddha to promise, predict, or prophesy
that one will eventually attain Buddhahood.
Def-Frn. court terme donne par le Buddha certain
grands disciples.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.3c, 5b; Ssu-chiao-i, 775c9; Gish,
270c
see also:
preliminary inducements
Chn. nung yin; nng yn
Jpn. shin
Frn.
Def: to cultivate means such as repentance of the
offenses of the six senses as preliminary inducements
to realize awakening. An aspect of practice with
features in contrast to practice without features.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14a20, 36a5
see also: practice with [phenomenal] features
preparing the ve conditions S2$

Chn. ch wu yan; j w( yun
Jpn. gu goen
Frn. runir les cinq conditions
Def: the first category of the twenty-five means or
preparations for contemplation:
upholding the precepts and a pure life w5,
preparing a minimum of food and clothing h7S,
dwelling in a quiet and secluded place E_,
putting an end to mundane duties U$Y, and
approaching a good friend 3F.
Def-Frn.
primary role
Chn. chien fan; qin fn
Jpn. zenban
Frn. des tres avancs
Def: the primary role of the Lotus Stra as the ghee
teaching that saves those who are ready or mature, in
contrast to the nal role (goban 9) of the
70
Mahparinirva Stra as ghee teaching to

recapitulate the entire Buddha Dharma and pick
up those remaining after the Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 268c17
see also: ve avors
Prince Dharma Ability {

Chn. fa tsai wang tzu; f ci wng z
Jpn. hzai ji
Frn.
Def: A gure who appears in the Ying-lo ching as an
example of one who retrogresses from a high stage of
attainment. Some sources identify this figure with
riputra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ying lo ching, T 24.1014c713; Mo-ho chih-kuan
35b15;
see also:
profoundly peaceful /5
Chn. chan jan; zhn rn
Jpn. tannen
Frn. surabondance
Def: very peaceful, quiescent, deep, profound; the
name of the sixth Tien-tai patriarch (711782),
whose commentaries on Chih-is works set the
standard for Tien-tai scholastics,
Def-Frn.
see also:
progressive advancement +
Chn. hsing pu tzu ti; xng b c d
Jpn. gyfu shidai
Frn.
Def: to teach an ascending scale of stages (from
ignorance to Buddhahood); that there are causes
and results which lead to advancing from one stage
to another.
Def-Frn.
see also:
prohibitory precepts 8w
Chn. chin chieh; jn ji
Jpn. kinkai
Frn.
Def: the precepts concerning that which is prohibited,
in contrast to the positive virtues of the good deeds
that one should do.
Def-Frn.
see also:
prophecy z
Chn. chi pe; j bi
Jpn. kibetsu
Frn. prophtie; annonciation
Skt. vykaraa
Def: a prophecy or prediction that one will attain
Appendix A
Buddhahood in the future.

Def-Frn. la possibilit pour les auditeurs daccder
lveil du grand Vhicule.
see also:
public confession and repentance iH

Chn. pi chen chan hui; p zhn chn hu
Jpn. hijin zange
Frn.
Def: part of the ritual in the liturgical repantance for
petitioning Avalokitevara.
Def-Frn.
see also:
public repentance /H
Chn. tuei shou chan hui; du sh&u chn hu
Jpn. taishu zange
Frn. la confession individuelle
Skt. pratideaniya
Def: for a monk to repent and receive remission for a
misdeed or breaking of the precepts. The
repentance is done openly in front of one to four
fellow monks.
Def-Frn.
see also:
pure divine state

Chn. ching tien; jng tin
Jpn. jten
Frn. les dieux du stade de puret
Def: One of three types of divine beings. In the Ta
chih tu lun, the three types of divine beings are the
titled/named divine beings e (earthly kings and
princes), born divine beings (gods such as
Indra and Brahma), and the pure divine beings
(arhats, pratyekabuddhas, and Buddhas).
Def-Frn.
25.112b28c2
see also: three types of divine beings
purifying the six senses 5

Chn. liu ken ching ching; li gn qng jng
Jpn. rokkon shj
Frn. la purication des six facults
Def: for the six sense organs to be perfectly pure; to be
able to sense all things correctly and perfectly; in
Tien-tai, the results gained in the stages of faith.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779b14; Lotus Stra, 51b
see also:
purify the body X

Chn. ching sheng; jng shn
Jpn. jshin
Frn. purifier le corps
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
950b813
R
raft of practice t
Chn. hsing fa; xng d
Jpn. gybatsu
Frn. radeau de pratiques
Def: practice as a raft that one rides to the other
shore of enlightenment
Def-Frn. rappelle la clbre comparison du radeau.
Ref. Gish, 276c27
see also:
real truth
Chn. chen ti; zhn d
Jpn. shintai
Frn. la suprme vrits
Skt. paramrtha-satya
Def: the ultimate truth, the way things truly are, in
contrast to the worldly or mundane truth. Also called
the truth of supreme meaning.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 274a276c; Fa-hua hsan-i, ???
see also: two truths, mundane truth
(that which is to be) realized 8m

Chn. suo chieh; su& ji Jpn. shokai
Frn.
Def: the one common goal of Buddhahood, which is to
be realized by all sentient beings; that which is to be
realized, in contrast to the one who realizes.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 691ab
see also:
realizing the [true] aspects [of reality] Bo

Chn. cheng hsiang; zhng xing
Jpn. shos
Frn. attester les marques
Def: the last of the ten items involved in the practice of
the Lotus Samdhi; to contemplate and realize the
aspects of reality as-they-are.
Def-Frn.
954b19955c5
realm of desire
Chn. y chieh; y ji
Jpn. yokukai
Frn. terre pour lensemble du monde du dsire
Skt. kma-dhtu
Def: this world of desires. Part of this triple world,
including the realm of form and the formless realm.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: triple world
71
realm of form 5
Chn. se chieh; s ji
Jpn. shikikai
Frn. le monde de la forme
Skt. rpa-dhtu
Def: the realm experienced by one in this world who
has severed all desires but still experiences the world
as form. Part of this triple world, which also includes
the realm of desire and the formless realm.
Def-Frn. correspondant aux quatre degrs de
mditation
Ref.
realm of saving others 5

Chn. hua ta ching; hu t jng
Jpn. ketagy
Frn.
Def: According to Chan-jan, the third section in Chihis explanation of contemplating the realm beyond
conceptual thought deals with this topic.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54c55c
see also:
receive permission to preach the dharma 1*

(*$()
Chn. shou chih chuan chiao (chuan chiao fu tsai);
shu ch zhun jio (zhun jio zhun jio)
Jpn. juchoku tengy (tengy fuzai)
Frn.
Def: for rvakas to preach the Dharma (e.g., to
bodhisattvas), as Subhti did in the Prajpramit
stras, under direct orders or instruction from the
Buddha; an attempt to explain why an inferior
rvaka would preach the Dharma to bodhisattvas,
his superiors.
Def-Frn.
Ref. 937c
see also:
receiving donations through an intermediary #

Chn. shuo ching; shu jng
Jpn. setsuj
Frn. le retour de purication
Def: Lit., instructions in purity; when a monk receives
gifts of clothing, bowls, money, food, etc., he must
rst give it away to someone who will manage the
goods in his stead, in order to maintain a purity
unhampered by mundane concerns. This system was
developed to avoid direct accumulation of wealth by
members of the Sangha. The literal term
instructions in purity comes from the ritual that
was developed for such activity, which involved an
explanation of the pure life.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41c13, 18; Hsiao chih-kuan ??
see also:
recite the stra(s)

Chn. sung ching; sng jng
72
Jpn. shoky (?)

Frn. rciter les stra
Lotus Samdhi; in this case reciting the (Threefold)
Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn.
953c16954a8
reection on the fact that in all the world there is no

reason to be happy s#=`
Chn. i chieh shih chien pu ke le hsiang;
y qi sh jin b k l xing
Jpn. issai seken fukaraku s
Frn.
Def: One of a series of ten types of reections or
methods of contemplation. The ten are to reect on
1) impermanence, 2) suffering, 3) the lack of a
permanent self, 4) the impurity of food, 5) the fact
that in all the world there is no reason to be happy, 6)
death, 7) impurity, 8) severance [of passionate
delusions], 9) separation from desires, and 10)
extinction [of afictions].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 17c6; Pacaviati Stra, T
8.219a1113; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.229a232c
see also:
reective and cognitive mind RF

Chn. l chih hsin; l zh xn
Jpn. rychishin
Frn.
Skt. citta
Def: Chih-is denition of citta, as found in the Mo-ho
chih-kuan.
Def-Frn.
see also:
regulate ve matters 2
Chn. tiao wu shih; tio w( sh
Jpn. ch goji
Frn. rgler les cinq activits
Def: the fourth category of the twenty-five means or
preparations for contemplation: regulating ones life
with regard to diet, sleep, the body, breathing, and
the mind.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 47a2448a11;
reject the one-sided and extol the perfect

(teachings) =
Chn. tan pien pao yan; tn pin bo yun
Jpn. danpen hen
Frn.
Skt.
Def: to reject or criticize the biased, one-sided
teachings of the Hnayna, shared, and distinct
Appendix A
teachings, and extol and accept the perfect teachings

of the Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn.
see also:
rejecting the ve impediments m2

Chn. chi wu kai; q w( gi
Jpn. ki gogai
Frn. se dbarrasser des cinq obscurcissements
Def: the third category of the twenty-five means or
preparations for contemplation: rejecting the
impediments to enlightenment of greed, anger,
lethargy, shame, and doubt.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 44c647a23
related ignorance o:[g

Chn. hsiang ying wu ming; xing yng w mng
Jpn. s mumy
Frn. associe ignorance
Skt. sayukta
Def: lit., together, related, bound, associated;
ignorance that is related to or tied up with the
passions, in contrast to ignorance that is
independent of the passions.
Def-Frn.
see also: independent ignorance
relative o
Chn. hsiang tai; xing di
Jpn. stai
Frn. relatif
Def: Chih-i uses the term relative to refer to a sense
of something (e.g., for cessation and contemplation)
in contrast to or with respect to a comparable or
opposite item. The term absolute is used to
indicates its intrinsic meaning without regard to or in
contrast to something else.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 696b13c24; Mo-ho chih-kuan 21b18c21
see also: absolute
relative subtlety oU
Chn. hsiang tai miao; xing di mio
Jpn. staimy
Frn. relatif sublime
Def: that which is subtle only in contrast to that which
is crude; in contrast to that which is subtle in itself.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 696b13c24
see also: absolute subtlety
renouncing the ve sensual desires e2

Chn. ho wu y; h w( y
Jpn. ka goyoku
Frn. rprimer les cinq dsirs
Def: the second category of the twenty-five means or
preparations for contemplation: restraining or

controlling the desires of form, sound, scent, taste,
and touch.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 43c1044c5
repentance without features [oH

Chn. wu hsiang chan hui; w xing chn hu
Jpn. mus sange
Frn.
Def: Repentance that involves realizing the emptiness
of all things. As the Contemplation of Samantrabhadra
says, Ones own mind is empty of self[-existence];
offenses and goodness have no subject [to which they
belong].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14a16; Contemplation of
Samantrabhadra, T 9.392c2627
see also: practice without [substantial] features
repenting [of the offenses] of the six senses H

Chn. liu ken chan hui; li gn chn hu
Jpn. rokkon sange
Frn. faire pnitence surles six facults sensorielles
Lotus Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
952a28953b29
repetitive cause B
Chn. hsi yin; x yn
Jpn. shin
Frn. cause analogue
Skt. vipka-hetu; sabhga-hetu
Def: that which causes a result which is similar to itself;
such as good thoughts causing more good thoughts.
Def-Frn. le fruit semblable sa cause sappelle
coulement
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 20b1; Fa-hua hsan-i, 694a
see also:
repetitive result BF
Chn. hsi kuo; x gu&
Jpn. shka
Frn. fruit dcoulement; fruit analogue
Skt. niyanda-phala
Def: a result which is the same as its cause, such as an
evil thought resulting in more evil thoughts.
Def-Frn. le fruit dcoulement constitue le fruit
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5a24, 20b2
see also: retributive result, repetitive cause
responding to objects as conditions progress q$

Chn. li yan tuei ching; l yun du jng
Jpn. rekien taiky
Frn.
Def: the method of contemplation whereby one
contemplates each thought or experience as it arises.
Def-Frn.
73
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 37b2, (see end of fascicle 7)

see also:
resultant reward F
Chn. kuo pao; gu& bo Jpn. kah
Frn. la rtribution-fruit
Def: the rewards that comes as a result of good deeds;
more specifically, the final reward of Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 695a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 20a24b4
see also:
retributive result F
Chn. pao kuo; bo gu& Jpn. hka
Frn. le fruit de rtribution constitute la rtribution
Def: the type of rebirth or retribution that one
experiences as a result of ones past deeds.
Def-Frn. rtribution ce qui revient en rcompense la
cause.
Ref. Hurvitz, 295; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5a24; Gish 271a
see also:
reward body of enjoyment 1X

Chn. ta shou yung pao sheng; t shu yng bo shn
Jpn. tajy hjin
Frn. corps de rtribution de fruition altruiste
Skt.
Def: the body of the Buddha that is the reward or
recompense for attaining enlightenment. One aspect
of the triple body of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 276b
see also: triple body (of the Buddha)
right concentration 1
Chn. cheng shou; zhng shu
Jpn. shju
Frn. concentration
Skt. samdhi
Def: lit. to accept or experience the right or
proper concentration. An older translation of
samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2a24;
see also: samdhi
rootless faith [=
Chn. wu ken hsin; w gn xn Jpn. mukon-shin
Frn.
Def: a faith without roots. This does not imply
invalid or baseless, but refers to receiving faith
from or through the power or grace of the Buddha,
and not based on ones own deeds or power. It refers
to one without roots in ones own deeds or
attitudes, such as taking refuge in and honoring the
three treasures, to give rise to faith in the Buddha.
The Mahparinirva Stra says, World Honored
One. I look at the world and see that an eraâ seed
gives birth to an eraâ tree. I have not seen an
eraâ [seed] giving birth to a sandalwood tree. I
74
now see for the rst time an eraâ seed giving birth
to a sandalwood tree. [That is to say,] my body is the
eraâ seed, and my mind, with no roots of faith, is
the sandalwood tree. To say no roots [of faith]
means that at rst I did not know or respect the
Tathgata, and did not have faith in the Dharma and
Sangha. This is the meaning of no roots. World
Honored One. If I did not meet the Tathgata, the
World Honored One, then I would have to dwell in a
great hell for immeasurable, uncalculable eons, and
experience immeasurable suffering. But I have now
seen the Buddha, and by seeing the Buddha have
attained virtuous qualities, and destroyed entirely the
evil mind of passionate afictions that belongs to
sentient beings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.727c28728a7; Mo-ho
chih-kuan 54c23
see also: eraâ
S
Sadprarudita (f)
Chn. chang ti pu sa; chng t (p s)
Jpn. Jtei (bosatsu)
Def: one who constantly weeps, a figure from the
Pacaviati Stra known for his diligence in seeking
the perfection of wisdom (prajpramit).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b18; Pacaviati Stra, T
8.416a423c and Ta chih tu lun, T 25.731a744c
see also:
Sgara }8
Chn. so chia lo; su qi lu
Jpn. Sagara
Def: One of the eight great Dragon Kings; Sgara is
capable of bringing rain.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 57b1; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.622ab
see also:
samdhi X*
Chn. san mei; sn mi Jpn. sanmai
Frn. concentration
Skt. samdhi
Def: according to Chih-is gloss, the Buddhist practice
of controlling , rectifying , and stablizing
(concentrating) the mind or ones thoughts, and
the state of concentration attained thereby.
Def-Frn.
Samdhi of Buddhas Standing MCX*

Chn. fo li san mei; f l sn mi Jpn. butsury zanmai
Frn.
Def: another name for the Pratyutpann Samdhi, or
the constantly-walking samdhi, so-called because its
Appendix A
practice allows one to see the present Buddhas of the

ten directions standing in front of one.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12a1913a23; Pratyutpanna
Samdhi Stra, T 13.905906.
see also: constantly-walking samdhi
Samdhi of Contemplating the Buddha MX*

Chn. nien-fo san mei; nin f sn mi
Jpn. nenbutsu sanmai
Frn.
Skt. buddha-anusmti-samdhi
Def: the practice and state of concentration attained by
contemplating (keeping in mind) the Buddha and
his atributes. To contemplate Amitbha Buddha
while chanting his name.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c25; Daabhmika-vibha stra,
T 26.86a88c
see also: constantly-walking Samdhi
samdhi of following ones own thoughts H[X*

Chn. sui-tzu-i san mei; su z y sn mi
Jpn. zui-jii zanmai
Frn. samdhi suivant lesprit
Def: The practice of concentrating on each thought as
it arises in the mind; another name for the Neitherwalking-nor-sitting Samdhi.
Def-Frn. samdhi de la conscience libre (Magnin)
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 14b26ff., Sui-tzu-i san-mei, ZZK 98,
pp. 687707;
see also: samdhi of awakened thoughts, neitherwalking-nor-sitting samdhi
samdhi of awakened thoughts [X*

Chn. cheh i san mei; ju y sn mi
Jpn. kakui zanmai
Frn. samdhi de lEveil
Def: or, being aware of ones thoughts; a state of
concentration wherein one is perfectly conscious and
fully aware of all the tendencies of ones mind and
each thought as it arises; another name for the
neither-walking-nor-sitting samdhi.
Def-Frn. lappelle parce que lesprit y gagne une claire
comprhension de tout ce vers quoi il soriente.
Ref. Gish, 277c; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14b26ff.
see also: samdhi of following ones own thoughts,
neither-walking-nor-sitting samdhi
sasra is (indivisible with) nirva ,R

Chn. sheng szu chi nieh pan; shng s j ni pn
Jpn. shji soku nehan
Frn.
Def: the indivisibility of this world and the perfected
realm of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
see also:
scholars of the She-lun ()

Chn. she (lun) shih; sh (ln) sh
Jpn. sh(ron)shi
Frn.
Def: scholars who specialized in the study and
exposition of the Summary of the Great Vehicle
(Mahynasagraha) [T #1593].
Def-Frn.
see also: scholars of the Ti-lun
scholars of the Ti-lun G()

Chn. ti (lun) shih; d (ln) sh
Jpn. ji(ron)shi
Frn.
Def: scholars who specialized in the study and
exposition of the Treatise on the Ten Stages
(Dabhmika-vibh-stra) [T #1521].
Def-Frn.
see also: scholars of the She-lun
secluded [forest] monastery 0 , 8/

Chn. lan jo, chia lan; ln ru, qi ln
Jpn. rannya, garan
Frn. le monatre
Skt. araya, sagha-rma
Def: the third of three places that are suitable for the
practice of meditation and cessation-andcontemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 42b25; Hsiao chih-kuan, 463b12;
Tzu-ti chan-men, T 46.487b
see also:
secret teaching #O*

Chn. mi mi chiao; m m jio
Jpn. himitsuky
Frn. la doctrine secrte
Def: for certain members of an audience to receive a
secret meaning from the Buddhas teaching while he
is addressing a large assembly; a category emphasized
more in later Tien-tai writings than in Chih-is
works.
Def-Frn. Lors des quatre premire priodes, le
Tathgata, grce au caractre inconcevable des trois
sphres prche certains lenseignement subit,
dautres lenseignement graduel; les uns et les autres
ne se connaissent pas entre eux et il peut ainsi leur
faire obtenir les bienfaits (de sa doctrine).
secret treasury (of the Dharma) #O

Chn. mi mi tsang; m m zng Jpn. himitsuz
Frn.
Def: the wealth of the Dharma and teaching
concerning it, which are hidden and unknown to
ordinary, ignorant people; the shelter where one
dwells in the truth; to know that nirva completely
75
includes the three virtuous qualities of liberation,

wisdom, and the Dharma body.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 7a3, 20bc2, 23a1721;
Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.616b911
see also:
seeds of the Tathgata Z)

Chn. yu lai chung; r li zh&ng
Jpn. nyoraishu
Frn. germes dAinsi-Venu
Skt. tathgatagotra
Def: the family, lineage, or seeds of the Tathgata;
in the Vimalakrti Stra, the idea that this defiled world
is the place where the Tathgata grows and appears,
as flowers bloom in the mud; hence, the passions
(klea) are the family/seeds of the Tathgata, and (as
Chih-i says), the owers grow in well-fertilized soil.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 47a6; Vimalakrti Stra, T
14.549b1213
see also:
seek what is above and save those that are below

45
Chn. shang chiu hsia hua; shng qi xi hu
Jpn. jgu geka
Frn.
Def: Seeking what is above is ones own quest for
enlightenment, and saving those that are below
refers to the bodhisattvas altruistic activity in seeking
to save others.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4a10; 6a18ff.
see also:
seeking the path of the Buddha above, and saving

sentient beings below M145L
see seek what is above and save those that are below
self, others, together, or separately ?

Chn. tzu ta kung li; z t gng l
Jpn. ji ta g ri
Frn.
Def: a form of the tetrallemma. A thought arises not
from itself, nor from something else, nor from both,
nor apart from [itself and something else].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c14; 8a29
see also: tetralemma
sense faculty
Chn. ken; gn
Jpn. kon
Frn.
Skt. indriya
Def: lit., root. The five sense faculties, or organs, of
the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body; the organs for
the five senses.
Def-Frn.
76
see also:
sense object a
Chn. chen; chn
Jpn. jin
Frn.
Skt. artha, viaya
Def: lit., dust. The objects of our senses. The defiled
objects of our unenlightened experiences. Also
translated as .
Def-Frn.
see also:
sentient beings and the world in which they dwell

S
Chn. i cheng erh pao; y zhng r bo
Jpn. esh nih
Frn. pays/contre et tres
Def: Lit., the direct karmic retribution induced by
ones own deeds and the karmic retribution induced
indirectly from our environment. Our bodies and
minds and the phenomenal world.
Def-Frn. labrviation des deux termes eh et shh,
dsignant le premier la rtribution karmique
indirecte que constitue lensemble de lunivers qui
sera la thtre de lexistence reue, et le second la
rtribution directe reprsente par le corps et la
constitution psychique qui est le support mme du
fruit karmique.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, T46.776a13; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b45
see also: direct karmic retribution, indirect karmic
retribution.
seven Buddhas (of the past) M

Chn. chi fo; q f
Jpn. shichi butsu
Frn.
Def: a line of seven Buddhas that culminates in the
appearance of kyamuni, preceded by Vipayin
(Vipassin), (Khu)ikhin, Vivabh (Vessabh),
Krakucchanda (Koâa), Kanakamuni
(Kongamana), and Kyapa (Kassapa).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
seven common (hermeneutical) steps m

Chn. chi fan kung chieh; q fn gng ji
Jpn. shichiban gge
Frn. sept tapes de lexplication
Def: the seven hermeneutical steps in interpreting a
text: 1. discourse on the title, essence, function, gist,
and teachings of the text; 2. quoting scripture; 3.
discourse of the order of the title, etc.; 4. analyzing
the meaning of the text; 5. catechism, questions and
answers concerning the text; 6. practice
(contemplation) based on the text; and 7.
classication in relation to other texts and teachings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Appendix A
seven components of awakening ([)

Chn. chi cheh (i) chih; q ju (y zh
Jpn. shichi kaku shi
Frn.
Skt. sapta bodhygni
Def: or, seven limbs of enlightenment; characteristics
of awakening or being fully aware of things asthey-are; the sixth category of the thirty-seven steps
on the path:
1. mindfulness (smtisabodhyga);
2. the faculty for discerning good dharmas from bad
ones (dharmapravicayasabodhyga);
3. diligence {m (vryasabodhyga);
4. joy ] (prtisabodhyga);
5. serenity (pracrabhisabodhyga);
6. concentration (samdhisabodhyga);
7. equanimity/indifference ` (upekasabodhyga).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 13c16, 14c, 30c8, 89c1621;
Cheh-i san-mei, 46.461c462b; Hurvitz, pp. 34546;
Graded Themes, 682b16c10
seven evil physical and verbal acts XS

Chn. chi sheng kou chi chih; q shn k&u q zh
Jpn. shin-ku shichishi
Frn.
Def: seven out of the ten evil deeds: the physical acts of
killing, stealing, and improper sexual activity, and
the verbal acts of lying, slander, harsh words, and
frivolous speech.
Def-Frn.
see also: ten evil deeds
seven jewels (treasures)

Chn. chi pao; q bo
Jpn. shichih
Frn.
Skt. sapta-ratna
Def: A traditional list of seven jewels or treasures: gold
(suvara), silver (rpya), lapis lazuli (vai^rya),
moonstone (sphaika), agate (musragalva), coral
(lohita-muktik), and amber (amagarbha). The Lotus
Stra (Hurvitz translation) has: gold, silver, vai^rya,
giant clam shell, agate, pearl, and carnelian.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1b17; Lotus Stra, T 9.21b2021,
46c
see also:
seven preparatory stages R

Chn. chi fang pien wei; q fn bin wi
Jpn. shichi hben i
Frn.
Def: the seven stages prior to arhatship; i.e. the three
levels of acquiring erudition (sanken-i, gebon) and the
four stages of good roots (shizenkon-i, naibon).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777a45, Mo-ho chih-kuan, 20a27; 42c6

see also: three levels of acquiring erudition, four good
roots; seven types of wise people
seven sages /
Chn. chi sheng; q shng
Jpn. shichi-sh
Frn.
Def: A detailed classication of the stages of the arhat:
those who practice according to faith, those who
practice according to the Dharma, those with faith
and understanding, those who have attained insight,
those who have physical attestation [for their
attainment?], those with wisdom and liberation, and
those who are endowed with liberation.
Def-Frn.
see also:
[land of] seven means )

see: land where skillful means remain
seven types of wise people

Chn. chi hsien; q xin
Jpn. shichi-ken
Frn.
Def. Those who have attained three levels of wisdom
(the ve basic kinds of meditation aimed at putting
an end to unwholesome attitudes; the distinct stages
of mindfulness where one overcomes four obstacles
of the impurity of the body, the suffering of feelings,
the impermanence of mind, and the emptiness of
dharmas; and the general stage of mindfulness
having proceeded beyond the previous stage) and
the four good roots that are preparatory for attaining
arhatship (burning away the passions with the re of
wisdom, the crossroads, the patience to accepting the
truth, the highest worldly stage).
Def-Frn.
see also: seven preparatory stages, three levels of
acquiring erudition, four good roots; seven sages
shadow of the whip

Chn. pien ying; bin yng
Jpn. bengei (?)
Frn.
Def: an analogy for a person with advanced or keen
capabilities, based on a simile from the Sayuktagama. The simile speaks of four kind of horses,
those that respond merely by seeing the shadow of
the whip, by being pricked lightly by the whip, by
receiving a good whack, and by having its esh
pierced to the bone. The rst horse is compared to
one who realizes the truth of suffering and ill and
acts accordingly by only hearing of the suffering of
others, the second upon actually seeing the suffering
or death of others, the third by seeing the suffering
or death of relatives, and the fourth by ones own
physical suffering.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 19a23, 34c5; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.62a78; Sayuktgama, 2.234a16b20;
77
429b15c10
see also: nimble horse
Shared advancing to Distinct F

Chn. pieh chieh tung; bi ji tng
Jpn. betsu sh ts
Frn. de lentement de la doctrine particulire sur la
commune
Def: to make a spiritual quantum leap from the level of
the Shared Teaching to that of the Distinct.
Def-Frn.
see also: Shared advancing to Perfect
Shared advancing to Perfect F

Chn. yan chieh tung; yun ji tng
Jpn. en sh ts
Frn. lentement de la doctrine partaite sur la commune
Def: to make a spiritual quantum leap from the level of
the Shared Teaching to that of the Perfect.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 34c2135a10
see also: Shared advancing to Distinct
shared delusions F
Chn. tung huo; tng hu
Jpn. tswaku
Frn. garements communs
Def: the delusions common to or shared among the
rvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas;
synonymous with deluded views and attitudes; in
contrast to distinct delusions that are severed only by
bodhisattvas.
Def-Frn.
see also: distinct delusions
shared (common, general) interpretation F

Chn.tung shih; tng sh
Jpn. tsshaku
Frn. lexgse gnrale
Def: the shared, common, or general
interpretation, in contrast to the distinct
interpretation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, ???
see also: distinct interpretation
Shared Teaching F*
Chn. tung chiao; tng jio
Jpn. tsgy
Frn. la doctrine commune
Def: One of the four types of teachings in the Tien-tai
doctrinal classication scheme; the teachings that are
common or shared among the Hnayna and
Mahyna, and which emphasize emptiness.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 774c14, 777c7ff.
see also: four teachings according to content, Fourfold
Teachings
sharp (skillful) faculties 2

Chn. li ken; l gn
Jpn. rikon
Frn. rceptivit aigu
78
Def: those with sharp or rened capabilities, who are

able to easily accept and practice the Buddhas
teachings; in contrast to those with dull faculties.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: dull faculties, inferior faculties
sign of the Buddha M|

Chn. fo yin; f yn
Jpn. butsuin
Frn.
Skt. buddha-uddna
Def: the seal of the Buddha or Buddhahood; that
which represents its meaning. Chih-i identifies this
as, in short, emptiness: no thing to covet, no thing
to attach to, no thing to seek, no thing to
conceptualize, the exhaustion of Being, the
exhaustion of desires, no thing that leads to birth, no
thing that can be extinguished, no thing that can be
destroyed or defeated. What is essential to the path
and fundamental to the paththis is the sign [of the
Buddha (Dharma)].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 12c2813a2; Pratyutpanna Samdhi
Stra, 919b6c5
see also:
sign of the Dharma |

Chn. fa yin; f yn
Jpn. hin
Frn.
Skt. dharma-uddna
Def: the seal of the Dharma or reality; that which
represents its meaning. The three or four
fundamental ideas that serve as the sign of the
Buddhist teachings: all things are transient, all
dharmas are Seless, all experience involves
suffering, and (when a fourth is added) nirva is
quiescence.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
sign of the dharmadhtu |

Chn. fa chieh yin; f ji yn
Jpn. hokkaiin
Frn.
Skt. *dharmadhtu-uddna
Def: the seal of the dharmadhtu; that which
represents its meaning. A more common phrase is
|, the sign of the Dharma (Skt., dharma-uddna).
Def-Frn.
see also: sign of the Dharma
single-practice samdhi sX*

Chn. i hsing san mei; y xng sn mi
Jpn. ichigy zanmai
Frn. de samdhi de la pratique unique
Skt. eka-vyha samdhi
Def: Conze (Short, p. 101), based on the Sanskrit,
translates as One Single Array, dened as the
Appendix A
reviewing of the duality of no dharma whatsoever.

Garma Chang (Treasury, p. 109) translates as Single
Deed Samdhi. Faure (Traditions of Meditation, p.
99128) translates as one-practice samadhi.
Opinion is divided on the meaning of this term. It
can be taken to mean concentrating on a single
practice, such as just chanting the name of the
Buddha or just sitting (the methodological
interpretation), or it can also mean concentrating
the mind on a single point, the single object of
ones contemplation, namely, the dharmadhtu, the
one supreme truth, or dharmakya (the ontological
interpretation); another name for the constantlysitting samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 11a2812a28; Teachings of Majur
T 8.731a21c10;
see also: constantly-sitting samdhi
single thought-moment s
Chn. i nien; y nin
Jpn. ichinen
Frn.
Def: the focus of contemplation; to realize
enlightenment in a single thought
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, ??
see also: trichiliocosm in a single thought
singularly chant B
Chn. chuan cheng; zhun chng
Jpn. sensh
Frn.
Def: to chant the name of a single Buddha (usually
Amitbha), e.g., during the practice of the
constantly-sitting or constantly-walking samdhi, to
help dispel distractions and aid in concentration.
Def-Frn.
see also: just sitting
sit properly 2
Chn. tuan tsuo; dun zu
Jpn. tanza
Frn.
Def: to sit in meditation with the proper posture, to sit
properly
Def-Frn.
see also:
sitting in meditation ,
Chn. tsuo chan; zu chn
Jpn. zazen
Frn. sasseoir en mditation
Def: to practice meditation in the sitting position. One
of the ten items involved in the practice of the Lotus
Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
954a9b28
six abodes W
Chn. liu chu; li zh Jpn. rokujy
Frn. les six abode
Def: a classification based on the Bodhisattva-bhmi: 1)
the abode of one's nature (gotra) )W; 2) the abode
of practicing liberating understanding mW, 3) the
abode of a pure mind W, 4) the abode of the
tracks of practicing the path/way 1)W, 5) the
abode of determination W, and 6) the ultimate
abode W.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 60b1820; Bodhisattva-bhmi, T
30.901a713
see also:
six actions 6
Chn. liu tso; li zu
Jpn. rokusa
Frn. les six activits
Def: the activities of walking , standing or staying W,
sitting , lying down d, speaking (and silence) B,
and general movement 66. Sometimes speaking
and being silent are divided into the fifth and six
activities.
Def-Frn. la marche, larrt, la position assise, la
position couche, la parole, laction.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15c17b, 100b17c20; Cheh-i sanmei, 46.624c2122; Gish, 278b
see also:
six contemplative practices

Chn. liu hsing kuan; li xng gun
Jpn. rokugykan
Frn.
Def: to contemplate progressively the dust of passions
, suffering N, and obstacles of this world, and
the quietude , subtlety U, and liberation ? of the
realm of the Buddha.
Def-Frn.
see also: six subtle gates of contemplation; six
[contemplative] practices
six desires [of a woman] 5

Chn. liu se; li s
Jpn. rokuyoku
Frn.
Def: (1) desire for color [or sexiness] 5, (2)
desire for [good] appearance [or a comely face]
, (3) desire for a noble demeanor Xz,
(4) desire for [beautiful] words and sounds
B3, (5) desire for delicacy , and (6) a
desire for [attractive] physical marks ô.
Def-Frn.
see also:
six destinies (of transmigration) 1

Chn. liu tao sheng szu; li do shng s
Jpn. rokud shji
Frn. les six mondes
Skt. gati
79
Def: the rst six of the ten destinies or ten dharma

realms: hell G (naraka), beasts T (tiryagyoni),
hungry spirits i (preta), asura @ (asura), humans
^(manuaya), and the divine beings (deva).
Def-Frn. le monde des tres infernaux, des animaux,
des dmons affams, des titans, des hommes, des
dieux (de auditeurs, des buddha-pour-soi, des
bodhisattva, des buddha)
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776a16; Gish, 271a
see also: ten destinies
six divine realms of desire

Chn. liu y tien; li y tin
Jpn. rokuyokuten
Frn.
Def: part of the twenty-ve realms of existence; the six
heavenly realms in the realm of desire: the heaven of
the four heavenly kings (cturmahrjika v);
the thirty-three heavens (tryastrisa XYX; the
heaven of the thirty-three gods); the heaven of Yma
(%); the Tuita heaven (tuita B), the
heaven of blissful transformations, where one enjoys
objects of bliss created by oneself (nirmarati
5), and the heaven where one enjoys objects
of bliss created by other divine beings (paranirmita
vaavartin 5$).
Def-Frn.
see also: twenty-ve realms of existence
six (Hnayna) perfections (at the level of

phenomena) E
Chn. shih liu tu; sh li d
Jpn. jirokudo
Frn. six grandes vertus phnomnales
Def: the six virtues of the gamas, at the level of
understanding reality in terms of arising and
perishing; the six virtues of the bodhisattvas of the
Tripiaka Teaching, in contrast to the six virtues
(pramit) of the Prajpramit stras.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775a10; Gish, 271c
see also: six perfections (at the level) of non-arising, six
perfections
Six Identities ,
Chn. liu chi; li j
Jpn. rokusoku
Frn. des six identits
Def: The six levels of understanding the integrated
nature of all reality. The Tien-tai classication of
the fty-two bodhisattva stages into six
interpenetrating levels: 1) identity in
principle/reality 7, (risoku), that all things are
inherently endowed with the buddha nature and the
principle of reality as the threefold truth; 2) verbal
identity e, (myji-soku), to hear the words
concerning the dharma and reach an intellectual
understanding; 3) identity in contemplative practice
, (kangy-soku), to meditate on and practice
reality as threefold truth; 4) identity in outer
80
appearance o, (or resemblance; sji-soku), to

become related, or have a semblance to, true
enlightenment, to sever all obstacles of mistaken
views and thoughts of this triple world; 5) identity in
partial realization _B, (bunsh-soku), to have
complete insight into the threefold truth and awake
from all ignorance; 6) ultimate identity , (kukysoku), ultimate enlightenment.
Def-Frn. 1) lidentit de principe, 2) lidentit de
dnomination, 3) lidentit de contemplation, 4)
lidentit danalogie, 5) lidentit de ralit
fractionnelle, 6) lidentit absolue.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780a; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5b13, 10b11a,
18b;
see also:
six [incarnations of] Avalokitevara 3

Chn. liu kuan shih yin; li gun sh yn
Jpn. roku kanzeon
Frn.
Def: the six incarnations of Avalokitevara explained by
Chih-i as part of a certain type of liturgical
repentance; these six have the power to destroy the
three kinds of obstacles in the six lower destinies:
1
2
3
4
Avalokitevara as Great Compassion 3

Avalokitevara as Great Mercy 3
Fearless Lion-like Avalokitevara {[a3
Avalokitevara as Universally Shining Great Light
M33
5 Avalokitevara as the Divine Hero ^&3
6 Avalokitevara as Mahbrahm the Profound
LX3
Def-Frn.
see also:
six mindfulnesses
Chn. liu nien chu; li nin ch
Jpn. rokunensho
Frn.
Def: six types of mindfulness: 1) mindfulness of the
Buddha M, to be mindful of and want to become a
Buddha; 2) mindfulness of the Dharma , to be
mindful of the Buddha's teachings and be committed
to it; 3) mindfulness of the Sangha T, to be
mindful of cultivating the path of a home-departed
one; 4) mindfulness of the precepts w, to be
mindful of keeping the precepts; 5) mindfulness of
giving (or the mindfulness of abandonment
`), to be mindful of giving to others; and 6)
mindfulness of the divine realms , to be mindful
of the possibility of being reborn in the divine realms
due to the merit accumulated from practicing the
Buddhist path.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 77c25-78a1
see also: four mindfulnesses
Appendix A
six obscurations a
Chn. liu pi; li b
Jpn. rokuhei
Frn. six vices
Skt. sa^vipaka
Def: the six delements that cover the mind, the
opposite of the six perfections: avarice/covetousness
l (mtsarya), immorality/breaking the precepts
&w (dula), anger (vypda), indolence/sloth
= (kusda), distractedness/lack of concentration
_( (vikepa), stupidity/ignorance T| (m^ha).
Def-Frn. la convoitise, linconduite, la colre, la
paresse, la distraction, la sottise; les six vices qui font
obstacle la pratique des six grandes vertus sont
contrecarrs par la seule prajpramit.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 780c12; Gish, 265b; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
17b17, 86c10, 116b; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.303c24304b6
see also: six perfections
six perfections E
Chn. liu tu; li d
Jpn. rokudo
Frn. les six grandes vertus
Skt. pramit
Def: the six virtues that allow one to reach the other
shore of enlightenment: charity (giving), keeping the
precepts, patience, diligence, meditation, and
wisdom.
Def-Frn. don, conduite, patience, nergie, arrt des
maux, sagesse.
Ref. Gish, 265b; Graded Themes, 686a16687c20
see also:
six perfections (at the level) of non-arising [E

Chn. wu sheng liu tu; w shng li d
Jpn. mush rokudo
Frn. les six grandes vertus du sans-production
Def: the six perfections (pramit) as practiced by
bodhisattvas of the Shared Teaching, wherein reality
is understood as non-arising.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 271c
see also: six (Hnayna) perfections
six periods of the day x

Chn. liu chia; li ji
Jpn. rokk
Frn.
Def: the six periods of a day: Evening, midnight, early
morning, morning, noon, and afternoon, and the
various cycles associated with this system.
Def-Frn.
see also: six times
six [contemplative] practices

Chn. liu hsing; li xng
Jpn. rokugy
Frn.
Def: A set of practices in which one contemplates this
world as crude , full of suffering N, and a
hindrance to enlightenment; and contemplates
the realm of the Buddha as quiescence , wonderful

U, and free ?.
Def-Frn.
see also: six subtle gates of contemplation; six
contemplative practices
six senses
Chn. liu ju; li r
Jpn. rokuny
Frn.
Skt. a^-yatana
Def: sight, hearing, smell, tasting, touch, and
consciousness; the perception of color, sound, odor,
taste, touch, and mental phenomena.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: twelve (sense) entrances, eighteen realms
six sense organs

Chn. liu ken; li gn
Jpn. rokkon
Frn.
Skt. a^-indriya
Def: the sense organs of sight, hearing, smell, tasting,
touch, and consciousness: the eyes, nose, ears,
tongue, body, and mind.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: twelve (sense) entrances, eighteen realms
six subtle gates [of contemplation] U

Chn. liu miao fa men; li mio f mn
Jpn. rokumyhmon
Frn.
Def: the six subtle gates of contemplation through
which one can pass to nirva. These six gates are
the specic theme of Chih-is Liu-miao fa-men U
(T #1917, 549555), which in the Tien-tai scheme
teaches the undetermined or variable type of
contemplation:
1. the gate of counting ones breaths : to calm
ones mind by counting ones breaths from one to
ten.
2. the gate of following after ones breaths H: to
calm ones mind not by counting ones breaths but
by breathing freely and spontaneously.
3. the gate of stopping (sthna) : to calm and
quiet ones mind by focussing through
concentration on a single object.
4. the gate of contemplation : to contemplate the
object of concentration.
5. the gate of returning, restoring, or reection
o: to reect on the mind of contemplation and
realize its emptiness, and and restore the
original mind.
6. the gate of purity : for the mind to be pure and
unattached to anything.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Liu-miao fa-men U, T #1917, 549555; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 51b17, 108a; Graded Themes, T
46.673a11b29
81
see also: six contemplative practices
six supranormal powers (e)F

Chn. liu (shen) tung; li (shn) tng
Jpn. roku(jin)ts
Frn. les six supersavoirs
Skt. abhij
Def: Six supranormal or supernatural powers possessed
by an enlightened person: 1) the ability to appear
anywhere one wishes X[; 2) the ability to see
ones own and others future lives Q; 3) the ability
to hear sounds that others cannot hear ; 4) the
ability to read other peoples minds F; 5) the
ability to perceive ones own and others past lives
ff; and 6) the ability to remove ones passionate
afictions .
Def-Frn.1. le savoir de lopration magique
(ddhividhijna, ddhiviayajna)
2. loue divine (divyarotra)
3. le savoir de la pense dautrui (cetaparyyajana,
paracittajna)
4. le souvenir de [ses] anciennes rsidences (ou
existences) (prvanivsnusmtijna)
5. le savoir de la mort et de la renaissance de tres
(cyutyupapdajna), encore appel divyacakus, loeil
divin
6. le savoir de la destruction des impurets
(sravakayajna)
Ref. Ta chi tu lun, 264a21265b16; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
1b18, 14a23; 97a23; Graded Themes, 678b19c20
see also: five supranormal powers
six times
Chn. liu shih; li sh
Jpn. rokuji
Frn.
Def: the six periods of a day: Early morning, mid-day,
sunset, early evening, mid-night, and late night.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 14a12, 98a
see also: six periods
sixteen meditations on the Four Noble Truths

Yo
Chn. shih liu hsing hsiang; sh li xng xing
Jpn. jroku gys
Frn. seize aspects de la pratique du degr de chaleur
ayant pour objet les quatre vrit
Skt. oâkram
Def: to contemplate each of the Four Truths in four
ways: 1) the truth of suffering as transiency (anitya)
[e, suffering (dukha) N, emptiness (nya) W,
and without selfhood (antman) [a; 2) the truth of
the origin of suffering as cause (hetu) , arising
(samudaya) T, birth (prabhava) , and conditions
(pratyana) $; 3) the truth of extinction as extinction
(nirodha) , quiescence (nta) n, wonderful
(prata) U, and separation (hihsaraa) m; and 4) the
truth of the path as path (mrga) 1, thusness (nyya)
, practice (pratipatti) , and liberation (nairynika)
/.
82
Def-Frn. 1) vrit sure la douleur: impermanente,

douloureuse, vide, dpourvu de soi; 2) vrit sur
lorigine: en tant que cause, comme origine,
production successive, comme effet des conditions;
3) vrit sur la destruction: destruction, apaisante,
excellente, dissocie; 4) vrit sur la Voie: comme
voie, conforme, progressante, menant au-del.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 7a9, 30c12; Abhidharmakoa, T
29.122c, Ta cheng i sheng, T 44.790a; Graded Themes,
680c10681a13
see also: Four Noble Truths
sixteen superior (forms of meditation) Y

Chn. shih liu te sheng; sh li t shng
Jpn. jroku tokush
Frn.
Def: sixteen forms or grades of meditation or
contemplation, arranged vertically (to be followed
in order, from easy to difficult?) in contrast to the
horizontal (not to be practiced in any particular
order) listing of the various forms of contemplation
known as the six subtle gates (add details, list??)
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.673c1674c5
see also: six subtle gates
sixteen truths Y
Chn. shih liu ti; sh li d
Jpn. jroku tai
Frn.
Def: Contemplating each of the Four Noble Truths as
consisting of four aspects:
a. Contemplating the truth of suffering as (1) the
transiency (anitya) of all dharmas, (2) as consisting of
an overbearing suffering (dukha), (3) as lacking an
ultimate basis (nya), and (4) without substantial
existence (antmaka).
b. Contemplating the truth of the causes of suffering as
(5) that all deluded activity acts as a cause (hetu) for
future suffering, (6) the accumulation (samudaya) of
causes for future suffering, (7) the birth (prabhava) of
continued suffering, and (8) the conditions
(pratyaya) for future suffering.
c. Contemplating the truth of extinction as (9)
extinction (nirodha) of physical restraints, (10)
quieting (nta) of the confusion of passions, (11)
the subtle wonder (praita) of the absence of all evil
dis-ease, and (12) liberation (nihsaraa) from all
difculties.
d. Contemplating the truth of the Path as (13) the way
(marga) to extinction, (14) being in sync (nyya) with
true reality, (15) the practice (pratipatti) which leads
one to nirva, and (16) the escape (nairyika)
from sasra.
Def-Frn.
see also: sixteen meditations on the Four Noble Truths
sixteen (mistaken) views YF

Chn. shih liu chih chien; sh li zh jin
Appendix A
Jpn. jroku chiken

Frn.
Def: sixteen varient mistaken views concerning the
existence of a Self (add details, list??)
Def-Frn.
see also: sixteen truths
sixty-two kinds of [mistaken] views Y

Chn. liu shih erh chien; li sh r jin
Jpn. rokuj-ni ken
Frn.
Def: the totality of mistaken views: Kuan-tings
commentary to the Mahparinirva Stra (T
38.169ab) has: the ve skandhas in the desire realm
are multiplied by the four phrases of the existence
tetralemma, making twenty views. The five skandhas
are again multiplied by the four phrases of the
tetralemma for the form realm, producing an
additional twenty. Since there is no form in the
formless realm, four skandhas are multiplied by the
four phrases, making sixteen. The two extreme views
of eternalism and annihilationism are added for each
of the three realms, producing another six views, for
a total of sixty-two. Chih-i in Fa-hua wen-ch offers the
following explanation: the ve skandhas can be
viewed as the self, or as separate from the self, or as
greater than the self, or as smaller that the self,
making twenty possibilities. This is multiplied by the
three times to yield sixty, and the two fundamental
false views of permanence and annihilation are
added to make sixty-two.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 16a19, 36a2122, 44b1, 81c22; Fahua wen-ch, 56b58
see also:
skillful deliverance _E
Chn. chiao tu; qio d Jpn. gud
Frn.
Def: the more proficient deliverance of Mahyna in
contrast to the clumsy deliverance of the Hnayna
or Tripitaka Teachings. Deliverance through both
cessation-and-contemplation, or the more proficient
levels of threefold cessation and threefold
contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 24a2ff.; Ta chih tu lun, 107a.
see also: clumsy deliverance, threefold cessation,
threefold contemplation
softening ones light (and joining with the dust)

M(|a)
Chn. ho kuang (tung chen); h gung (tng chn)
Jpn. wak (djin)
Frn.
Def: A phrase from Lao-tzus Tao-te ching, part 4. The
full phrase reads, [The tao] softens its light and
joins the dust [of the mundane world]. Chih-i uses
this phrase to illustrate the activity of the bodhisattva
who chooses to remain in the dust of the samsric

realm in order to help other sentient beings; this is
characteristic of those who practice the samdhi of
following ones thoughts in that one remains within
the context of secular activities and evil conditions
while practicing, instead of isolating oneself in the
mountains or monastary.This is also a characteristic
of the bodhisattvas of the Distinct Teaching.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 19b26, 80a16
see also:
rvaka l
Chn. sheng wen; shng wn
Jpn. shmon
Frn. les auditeurs
Skt. rvaka
Def: a disciple of the Buddha. Lit, voice-hearer, or
one who hears the teachings of the Buddha. In
Tien-tai, the disciple of the Buddha who follows the
Tripiaka Teachings and thus has inferior wisdom
and insight compared to that of the Mahyna
bodhisattva.
Def-Frn.
see also:
stage of (realizing ones) nature G

Chn. hsing ti; xng d Jpn. shji
Frn.
Skt. gotrabh
Def: the second of the ten stages common to those of
the three vehicles; the level of the (low-level) insider,
a Buddhist of little understanding, where on
practices the four good roots; the rst stage of having
just begun practice; the level at which one rst
catches a glimpse of the truth (dharmat).
Def-Frn. On y obtient par analogie leau de la nature
des choses et les garement des vues et penses y
sont rprims; cest le degr profane intrieur
(naibon), du niveau des quatre racines de bien de la
doctrine des corbeilles.
see also:
stage of abiding in all mistaken views sWG

Chn. chien i chieh chu chu ti;
jin y qi ch ch zh d
Jpn. ken issai shojji
Frn.
Def: all mistaken views in the triple world; one of the
four stages of abiding.
Def-Frn.
see also:
stage of accumulating equipment cR

Chn. tzu liang wei; z ling wi
Jpn. shiryi
Frn.
Skt. sambhra
83
Def: the stage of preparation for higher practices, the

stage of accumulating capital for advancing to
higher stages; in Tien-tai, the Hnayna stages of
the outsider (gebon).
Def-Frn.
see also:
stage of completion/discernment CG
Chn. i pien ti; y bin d Jpn. iben-ji
Frn. la terre du Discern
Skt. kta karayam, ktvi-bhmi
Def: the seventh of the ten stages common to rvakas,
pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. The stage at
which one severs all views and obstacles to knowledge
in the triple worldhere rvakas enter nirva
without remainder.
Def-Frn. La substance des passions seule est supprime,
tandis que les imprgnations ne peuvent y tre
entames, de la mme faon que subsiste du charbon
de bois une fois le bois brl.
see also: ten stages
stage of the eighth person k^(T)G

Chn. pa jen (jen) ti; b rn (rn) d
Jpn. hachinin-ji
Frn.
Skt. aamaka-bhmi
Def: the third of the ten stages common to rvakas,
pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. The stage
comparable to the eighth stage of rvakas who have
entered the stream and are irreversibly on their
way to nirva. Identified by Chih-i as corresponding
to the eight kinds of patience (or receptivity; thus
also referred to as kTG) that give rise to wisdom: at
the stage of the eighth person a bodhisattva has the
patience (receptivity) from realizing that dharmas do
not arise [T (72c14). The level of having insight
into the Four Noble Truths.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Pancavimati Stra, T 8.259c; Ssu-chiao-i,
777c1416; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71c28, 72c14
see also: eight kinds of patience; ten stages
stage of heat |R
Chn. nuan wei; nun wi
Jpn. nani
Frn. chauffement
Skt. uma-gata
Def: one of the four preparatory stages, or four good
roots. Arousing an approximate understanding
through mindfulness and attaining insight into the
sixteen aspects of the Four Noble Truths.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776b17, 777a3
stage of insight (into the Four Noble Truths) G

Chn. chien ti; jin d
84
Jpn. kenji
Frn.
Skt. darana-bhmi
Def: the fourth of the ten stages common to those of
the three vehicles; corresponds to attaining the fruit
of the streamwinner; the level at which one has
insight into the Four Noble Truths and severs all
mistaken views in the triple world.
Def-Frn.
Ref. PPS, T 8.259c; Ssu-chiao-i, 777c1416
stage of passionate attachment to that with form

5(WG
Chn. se ai chu ti; s i zh d
Jpn. shikiai jji
Frn.
Def: one of the four stages of abiding; all mistaken,
deluded thoughts (or all obstacles to truth
knowledge, in the realm of form.
Def-Frn.
see also: four stages of abiding
stages of practice R
Chn. hsing wei; xng wi
Jpn. gyi
Frn.
Def: the stages of practice leading to enlightenment.
Def-Frn.
see also:
stage of separation from desires ?G

Chn. li y ti; l y d
Jpn. riyokuji
Frn.
Skt. vita-rga-bhmi
Def: the sixth of the ten stages common to all three
vehicles; the stage at which one is separated from the
realm of desire by severing all obstacles to knowledge
in that realm.
Def-Frn.
stage of parched wisdom G

Chn. kan huei ti; hu d
Jpn. keneji
Frn.
Skt. tarka; ukla-vidarana-bhmi
Def: the stage of parched wisdom, where the limited
wisdom that has been achieved has not yet been
watered by the practice of meditation. [alternate:
stage of thirst for wisdom: the stage at which one
has not yet achieved much understanding, and is
therefore still thirsty for wisdom]. According to Chihis system, the rst stage of the ten stages common to
all three vehicles; to have attained some wisdom, but
which is not tempered sufficiently by proficiency in
meditation; to have some wisdom but not enough to
reach an understanding of ultimate truth.
Appendix A
Def-Frn.
Ref. PPS, T 8.261a; Ssu-chiao-i, 777c1012; Mo-ho chihkuan, 72ac; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.585a14
stage of weakening VG
Chn. po ti; bo/b d
Jpn. hakuji
Frn.
Skt. tanu-bhmi
Def: the fth of the ten stages common to sravakas,
pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. The level of the
once-returner (sakdgmin). The stage at which klea
begin to lose their hold and passionate desires
weaken.
Def-Frn.
stepping or passing into [sense experience]

Chn. she ju; sh r
Jpn. shny
Frn.
Def: a description of the twelve sense entrances
(yatana): the six senses of sight, sound, taste, smell,
touch, and consciousness, and their respective sense
organs.
Def-Frn.
see also: gates for going in and out
streamwinner HF
Chn. y liu kuo; y li gu&
Jpn. yoruka
Frn. entr dans le courant
Skt. srota-patti-phala
Def: the fruit of the stream-enterer, one who has just
begun on the path to arhatship.
Def-Frn.
see also: four stages of sagehood
Subhadra m
Chn. hs pa tuo lo; x b tu lu
Jpn. Subatsudara
Frn.
Def: Subhadra (the heretic) was the last person
converted by the Buddha before he passed into
parinirva, and is known for rejoicing that the
Buddha had died because now the monks could live
as they liked without the Buddhas constant
interference.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 40c12; Ta chih tu lun, T
25.80c381a28
subject and object of contemplation 8

Chn. neng kuan suo kuan; nng gun su& gun
Jpn. nkan shokan
Frn.
Def: the contemplator and that which is being
contemplated.
Def-Frn.
see also:
sublime level(s) (of awakening) UR

Chn. miao wei; mio wi
Jpn. myi
Frn.
Def: the highest level of subtle, wonderful awakening
U, the fty-second and nal stage of attainment; or
more generally to the wonderful and sublime
higher levels of attainment of the bodhisattva stages.
Def-Frn.
see also: fifty-two (bodhisattva) levels
sublime understanding Um
Chn. miao chieh; mio ji
Jpn. myge
Frn.
Def: the understanding that arises from ones own
practice or experiencial insight, specifically the
practice of contemplation of the mind as taught in
the Mo-ho chih-kuan.
Def-Frn.
see also: contemplating thoughts
subtle awakening, level of U

Chn. miao cheh; mio ju
Jpn. mykaku
Frn. lveil sublime
Def: the highest enlightenment, beyond conceptual
understanding; the ultimate level of Buddhahood;
the fifty-second of the fty-two bodhisattva stages.
Def-Frn.
see also: fty-two bodhisattva stages
subtle dharma U
Chn. miao fa; mio f Jpn. myh
Frn. la Loi sublime
Skt. saddharma
Def: the wonderful, subtle dharma of the Lotus Stra;
the correct and true teachings of the Buddha;
teachings which are beyond our conceptual
understanding; the rst two characters in the title of
Kumrajvas translation of the Lotus Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 691a771c
see also:
subtle dharma of ekayna s/U

Chn. i cheng miao fa; y chng mio f
Jpn. ichij myh
Frn.
Def: the one single truth as taught in the Lotus Stra,
that all are destined for the same goal of
Buddhahood.
Def-Frn.
85
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775b22;

see also:
subtle dust-like delusions a

Chn. chen sha huo; chn sh hu
Jpn. jinja-waku
Frn. les garements des poussires
Def: the subtle delusions which remain even after the
delusions of mistaken views and thoughts are
destroyed. Synonymous with jeyvaraa. Also, the
inability to adequately analyze the phenomena of this
world which number as great as the sands of the
universe; the kleas which number more than the
sands of the Ganges River.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 33.731b,694c; Ssu-chiao-i,
46.778b16, 780c12; Gish, , 279c280a
see also: minute delusions, wisdom obstacle
subtlety of objects U
Chn. ching miao; jng mio
Jpn. kymy
Frn.
Def: the rst of the ten subtleties of the rst half of the
Lotus Stra; the objects of contemplation and
practice; the content of Tien-tai ontology; discussed
in the Fa hua hsan i in terms of the ten suchnesses,
twelve-fold conditioned co-arising, the Four Noble
Truths, the two truths, threefold truth, and the one
truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 698b707a
see also:
sudden (immediate) teachings *

Chn. tun chiao; dn jio
Jpn. tongy
Frn. la doctrine subite
Def: to teach directly or immediately the
enlightenment of the Buddha
Def-Frn.
Sudhana 3(
Chn. shan tsai; shn ci
Jpn. Zenzai
Def: the protagonist of the last chapter of the
Avatasaka Stra and the content of the
independent Gandavyha Stra, which contains the
famous story of how Sudhana visited fty-three
masters in search of the true Dharma, nally
attaining enlightenment (entering the
dharmadhtu) upon encountering and hearing
Majurs sermon on bodhicitta.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b19, 43b28; Avatasaka Stra, T
9.676a788b
see also:
suffering NS
Chn. ku ch; k( j
86
Jpn. kugu
Frn. les dispositifs de souffrance

Def: that which gives suffering; or the place of
suffering, i.e., hell.
Def-Frn.
see also:
suitable H_
Chn. tang fen; dng fn
Jpn. tbun
Frn.
Def: a Tien-tai term used in classifying the contents of
various scriptures. To interpret the Buddhas
teachings from the point of view of the Tripiaka,
Shared, and Distinct teachings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
summit of concentration
Chn. ting
Jpn. j
Frn. sommet/tte
Def: one of the sub-levels of attainment in the
Tripiaka Teaching, consisting of attainment of the
four supranormal concentrative states and further
clarication of the sixteen truths.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
superior (historical) body of transformation e:X

Chn. sheng yin sheng; shng yng shn
Jpn. sh jin
Frn. corps dadaption suprieur
Skt. nirmnakya
Def: the historical Buddha, but endowed with superior
powers and supremacies.
Def-Frn. qui est ralis, coome nous lavons vu, au pied
de larbre sept joyaux et sur un trne dtoffes
clestes.
see also: inferior (historical) body of transformation,
triple body (of the Buddha)
(the teachings of the Mahparinirva-stra which)

support the precepts and expound the eternal
0A*
Chn. fu l tan chang chiao; f l tn chng jio
Jpn. furitsu danj ky
Frn.
Def: the teachings of the Mahparinirva-stra which,
according to Tien-tai, support the keeping of the
precepts and expounds on the eternal (Buddhanature).
Def-Frn. les faisant parvenir la bouddhit par la
rvlation de la nature ternelle de Buddha
soutenue par lobservance de la discipline.
see also:
Appendix A
supranormal powers eF
Chn. shen tung; shn tng
Jpn. jinz
Frn. pouvoirs merveilleux
Skt. ddhi, abhij
Def: the unobstructed, supranormal powers of
Buddhas and bodhisattva.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777c2223; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 6c616
supremacy in supranormal powers eF

Chn. yu hsi shen tung; yu x shn tng
Jpn. yuge jinz
Frn. jouer de ses pouvoirs merveilleux
Def: the supremacy of Buddhas and bodhisattvas in
being able to freely and joyfully lead and teach
sentient beings; the unobstructed, joyful powers of
Buddhas and bodhisattva.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777c2223; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 72a7; Ta
chih tu lun, T 25.342a14
see also:
supreme (highest)
Chn. shang pin; shng pn
Jpn. jbon
Frn. catgorie supreme
Skt. adhimtra
Def: the highest, most superior.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Supreme in the World, (the level of) s

Chn. shih ti yi; sh d y
Jpn. se dai-ichi
Frn. le degr de la vertu suprme mondaine
Def: One of the sublevels of attainment in the
Tripiaka Teaching. The highest level of the stages of
attainment reached by ordinary people.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish 264b
see also:
ragama [Samdhi] /[X*]

Chn. shou leng yen [san mei]; sh&u lng yn [sn mi]
Jpn. shurygon[-zanmai]
Def: for Chih-i, this is the state wherein one has a full
realization of the Middle truth and no longer will
retrogress to inferior states of realization. According
to the Mahparinirva Stra, there are five names
for the samdhi: 1. The ragama Samdhi, 2.
Prajpramit, 3. The Vajra Samdhi, 4. The LionsRoar Samdhi, and 5. Buddha-nature.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 20c15, 21b4 22c22; Ta chih tu lun
25.398c399a; Mahparinirva Stra 12.769b18;
ragama-samdhi Stra, T #642
see also: both-walking-and-sitting samdhi
Sutasoma 3g
Chn. pu-ming; p( mng
Jpn. Fumy
Def: King Sutasoma is a figure praised in Buddhist
texts for his diligence and delity. One day as the
king was expounding on the Dharma, a prince
named Kalmapda appeared, seized Sutasoma, and
was about to behead him. Sutasoma asked for a
repireve so that he could keep his promise to give
alms to a certain brahman. He was allowed to keep
his promise, and after he returned to his captivity,
Kalmapda decided to spare his life.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2b19; Jen wang ching, T
8.830a21c11; Ta chih tu lun 89a; Ssu-chiao-i, 776a21
see also:
systematic refutation of the alternatives of the
tetralemma vIu9#
Chn. ssu ch tui chien pu te; s j tu jin b d

Jpn. shiku suiken futoku
Def: a lengthy and systematic analysis of all possible
positions and a refutation of the possibility of their
conceptualization because all alternatives are
unobtainable. The method followed by Chih-i in
the section on the universal deconstruction of all
dharmas of the Mo-ho chih-kuan.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 63ac
see also:
T
teaching that conceals the truth Vo*
Chn. fu hsiang chiao; f xing jio
Jpn. fukusky
Frn. vrit denveloppement
Def: a teaching that conceals (covers up, savti) the
correct perception of the true aspects of reality. A
teaching that does not reveal the truth. Another
name for the mundane truth.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 692b2
see also: mudane truth, real truth
teachings of gathering up ZpB*

Chn. chn shih chiao; jn sh jio
Jpn. kunjky
Frn. doctrine de glanage
Def: a term used in the later Tien-tai classification
system for the teachings that are like gathering up
the grain left after the harvest, i.e., the
Mahparinirva Stra, whose teachings clean up
after the main work of the Lotus Stra. Those who are
not enlightened through the Lotus Stra (e.g., the
5000 who left the assembly) are gathered in, or
picked up by the teaching of the Mahparinirva
Stra, or await a Buddha in a future life.
Def-Frn.
87
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 775c11; T. 46.938a89

see also:
teeth-cleaning sticks and pure water v

Chn. yang chih ching shui; yng zh jng shu
Jpn. yshi jsui ?
Frn.
Skt. dantakatha
Def: important ritual implements, as well as tools for
oral hygiene. According to Chih-is Ching kuan-yin
ching, being endowed with a tooth-cleaning stick
and pure water promotes having both causes that act
as the catalyst [for enlightenment]. The toothcleaning stick actively sweeps [away delements]
thus it manifests wisdom. Pure water is clear and
coolthus it manifests samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ching kuan-yin ching, T 39.973a827; Mo-ho chihkuan 14c25
see also:
ten abodes YW
Chn. shih chu; sh zh Jpn. jj
Frn. les dix stations
Def: the second ten of the fty-two stages to
Buddhahood: aspiration, maintenance, cultivation,
noble rebirth, completion of means, rectication of
the mind, non-retrogression, child-like goodness,
Dharma-prince, and annointment.
Def-Frn. la production de la pense (dEveil), la terre
ordonne, les pratiques, la noble renaissance, la
perfection des expdients, la pense correcte, la nonrgression, linnocence enfantine, le prince de la
Loi, la conscration.
Ref. Gish, 267a1416
see also:
ten (kinds of) afflictions Yq

Chn. shih shih; sh sh Jpn. jshi
Frn.
Def: the five dull afflictions of mistaken view of the
self a (X in the Graded Themes), extreme views
N, deviant views , attachment to precepts w,
and attachment to mistaken views , and the five
sharp afflictions of passions (, anger , arrogance
E, ignorance | ([g in the Graded Themes), and
doubt .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 62b1018, 66a1923; Graded
Themes, T 46.668b4669a3
see also: five dull afflictions, five sharp afflictions
ten analogies [for emptiness] Y

Chn. shih y; sh y
Jpn. jyu
Frn.
Def: that phenomena are like an illusion, a ame, the
reection of the moon in the water, space, an echo,
an illusory castle, a dream, a shadow, a reection in a
mirror, and a magical transformation. Discussed in
detail in the Ta chih tu lun.
88
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 30c20; Graded Themes,
690b25691b22; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.101c105c
see also:
ten bodhisattvas of the ten stages of faith Y3f

Chn. shih shan pu sa; sh shn p s
Jpn. jzen bosatsu
Frn
Def: the ten bodhisattvas of the ten stages of faith of
the Perfect Teaching. From the Jen wang ching (T
?.??)
Def-Frn.
see also:
ten considerations Y`
Chn. shih hsiang; sh xing
Jpn. js
Frn.
Def: ten things to consider:
1. The consideration of impermanence [,
2. The consideration of suffering N;
3. The consideration of the lack of a self (antman)
[a;
4. The consideration of the impurity of what we eat
7#;
5. The consideration that it is impossible to nd
true happiness in this world #=;
6. The consideration of death ;
7. The consideration of the impurity # of our
physical bodies;
8. The consideration of severing passions and
delusions ;
9. The consideration of becoming free ? of
desires;
10. The consideration of exhausting [our karmic
bonds].
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23c26; Graded Themes, T
46.676b6c21
see also: nine considerations (of decaying corpses)
ten destinies/realms Y
Chn. shih chieh; sh ji Jpn. jikkai
Frn. les dix mondes
Skt. gati
Def: the ten destinies or ten (dharma) realms: hell
(naraka), beasts (tiryagyoni), hungry ghosts or spirits
(preta), asura, humans (manuaya), and the divine
beings (deva), rvaka, pratyekabuddha, bodhisattva,
Buddha.
des dmons affams, des titans, des hommes, des
dieux, de auditeurs, des buddha-pour-soi, des
bodhisattva, des buddha.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 776a16; Gish, 271a
see also: six destinies
Appendix A
ten evil (immoral) deeds Y (Y#3)

Chn. shih erh (shih pu shan)
sh (sh b shn)
Jpn. jaku (jfuzen)
Frn. les dix mavaises action
Def: to kill (sessh, prtighta) N, steal (chto,
adattdna) ], commit lustful (sexual) acts (jain,
kmamithycra) , lie (mgo, mvda) xB,
slander, speak lightly of (kigo, sabhinnapralpa) B,
use harsh language (akuku, pruya) S, speak
frivolously (lit. speak with a forked tongue; ryzetsu,
paiunya) X, be greedy (tonyoku, abhidy) l, be
angry (shinni, vypda) , and have mistaken or
deviant views (jaken, mithydi) . In Tien-tai,
there are three degrees to committing these ten evil
deeds; the highest, middling, and lesser,
corresponding to actions of hellish beings, beasts,
and hungry ghosts. In the Graded Themes, the first
three are the three evil physical deeds, the next
four are the four evil verbal deeds, and the last
three are the three evil mental deeds.
Def-Frn. meurtre, du vol, de la fornication, du
mensonge, des paroles spcieuses, de la calomnie, du
double langage, de la cupidit, de la colre, de la
sottise.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4a26b4, 10a17; 53b9; Ta chih tu
lun, T 25.663a; Gish, 271b8; Graded Themes, T
46.669b21c17
see also: ten good deeds
ten good deeds Y3

Chn. shih shan; sh shn
Jpn. jzen
Frn.
Def: to avoid doing the ten evil deeds: do not kill, do
not steal, avoid lustful acts, do not lie, do not slander,
do not use harsh language, do not speak frivolously,
do not be greedy, do not be angry, do not have
mistaken views.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Graded Themes, T 46.669c20670a26
see also: ten evil deeds
ten levels of faith Y=

Chn. shih hsin; sh xn Jpn. jshin
Frn. les dix degrs de la foi
Def: the rst ten of the fty-two levels to Buddhahood.
The list varies somewhat between sources. The Gish
has: faith, mindfulness, diligence, wisdom,
concentration, non-retrogression, merit
transference, preservation of the Dharma, discipline,
and (fulllment of) vow. The Stra of Bodhisattvas
Necklace lists: faith, mindfulness, diligence,
concentration, wisdom, moral life, merit
transference, preservation of the Dharma,
renunciation, and (fulllment of) vow.
Def-Frn. la foi, lattention, lnergie, la sagess, la
concentration, la non-rgression, la dexion, la
protection de la Loi, la conduite, la rsolution.
Ref. Gish, 267a; The Stra of Bodhisattvas Necklace, T

??.??
see also:
ten levels of merit transference YnT

Chn. shih huei hsiang; sh hu xing
Jpn. jek
Frn. les dix dexions
Def: the fourth ten of the fty-two levels to
Buddhahood: salvation of sentient beings,
indestructibility, equality with all the Buddhas,
pervading the universe, inexhaustible virtue,
correspondence with all solid good roots fo nondifferentiation, awakening of equality toward all
sentient beings, the manifestation of suchness,
unrestrained and unattached liberation, and the
immeasurable Dharma realm.
Def-Frn. le salut des tres, lindestructible, lgalit
avec tous les Buddha, lestension tout lunivers, la
rserve inpuisable de mrites, la conformation
toutes les racines de bien fermes et gales, lgalit
dattitude lgard des tres, le caractre de lainsit,
la dlivrance des liens et des attaches, le domaine de
la Loi.
Ref. Gish, 267b
ten levels of practice Y

Chn. shih hsing; sh xng
Jpn. jgy
Frn. les dix pratiques
Def: the third ten of the fty-two levels to
Buddhahood, characterized as: joyful, benecial,
lacking in hate, unexhausted, unconfused, attractive,
unattached, honored, exemplary, and true.
Def-Frn. la joyeuse, labondance des bienfaits,
labsence de rpugnance, linpuisabilit, labsence
de sottise, lapparition de bien, labsence
dattachement, la vnrable, les dharma de bien, la
Ralit.
Ref. Gish, 267b
ten major [mental] domains YG

Chn. shih ta ti fa; sh d d f
Jpn. jdaijih
Frn.
Skt. mah-bhmik dharma
Def: all of the various types of mental activities:
sensation 1, perception `, volition , contact 6,
desire , wisdom , remembrance , attention 6[,
determination em, and concentration X#G.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Koa, fasc. 4; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 51a7
see also:
ten modes of contemplation Y/

Chn. shih cheng kuan fa; sh chng gun f
Jpn. jj kanp
Frn. dix mthodes de contemplation
89
Def: The ten modes or methods of contemplation

taught in the Mo-ho chih-kuan: 1. to contemplate
objects as inconceivable, beyond conceptual thought,
2. to arouse compassion and correct aspiration for
enlightenment, 3. contemplation that skillfully quiets
the mind, 4. to universally destroy or deconstruct all
dharmas, 5. to be conscious of what is conducive or
obstructive to enlightenment, 6. to choose
appropriate types of practice from among thirtyseven ways of meditation or parts of the way, 7. to
control the auxiliary methods that help one to attain
enlightenment, 8. to know the stage of knowledge in
which one overcomes baseless pride, 9. to practice
peace through patient recognition (i.e., to control
ones passions), and 10. not to be attached to any
dharma.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 51c101a; Ssu-chiao-i, 780c1ff.;
see also:
ten objects (of contemplation) Y

Chn. shih ching; sh jng
Jpn. jky
Frn.
Def: The ten objects of contemplation: the objects of 1.
the ve skandhas, the twelve sense entrances
(yatana), and the eighteen sense realms (dhtu)
, 2. (the body and mind subject to) passionate
afflictions , 3. physical illness or disease , 4.
karmic marks %o, 5. demonic distractions %, 6.
dhyna concentration, or meditation itself ,, 7.
mistaken views U, 8. overweening pride or
arrogance E, 9. the two vehicles (of rvaka and
pratyekabuddha, and 10. bodhisattvahood.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 49c140c; And, 21636; Hurvitz,
329
see also:
ten periods (in a human life) Y

Chn. shih shih; sh sh
Jpn. jji
Frn.
Def: The ten stages a human being passes through
from conception to death: 1. membrane 2; 2. foam
; 3. in the placenta ; 4. ball of esh ; 5. growth
of limbs V; 6. infancy ; 7. childhood {; 8.
youth ; 9. mature adult Q; and 10. decrepit old
age {.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.836a2124; Mo-ho chihkuan, 52c29.
see also:
ten powers Yj
Chn. shih li; sh l
Jpn. jriki
Frn. dix ...
Skt. daa-balni
Def: A selection of the powers of a Buddha. There are
various lists; the Ta chih tu lun has: knowledge of 1)
90
whether a position is suited to the path or not, 2)

deeds and their respective retributions, 3) meditative
states and techniques, 4) differences in the strength
of beings faculties, 5) the range of hopes or desires
of beings, 6) dharmas and their natures, 7) the
different destinies or abodes of existence, 8) ones
own past existences, 9) karmic destinies in the
future, and 10) exhaustion of outows.
These powers are often paired with the four
fearlessnesses [a.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Abhidharmakoa, T 29.140b; Ta chih tu lun T
25.235247; Mo-ho chih-kuan 12a14, 95c1096a; Graded
Themes, 694a21c13
see also: the four fearlessnesses
ten (dharma) realms Y()

Chn. shih (fa) chieh; sh (f) ji
Jpn. j(hok)kai
Def: see ten destinies
ten spheres of the totalization of objects Ys

Chn. shih i chieh chu; sh y qi ch
Jpn. ju-issai-sho
Frn. les dix totalizations
Skt. daa lambanaktsnaspharat; daa ktsna yatanni
Def: contemplations or meditations for becoming free
of the passionate afflictions of the triple world;
meditations on earth, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow,
red, white, emptiness, and consciousness; the totality
of contemplations; follows the attainment of the
eight liberations and eight dominations.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 93a14; Ta chih tu lun,
216c1217a4; Graded Themes, T 46.677c25678a26
see also: eight liberations, eight dominations
ten [bhmi] stages YG

Chn. shih ti; sh d
Jpn. jucchi
Frn. dix terres
Skt. daa-bhmi
Def: the ten bodhisattva stages of attainment in the
Shared Teaching: the stages of parched wisdom,
potential, eighth person, insight, weakening [of
delusions], freedom from desires, completion,
pratyekabuddhahood, bodhisattvahood, and
Buddhahood. Or, the fth ten of the fty-two levels
to Buddhahood in the Distinct Teaching,
characterized as: joyful, undeled, clear, radiant
(flaming), difcult to conquer, face-to-face with
reality (manifested), far-reaching, immovable,
good, and Dharma cloud.
Def-Frn. terre de la sagesse aride, de la nature, des
huit, de la vue, de minceur, de la dlivrance du dsir,
du discern, des buddha-pour-soi, des bodhisattva,
des buddha.
Ref. Gish, 267b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 72b17
see also: fty-two (bodhisattva) stages
Appendix A
ten stages common to all three vehicles X/YG

Chn. san cheng kung shih ti; sn chng gng sh d
Jpn. sanjg no jji
Frn. les dix terres partages par les trois vhicules
Def: in Tien-tai, the ten stages of the Shared teaching,
stages of attainment shared by the rvaka,
pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. The locus
classicus for this list is in the Ta chih tu lun.
Def-Frn. ces dix terres de la doctrine commune, les dix
terres conjointement pratiques par les trois
vhicules. Contrairement aux dix terres de la
doctrine particulire, ces terres-ci peuvent tre en
principe pratiques par les tres des trois vhicules,
mais on sait par ailleurs que la doctrine commune
privilgie dj les bodhisattva, et les auditeurs et
buddha pour soi ny accdent auaux degrs
infrieurs et que ces dix terres sont lorigine
effectivement rserves aux bodhisattva.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 777c10-25; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.585a
(ch. 78)
see also: Shared Teaching
ten subtle aspects of the rst half of the Lotus Stra

)YU
Chn. chi men shih miao; j mn sh mio
Jpn. jakumon jmy
Frn. des deux sries de dix sublimits la partie
dpendante (ou drive)
Def: the ten subtleties of the rst half of the Lotus Stra
as explained in the Fa hua hsan i: subtlety of 1.
objects, 2. wisdom, 3. practice, 4. stages, 5. threefold
dharmas, 6. empathy and response, 7. supranormal
powers, 8. preaching the dharma, 9. retinue, and 10.
benets.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 697c
see also: ten subtle aspects of the second half of the
Lotus Stra
ten subtle aspects of the second half of the Lotus

Stra YU
Chn. pen men shih miao; bn mn sh mio
Jpn. honmon jmy
Frn. des deux sries de dix sublimits les partie
originelle
Def: the ten profound aspects of the second half of the
Lotus, which expound the eternal, original Buddha:
subtlety in 1. causes, 2. effects, 3. lands, 4. empathy
and response, 5. supranormal powers, 6. preaching
the dharma, 7. retinue, 8. nirva, 9. lifespan, and
10. benets.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, ????
see also: ten subtle aspects of the rst half of the Lotus
Stra
ten suchlike characteristics Y

Chn. shih ju shih; sh r sh
Jpn. jnyoze
Frn. dix ainsits

Def: the ten suchlike characteristics of reality, based
on Kumarajvas translation of the Lotus Stra:
suchlike appearances o, nature , essence , power
j, activity 6, causes , conditions $, results F,
retribution , and beginning and end ultimately
equal =f.
Def-Frn. lainsit de caractre, de nature, de substance,
de force, daction, de cause, de condition, de fruit,
de rtribution, dabsolue galit du dbut et de la
n.
Ref. Lotus Stra, T 9.5c1113; Hurvitz, Lotus Stra,
2223; Hurvitz, Chih-i, 271318; Fa-hua hsan-i,
693b10, 694a10696a3; Gish, 271a; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
53a1054a18.
see also:
ten titles of the Tathgata ZY

Chn. ju lai shih hao; r li sh ho
Jpn. nyorai jgo
Frn.
Def: According to the Questions of Majur:
1. The Thus-come One (tathgata)
2. One Who Deserves Honor or Offerings :
(arhat)
3. One Who Has Realized Universal Knowledge or
Complete Awakening IF (samyak-sabuddha)
4. One Who is Fully Procient in Enlightenment
and Practice g (vidy-caraa-sapanna)
5. Well-Gone/Blessed 3 (sugara)
6. One Who Understands the World m
(lokavid)
7. Supreme One [w (anuttara)
8. Tamer of Beings :& (puruadam-ya-srathi)
9. Teacher of Human and Divine Beings ^
(st devamanuym)
10. Buddha World-Honored-One M (buddha
bhagavat).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 11c2, The Questions of Majur, T
14.506c1720
see also:
ten types of minute dharmas Y)

Chn. shih chung hsi fa; sh zh&ng x f
Jpn. jusshu saih
Frn.
Def: subtle afflictions associated with sensation 1,
conceptions `, volitions , contact 6, attitudes ,
desires , understanding m, mindfulness ,
concentration , and wisdom ^.
Def-Frn.
see also:
ten types of [upholding] the precepts Y)w

Chn. shih chung chieh; sh zh&ng ji
Jpn. jusshukai
Frn. les dis sortes de commandements
Def: a comprehensive list given by Chih-i in the Mo-ho
91
chih-kuan for all types of upholding the precepts:

1. No fault #k
2. No breaking #&
3. No rupturing #
4. Not mixed #F
5. In accordance with the Path H1
6. Without attachment #]
7. Praised as wise (conduct)[or, praised by the
wise] J8g
8. Mastery $
9. In accordance with concentration H
10. Complete S.
Def-Frn. 1) non brches, 2) non briss, 3) non percs,
non adultres, 5) conformes (dirigs vers) lEveil,
6) exempts dattachements, 7) lous par les sages, 8)
souverains, 9) conformes la concentration, 10)
complets.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 17a210, 36a15c22
see also:
ten wisdoms YJ
Chn. shih chih; sh zh Jpn. jucchi
Frn.
Def: Accoring to the Mo-ho chih-kuan, ten types of
wisdom are as follows:
1.2. Realizing the truth about the two
conventionalities of mistaken views and
conceptual attitudes are the "wisdoms of [the
Noble Truths] of suffering and their causes"
TNJ
3. Cessation-and-contemplation is the "wisdom of
[the Noble Truth of] the path" 1J
4. [To realize that] the twenty-five types of
existence do not arise is the "wisdom of [the
Noble Truth of] extinction" nJ
5. To know the triple world just like this is the
"wisdom of thisness" J
6. To teach in accordance with worldly names and
words is called "worldly wisdom" J
7. To know that other sentient beings are also like
this is called "the wisdom of the minds or
thoughts of others" J
8. To know how to discriminate or distinguish
among all phenomena is called the "wisdom of
equality" fJ
9. To know the exhaustion of suffering and its
causes is called the "wisdom of exhaustion" J
10. Undefiled wisdom is called the "wisdom of
non-arising [J.
Def-Frn.
see also:
tentative, [three meanings of]

Chn. chan; qun
Jpn. gon
Frn. circonstanciel
Def: Chih-is explanation of the meaning of tentative
as having three meanings: 1) the tentative is given for
the sake of [knowing] the real `; 2) the
92
tentative is exposed and the real is made manifest

; and 3) the tentative is abandoned and the
real is made manifest g. This is like the three
analogies or symbolic meanings of the lotus blossom
in the Lotus Stra as explained in the Fa-hua hsan-i.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 34a20ff.; Fa-hua hsan-i,
681a21b24, 771c17774c25.
see also: tentative and real
tentative and real

Chn. chan shih; qun sh
Jpn. gon-jitsu
Frn. circonstanciel et rel
Def: the Tien-tai teaching that there are tentative and
real aspects among the Buddhas teaching, practices,
capacities of sentient beings, and reality itself.
Def-Frn.
see also:
tentative design
Chn. chan mou; qun mu
Jpn. gonb (?)
Frn.
Def: a gloss for the meaning of tentative: something
that functions for a while but is then abandoned
log.
Def-Frn.
see also: (three meanings of) tentative
tentative capacity n
Chn. chan chi; qun j
Jpn. gonki
Frn. des enseignements circonstanciels
Def: those with a capacity to understand only
conventional, tentative, non-absolute teachings.
Def-Frn.
see also:
tetralemma vI
Chn. ssu ch; s j
Jpn. shiku
Frn. les quatre cas, les quatre propositions
Skt. catu-koi
Def: four possible logical options. Classically stated: a,
not-a, both, or neither. An alternate form is: a, b,
both-a-and-b, and neither-a-nor-b. Often stated in the
ontological terms of the four teachings of existence,
emptiness, both emptiness and existence, and
neither emptiness nor existence.
Def-Frn.
see also:
thirteen saghvaea dharmas YXTi

Chn. shih san seng tsan fa; sh sn sng cn f
Jpn. jsan-szan h
Frn.
Skt. saghvaea
Appendix A
Def: the most severe moral offenses except for the four
serious prjika offense:
1. Intentional emission of semen (except during a
dream);
2. With deled thoughts, having physical contact with
a woman;
3. With deled thoughts, speaking sexually suggestive
words [talking dirty] with a woman;
4. With deled thoughts, offering and praising sexual
services;
5. Acting as a go-between for sexual services;
6. Having an inappropriate hut built for oneself;
7. Having an inappropriate vihara built for the
Sangha;
8. Falsely, and with malice, accusing another monk;
9. Taking up a legal question as a pretext to falsely
accuse another monk;
10. Taking action leading to a schism in the Sangha;
11. Following a schismatic monk;
12. Not taking the advice of other monks to abandon
evil ways;
13. Corrupting families.
Def-Frn.
see also:
thirty-four enlightened mental states XYv

Chn. san shih ssu hsin; sn sh s xn
Jpn. sanjshi-shin
Frn. 34 moments de pense
Def: the sixteen mental states (eight of patience [or
recognition] and eight of wisdom kT[]kJ) that
sever mistaken views, plus the eighteen attitudes
(nine of non-obstruction and nine of liberation
G[Gm0) that sever obstacles to true knowledge
and wisdom.
Def-Frn. les 34 oprations de pense instantanes par
lesquelles un bodhisattva de la doctrine des trois
corbeilles rompt les dernires imprgnations
subsistant des garements des vues et penses et
accde lEveil; comme cest le cas ici, lensemble de
cette ultime phase est appele suppression des
noiuds des passions en 34 penses. Ces 34 penses
regroupent les 8 knti, et le 8 praj, du
daranamrga, qui correspondent aussi aux seize
comprhensions des vrits, satya-abhisamaya, plus les
neuf sans-obstacles anantarya, et le neuf
dlivrances, qui suppriment les neuf catgories de
passions dans le bhvanmrga.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 27c2122;
see also: eight kinds of patience/recognition; eight
kinds of wisdom; nine non-obstructions; nine
liberations
thirty-seven steps on the path XY1

Chn. san shih chi tao pin; sn sh q do pn
Jpn. sanj-shichi dbon
Frn. les trente-sept auxiliaires de lEveil
Skt. bodhipaka-dharma
Def: The four mindfulnesses v (smtyupasthna),

four proper endeavors v0 (samyakpradhna), four
supranormal powers v[ (ddhipda), ve good
roots/faculties 23 (padendriya), ve powers 2j
(pacabala), seven components of awakening
(sapta sabodhyaga), and the eightfold right (or
noble) path k(/)1 (angamrga).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 87c91a; Ta chih tu lun,
196b205c; Graded Themes, 681b6683a7
see also:
thirty-two major marks [of a Buddha] XYo

Chn. san shih erh hsaio; sn sh r xing
Jpn. sanj-ni s
Frn. les trente-deux marques [du Grand Homme]
Skt. dvtrisanmahpurualakaa
Def: The thirty-two major physical marks or
characterisitics of a great man or Buddha. The lists
vary, but include such features as the hair of his head
grow clockwise, his forehead is perfectly flat, his
hands and feet are webbed, and his sexual organs are
completely concealed.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 97a15b14; Ta chih tu lun,
273a10276b20 (Lamotte, Le Trait IV, pp. 190530);
Hurvitz, Chih-i, pp. 35355; Graded Themes,
797a25b27
see also: eighty minor marks
three animals crossing a river X9I

Chn. san shou tu ho; sn shu d h
Jpn. san tga [?]
Frn.
Def: an analogy for the various abilities of the rvaka,
pratyekabuddha, and Buddha compared to a rabbit,
horse, and elephant. The Upasaka-la Stra version
says: Good sons, it is like three animalsa rabbit, a
horse, and an elephantwho all try to cross the
Ganges River. The rabbit cannot reach the bottom
[of the river] and must oat in order to cross. The
horse can reach the bottom but not completely. The
elephant reaches the bottom completely. The
Ganges River is like the river of the twelve-linked
chain of dependent co-arising. When rvakas cross,
this is like the rabbit. When pratyekabuddhas cross,
this is like the horse. When the Tathgata crosses,
this is like the elephant [i.e., he reaches to the
depths of understanding]. Therefore the Tathgata
attains the title Buddha.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 7b7, 75c24; Upasaka-la Stra T
24.1038b813; Mahparinirvna Stra, 746b15,
768b6-11
see also:
three assortments X
Chn. san ch; sn j Jpn. sansh
Frn.
Def: 1. From the Tien-tai perspective, a Hnayna
93
classification of things into three categories or

assortments: of (1) form, (2) mind, and (3) neither
form nor mind.
2. three types/assortments of pure precepts, a
Mahyna classcation of all moral behavior: (1) the
legalistic precepts Aw, that is, avoiding evil
action so that eventually all evil karmic retribution
will be severed; (2) doing good 3w so that good
karmic recompense accumulates; (3) altruistic
actions aimed at beneting and saving other sentient
beings Lw
Def-Frn.
see also:
three [types of passionate] bonds X

Chn. san chieh; sn ji Jpn. sanketsu
Frn.
Def: three types of passionate afflictions that are
severed by one who attains the fruit of the streamenterer: the bonds of mistaken views (namely,
the view of a Self), the bonds of attachment to the
precepts w, and the bonds of doubt .
Def-Frn.
Ref. Abhidharma-koa, ??????; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 69a18
see also:
three [types of] concentrations X

Chn. san ting; sn dng
Jpn. sanj
Frn.
Def: three types of concentration: superior, middling,
and inferior; categories expounded in the
Mahparinirvna Stra.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirvna Stra, 769b1220; Mo-ho chihkuan, 51a10
see also:
three [meanings of] conventionality Xx

Chn. san chia; sn ji
Jpn. sanke
Frn.
Def: three meanings of conventional reality or
provisional existence: as causally arisen x, that is,
things are conventional because they are the result of
a confluence of causes and conditions; as continuous
oax, they exhibit some continuity of
characteristics, though no permanence; and as
relative ox, they have their meaning or existence
relative to other things.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 63a78; Fa-hua hsan-i, 696c25;
Cheng shih lun, T 32, 327b29328c23; Ta cheng i
chang, T 44.477c481b
see also:
three [types of] delusions X

Chn. san huo; sn hu
Jpn. sanwaku
Frn. les trois egarements
94
Def: the three categories of delusions: 1. the explicit

deluded views and attitudes/emotions , 2. minute
delusions a, and 3. the delusion of fundamental
ignorance [g.
Def-Frn. les garements des vues et penses, les
garements des poussires, les garements de
lignorance
Ref. Gish, 278c281b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 37b29,
see also: deluded views and attitudes, minute delusions,
fundamental ignorance
three dots X [of the Siddham letter i]

Chn. san tien; sn din
Jpn. santen
Frn.
Def: the three dots or parts that make up the
Siddham letter i in the triangular pattern [].
Chih-i frequently uses this image to illustrate the
both three yet one, one yet three nature of various
threefold concepts such as the threefold truth, the
three virtuous qualities, etc.
Def-Frn.
see also: three eyes [of Mahevara]
three evil (destinies) X1

Chn. san ehr tao; sn do
Jpn. sanaku-d
Frn. trois mauvaises (destines)
Def: the three evil or painful destinies of hell, beasts,
and hungry spirits.
des dmons affams
see also: three good destinies, ten destinies
three external techniques Xn

Chn. wai san shu; wi sn sh
Jpn. gesanjutsu
Frn.
Def: three activities of the ninth method of meditation.
1. to neither accept nor be attached to fame and selfbenet; 2. to hide ones own virtues in order to avoid
the temptation of achieving fame; 3. to go away to a
distant land in order to avoid fame.
Def-Frn.
Ref. And, 261
see also:
three eyes X [of Mahevara]

Chn. san mu; sn m
Jpn. santen
Frn.
Def: the three eyes of vara that are formed in a
triangle []. Chih-i frequently uses this image to
illustrate the both three yet one, one yet three
nature of various threefold concepts such as the
threefold truth, the three virtuous qualities, etc.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23a20; Fa-hua hsan-i, ???
Appendix A
see also: three dots [of the Siddham letter i]
three good (destinies) X31

Chn. san shan tao; sn shn do
Jpn. sanzen-d
Frn. trois bonnes (destines)
Def: the three good or positive destinies of asura,
human, and divine realms. The realms of existence
wherein one can perform good deeds and advance to
higher levels of Buddhist accomplishment.
Def-Frn. le monde de titans, des hommes, des dieux
see also: three evil destinies, ten destinies
three illuminating insights Xg

Chn. san ming; sn mng
Jpn. sanmy
Frn. trois ...
Def: three supranormal insights attained by arhats: 1)
the ability to see the conditions and events of the
past and thus know the faults of oneself and others;
2) the ability to see the results that are to come in the
future, and thus be able to sever mistaken views; and
3) the ability to know and thus exhaust all the
passionate afflcitions of the present.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 50b1, 97a34; Ta chih tu lun, ???
three kinds of [Buddha-]body X)X

Chn. san chung sheng; sn zh&ng shn
Jpn. sanshu-shin
Frn.
Def: three kinds of the body of the Buddha,
corresponding to the three virtuous qualities of a
Buddha: 1) the physical body 5X (rpa-kya); 2) the
body of the teachings X; and 3) the body of the
true aspects of reality oX.
Def-Frn.
see also: three virtuous qualities, Dharma body
three kinds of matter X)5

Chn. san chung chih se; sn zh&ng zh s
Jpn. sanshu-no-shiki
Frn.
Def: The three types of matter are 1) that which is
visible and has resistance =, 2) that which is
invisible yet has resistance #=, and 3) that
which is invisible and has no resistance #=[.
Def-Frn. Le Buddha a parl de trois sortes de matires
(rpa): "1. il y a une matire visible et rsistante (asti
rp sanidarana sapratigham); 2. Il y a une matire
invisible et rsistante (asti rp anidarana
sapratigham); 3. Il y a une matire invisible et nonrsistante (asti rp anidarana asapratigham)."
(Lamotte, Le Trait 3, pp. 127677)
25.212a2123
see also:
three kinds of samdhi XX*

Chn. san san mei; sn sn mi
Jpn. san sanmai
Frn.
Def: three types of samdhi in relation to emptiness,
featurelessness, and wishlessness: the samdhi of
emptiness WX*, in which all marks of existence are
seen to be empty; the samdhi of formlessness
[oX*, in which even the mark of emptiness is
destroyed; and the samdhi of actionlessness
[6X*, in which even the doer is not perceived. In
the Graded Themes these are listed as the samdhi of
examination and reflection X*, the
samdhi of reflection without examination
[X*, and the samdhi of neither relfection
nor examination [[X*, and the above three
items are listed under three liberations;
Unrelated to Chih-is categories of the Four
Samdhis.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 16c182, 30c16, 59b2122,
90b123; Ta chih tu lun, 25.206c208a; Graded Themes,
679a20b12
see also: three [types of] liberations
three levels of acquiring erudition XR

Chn. san hsien wei; sn xin wi
Jpn. sangen-i
Frn. les trois degrs (de ltat profane extrieur)
Def: three of the stages of practice prior to becoming
an arhat: ve contemplations for putting the mind at
rest, distinct states of mindfulness, general states of
mindfulness
Def-Frn. le degr des cinq attentions de la pense, le
degr des xations de lattention sur le caractre
propre, le degr des xations de lattention sur les
caractres gnraux.
Ref. Gish, 264b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71c24
see also: seven preparatory stages, ve contemplations
for putting the mind at rest, distinct states of
mindfulness, general states of mindfulness
three levels of erudition and ten noble stages

XY/
Chn. san hsien shih sheng; sn xin sh shng
Jpn. sangen jissh
Frn.
Def: in Tien-tai (based on the Jen-wang ching), the
three groups of ten stages of the ten abodes, the ten
levels of practice, and the ten levels of merit
transferrence [not the three levels of acquiring
erudition (see above)]; and the ten [bodhisattva]
bhmi stages.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Jen-wang ching, T 8.828a1; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 53a89,
67a1516, 97c29
see also: three levels of acquiring erudition, ten stages
95
three [types of] liberations X[)]m0

Chn. san [chung] chieh tuo; sn [zh&ng] ji tu
Jpn. san[shu]-gedatsu
Frn.
Def: three types of liberations corresponding to the
three virtuous qualities of a Buddha: liberation as the
purity of expedients m0; liberation as perfect
purity m0; and liberation as the [fundamental]
nature of purity m0. The Graded Themes lists the
three as liberation as emptiness W, formlessness [o,
and actionlessness [6 (the same as the three kinds
of samdhi).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 21a17, 30c18, 43b18, 140b;
Commentary to the Vimalakrti Stra, T 38.553c2; Chinkuang-ming hsan-i, T 39.3b23c1; Graded Themes,
683a9b10
see also: three virtuous qualities, three kinds of samdhi
three (lower) ways X3

Chn. san tu; sn t
Jpn. sanzu
Frn.
Def: the three lower destinies of hell, beasts, and
hungry ghosts.
Def-Frn.
see also: three evil destinies; ten destinies
three obstacles X
Chn. san chang; sn zhng
Jpn. sansh
Frn.
Def: the three obstacles of karmic retribution , the
obstacles of passionate afflictions , and the
obstacle of karmic deeds %. Or, the three obstacles
that obstruct the three virtuous qualities: [ordinary]
ignorance [g obstructs the Dharma body;
attachment to features o obstructs praj-wisdom;
and non-cognizance [F obstructs liberation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15a2529, 21a713, 50c23
see also: three obstacles and four demonic forces, the
three virtuous qualities
three obstacles and four demonic forces Xv%

Chn. san chang ssu mo; sn zhng s m
Jpn. sansh shima
Frn.
Def: various obstructions to enlightenment; matters
that get in the way of cultivating the Buddhist path.
The three obstacles are the obstacles suffering or
karmic retribution , the obstacles of passionate
afflictions , and the obstacle of karmic deeds
%. The four demonic forces are the demons of the
skandha %, the demons of passionate afflictions
%, the demon of death %, and the
supernatural demons {%.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 15a2529, 50c23ff.
96
see also: the threefold path of cyclic sasra, four

demonic forces
three pervertions XI
Chn. san tao; sn do
Jpn. sant
Frn. les trois ???
Def: three perverted ways of thinking, that are
inverted from that of the truth: perverted thoughts,
perverted views, and perverted conceptions.
Def-Frn.
12.498b
see also:
three poisons X
Chn. san tu; sn d
Jpn. sandoku
Frn. les trois poisons
Def: greed, anger, and delusion/ignorance l|
the three general categories of the passions and
obstacles to enlightenment. In the original Sanskrit
these are rga (greed, craving, desirous passion),
dvea (aversion, hate), and moha (ignorance,
delusion, illusion).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4b25; Graded Themes, T
46.667c11667a4
see also: greed, anger, and delusion
three robes Xh
Chn. san i; sn y
Jpn. sanne
Frn. trois habits
Def: the three robes a monk is allowed to possess: a
robe to wear during ones begging rounds (saghi);
a robe to wear during ritual ceremonies (uttarasaga), and a robe for daily wear (antarvsaka).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41c15; Hsiao chih-kuan, 463a28
see also: twelve (rules) for the mendicant
three thousand realms X

Chn. san chien shih chieh; sn qin sh ji
Jpn. sanzen sekai
Frn. les trois mille mondes
Def: a Tien-tai term for the entire universe. The ten
realms from hell to Buddhahood interpenetrate each
other to give one hundred realms. Each of these
realms have the ten suchlike features, giving a
thousand realms. Each of these are characterized by
three worldsthe aggregates, the realm of sentient
beings, and the lands they occupygiving three
thousand realms.
Def-Frn. Un dharmadhtu comporte les dix ainsit;
dix dharmadhtu en comportent donc cent. Un
seul dharmadhtu comportant en outre les neuf
autres dharmadhtu, nous avons donc cent
dharmadhtu et mille ainsits. En outre, un
dharmadhtu comportant trente sortes de monde,
cent dharmadhtu en comportent donc trois mille.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54a55b; Gish, 272a
Appendix A
see also:
three tracks [of reality] X}

Chn. san kuei; sn gu
Jpn. sanki
Frn.
Def: three aspects of the way things are: the true nature
of reality itself }, the wisdom that illumines this
true nature }, and the practice that perfects
ones inherent disposition for wisdom }.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, T 33.741b
see also: threefold Buddha-nature
three types of bodhisattvas X)f

Chn. san chung pu sa; sn zh&ng p s
Jpn. sanshu bosatsu
Frn.
Def: the three types of bodhisattvas of the Tripiaka,
Shared, and Distinct Teachings.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
three types of cessation-and-contemplation X)

Chn. san chung chih kuan; sn zh&ng zh gun
Jpn. sanshu shikan
Frn.
Def: The three ways to practice cessation and
contemplation as passed on by Chih-i from Hui-ssu
and explained by Kuan-ting in his introduction to
the Mo-ho chih-kuan. 1. gradual and successive (or
progressive 4 cessation-and-contemplation; 2.
variable (or indeterminate) # cessation-andcontemplation; 3. perfect-and-sudden cessationand-contemplation.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c2a
see also:
three types of human and divine beings X)^

Chn. san chung jen tien; sn zh&ng rn tin
Jpn. sanshu ninten
Frn. ces trois catgories dhommes et de dieux
Def: In the Ta chih tu lun, the three types of divine
beings are the titled/named divine beings e
(earthly kings and princes), born divine beings
(gods such as Indra and Brahma), and the pure
divine beings (arhats, pratyekabuddhas, and
Buddhas). Perhaps the three types of human beings
are rvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas?
Def-Frn.
25.112b28c2
see also:
three types of worlds X)

Chn. san chung shih chien; sn zh&ng sh jin
Jpn. shashu seken
Frn. les trois sortes de monde
Def: a categorization (from the Ta-chih-tu lun)

describing the world in terms of three types: the
worlds of the ve aggregates 2, the world of
sentient beings L, and the world of the lands
F.
Def-Frn. Les trois sortes de monde du Trait de la grande
vertu de sagesse, qui sont le monde des tres (ou des
dnominations), le monde des cinq agrgats, et le
monde des pays.
Ref. Ta-chih-tu lun, T 25.???; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 52c53a.
see also:
three [kinds of] unconditioned [nothingness] X[

Chn. san wu wei; sn w wi
Jpn. san mui
Frn.
Def: three things that are unchanging and
unconditions: unconditioned empty space (ka),
unconditioned chosen extinction [i.e., nirva]
(pratisakhy-nirodha), and unconditioned unchosen
extinction(apratisakhy-nirodha).
Def-Frn.
see also:
three vehicles X/
Chn. san cheng; sn chng
Jpn. sanj
Frn. les trois vhicules
Skt. triyna
Def: the ways of the rvaka, pratyekabuddha, and
bodhisattva, in contrast to the one single vehicle of
the ekayna.
Def-Frn. les auditeurs, les pratyeka-buddha, et les
bodhisattva
Ref.
see also: One Vehicle
three virtuous qualities X6

Chn. san te; sn d
Jpn. santoku
Frn. les trois qualits
Def: the three ideal qualities of a Buddha: the Dharma
body X, praj-wisdom , and liberation m0.
Def-Frn. la dlivrance, la sagesse, et le corps de Loi
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i, 779c10; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 20b2121a17,
22c523c12;
see also: three obstacles, three wisdoms
three wisdoms XJ
Chn. san chih; sn zh Jpn. sanchi
Frn. des trois sagesses
Def: the three wisdoms explained in the Ta chih tu lun:
all-wisdom/ omniscience (sarvaj sJ), the
wisdom of the path (marga-anvaya]j 1)J), and
universal wisdom (sarva-kra-jat, sarvajat
s)J). In Tien-tai, these three wisdoms
correspond to the three levels of emptiness,
conventionality, and the Middle.
Def-Frn. lomniscience, la science de laspect des
chemins ou sagesse portant sur les diffrentes
97
mthodes de salut, la science de tous les aspects.

Ref. Ta chih tu lun, T 25.257c260c; Fa-hua hsan-i,
713714c; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 10b16, 20bc, 55c,
see also: omniscience, wisdom of the path, universal
wisdom
threefold Buddha-nature XM
Chn. san yin fo hsing; sn yn f xng
Jpn. sanin bussh
Frn. les trois causes de la nature de buddha
Def: the three causes for attaining Buddhahood. The
potential to attain Buddhahood, analyzed as having
three aspects: the direct cause , that all beings
are endowed with the nature of Buddhahood by
their participation in reality; the complete cause
U, the wisdom that illumines this nature; and the
conditional causes $, the practices or conditions
that bring about wisdom.
Def-Frn. les causes principales, les causes de
comprhension, les causes secondaires or conditions.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 98b19, ...
see also:
threefold cessation X
Chn. san chih; sn zh Jpn. sanshi
Frn. les trois quiescence
Def: cessation as (the realization of) the essence of true
reality (as empty of substantial Being ,
cessation as (the realization of reality as) expedient
(conventional existence) that arises through
conditions H$,
cessation as putting an end to both extremes of
discriminatory conceptualizations N_
Def-Frn. la quiescence pntrant la substance de
lauthentique; la quiescence expdientielle qui se
conforme son objet; la quiescence qui met fin aux
discriminations des deux extrmes.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 24a2b5.
see also: threefold contemplation, threefold truth
threefold contemplation X
Chn. san kuan; sn gun
Jpn. sangan
Frn. les trois contemplations
Def: Chih-is teaching of the threefold process of
contemplation, based on the same pattern as the
threefold truth: to realize the emptiness of all things,
to realize the conventional reality of all things, and to
realize the simultaneous emptiness and conventional
reality of all things. Specifically, the three are:
the contemplation of the two truths , or
entering emptiness from conventionality xW
the contemplation of equality rf, or entering
conventionality from emptiness Wx
the contemplation of the truth of supreme meaning
and the Middle Way _1s.
Def-Frn. passe de la conditionnalit la vacuit a nom
contemplation des deux vrits; passer de la vacuit
la conditionnalit a nom contemplation dgalit; la
contemplation de la vrit primordiale de la Voie
mdiane.
98
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 24b525c13

see also: threefold cessation, threefold truth
threefold contemplation in a single thought sX

Chn. i hsin san kuan; y xn sn gun
Jpn. isshin sangan, kge isshin kan
Frn. de contemplation de la vacuit et de la
conditionnalit dans la mme pense
Def: to realize simultaneously the three aspects of
truth, i.e., emptiness, conventional existence, and the
Middle. To understand the middle way between the
extremes of a one-sided understanding of emptiness
and conventional existence. The simultaneous
contemplation and realization of emptiness and
conventional reality.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 281b
threefold path of cyclic sasra X1

Chn. san tao; sn do Jpn. sand
Frn.
Def: suffering (karmic retribution), the passionate
afflictions, and karma; one way to explain the misery
of the human conditionour passionate delements
produce karma, karma leads to suffering, suffering
gives birth to further passionate afflictions, and so on
in a non-ending cycle.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 11c1612a4, 29c2829
threefold truth X
Chn. san ti; sn d
Jpn. santai
Frn. des trois vrits
Def: the three aspects of reality or truth as emptiness,
conventional existence, and the Middle Way. The
basic theoretical structure of Chih-is Tien-tai
teachings and practices.
Def-Frn. le vacuit, la conditionnalit, la mdiane
Ref.
see also:
threefold truth is fully included in a single moment

of thought s_SX
Chn. i nien hsin chung ch tsu san ti;
y nin xn zhng j z sn d
Jpn. ichinen shinch gusoku santai
Frn. ... des trois vrits
Def: or within a single thought of the mind is
included the threefold truth; one of the classic
statements of Tien-tai thought.
Def-Frn.
see also: threefold truth
time of the snake 2_

Chn. y chung (shih); y zhng (sh)
Jpn. guch (ji)
Frn. ensoleillement
Appendix A
Def: around 10:00 a.m.; in the Tien-tai classification

of teachings, the time of day analogous to the fourth
Praj period.
Def-Frn.
see also:
transcend (rise above) mind and body m5

Chn. sheng chu se hsin; shng ch s xn
Jpn. shshutsu shikishin
Frn. lexaltation de la forme-pense pour substance
Def:
Def-Frn. in the context of the ten suchlike
characteristics of various beings, this is the essence
of human and divine beings.
Ref. Gish, 271b
see also: peaceful in mind and body
transcendent realm m
Chn. chu shih chien; ch sh jin
Jpn. shusseken
Frn. extra-mondaine
Skt. lokottara
Def: the realm of experience dwelt in by those who
have transcended the delusions and passions of the
worldly realm.
Def-Frn. le domaine propre de buddha et, en gnral,
la dimension o lon accde une fois libr des
passions; cest le contraire de monde.
Ref.
see also: worldly realm
Transcendent (Samdhi) (X*)

Chn. chao yeh (san mei); cho yu (sn mi)
Jpn. chetsu (zanmai)
Frn.
Def: The samdhi of a Buddha or bodhisattva that does
not gradually and progressively advance through
various levels of trance (such as the four dhyna),
but transcends all samdhi in a quantum leap, such
as through the use of the Lion of Resolute Speed
Samdhi. In the Graded Themes it is discussed in
terms of a transcendent entering and leaving of
samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 30c2; Graded Themes, 679c5680a10
see also: Lion of Resolute Speed (Samdhi)
transformation beyond conceptual understanding

^
Chn. pien i sheng szu; bin y shng s
Jpn. henyaku shji
Frn. renaissances de transformation
Def: the rebirth of one who has severed all delusions.
In contrast to the ordinary birth-and-death of
people in sasra (constituent sasra). This
distinction is based on a passage in the rmldev
Stra, to account for differences (from the Mahyna
perspective) between ordinary people and the
rebirth of those who have supposedly severed all
delusions.
Def-Frn. Les bodhisattva vont donc participer au cycle
des naissances et des morts, mais pas dans les mmes
conditions que les tres sauver, qui sont eux soumis
aux renaissances dlimites (bundan shji). Ce
sasra transformationnel propre aux bodhisattva
ne comporte plus pour le corps quils revtent les
limitations dge, de sexe, de sant, etc., tout est
librement modifiable pour le bien des tres.
Ref. rmldev Stra, T 12.219c,
see also: (ordinary) constituent sasra
transformation body (of the Buddha) :X (:M)

Chn. ying sheng (ying fo); yng shn (yng f)
Jpn. jin
(-butsu)
Frn. le corps de transformation
Skt. nirmnakya
Def: the historical manifestation of the Buddha; the
Buddhas appearance in his physical, historical form.
Chih-i distinguishes between the inferior body (e.g.
kyamunis physical body before his
enlightenment) and the superior transformation
bodythe historical Buddha endowed with
supranormal powers and marks.
Def-Frn. la traditionnelle division des trois corps de
buddha et dtablir pour la doctrine des trois
corbeilles un corps dadaptation infrieur, et, pour
la doctrine commune, un corps dadaptation
suprieur.
see also: triple body (of the Buddha), inferior body of
transformation, superior body of transformation
transformations without production [z55

Chn. wu chi hua hua; w j hu hu
Jpn. muki ke ke
Frn.
Def: the immeasurable transformations brought about
by a Buddha for the sake of saving sentient beings;
yet these transformations do not involve and
substantial production, nor result in any karmic
retribution.
Def-Frn.
see also:
treasure-torch dhra j
Chn. pao ch tuo luo ni; bo j tu lu n
Jpn. ht dharani
Frn.
Def: A dhra expounded in The Great Collection of
Stras. Some of the verses read:
Separating far from all passionate afictions,
With pure, undeled truth.
This mind is able to create a great ray of light;
This is called the treasure-torch dhra.
Physical, verbal, and conscious actions are all
quiescent,
Like the pure light of the autumn moon.
The cultivation of a great compassionate mind
99
and equanimity;
This is called the treasure-torch dhra....
Accepting and singly remembering the four
mindfulnesses,
Diligently obtaining the four proper endeavors,
And being adorned with the four supranormal
powers;
Perfecting the five [good] roots and the five powers,
So that all the evil winds [of passions] are
immobile,
And cultivating the supreme seven components of
awakening;
Perfecting the two wings of samdhi and wisdom,
Soaring over the level eightfold right paths,
And facing supreme wisdom and liberation;
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41b2, 88a8; The Great Collection of
Stras (Sanipta Stra), T 13.25c926b12
see also:
trichiliocosm in a single thought sX

Chn. i nien san chien; y nin sn qin
Jpn. ichinen sanzen
Frn. de la contemplation de lunivers en une seule
opration de pense
Def: that the entire expanse of reality, the three
thousand realms of existence, are all included in a
single thought, or a moment of consciousness
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 54a5; Hurvitz, 271ff.; And, 128ff.
see also: three thousand realms, inter-inclusiveness of
the ten realms
Tripiaka Teaching (X)*

Chn. (san) tsang chiao; (sn) zng jio
Jpn. (san) zky
Frn. la doctrine de trois Corbeilles
Def: the rst of the four types of teachings in the Tientai doctrinal classication scheme. Tripiaka refers
to the threefold collection of stra, abhidharma,
vinaya of the Hnayna, which teach only how to
escape this triple world of suffering.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Gish, 263b
see also: fourfold teachings
triple body (of the Buddha) XX

Chn. san sheng; sn shn
Jpn. sanshin
Frn. des trois corps de buddha
Skt. trikya
Def: the Dharma Body, the reward body, and the
transformation body (i.e., the historical Buddha).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also:
100
triple karma X$
Chn. san chieh mo; sn ji m
Jpn. san katsuma
Frn.
Def: A triple reading of a paper explaining ones
purpose, either at an ordination ceremony or in
confessing a heinous transgression. The threefold
aspects of an ordination or ceremony of confession.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1a17; Vinaya in Four Parts, T
22.994a1819.
see also:
triple refuge Xb
Chn. san kuei; sn qu
Jpn. sanki
Frn.
Def: to take refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and
Sangha.
Def-Frn.
see also:
triple transformation of the earth XF,

Chn. san pien tu tien; sn bin t( tin
Jpn. sanpen doden
Frn.
Def: for a bodhisattva of the Shared Teachings to, on
the sixth bodhisattva stage, make a vow to be reborn
in the triple world to save sentient beings.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i, 694c20; Gish, 271c
see also:
triple world X
Chn. san shieh; sn ji Jpn. sankai
Frn. les trois mondes
Def: this triple world of our experience, consisting of
the realm of desires , the realm of form 5, and
the formless realm [5.
Def-Frn. une terre pour lensemble du monde de dsir,
quatre terres pour le monde de la forme,
correspondant aux quatre degrs de mditation,
quatre pour le monde de labsence de forme,
correspondant aux quatre yatana.
Ref.Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1c9
see also:
true cultivation @
Chn. chen hsiu; zhn xi
Jpn. shinshu
Frn. pratiques vritables
Def: true, insightful, intuitive practice, in contrast to
preparatory practices based on successive
contemplation of conditions.
Def-Frn.
see also: deliberate [conditioned] cultivation
Appendix A
true nature
Chn. shih hsing; sh xng
Jpn. jissh
Frn. la nature ralle
Def: the nature of reality, namely the potential to
attain Buddhahood. Another name for Buddhanature. One of the three definitions of nature
given in the exposition of nature as the second of the
ten suchlikes in the Mo-ho chih-kuan. In terms of the
threefold truth, this meaning corresponds to the
Middle.
Def-Frn. le sens de nature ralle, ou principielle, qui
est un autre nom de la nature de buddha.
see also: unchanging nature, individual nature, Buddhanature
truly real
Chn. chen shih; zhn sh
Jpn. shinjitsu
Frn. relle
Def: one of the compounds used by Chih-i to express
the inexpressable reality as-it-is.
Def-Frn.
see also:
twelve (sense) entrances Y

Chn. shih erh ju; sh r r
Jpn. jniny
Frn. les douze ...
Skt. yatana
Def: The six sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue,
body, mind) and six sense objects (color/form,
sound, smells, tastes, touch, dharmas).
Def-Frn.
see also: eighteen realms
twelve dhyna meditations Y,

Chn. shih erh chan; sh r chn
Jpn. jnizen
Frn. les douze ...
Def: The four dhyna stages v,; the four
concentrations on emptiness v[5the emptiness
of dharma-marks o, of non-existence [, of ownbeing , and of other-being ; and the four
boundless demeanors v[g (brahmavihra; of
friendliness, compassion, joy, and equinimity).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3a6; Liu miao fa men, 459b5.
see also:
twelvefold scriptures YH
Chn. shih erh pu fa; sh r b f
Jpn. jnibuh
Frn. les douze ...
Def: In the Mahyna, the complete collection of the
Buddhist canon. The order varies in different texts,
but NAKAMURA (p. 658) lists them as follows: stra,
geya, gth, nidna, itivttaka, jtaka, abhuta-dharma,
avadna (parables), upadea, udn, vaipulya

(extensive texts), and vykaraa (prophesies).
Def-Frn.
see also: ninefold scriptures
twelvefold causes and conditions (conditioned

arising) Y$ ($4)
Chn. shih erh yin yan (yan chi);
sh r yn yun (yun q)
Jpn. jni innen (engi)
Frn. les douze relations de causalite
Skt.
Def: the twelvefold cycle of causes and conditions that
make up the human condition: ignorance [g,
volitional activity , consciousness , name-andform e5, the six senses , contact , experience
1, passion (, attachment , existence , rebirth ,
and decay-and-death .
Def-Frn. lignorance, les constructions psychiques, la
conscience, le non-forme, les six facults sensorielles,
la prise de contact, les sensations, la soif,
lappropriation, lexistence, la naissance, la vieillesse
et la mort
Ref. Gish, 273b274a; Graded Themes, 684a3685a29
see also:
twelvefold [rules] for mendicants Yw

Chn. shih erh tuo tuo; sh r tu tu
Jpn. jni zuda
Frn. les douze modes de vie asctique
Skt. dhtaga
Def: Ascetic rules that a monk may choose to follow,
though not necessarily all at the same time. The
Vinaya texts are not in agreement as to the content
of these twelve rules. NAKAMURA (p. 803), gives the
following list:
1. use clothing made from rags
2. limiting ones clothing to three robes (one robe for
use during begging rounds, for during ceremonial
duties, and for daily use)
3. always begging for ones meals

4. not taking any extra meals
5. one seated meal
6. one meal
7. staying in a secluded place
8. sitting in meditation on a mound
9. sitting in meditation under a tree
10. sitting in meditation on open ground
11. sitting in various places
12. sitting in meditation constantly without laying
down.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 41c15; Ta chih tu lun, 25.538b
see also: three garments
twenty-ve means (of preparations for the practice of

cessation-and-contemplation) Y2
Chn. rh shih wu fang pien; r sh w( fn bin
Jpn. nijgo hben
101
Frn. vingt-cinq expdients

Def: Five categories of five matters to be taken care or
or put under control in order to prepare for serious
cultivation of contemplation:
1. prepare five conditions S2$: keep the precepts,
prepare a minimum of food and clothing, dwell in
a quiet and secluded place, put an end to all
mundane responsibilities, and approach a good
friend.
2. renounce (restrain and control) the sensual
desires e2 of form, sound, scent, taste, and
touch.
3. reject the five impediments m2 of greed, anger,
lethargy, shame, and doubt.
4. regulate 2 ones diet, sleep, body, breathing,
and mind.
5. five supplementary practices 2 with regard to
desires, diligence, mindfulness, skillful wisdom,
and single-mindedness.
Def-Frn. la runion des cinq conditions, le domptage
des cinq dsirs, labandon des cinq enveloppes, ou
obscurcissements, les cinq mises en ordre, la pratique
des cinq mthodes.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 35c148c21; Hsiao chih-kuan,
462a466c; Tsu-ti chan-men, 46.483c491b
see also:
twenty-ve realms existence (in sasra) Y2

Chn. rh shih wu yu; r sh w( y&u
Jpn. nijgo u
Frn. vingt-cinq ....
Def: the four continents (north, south, east, and west)
v?, the four evil destinies v+ (hell, beast, preta,
asura), the six divine realms of desire , the
Brahma heaven , the four dhyna stages v,,
the four divine realms of emptiness vW, and the
five divine realms of the non-returner (angmin)
2L.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Hurvitz, Chih-i, pp. 34042;
see also:
twenty-ve samdhis Y2X*

Chn. erh shih wu san mei; r sh w( sn mi
Jpn. nijgo sanmai
Def: a list of samdhi from the Mahparinirva Stra;
each samdhi allows one to overcome one of the
twenty-five states of sasric existence.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mahparinirva Stra, T 12.690b223; Mo-ho
chih-kuan, 15b10, 74c28; Ssu-chiao-i, T
46.755c29758b28
see also: twenty-five realms of existence
twenty-seven levels of the wise sages Y/

Chn. erh shih chi hsien sheng; r sh q xin shng
Jpn. nijnana kensh
102
Def: a classification of levels of attainment from the

Cheng-shih lun.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Cheng-shih lun, 32.245c3246c18; Mo-ho chih-kuan,
30b29
see also:
twenty-three scholars (of the Liang) YXB

Chn. erh shih san chia; r sh sn ji
Jpn. nij-san ke
Frn. vingt-trois religieux
Def: a group, presided over by Prince Chao-ming of
the Liang dynasty, which carried on a famous debate
(around AD 520 or 521) on the meaning of the two
truths.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 26c17; Fa-hua hsan-i, 702b
see also:
twenty types of [mistaken] views of the body

Y)X
Chn. erh shih chung sheng chien; r sh zh&ng shn jin
Jpn. nij-shu shin-ken
Frn.
Def: Chan-jan (BT-III, p. 535) points out that different
texts give various interpretations for this category.
Ikeda (Kenkychshaku-hen, p. 368) gives the
interpretation that there are four mistaken views
associated with each of the five skandhas, that is, 1)
the self is smaller yet included in the skandha, 2) the
self is larger yet within the skandha, 3) the self and
the skandha are overlapping and the same, and 4)
the self exists outside the skandha.
Def-Frn.
see also:
twenty types of wisdom YJ

Chn. erh shih chih; r sh zh
Jpn. nij-chi
Frn.
Def: twenty kinds of wisdom explained in detail in the
section on the subtlety of wisdom in his Fa-hua
hsan-i. In short, there are seven wisdoms of the
Tripitaka Teaching, ve wisdoms of the Shared
Teaching, four wisdoms of the Distinct Teaching,
and four wisdoms of the Perfect Teaching. The
twelve wisdoms of the Tripitaka and Shared
Teachings are encompassed by the contemplation of
emptiness, the four wisdoms of the Distinct Teaching
are encompassed by the contemplation of
conventionality, and the four wisdoms of the Perfect
Teaching are encompassed by the contemplation of
the Middle.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Fa-hua hsan-i; see T 33.707a715b; Mo-ho chihkuan, 30b11
see also:
Appendix A
two extremes N
Chn. erh pien; r bin Jpn. nihen
Frn.
Skt.
Def: the two extremes to be avoided to realize the
Middle way; the two extremes of hedonism or
asceticism, the extreme views that either the self is
eternal or that the self does not exist, that of
eternalism or annihilationism, and so forth.
Def-Frn.
see also:
two methods of contemplating emptiness

Chn.
Jpn.
Frn.
Def: to realize emptiness by analyzing dharmas (the
method of the Tripiaka Teaching), and to realize
emptiness by direct insight into their essential nature
(the method of the Shared Teachings).
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: analyze (phenomena) and realize emptiness,
essential emptiness
two obstacles
Chn. erh chang; r zhng
Jpn. nish
Frn. deux obstacles
Skt. klea-jeya-varaa
Def: the obstacles to attaining perfect enlightenment,
i.e., the obstacle of passionate afflictions (kleavaraa) and the wisdom obstacle (jeya-varaa).
Def-Frn.
see also: obstacle of passionate afflictions, wisdom
obstacle
two truths
Chn. erh ti; r d
Jpn. nitai
Frn. les deux vrits
Skt.
Def: the real and mundane truths.
Def-Frn. la suprme et la vulgaire vrits
Ref. Gish 274a276c; Fa-hua hsan-i, 702a13704c16
see also: mundane truth; real truth
U
Udraka w/X
Chn. y tuo lan fu; y tu ln f
Jpn. Udoranka (??)
Frn.
Def: Udraka Rmaputra, kyamunis yoga master
during his practice leading up to enlightenment,
though Skyamuni eventually left him to devote
himself to extreme asceticism.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 40c11; Ta chih tu lun, T 25.189a1ff
see also:
ultimately empty and quiescent W

Chn. pi ching kung chi; b jng kng j
Jpn. hiky kjyaku ?
Frn.
Def: the true nature of all phenomena, including
avaricious desires
Def-Frn.
see also:
ultimate identity ,
Chn. chiu ching chi; b jng j
Jpn. kuky-soku
Frn. lidentit absolue
Def: the sixth level of the Six Identities. The level of
realization when both wisdom and severance of
passions are perfected and the three virtuous
qualities are completely manifested.
Def-Frn. muni de la sagesse et des suppressions
parfaites, on manifeste totalement les trois qualits
Ref.
unchanging nature #y
Chn. pu kai hsing; b gi xng
Jpn. fukaish
Frn. la nature dimmuable
Def: nature as the characteristics that do not change;
the characteristics particular to each specific type.
One of the three definitions of nature given in the
exposition of nature as the second of the ten
suchlikes in the Mo-ho chih-kuan. In terms of the
threefold truth, this meaning corrersponds to
emptiness.
Def-Frn. le sense de nature ne pouvant changer
see also: individual nature, true nature
undying (ignorance) [([g)

Chn. wu mo (wu ming); w mi (w mng)
Jpn. mubotsu (mumy)
Frn.
Skt. alaya
Def: Lit. (ignorance) which does not sink or become
extinct. A Chinese translation of laya which
interprets the term as alaya. A function of the layaconsciousness is to gather and support all the seeds
of undying ignorance.
Def-Frn.
see also:
unique qualities (of the Buddha) #

Chn. pu kung fa; b gng f
Jpn. fug h
Frn.
Skt. veika-(buddha-)dharma
Def: Characteristics that are unique to the Buddha, the
103
standard list has eighteen.

Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 2b29, 3c1,
see also: eighteen unique qualities of the Buddha
univeral giving I
Chn. pien shih; bin sh Jpn. hense ?
Frn.
Def: A characteristic of the Buddha (or Dharma) in
acting with merciful compassion toward all beings in
response to their respective empathy or capacity to
receive. A gloss based on the meaning of the Chinese
characters, but originally the compound was a
transliteration of siddhnta.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 5a7,
see also: empathy and response, siddhnta
univeral wisdom s)J

Chn. i-chieh-chung chih; y qi zh&ng zh
Jpn. issai shuchi
Frn. la science de tous les aspects
Skt. sarvajajta, sarva-kra-jt
Def: One of the three wisdoms. The ultimate wisdom
of a Buddha, who is fully and correctly aware of all
things. A translation of the Chinese (Ng) would be
the wisdom of both universality and particularity.
In terms of the threefold truth, this is the wisdom of
the Middle.
Def-Frn.
see also: omniscience, wisdom of the path
Untinterrupted Samdhi [X*

Chn. wu chien san mei; w jin sn mi
Jpn. muken-zanmai
Frn.
Def: A state of concentration achieved within the level
of "supreme in the world"; to contemplate nonarising and understand that both inner self and
outer objects are empty.
Def-Frn.
see also:
unsolicited friend #N
Chn. pu ching yu; b qng y&u
Jpn. fuseiy (???)
Frn. un ami non invit
Def: one who becomes a friend of all beings without
being asked or solicited.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 40b20; Stra of Immeasurable Life, T
12.266b19; rmldev Stra, T 12.218b17
see also:
upholding the precepts in deed w

Chn. shih chieh; sh ji Jpn. jikai
Frn. lobservance des commandements <de la
moralit> phnomnaux
104
Def: the actual keeping and upholding of the precepts,

in contract to upholding the precepts in principle
(through the cultivation of contemplation).
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 37c19ff.
see also: upholding the precepts in principle
upholding the precepts in principle 7w

Chn. li chieh; l ji
Jpn. rikai
Frn. lobservance des commandements <de la
moralit> principiels
Def: the upholding of the precepts in principle
(through the cultivation of contemplation),
incontrast to the actual keeping and upholding of
the precepts in deed
Def-Frn.
see also: upholding the precepts in deed
upright behavior X
Chn. wei i; wi y
Jpn. igi
Frn.
Def:
Def-Frn.
see also: noble demeanor; four proper activities
V
Vaipulya Period f
Chn. fang teng shih; fn dng sh
Jpn. hd-ji
Frn. la priode des stra dvelopps
Def: according to the Tien-tai ve-period
classication scheme, the Mahyna teachings
preached by the Buddha in the eight years after
teaching the gamas at Deer Park. Vaipulya means
extensive or broad.
Def-Frn. dura huit ans et le Buddha y prcha les
principaux stra du grand Vhicule. Les quatre
doctrines selon la nature de lenseignement (voir
plus bas) y sont reprsentes des degrs vaiables de
puret. Lintention du Buddha au cours de cette
priode est damener ses auditeurs des conceptions
plus leves en leur faisant prendre conscience de
linsufsance de lenseignement du petit Vhicule
prsent lors de la priode prcdente et de
lexistence dun niveau plu haut de la ralit; ce
passage est exprim par des expressions telles que
mpris pour le petit et admiration pour le grand,
rabaissement du partiel et exaltation du parfait,
honte du petit et aspiration au grand. Cest donc
une priode de discrdit, des trois Corbeilles, o
apparat une conance mutuelle, entre le Buddha
et ses auditeurs.
Vaipulya (Samdhi) f(X*)

Chn. fang teng (san-mei); fn dng (sn mi)
Appendix A
Jpn. hd (zanmai)
Frn.
Skt. vaipulya-samdhi
Def: a repentance ritual based on the Great Vaipulya
Dhra Stra, consisting of chanting the Mo-ho tanchih to-lo-ni # (*Mah-dhahana-dhra
Great Dhra for Overcoming Evil and Upholding
the Good, or Great Dhra for Subduing [the
demon] *Dandara) as one circumambulates a
Buddha image or altar, repenting of ones
inadequacies, and then retreating to sit in
contemplation; one of the methods taught by Chih-i
under the heading of both-walking-and-sitting
Samdhi.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1b21, 13a2914a5
see also: both-walking-and-sitting Samdhi
Vairocana k0
Chn. lu she na; l sh n
Jpn. rushana
Frn.
Skt. Vairocana
Def: The Buddha who preached the Avatasaka Stra.
In contrast to the interpretation of Vairocana as
dharmakya and kyamuni as nirmnakya, Tien-tai
teaches that this Vairocana is a sambhogakya who
dwells on the thousand-petaled pedestal in the Pure
Land. Vairocana as dharmakya is written with
different characters: k0. The original Sanskrit
name is the same for both.
Def-Frn.
see also:
Vajra Samdhi X*

Chn. chin kang san mei; jn gng sn mi
Jpn. kong zanmai
Frn.
Skt. vajra-samdhi
Def: an adamant-like samdhi, a meditative
absorption achieved toward the end of the path of
cultivation (bhvanmrga), which catalyzes the final
experience of enlightenment. The process of
abandonment which can destroy even the subtlest
and most persistent of fetters.
Def-Frn.
see also:
variable (or indeterminate) cessation-andcontemplation #

Chn. pu ting chih-kuan; b dng zh gun
Jpn. fuj shikan
Frn. lindtermine Quitude et Contemplation
Def: one of the three ways of practicing cessation-andcontemplation; to practice various methods without
any fixed agenda or without advancing through predetermined stages. The kind of practice taught by
Chih-i in his Liu-miao fa-men, T #1917, 46.548555.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 3c
see also: gradual and successive cessation-andcontemplation, perfect-and-sudden cessation-andcontemplation
verbal identity e,
Chn. ming tzu chi; mng z j
Jpn. myji-soku
Frn. lidentit de dnomination
Def: the second level of the Six Identities. The level of
realization attained by hearing the verbal teaching of
the Buddha Dharma.
Def-Frn. quils en prennent connaissance grce la
doctrine (du Buddha) et cest lidentit de
dnomination.
Ref. Gish, 267b
(deluded) views and attitudes (thoughts, emotions,

conceptions) ()()
Chn. chien ssu (fan nao) (huo);
jin s (fn no) (hu)
Jpn. kenji (bonn) (waku)
Frn. des garenents des vues et penses
Def: deluded views and deluded thoughts (or
emotions, conceptions, attitudes); the two types of
passionate attachments in this triple world; to
mistakenly discriminate objects of consciousness, the
things of this world, and be attached to mistaken
views of the self and other extreme views; to analyze
things and have mistaken attitudes or conceptions
concerning them.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Ssu-chiao-i 775a16, 776b2124; Mo-ho chih-kuan
67b29,
(mistaken) views as objects (of contemplation) U

Chn. chu chien ching; zh jin jng
Jpn. shoken ky
Frn.
Def: The seventh of the ten objects of contemplation.
Hurvitz (p. 329): Any number of mistaken views
formerly held by the practitioner may now come up
to distract his attention.
Def-Frn.
Ref. :
see also:
(mistaken) views concerning equality and nondiscrimination rf[_

Chn. ping teng wu fen pieh chien;
png dng w fn bi jin
Jpn. byd mufunbetsu ken
Frn. des vues dgalit et de non-discrimination
Def: the mistaken and one-sided understanding of
emptiness totally in terms of equality and nondiscrimination that does not recognize conventional
differences and, for example, denies the importance
105
of upholding the precepts because of the equality

and non-discrimination between right and wrong.
Chih-i gives as an example people who would say:
What is a trespass, and what is not a trespass? [There
is no difference.] If one dicriminates, these
discriminations are an obstacle [to enlightenment],
and these obstacles are not real. Though we dwell
with covetous passions, we do not arouse a fear of
these obstacles. Not having a fear of these obstacles is
bodhi-wisdom. This alone is real, and all the rest is
deluded words.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 38b27ff.
see also: view of emptiness
(mistaken) view of emptiness W

Chn. kung chien; kng jin
Jpn. k ken
Frn.
Skt. nyat-di
Def: the mistaken and one-sided understanding of
emptiness, e.g., the view that one need not uphold
the precepts because they are empty
Def-Frn.
see also: (mistaken) views concerning equality and nondiscrimination
Vinaya A
Chn. l; l
Jpn. ritsu
Frn. la discipline
Skt. vinaya
Def: the body of precepts that dene the activity and
life-style one must maintain in order to realize
extinction of passions and ignorance. One of the
three stores of the Buddhas teachings; the other
two being the stras and the abhidharma treatises.
Def-Frn. dsigne les commandements impartis par le
Buddha ses disciples.
see also:
W
walking meditation
Chn. ching hsing; jng xng
Jpn. kygy; kinhin
Frn. les exercices de dtente
Skt. cakrama
Def: To walk slowly and quietly in meditation. The
strictly regulated periods of walking slowly in
meditation between sessions of sitting in meditation,
to help alleviate the stress from sitting for long
periods of time. This practice (called kinhin in
Japanese Zen circles) continues today in Zen temples
that emphasize sitting only.
Def-Frn. la lecture propre aux ecoles zen est kinhin; ce
terme dsigne le dambulation de dtente dans les
intervalles entre exercices de mditation.
106
see also:
wandering sage BB
Chn. chia chia; ji ji Jpn. keke
Frn. celui qui va de famille en famille
Skt. kulakula
Def: a once-returner (sakdgmin) who has severed the
three or four degrees of delusions in the realm of
desire. One who wanders from house to house; or
from this world to heaven and back.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Koa 24.111; Gish, 280b; Mo-ho chih-kuan, 71c6
see also:
warped, clumsy, ashes, and near (H

Chn. ch chuo hui chin; q( zhu hu jn
Jpn. koku-setsu-ke-gon
Frn.
Def: an abbreviated expression to describe four ways in
which the attainment of the Hnayna adept is
inferior; warped in understanding, clumsy in their
means of salvation, involves the belief that nirva
means a reduction of the body to ashes and the
extinction of consciousness, and is analogous to the
travelers (in the parable in the Lotus Stra) who tarry
near the conjured city rather than advancing further
to the nal goal. Sometimes the third character is
(shallow) instead of ashes.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 4c47; 11a9; 23c29; 52b22
see also:
Wind Samdhi K(fk)X*

Chn. feng (fen hsn) san mei; fng (fn xn) sn mi
Jpn. f (funjin) zanmai
Frn.
Def: Short for Speed-of-the-Wind Samdhi. A state of
concentration in which one can arouse a great wind
and break up ones own body. Performed by nanda
while crossing the Ganges River in order to satisfy the
demands of the various kings who each wanted
nandas relics.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 1a16; T 50.303b67.
see also:
wisdom based on contemplation ()

Chn. (pan jo) kuan huei; (bn ru) gun hu
Jpn. (hannya) kane
Frn. sagesse contemplative
Def: the praj-wisdom based on, or gained through,
contemplation; the treasure handed down to the
rvakas by the Buddha in the 4th (Praj) period.
Def-Frn. la sagesse qui procde lexamen des facteurs
dexistence par la mise en pratique des mthodes de
mditation.
see also: Praj Period
Appendix A
wisdom like the sun

Chn. huei jih; hu r
Jpn. enichi
Frn.
Skt. jna-divkara-prabh
Def: the Buddhas unlimited wisdom, which is like the
sun and its rays. The light rays of wisdom. In the
Cheh-i san-mei Chih-i ompares the sun of wisdom
and the empty nature of the mind to the
relationship of the sun and the empty sky. The sun
of wisdom illumines space and manifests the true
marks of phenomena as empty, as the sun illumines
the empty sky.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Lotus Stra, 58a; Ssu-chiao-i, 779a12; Cheh-i san-mei,
T 46.621a14b25
see also:
wisdom obstacle J , 8F
Chn. chih chang, suo chih chang
zh zhng, su& zh zhng
Jpn. chish, shochish
Frn. les obstacles aux connaissables
Skt. jeya-varaa
Def: the more subtle obstacles to wisdom (beyond the
obstacles of delusions); the middling wisdom that
obstructs the attainment of a higher wisdom. Also,
both the "obstacle of wisdom"(a kind of wisdom (of
emptiness of conventionality) that obstructs the
attainment of a higher wisdom and "obstacle to
wisdom"the higher wisdom (of the Middle) that is
being obstructed.
Def-Frn. cest lattachement des corps la ralit des
choses; le principal est la croyance la ralit du
corps, dont manent les vues, le doute, la soif, la
colre, lorgueil etc., lesquels recouvrent les objets
connaissables et la nature non errone et font
obstacle la bodhi.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 16c12, 81c1226, 85b2286a8;
see also: obstacle of delusions; two obstacles
wisdom of extinction [of consciousess] and the

reduction of the body to ashes HXnJ
Chn. hui sheng mieh chih; hu shn mi zh
Jpn. kejin mecchi
Frn.
Def: one of the four descriptions used in Tien-tai for
the inferior nirva of the Hnayna follower:
warped in understanding, clumsy in their means
of salvation, belief that nirva means a reduction of
the body to ashes and the extinction of
consciousness, and is analogous to the travelers in
the parable of the conjured city who tarry near the
city rather than advancing on the way to the final
goal.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan, 23c2924a1, 52b22; Ssu-chiao-i,
777a13.
see also: warped, clumsy, ashes, and near
wisdom of the path 1)J

Chn. tao chung chih; do zh&ng zh
Jpn. d-shuchi
Frn. la science de les aspect de chemins ou sagesse
portant sur les diffrentes mthodes de salut
Skt. marga-anvaya-j; mrgkrajt
Def: One of the three wisdoms. The wisdom of a
Buddha in being fully and correctly aware of all
phenomenal things. A translation of the Chinese
(Ng) would be the wisdom of particularity. In
terms of the threefold truth, this is the wisdom of
conventionality.
Def-Frn.
see also: omniscience, universal wisdom
wisdom-as-life f
Chn. huei ming; hu mng
Jpn. emy
Frn.
Skt. *yumat
Def: a word picture comparing wisdom to life. The
identication of wisdom with the life process,
because all sentient beings are inherently endowed
with the Dharma nature (dharmat) and thus the
potential to realize Buddhahood.
Donner points out that this expression hui-ming is
a mistranslation of the Sanskrit yumat (having life,
i.e. aged or long-lived, a respectful form of
address), where the possissive sufx -mat has been
misunderstood as mati (mind, intelligence). The
mistranslation hui-ming is then interpreted in the
Chinese Buddhist tradition as the life which is
wisdom, i.e. the life of the Dharma-body, which lives
on wisdom just as the physical body lives on food.
Def-Frn.
see also:
wish-fullling (mai) jewel [(, #(

Chn. ju i chu, mo ni chu; r y zh, m n zh
Jpn. nyoiju, maniju
Frn.
Skt. cintmai
Def: a jewel; in particular a magical, wish-fulfilling
jewel.
Def-Frn.
Ref. Mo-ho chih-kuan 2b4, 9b3
see also:
worldly realm
Chn. shih su chieh; sh s ji
Jpn. sezokukai
Frn. la vrit vulgaire (monde)
Def: the everyday realm of passions and delusions.
Def-Frn.
Ref.
see also: transcendent realm
107
worthy of offerings :
Chn. ying kung; yng gng
Jpn. gu
Frn. ils mritent
Skt. arhat, pj
Def: a synonym for the arhat; lit. one who is worthy to
receive offerings; one who is valuable and worthy of
respect.
Def-Frn.
see also: ten titles of the Tathgata
Y
yellow dragon potion dP_
Chn. huang lung tang; hung lng tng
Jpn. ry-yu ?
Frn.
Def: A potion made from excrement. One source spells
out the following recipe: mix human feces and urine
with wild boar and cat excrement, add salt, and store
it in an earthen jar. Shiki (BTII, p. 60) explains that
one must drink many cups (1 = .18 liters), up
to one sheng (= 10 cups, 1.8 liters), but warns that
an overdose can cause ones teeth to fall out. Chih-i
compares practicing contemplation in the midst of
evil to this last-resort remedy.
Def-Frn.
see also:
108
Appendix A

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APPENDIX A

Glossary of Tien-tai Terms

BASIC PATTERN OF ENTRIES:

see also: relative

Def: adapted or fused teachings, a characteristic

adorn and purify the meditation chamber 1

adornment of virtue t6v

aggregates (skandha), sense entrances (yatana) and

all wisdom contained in a single thought so:

de cette doctrine, qui contraste avec les 34 penses

analyze (phenomena) and realize emptiness W

analogy of the color of milk

analogy of the three (stages of) illumination X

priodes; a) shokuji 7, lheure de repas du matin;

Def: one who has attained ultimate sagehood (at least

arhat (killer of enemies [bandits]) N

asaru medicine %( [*Bhumea lacena]

arousing of evil and deled karma % ; B

arousing [the aspiration for] the thought (of bodhiwisdom) ()

aspiration for enlightenment ()

volition, intent, or hope to attain enlightenment. For

(the delusion of) attachment to outer characteristics

attachment to precepts w(8)

attachment to (mistaken) views

Def: to be attached to a mistaken, inferior view, and

attainment of awakening upon aspiring for

avaricious desire and bodhi-wisdom are indivisible

capacits de ses auditeurs et ceux-ci restrent

Avici hell %([)G

(sasra, like a) boat that ows with the current

bodhisattva of the Distinct Teaching *f

bodhisattva of the Shared Teaching F*f

bodhisattva of the six perfections Ef

bodhisattva of the Tripiaka Teaching X(*)f

bodhisattvahood as an object (of contemplation)

body of recompense X (M)

bonds of karma are indivisible with liberation

see also: sasra is indivisible with nirva, passionate

both lucidly and clearly illumined P_g

both-walking-and-sitting samdhi PPX*

Buddhahood in the future HM

Buddhahood of everyone one meets Ts

capacity for understanding (X/) , n, n

cessation-and-contemplation (calming and insight)

Chn. chih-kuan; zh gun

home to seek the path. Chandaka accompanied

circumambulate [the Buddha image] G

cessation and not the insight of contemplation; in

color of the mountains and the taste of the sea are

combined, singular, contrastive, encompassing/

Def-Frn. Les rapports entre les quatre doctrines et les

(unity of) common person and sage /(s)

common praj (teachings)

complete cause; ratio cognoscendi U

(samdhi of) complete extinction n

concentration (samdhi) which is the realization of

(ordinary) constituent sasra _B

contemplate with attention I

contemplating thoughts; contemplation of the mind

Q, clear consciousness g, wisdom J,

contemplation of the conventional x

contemplation of the (supreme) Middle Way

contemplation, training, discipline, and cultivation