ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY-LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

II/IV B.TECH II-SEM
SUB: ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB

LAQSHYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

LAQSHYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LAB
R13 REGULATION II YEAR B.TECH ECE II SEM

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL
2. SREIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
3. TIME RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER RC-RL NETWORK FOR PERIODIC NON SINUSOIDAL
INPUTS
4. TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS Z-Y PARAMETERS CHAIN MATRIX AND
ANLYTICAL VERIFICATION
5. TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS ABCD AND H- PARAMETERS
6. VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSOTION AND RECIPROCITY THEOREMS
7. VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREMS
8. VERIFICATION OF THEVINENS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
9.MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATER
10. SWINBURNES TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE
11. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
12.OC & SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
13.LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS, NORTONS THEOREMS

AIM:
To study and verify the Thevenins, Nortons and maximum power transfer theorems
theoretically and practically
APPARATUS:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS NAME
Regulated Power supply
Resistors
Resistors
Resistors
Resistors
Decade Resistance Box
DC ammeters
DC voltmeter
Bread Board
Connecting wires

RANGE
(0-30)V
1K
560
2.2K
100
---(0-20)mA
(0-30)V
----------------

QUANTITY
01
02
01
03
02
01
01
01
01
AS Required

THEVENINS & NORTONS CIRCUIT:

Thevenins & Nortons Circuit

PROCEDURE:
(a) THEVENINS THEOREM:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. To find Thevenins voltage Vth, remove the load resistor RL, and find the voltage across the load
terminals by applying source voltage

3. To find Thevenins Resistance Rth, remove the load resistor RL , and find the resistance across
the load terminals by short circuiting the voltage source
4. Now construct the Thevenins equivalent circuit and find the load current, by connecting load
to its terminals
5. Compare the theoretical and practical values
(b) NORTONS THEOREM:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. To find Nortons current IN, short circuit the load terminals, and find the current in the load
terminals by applying source voltage
3. To find Nortons Resistance RN, remove the load resistor RL , and find the resistance across the
load terminals by short circuiting the voltage source
4. Now construct the Nortons equivalent circuit and find the load current, by connecting load to
its terminals
5. Compare the theoretical and practical values

TABULAR COLUMN:
(a) THEVENINS THEOREM:
s.no

Vth (V) Rth ()

IL (mA)
Theor Pract

(b) NORTONS THEOREM:

s.no

IN (mA)

RN ()

IL (mA)
Theor Pract

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections
2. Handle the equipments carefully.

RESULT: Thevenins, Nortons theorems are studied and verified theoretically and practically.

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM:
To study and verify the superposition theorem theoretically and practically
APPARATUS:
S.NO

apparatus

Range

Quantity

Regulated power supply

(0-30)v

Resistors

1K,560,2.2K

1,1,1

Dc ammeters

(0-20) mA

Bread board

---------------

Connecting wires

--------------

As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Take the reading of ammeter which gives the current through the 1k resistor by applying two
voltage sources v1 and v2 and assumed it as I.
3. Now apply the only V1 and take the reading of ammeter and assumed it as I1 and v2 must be
shorted.
4. Now apply the only V2 and take the reading of ammeter and assumed it as I11 and v1 must be
shorted.
5. If I= I1+I11 then superposition theorem is verified.
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO

Voltage(V1)

Voltage(V2)

Current(I1)

Current(I11)

Current(I)

I1= Current when voltage source V1 acting

I11= Current when voltage source V2 acting
I = Current when voltage sources V1,V2 acting
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections
2. Handle the equipments carefully.

RESULT:
The superposition theorem is studied and verified theoretically and practically.

I =I1+I11

VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY
RECIPROCITY THEOREM:
AIM:
To study and verify the Reciprocity and Millimans theorem theoretically and practically
APPARATUS:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05

APPARATUS NAME
Regulated power supply
Resistors
Dc ammeter
Bread board
Connecting wires

RANGE
(0-30)V
1K
(0-20)mA
---------------

QUANTITY
01
5
1
1
As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Case(i): Apply the voltage across AA and note down the readings of ammeter at BB and and
measure the transfer resistance .
3. Case(i): Apply the voltage across BB and note down the readings of ammeter at AA and and
measure the transfer resistance .
4. If the transfer resistance is same in both cases then reciprocity theorem is proved.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Case (i)
S.No

Voltage(V) across AA

Current(I) across BB

Transfer resistance

Voltage(V) across BB

Current(I) across AA

Transfer resistance

Case (ii)
S.No

Transfer resistance = ( applied source voltage (Vs)/ammeter reading (IL))

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections.
2. Handle the equipments carefully.
RESULT:
The Reciprocity theorem is studied and verified theoretically and practically.

STUDY OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS

AIM:
To study and verify the series and parallel resonance circuits theoretically and practically.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

NAME
Function generator
Decade resistance box
Decade inductance box
Decade capacitance box
Connecting wires
Bread board
Ac millimeter

RANGE
------------------------------------

QUANTITY
2
1
1
1
As required
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Series resonance circuit

Parallel resonance circuit

Procedure:
series resonance:
1.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram by fixing the values of resistance,
inductance and Capacitance by varying corresponding decade box to desired levels.

2.

First you notice that the current is maximum at lower frequencies.

3.

By varying the frequency note down the corresponding current by measuring the peak
values.

4.

At a frequency known as Fo resonance and so the current is max at the point.

5.

On favorite further increase the current again decreases.

Parallel resonance:
1.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram by fixing the values of resistance,
inductance and Capacitance by varying corresponding decade box to desired levels.

2.

First notice that the current is maximum at lower frequencies.

3.

By varying the frequency note down the corresponding current by measuring the peak
values.

4.

At a frequency known as Fo resonance occurs and so the current is max at the point.

5.

On further increase the current again decreases.

TABULAR COLUMN:

series resonance:
S.NO

FREQUENCY
Ther
Pract

1
2
3
4
5

Parallel resonance:
CURRENT
S.NO
Ther Pract
1
2
3
4
5

FREQUENCY CURRENT
Ther pract Ther Pract

Model graphs:
series resonance:

Parallel resonance:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections and handle the equipments carefully.
RESULT:
The series and parallel resonance circuits are studied and verified theoretically and
practically.

Z AND Y PARAMETER
AIM:
To find out the Z and Y parameters theoretically and practically.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
1

NAME
Regulated power
supply
Resistors
Dc ammeter
Dc voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires

2
3
4
5
6

RANGE
(0-30)V

QUANTITY
2

560,1K,2.2K
(0-20)mA
(0-30)V
-----------

1
2
1
1
As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Procedure

To find Z-Parameters

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Open circuit port-2 (i.e. I2 = 0 ) and measure V1,I1 and V2 and calculate Z11 & Z21 using the
formulae
V
V
Z11 1 I 2 0
Z 21 2 I 2 0
I1
I1
3. To Measure Z12 and Z22, open circuit port-1 (i.e. I1=0) and measure V1, V2 and I2 and
calculate Z12 & Z21 using the formulae
V
V
Z12 1 I 1 0
Z 22 2 I1 0
I2
I2

To find Y-Parameters
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Short circuit port-2 (i.e. V2 = 0 ) and measure V1, I1 & I2 and
Calculate Y11 & Y21 using the formulae

Y11

I1
V2 0
V1

Y21

I2
V2 0
V1

3. To Measure Y12 and Y22, short circuit port-1 (i.e. V1=0) and measure V2, I1 and I2 and
calculate Y12 & Y22 using the formulae
Y12

I1
V1 0
V2

Y22

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO

V1(volts)

V2(volts)

I2
V1 0
V2

For Z Parameter
I1(mA)

I2(mA) Z11(ohms)
Ther

Z12(ohms)

Z21(ohms)

Pract Ther Pract Ther

Pract

Z22(ohms)
Thr pra

1
2

For Y Parameter
S.NO

V1(volts)

V2(volts)

I1(mA)

I2(mA)

Y11(ohms)

Y12(ohms)

Y21(ohms)

Y22(ohms)

Ther Pract Ther Pract Ther Pract Thr pract

1
2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose and wrong connections and handle the equipments carefully.
RESULT: The Z and Y parameters for given circuit are calculated theoretically and practically.

TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETER

AIM:
To find out the transmission and hybrid parameters theoretically and practically.
APPARATUS:
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6

NAME
Regulated power
supply
Resistors
Dc ammeter
Dc voltmeter
Bread board
Connecting wires

RANGE
(0-30)V

QUANTITY
2

560,1K,2.2K
(0-20)mA
(0-30)V
-----------

1
2
1
1
As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Procedure
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

For transmission parameter

All the connections are made as per the ckt diagram.

First the o/p port is open ckted (I2= O) and a voltage V1= 5V is applied to the I/p port.
Now the current I1 and the voltage V2 across the open ckted O/P port are noted down.
Then A= V1 / V2 when I2=0 and C=I1/V2 when I2=0 are calculated.
Now the O/P port is short ckted V2=5v applied to the I/P port.
Then the current I1 and I2 are noted down. Then the parameters B=V1 /-I2 (V2=0) and D = I1/I2
(V2 = 0) are calculated.
7) The practical values are verified with the theoretical values.

For hybrid parameter

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

First the output port is short circuited (V2=0) and a voltage V1=5V is applied to the input port.
The current I1&I2 are noted down.
Then the parameters h11=V1/ I1 when V2=0, h22 = I2/I1 when V2 =0 are calculated.
Now the input port is open circuited (I1=0) and voltage V2 =5v is applied to input port
Then the voltage V1 and current I2 are noted down. Then the parameters h12 = V1/V2 when I1=0,
h22 =I2/V2when I1=0 are calculated.
7) The practical are verified with the theoretical values.
TABULAR COLUMN:
for transmission parameter

S.NO

V1(VOLTS)

I1(mA)

V2(volts)

I2(mA)

A
thr

B
pra

thr

C
pra

thr

D
pra

thr

pra

1
2

for hybrid parameter

S.NO V1(VOLTS)

I1(mA) V2(volts)

I2(mA) H11=V1/I1 H12=V1/V2 H22=I2/V2 H21=I2/I1

thr

pra

thr

pra

thr

pra

thr

pra

1
2

RESULT:
The Transmission and hybrid parameters for given circuit are calculated theoretically and
practically.

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:

To determine experimentally the magnetization or open circuit characteristics of DC shunt

generator and to determine critical resistance and critical speed.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05

APPARATUS
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting wires

RANGE
0-2A
0-300V
370/1.7A
--------

TYPE
MC
MC
Tubular
Digital
-----

QUANTITY
01
01
02
01
Required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

SPECIFICATIONS
Power rating
Voltage
Field Current
Speed
Armature Current

MOTOR
5HP
220V
1.1A
1500rpm
20Amperes

GENERATOR
3KW
220V
1.1A
1500rpm
13Amperes

THEORY: This characteristic is the graph of generated no load voltage E against the field current If,
when speed of generator is maintained constant. As it is plotted without load with open circuit it is also
called as open circuit characteristics. As Emf increases field current also increases. But after some
time field current core gets saturated and flux also remains constant as field current increases.
Magnetization characteristics D.C. Shunt generator are also called as O.C.C It shows the relation
between no load generated e.m.f in armature (E0) and field current (If) at a given speed so it is also
called as no load saturation characteristics. In a. D.c generator e.m.f generated is given by

E g (ZN / 60) P / A
Flux per pole in webers
Z total no of armature conductors
N Speed in rpm
P no of poles

A no of parallel paths
E atcons tan tspeed
E K
If
E If

These characteristics can be obtained by plotting E0 VS If different O.C.C curves can be obtained at
different speeds.

Critical speed: Speed for which the given shunt field resistance becomes critical field resistance.
Critical field resistance: The value of field resistance at which D.C. generator will fail to excite.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor rheostat in minimum position and generator rheostat in maximum position.
3. Switch on the supply and start the motor with the help of the starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the motor-generator set to the rated speed by controlling the motor field
rheostat the speed is to be maintained constant throughout the experiment.
5. Note down the voltmeter reading at zero field current, increase field current in steps by
changing the generator field rheostat simultaneously note down the field current (I f) and
terminal voltage (E) across the generator armature terminals.
6. Continue till saturation of the field is reached.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. No

Field current (Ir) (Amps)

Generated arm voltage (E0) (Volts)

MODEL GRAPHS:
E0 (Vs) Ir

E0

IF
PRECAUTION:
1. Perform the experiment at constant speed.
2. Readings are to be taken for uniformly increasing field current.
3. Check must be made for residual magnetism, The field terminals may be required to be
reversed.
RESULT:
Hence the magnetization characteristics or open circuit characteristics of DC shunt generator are
performed and its critical speed and critical resistance are determined.
Critical speed = ----------- R.P.M
Critical resistance = ---------

BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To determine the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor by conducting brake test
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05

APPARATUS
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting wires

RANGE
0-20A
0-300V
300/1.5A
--------

TYPE
MC
MC
Wire wounded
Digital/Analog
-----

QUANTITY
01
01
01
01
Required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

SPECIFICATIONS
Power rating
Voltage
Field Current
Speed
Armature Current
Type

MOTOR
3HP
220V
0.6A
1500rpm
12 Amperes
Shunt

THEORY:
In this method the motor is subjected to direct mechanical loading by attaching a brake drum and water
cooled pulley to the motor shaft. A rope or belt is wound the pulley at it two ends. The two ends are
connected to two spring balances S1 and S2 The tension of the belt can be adjusted by tightening it on
the pulley. The tangential force on the pulley is equal to the difference of the two spring balance
readings.
Tsh = (S1 ~ S2)* 9.81* R N-m, Where R is the radius of the pulley in meters and S1 and S2
are the spring balance readings in Kg.
Power output = (2N/60) (S1 ~ S2) 9.81 R Watts (N-m/sec), Where N is the speed.
Power input = VI watts, Where V is the motor input voltage and I is the motor input current.
% Efficiency = (output / input) 100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the field rheostat at minimum resistance position.
3. Check that the rope on the pulley is free so that there is no load on the pulley.
4. Start the motor slowly using the starter.
5. Adjust the field current so that the motor runs at rated speed.
6. Apply the load on the pulley gradually in steps by tightening the rope around it.
7. Take the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance and speed at every step.
8. Cool the pulley throughout the experiment by pouring the water.
9. Continue the experiment till full load current of the motor is reached.
10. Tabulate the observations.
TABULAR COLUMN:
s.no

S1(kg)

S2(kg)

V(volts)

I(amps)

N(rpm)

Input

Output

Torque

O/P(BHP)

CALCULATIONS:
Radius of the drum(R) =0.152cm.
The torque (Tsh) = (S1 - S2) 9.81 R N-m
Power output = (2NT/60) Watts
B.H.P =Output /735.5
MODEL GRAPHS:

O/P

BHP

PRECAUTIONS:
(1) Cool the pulley when the experiment is performed.
(2) While measuring the radius of the pulley effective radius must be considered.

RESULT:
The performance characteristics of DC shunt motor were determined by conducting brake test

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF A SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To draw the equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer by conducting open circuit test and
short circuit test also determining the losses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

APPARATUS
1- variac
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
1- Transformer
Connecting wires

RANGE
230V/(0-270V)
(0-300)V
(0-75)V
(0-2.5)A
(0-5)A
300V/5A
150V/5A
230V/230V, 1KVA
------

TYPE
AE
MI
MI
MI
MI
LPF
UPF
-----------

QUANTITY
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
Required

THEORY:
Open circuit test:
This test is performed to determine the core or iron losses, and also helpful in
determining the magnetizing component Im, working component or energizing component Iw. In this test
secondary (usually high voltage) winding is left open, all metering instruments are connected on
primary side and normal rated voltage is applied to the primary (low voltage) winding.
Short circuit test:
This test is also known as impedance test. It is performed to determine the full
load copper loss and equivalent resistance and reactance referred to secondary side. In this test, the
terminals of the secondary (usually low voltage) winding are short circuited; all meters are connected
on primary side and a low voltage, usually 5 to 10% of normal rated primary voltage at normal
frequency is applied to the primary.
PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Now apply the rated voltage to the low voltage side of the transformer
3. Note down the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter and perform the calculations.
Short circuit test:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Now apply the rated current to the high voltage side of the transformer.
3. Note down the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and perform the calculations.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Open circuit test:

Short circuit test:

Equivalent Circuit:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Open circuit test:
V0
(volts)

Io
(Amps)

Short circuit test:

W0
(Watts)

VSC
(volts)

ISC
(Amps)

WSC
(Watts)

FORMULAE:
Open circuit test:

Short circuit test:

V0 Io COSo = W

Zsc=Zo1=Vsc / Isc

COSo = W / V0 Io

(Isc) 2 Ro1=W SC

Iw = Io COSo
I =Io SINo

Ro1=W sc / (Isc) 2
X01 = (ZSC2 R012)

Xo = V0 / I = V0/ Io SINo
Ro = V0/ Iw = V0/ COSo
I0 = (I2 + Iw2)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. The applied current in the short circuit test should not exceed the rated value.
3. Keep the meters and variac in minimum position at the time of starting as well as the end of the
experiment.
4. Note the readings without any error.

RESULT:
The equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer referred to primary side, no load losses and full
load copper losses are determined by conducting open circuit and short circuit test

SWINBURNES TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
(1) To pre-determine the efficiency of DC shunt motor by Swinburnes test
(2) To find the speed characteristics of DC shunt motor by the following methods of speed control
a. Armature control method
b. Field/flux control method
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
01
02
03
04
05
06

APPARATUS
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Tachometer
Connecting wires

RANGE
0-2A
0-5A
0-300V
300/1.5A
--------

TYPE
MC
MC
MC
Wire wounded
Digital
-----

QUANTITY
01
01
01
01
01
Required

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

SPECIFICATIONS
Power rating
Voltage
Field Current
Speed
Armature Current
Type

MOTOR
5HP
220V
1.1A
1500rpm
20 Amperes
Shunt

THEORY:
It is a simple method in which losses are measured separately and from their knowledge efficiency at
any desired load can be predetermined only running test method is no load test. However this test is
applicable in which flux is constant i.e. shunt compound machine. The machine runs as a motor on no
load at its rated voltage and the speed is adjusted to rated speed with the help of shunt field
resistance. The no load current I0and shunt field current Ish is measured.
Armature current Iao =I0-Ish, Let V be the supply voltage then the no load input to machine =VI0 Watts
Power input to armature = V (I0-Ish) Watts
Power to shunt field = V Ish Watts, No load input power to armature supplies iron friction and windage
losses and armature copper losses (Iao2Ra)

Constant Losses Wc=input arm cu losses, W c =VIo-Ia2 Ra , Now the machines efficiency at any other
load can determined by Wc, Let I be the load current at which efficiency required. Then armature
current Ia =I- Ish (motor) , Ia =I+ Ish (generator)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (SWINBURNES TEST)

PROCEDURE (SWINBURNES TEST):

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the DC motor with starter.
3. Take the no-load readings, at rated speed.
4. Measure the armature and field resistance using given circuit.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
When the machine is running as a motor
Input power =VI,
Armature cu. Losses + Ia2 Ra
Constant losses =Wc
Total loss =Wc+ la2 Ra
Output =Input losses
Efficiency = Output /input

When the machine running as a Generator

Output power =VI
Armature cu. Losses =Ia2Ra
Constant losses =Wc
Total loss =Wc + Ia2 Ras
Input power = Output power + losses
Efficiency = output/ input
TABULAR COLUMN:
Swinburnes test:
S.No

volts

armature
current(amps)

field
current(amps)

For motor:
s.no

V
Ic
Ia
(volts) (amps) (amps)

Input
(watts)

Losses Output
(watts) (watts)

% Efficiency
(%)

V
Ic
Ia
(volts) (amps) (amps)

Input
(watts)

Losses Output
(watts) (watts)

% Efficiency
(%)

For generator:
s.no

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Experiment is performed at no-load only.
2. Keep the field rheostat at minimum position and armature rheostat at maximum position
3. Initially RF in minimum position.
4. Belt around the brake drum is loosening for no load.
5. In field control speed shouldnt be exceeded beyond 1800 rpm.
RESULT:
The efficiency of DC shunt motor is determined at full load, half load one-quarter load by conducting
Swinburnes test and the speed characteristics of DC shunt motor are determined by performing speed
control methods.

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

S.NO

Meters

Regulated power supply (0-30)v

2
3
4
5
6
7

Resistors
Dc ammeters
Dc voltmeters
Bread board
Connecting wires
Rheostat

Range

Quantity

100,560

2,1

(0-20)mA

(0-5)V

---------------

--------------

As required

370/1.7A

THEORY:
The power transferred to a load resistance RL, connected across a voltage source Vs and
internal resistance Rs, is maximum when the value of the load resistance is equal to the
internal resistance of the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections made as per circuit diagram.
2. At some constant voltage by varying the load resistance note down the readings of Ammeter.
3. Calculate the power delivered to the load.
4. Calculate and find out the resistance at which value maximum power is transmitted to the load.
5. Calculate the internal resistance of the circuit theoretically and verify with the practical value.
6. Draw graph between the power and load resistance.
TABULAR FORM:
S.NO

Voltage (V)

Current (A)

RL=V/I ()

P=I2R(Watt)

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

KVL AND KCL

AIM: TO VERIFY KCL AND KVL.
APPARATUS: DC NETWORK KIT AND CONNECTING WIRES.
THEORY: KCL AND KVL are used to solve the electrical network, which are not solved by the
simple electrical formula.
KCL: It states that in any electrical network the algebric sum of currents meeting at a point
is zero. Consider the case of few conductors meeting at a point A in the fig. Assuming incoming
currents
to be positive and the outgoing currents to be negative.
I1+(-I2)+(-I3)+I4+(-I5)=0
Incoming current=outgoing current
KVL: It states that the algebric sum of product of current and resistance in each of the
conductors in any closed path in a network plus the algebric sum of the e.m.f. in the closed path
is zero.
IR+E.M.F.=0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE
KCL:
1. Make the connection according to the ckt diagram
2. Set the three rheostats to their max value.
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Change the setting of the rheostats to get different readings in all the three
ammeters.
5. Measure the current in the three ammeters
6. Check that at every time current in the main branch is equal to the sum of
currents in the two branches. repeat the setting of the rheostat
7. Switch off the power supply.
KVL:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Note down the readings of the voltmeters
4. Change the value of the rheostat and repeat the step several times and
switch off the power supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
KCL:
SR.NO. APPLIED
I
REMARK
I1
I2
Il=I1+I2
VOLTAGE (mA)
(mA)
(mA)
(mA)
(volts)

KVL:
SR.NO. APPLIED
V1
VOLTAGE (volts)
(volts)

RESULT
REMARK
V2
V3
(volts) (volts) Vl=V1+V2+V3
(volts)

RESULT:
1

The incoming current is found to be equal to the outgoing current

The total input voltage is equal to the total voltage drop in the ckt.

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To determine the efficiency
To find the variation of secondary terminal voltage with respect to the load
current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.

Item

Auto Transformer

Wattmeter

Type

Range

Quantity

230/(0-270) V, 1

300 V, 5A

UPF

150 V, 5 A

UPF

(0-10) A

MI

(0-5) A

MI

(0-300) V

MI

Ammeter

Voltmeter

(0-150) V

MI

Connecting Wires

2.5sq.mm

Copper

Few

Load

(5 KW,230V)

PRECAUTION:
1.The Variac should be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching off the
supply side DPSTS.
2. At the time of switching on the supply there should not be any load connected.

RANGE FIXING:
Rated primary current, I1 =

Rated secondary current, I2 =

Rated capacity in VA
Secondary voltage, V2

The load used is resistive in nature.

The range of Ap, Vp, Wp are A, V, W respectively.
The range of As, Vs, Ws are A, .V, ..W respectively.
PROCEDURE:
1. Excite the transformer to its rated voltage on no load.
2. Observe the meter readings at no load.
3. Gradually load the transformer and note the meter readings for each loading.
4. Load the transformer to its rated capacity i.e. till it draws rated current from the
supply.
Note that applied voltage to the primary side should be kept at its rated voltage on
loading.
FORMULA USED:
Output power = WS
Input Power = WP
% efficiency =

WS

100

WP
% Regulation =

Vso -Vs
Vso

100 (where VS0 no load secondary rated terminal voltage)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TBULAR COLUMN:
Sl.
No.

VP

IP

Volts

Amps

WP (Watts)
Observed

Actual

VS

IS

Volts

Amps

WS (Watts)
Observed

Actual

%
Efficie
ncy

MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer were calculated.

%
Regula
tion

Time response of Series RL and RC circuits

Aim: To draw the time response of first order series RL and RC network for periodic
Non-Sinusoidal function and verify the time constant.

Apparatus:

1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Function generator

Decade Resistance box

Decade Inductance box

Decade Capacitance box

CRO

CRO probes

7.
Connecting wires
Theoretical
Calculations:
.

As required

Circuit diagrams: Series RL Circuit

Series RC Circuit

MODEL GRAPH:

Procedure:
Series RL Circuit:
1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-1.
2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.
3. The waveform of voltage across inductor is observed on CRO and the waveform
is drawn on a graph sheet.
4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical
value. Series RC Circuit:
1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-2.
2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.
3. The waveform of voltage across the capacitor is observed on CRO and
the waveform is drawn on a graph sheet.
4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.
Result :