BALANGI

In more extreme cases of lighting, some type of active cooling may be required. This may be due to high heat
fluxes from closely located LEDs, a small volume or surface area that precludes natural convection, or an
extremely high ambient temperature condition. Any of these conditions may change the thermal budget in some
area and require an active cooling system.

Various standard methods for active electronics cooling have been proposed or used for LEDs as well, though
some special conditions apply for active LED cooling. To date, systems have used or proposed using simple DC
rotary fans, thermoelectric coolers (TECs), piezoelectric fans (PZFs), synthetic jets (SJs) and liquid cooling (such
as microchannels). Each of these has particular advantages, but also carries some disadvantages for cooling a
lighting system.

Active cooling for lighting has a few special requirements that are not necessarily required for every
semiconductor application. For example, most lighting systems must not produce objectionable noise levels. This
implies any active cooling system must be quiet, and moving active systems can generate objectionable noise
unless precautions are used.
Other considerations for active light cooling systems are:

Lifetime Typically 50,000 hours for the LED product

Low power consumption An issue for TECs as efforts are ongoing to improve energy and further
enhance Energy STAR [3] ratings for LED lights

Low susceptibility to dust/foreign contamination An issue for systems with moving parts and air
streams

Ability to tolerate cyclic loading An issue since lights are frequently turned on and off

System cost addition An issue today for liquid loop systems, such as microchannels

LUMEN OUTPUT
Lumen output is a key factor in the adoption of LED lighting. Although LED
technology continues to advance, high-lumen-output LED applications cannot be
achieved with passive cooling alone. LED lights cooled by a passive heat sink, rather
than with an active cooling solution like a synthetic jet, are inherently larger, which
makes retrofitting difficult. A smaller heat sink may result in a lamp or luminaire that is

less reliable due to heat damage to the LEDs, or a source that produces insufficient
light for market success.

Thermal dissipation is another key factor that limits the lumen output of an LED light.
LED bulbs are available that are as much as 80 percent more energy efficient than
traditional incandescent lighting, but the LED components and the driver electronics
still create a considerable amount of heat. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the
LEDs quality of light and life expectancy decrease dramatically.

SOGUTMA
HEAT SINKS
Heat sinks solve thermal management problems for low-lumen LED lamps. Lighting
manufacturers have had little difficulty developing viable 40W-equivalent LED retrofits
for A-lamps, and many also have solutions in place for 60W-equivalent lamps. It is
when you get into the high lumen counts that thermal management becomes a
challenge. A heat sink alone will not cool a 75W- or 100W-equivalent lamp.
The demand for these high brightness bulbs is evident 75W and 100W lamps make
up a significant piece of the lighting market. Businesses are eager to take advantage
of the energy and maintenance savings inherent with LED lighting. The Energy
Independence Security Act of 2007 will be requiring higher efficiency bulbs starting in
2012. These new requirements have consumers looking for an incandescent
replacement that has a good quality of light and a long life in addition to a high lumen
output.
In order to reach the desired lumen values in a fixed form factor, active cooling may
be required to dissipate the heat produced by the LED components. Some active
cooling solutions, such as fans, dont have the same life expectancy as the LED
itself. In order to create a viable active cooling solution for high-brightness LEDs, the
method of thermal management must be inherently low in energy consumption,

flexible enough to fit into a small form factor and have an expected life equal to or
greater than that of the light sources.

HEAT SINK ORNEKLERI (FOTO)

LED Heat sink L100-270

Applications: High Bay, Low Bay, Parking Garage,
Floodlight,Wall Wash
Max. Thermal Performance s-a: .52 C/W
Max. Thermal Performance w/ SynJet s-a: .21 C/W
Size: 100mm L x 270mm W x 70mm H
Mounting Size: 100mm x 270mm
SynJet Option: XFlow42

Wall Wash LED Heat sink 82W

Available in both Round and Rectangular Mounting

Applications: Wall Wash, Recessed Downlights, Low Bay,
Floodlight, Rectangular Form Factors
Max. Thermal Performance s-a: 1.1 C/W
Max. Thermal Performance s-a w/ SynJet: 0.49 C/W
Size (Rect.): 144mm x 112mm x 47mm (L x W x H)
Size (Round): 144mm x 112mm x 42mm
Mounting Surface Size (Rect.): 119mm x 64mm x 5mm (L x
W x H)
Mounting Surface Size (Round): 59mm diameter
SynJet Option: ZFlow90

Spotlight LED Heat sink 70W

Applications: Tracklights, Recessed Downlights, Pendant, Low Bay
Max. Thermal Performance s-a: 1.1 C/W
Max. Thermal Performance s-a w/ SynJet: 0.46 C/W
Size: 134mm diameter, 42mm height
Mounting Surface Size: 58mm
SynJet Option: ZFlow90

Spotlight LED Heat sink 36W

Applications: Tracklights, Recessed Adjustable Downlights
Max. Thermal Performance s-a: 2.2 C/W
Max. Thermal Performance s-a w/ SynJet: 0.84 C/W
Size: 87mm diameter, 38mm height
Mounting Surface Size: 28mm
SynJet Option: ZFlow87

AAVID THERMALLOY firmasnn retimi baz heatsink

rnleri.

AKTF SOUTMA

For high-lumen output applications, passive cooling is not enough. In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small
form factor, active cooling is the perfect solution to effectively disperse the heat produced by LED components.
Active cooling solutions are a new contender in LED thermal management systems. Dissipating heat directly from the
core of the modules allows for less thermal resistance, making the entire assembly more efficient. Active cooling
technology offers thermal capabilities that are superior to passive heat sinks and can raise performance while

significantly reducing the size of the lighting fixture.

Ebpm-papst firmasnn LED soutmas iin rettii baz fan eitleri.

SENTETK JET SOUTMA

Synthetic-jet technology provides an active cooling solution for LED lighting, and has
been adopted by many major global lighting companies. The compact cooling
modules address all of the constraints currently hindering the development of LED
lighting: effective heat dissipation, small form factor and reliability.
Synthetic jets are an alternative to the traditional fan and are much better suited to
the increasingly challenging demands of LED thermal management. The jets are
formed by periodic suction and ejection of air out of an opening that is caused by the
motion of a diaphragm, as displayed in Fig. 1. The first three panels in Fig. 1 show
the ejection phase, during which a vortex accompanied by a jet is created and
convected downstream from the jet exit. Once the vortex flow has traveled well
downstream, ambient air from the vicinity of the opening is entrained, as displayed in
the last two panels of Fig. 1.

Figure 1

The rapid-fire pulses of turbulent air, typically 30 to 200 pulses per second, break up
the thermal boundary layer and increase the amount of heat transferred away from
the heat source (most often the LED heat sink), allowing more heat to be removed
with less air. These rapid-fire pulses of air can be directed precisely where cooling is
needed, such as the fins of a heat sink, further lending to the synthetic jets thermal
efficiency.
Synthetic-jet technology offers several benefits. First, the technology makes it
possible to remove more heat with less air and does not require additional air to be
drawn in as with conventional jets.
Heat sinks can be up to two-thirds smaller and lighter, therefore reducing the size of
the light engine and making retrofitting more viable, while still maintaining the lumen
output necessary for the light to be effective. Synthetic jets are 50% more thermally
efficient in removing heat from the source compared to laminar flow normally
associated with active cooling.
The synthetic jet form factor lends itself to the design of any LED lighting fixture:
retrofit, outdoor lighting, retail, industrial lighting, etc.
Synthetic jets have the unique ability to bend airflow in ways that are nearly
impossible with traditional air movers, allowing unique designs.
Finally, the form factor of the synthetic jet also lends itself to durability, which is
essential in ensuring the long life of the LED light. The modules contain frictionless
moving parts which make them reliable, long lasting, resistant to dust and particle
contamination and virtually silent.

SynJet

Zflow90 Cooler

ZFlow65 Cooler
SynJetXFlow30 Cooler

SynJet

AAVID THERMALLOY firmasnn retimi baz SynJet Soutucu rnleri.

YKSEK GL LEDLERDE AKTF VE PASF SOUTMA

KARILATIRMASI
In high-power lighting, needs are emerging for LED luminaires rated to 100, 200 or even
600 watts (over 60,000 lumens), to cover wide areas. The higher-power heat sinks
increase in size and weight exponentially. The consequence is escalation of costs for
tooling, assembly, shipping, and installation.
It turns out that active cooling (i.e., the use of fan-cooled heat sinks) can exhibit dramatic
size, weight and cost reductions at those elevated power levels. A 400-watt, passivecooled high-bay fixture might weigh 75 pounds and be the size of a two-drawer file
cabinet. An active-cooled version might weigh only 15 pounds and be no larger than a
pizza box. Figure 1 shows the rule-of-thumb relationship:

Figure 1

Figure 2: This shows a 2.3"X 2.4"X 1.4" fine-pitch extruded heat sink, with a 50
watt Bridgelux LED array. With no air flow, this has a thermal resistance of 4 C/W,
meaning it can handle only about 10 watts. When a low-speed fan is added to it as
shown in the upper view, it exhibits a thermal resistance of only 0.8 C/W,
increasing its power capability to over 50 watts - a five times improvement! (Photo
courtesy of Nutron Mfg Inc.)

Fanlarn Dezavantajlar

 Fans Are Noisy

Yessiree... that fan in your microwave oven makes a racket, as does the fan in your PC or even
that window fan. But take a standard, low-speed (under 2000-RPM) DC ball-bearing,
brushless fan made by one of the top fan makers, such as Delta, NMB, EBM-Papst or others,
and operate it at the low end of its voltage range... and guess what? Its sound level can be less
than 16-18 dB - completely inaudible in a dead-quiet room when in a fixture seven feet or
more above the floor. In fact you will be hard pressed to hear it from one meter away in a
quiet room. 16 dB is way below the 24-dB ANSI standard for quietest fluorescent lighting
ballasts.
Scratch Myth No.1.
Fans Are Unreliable
DC brushless ball-bearing fans have one of the most visible and enviable field histories of any
electromechanical component in the electronic industry. Millions of mission-critical
computers powering the Internet and wireless communications systems have been operating
24/7 for well over a decade with fan-cooled power supplies using such fans.What does that
say about their proven reliability and user confidence?
Such fans are backed up by what are called "L10 reports." Such reports provide life
expectancy when used at high temperature and highest speeds. At the very low speeds
employed in active-cooled LED luminaires, the life expectancies easily exceed 100,000 hours,
much greater than the life expectancy of the LEDs themselves.
Scratch Myth No. 2.
Fans Waste Power
A fan such as described above, cooling a 300-watt system, and operating at low speed,
will use well under 2 watts less than 0.75% of system power... a 100-watt system, less
than a watt.
Scratch Myth No. 3.
Fans Gather Dust
It turns out that there is substantial real-world evidence that if you operate a fan at high
speed in a dirty environment or close to dusty carpeted floors, fan blades can indeed
accumulate dust, although that dust does not actually stop things from working. However,
in a commercial high-power setting things are different.
First, the fan is a) ALWAYS at a substantial height, and b) ALWAYS operating at a very
low speed. At very-low-air speed, the system differs little from a very-low-turbulence,
passively cooled (i.e., zero air speed) heat sink system. The result, evidenced in
numerous existing LED installations using active cooling, and supported by dust
chamber testing, is that after multi-year usage, any dust accumulation is so little as to be
irrelevant to the cooling process.

DER ETL SOUTMA YNTEMLER

HAVA LE SOUTMA
Zeta LED has developed an air-cooled LED light bulb. The Lifebulb consumes
10 watts of power and puts out as much light as a standard 60 watt incandescent, pretty much like existing LED
bulbs. The difference comesin the absence of an aluminum heat sink.
Zeta keeps its bulb cool by channeling air through the vents in the structure itself: the vents are the strips and
holes separating the yellow LED arrays. The bulb does not come with a covering glass dome as air wouldnt
circulate if the electronics were completely covered. Zeta might cover the LED arrays with a piece of glass, but
the vents will remain exposed.
Eliminating the heat sinks and relying on ambient airflow allows Zeta to get the bill of materials for its bulb down to
close to $7 dollars, or nearly half the normal bill of materials. That means Zetas bulbs that can retail, in mass
production, for $10.

SIVI LE SOUTMA
Details on Liquid-Cooling Methodology

Liquid-Cool Solution.
The liquid is a food-grade mineral oil which is harmless to the environment and people. By
immersing the hot LED and metal conductors in liquid, the LITMS liquid transfers heat away from
the LED module to the surface of the glass. Similar to water-cooled nuclear plants, LITMS uses
liquid convection to efficiently remove heat from hotspots.

Thermal Conduction = A x K x (T/D)

Thermal Absorption = A x Cp x (T/t)
o Metal thermal conductivity K is large and has low heat capacity (Cp); as a result, metal
generally do not retain thermal energy.
o Liquid It has a high heat capacity (Cp); as a result, liquids generally have high heat
absorption capacity

Localized Hotspots.
Much of the LED heat generated is localized in small hotspots. Surrounding these small
hotspots by liquid serves as an efficient medium for dissipating the heat.

Dissipate Heat from Glass Surface.

The liquid cools by its contact with the glass cooled by the air on all side. In comparison,
other conventional LED bulb designs a heat sink near the base of the bulb and attempts to
dissipate the heat only from the base.