EEE 53

Electronic Circuits II

Active Circuits

Wave - Shaping Circuits

Pulse and Digital Circuits

Analog and Digital Circuit Building Blocks

Primary Objectives
1. Analyze response of circuits to various
waveform inputs
2. Acquire basic design techniques in
constructing waveshaping and pulse
circuits
3. Be able to put together individual
circuit blocks to form more complex and
useful circuits.

Primary Objectives
1.

Analyze response of circuits to various

waveform inputs

Input
Waveform
Sine wave

Circuit

Rectifier

Output?
(System Response)
Output ?

Primary Objectives
2.

Acquire basic design techniques in

constructing waveshaping and pulse circuits
Specified
Input

Circuit
?

Desired
Response
(Output)

Square
Wave

Circuit
?

Rectangular
Wave with
40% D.R.

Primary Objectives
3.

Be able to put together individual circuit

blocks to form more complex and useful circuits.

Input

Circuit
1

Circuit
2

Desired
Output

Circuit
3

Available
Input

CIRCUIT 1
Intermediate
Waveform
CIRCUIT 2
Intermediate
Waveform
CIRCUIT 3
Desired
Output

Fundamentals of Waveform
Analysis

Concerned with system response to

various waveforms

types of waveforms
characteristics of waveforms
harmonic content
distortion signatures

Types of Waveforms

Periodic waveforms - composed of identical

cycles that keep on repeating
Aperiodic - successive cycles of alternating
voltage are not identical.
Transients - brief non-repetetive waveforms

Miscellaneous Waveforms

Sinusoidal (amplitude, frequency and

phase)
Rectangular

Square - equal high and low times

Pulse - unequal high and low times

Ramp waveforms

Step
Rectangular

Triangular
Sawtooth

Exponential waveforms

Characteristics of Pulse
Waveforms
T = Period
f = 1/T = frequency
PW = Pulse Width
SW = Space Width

1
PW

SW

1 - leading edge
2 - trailing edge

Duty Cycle = PW / T x 100%

M/S Ratio = PW / SW

Practical Pulse Waveforms

E=

E1 + E2
2
Rise Time = 10% to 90% of E
Fall Time = 90% to 10% of E
Fractional Slope, tilt or droop = (E1-E2)/E
Slope, tilt or droop = E1-E2

Harmonic Content

The Fourier series

all physical functions can be expressed as a linear

combination of an infinite number of harmonics
f(t) = (1/)[ A()cos(t) d + B()sin(t)d]
where = frequency of the harmonic
Note:

not all frequency components are passed on by a
physical system

the absence of a harmonic component causes distortion

Waveform Distortions
Waveforms may be
distorted by playing around
with its frequency
components (harmonics).

High Frequency Distortion

Long rise and fall times

Low Frequency Distortion

High and Low Freq Distortion

Rise-Time and Upper Cutoff

Frequency

Given a pulse with negligible tR and tF

passed through a circuit with upper
cutoff frequency = fH, at the output

tRC = tFC =

0.35
fH

If

tRS = signal rise time

tRC = circuit produced rise time
tRO = output signal rise time

tRO = tRS 2 + tRC 2

10

Tilt and Lower Cutoff

Frequency

Fractional tilt = 2fLPW

For a square wave, T = 2PW = 1/f

Fractional tilt =

fL
f

11