Você está na página 1de 111

Chapter 3

Analysis and Design of Two-way


Slabs
Abrham E.
Sophonyas A.

3.0 Introduction

3.0 Introduction
Two-way slabs transmit loads in two directions
(compare with one-way slabs).
They are efficient, economical, and widely used
structural systems.
In practice two-way slabs take various forms.
For relatively light loads (eg. appt. bldgs), flat plates
are used.
For longer spans, waffle slabs (or two way joist
system) are used (formed with fiberglass or metal
dome forms).
For heavy industrial loads, the flat slab system shown
in Figure (c) may be used.
3

3.0 Introduction
Shear transfer to the column is accomplished by
thickening the slab near the column with drop panels
or flaring the top of the column to form a column
capital.
Drop panels commonly extend about one-sixth of the
span in each direction away from the column, giving
extra strength and stiffness in the column region while
minimizing the amount of concrete at mid span.
Slab systems may incorporate beams between some
or all of the columns.
The resulting structure is referred to as two-way slabs
with beams.
4

3.2 Distribution of Moments in Slabs Supported


on Stiff Beams and Walls

3.2 Distribution of Moments in Slabs Supported


on Stiff Beams and Walls
The distribution of the negative moments, mA, or of the
positive moments, mB, along lines across the slab will be
depicted as shown in Figure (b).
These distributions may be shown as continuous curves,
as shown by the solid lines and shaded areas, or as a
series of steps, as shown by the dashed line.
The height of the curve at any point indicates the
magnitude of the moment at that point.
Occasionally, the distribution of BMs in a strip A-B-C
across the slab will be plotted as shown in Figure (c)
The moments will be expressed in terms of CwLx2, where
Lx is the short dimension of the panel. The unit is kNm/m.
6

3.3 Analysis of beam/wall supported two way


slabs according to EBCS-2
mij ij wd L2

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs


Figure (next slide) shows a floor made of simply
supported planks which carries a load of q kN/m2,
supported by simply supported beams.
The moment per meter width in the planks at section
A-A is: m = ql12/8 kNm/m.
The total moment in the entire width of the floor is:
MA-A = (ql2)l12/8 kNm.
This is the familiar equation for maximum moment in
a simply supported floor of width l2 and span l1.
The planks apply a uniform load of ql1/2 kN/m on
each beam.
8

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs

l1
l2

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs


The moment at section B-B in one beam is thus:
M1b = (ql1/2)l22/8 kNm/m
The total moment in both beams is:
MB-B = (ql1)l22/8
It is important to note that full load was transferred
East and West by the planks, causing a moment
equivalent to wl12/8 in the planks where w = ql2.
Then the full load was transferred North & South by
beams, causing a similar moment in the beams.

10

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs


Exactly the same thing happens in the two way slab
shown in Figure (next slide).
The total moments required along sections A-A and
B-B are: MA-A = (ql2)l12/8 and MB-B = (ql1)l22/8
Again, the full load was transferred East and West and
then the full load was transferred North and South this time by the slab in both cases.
This, of course always must be true regardless of
whether the structure has one-way slabs and beams,
two-way slabs or some other system.

11

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs

l1
l2

12

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs


If a surface load is applied, it is shared between
imaginary slab strips la in the short direction and lb in
the longer direction.
Note that the portion of the load that is carried by the
long strips lb is delivered to the beams B1, which in turn
carries it in the short direction.
That portion of the load plus that directly carried in the
short direction by the slab strips la, sum up to 100% of
the load applied to the panel.
The same is true in the other direction.

13

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs

14

3.5 Analysis of moments in two-way slabs


A similar situation is obtained in the flat plate floor.
Broad strips of the slab centered on the column lines in
each direction serve the same function as beams.
Therefore, for column supported construction (oneway or two-way), 100% of the applied load must be
carried in each direction, in the case of two-way beam
supported slabs, jointly by the slab and its supporting
beams.
The analysis used to derive the moments in two way
slabs was 1st published by Nichol in 1914, but has not
been fully accepted by ACI until 1971.
15

3.6 Distribution of moments in slabs supported


by columns
The statical moment in a flat plate is Mo = wl2ln2/8. (A)
In a plate the slab is supported directly on the columns
w/o any beams.
Here the stiffest portions of the slab are those running
from column to column along the four sides of a panel.
Thus, the moments are largest in these parts of the slab.
Figure (next slide) illustrates the moments in a typical
interior panel of a very large slab in which all panels are
uniformly loaded with equal loads. The slab is supported
on circular columns with a diameter c = 0.1l
The largest -ve and +ve moments occur in the strips
spanning from column to column in Fig. 3.5.1(b) & (c) 16

3.6 Distribution of moments in slabs


supported by columns

Fig 3.5.1
17

18

3.6 Distribution of moments in slabs supported


by columns
The curvatures and moment diagrams are shown for
strips along lines A-A and B-B.
Both strips have ve moments adjacent to the
columns and +ve moments at mid-span.
In Figure 3.5.1(d) the moment diagram from 3.5.1(a) is
re-plotted to show the average moments over the
width of the middle and column strips.
The total static moment, Mo, accounted for here is
(NB: Factor qln2 gives moment per meter width)
Mo = qln2[(0.1220.5l2) + (0.0410.5l2) +
(0.0530.5l2) + (0.0340.5l2)] = 0.125qln2
19

3.7 Design of Slabs


Two slab design procedures are allowed by the ACI
(EBCS-2).
Direct design method
Equivalent frame design method

The two methods differ primarily in the way in which


the slab moments are computed.
The calculation of the moments in the direct design
method is based on the statical moment Mo.
In this method, the slab is considered panel by panel.
Eq. (A) is used to compute the total moment in each
panel.
20

3.7 Design of Slabs


The statical moment is then divided b/n positive and
negative moments, and these are divided b/n middle
strips and column strips.
In the equivalent frame method, the slab is divided
into a series of two-dimensional frames, and the
positive and negative moments are computed via an
elastic frame analysis.
Once the +ve and ve moments are known, they are
divided b/n middle and column strips in exactly the
same way as in the direct design methods.
Slabs are frequently built with beams from column to
column around the perimeter of the building.
21

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


These beams act to stiffen the edge of the slab and
help to reduce the deflections of the exterior panels of
the slabs. (Very heavily loaded slabs and long-span
waffle slabs sometimes have beams joining all columns
in the structure).
The effects of beam stiffness on deflections and the
distribution of moments are expressed as a function of
f, defined as the flexural stiffness, 4EI/L, of the beam
divided by the flexural stiffness of a width of slab
bounded by the centerlines of the adjacent panels on
each side of the beam.
f = (4EcbIb/l)/(4EcsIs/l)
22

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


Since the length, l, of the beam and the slab are
equal, this quantity is simplified and expressed in the
Code (ACI) as:
f = (EcbIb)/(EcsIs)
If there is no beam, f = 0. (most of the case except
at the edges where beams are provided for stiffening
edge panels)
The sections considered in computing Ib and Is are
shown in Figure (next slide). (NB. Span direction is l1)

23

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


ACI, Section 13.2.4 defines a
beam in monolithic or fully
composite construction as the
beam stem plus a portion of
the slab on each side of the
beam extending a distance
equal to the projection of the
beam above or below the slab
whichever is greater , but not
greater than four times the
slab thickness (see next slide).
Fig. 3.7.1 Beam and slab sections
for calculations of f

24

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f

Governing
projection

25

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


Example: Calculation of f for an edge beam:
A 200 mm-thick slab is provided with an edge beam
that has a total depth of 400 mm and a width of 300
mm as shown in Figure (next slide).
The slab and beam were cast monolithically and have
the same concrete strength and the same Ec.
Compute f.

26

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


6m
200mm
400mm
300mm
300mm 200mm
200mm
200mm
3150mm

Fig: calculation of f
27

3.7.1 Beam-to-slab stiffness ratio, f


Solution:
f = Ib/Is
1) Compute Ib: The cross section of the beam is as
shown in Figure (slide above). The centroid of the
beam is located 175 mm from the top of the slab.
moment of inertia of the beam is: Ib =
(3004003/12) +(300400)252+ (2002003)/12) +
(200200)752 = 2.0333109 mm4
2) Compute Is: Is = 31502003/12 = 2.1109 mm4
3) Compute f = 2.0333109/2.1109 = 0.968
28

3.7.2 Minimum thicknesses of two-way slabs


ACI code defines minimum thicknesses that are
generally sufficient to limit slab deflections to
acceptable values (same as in EBCS-2).
Thinner slabs can be used if it can be shown that the
computed slab deflections will not be excessive.
Slabs without Beams b/n Interior columns:
120 mm - Slabs without drop panels,
100 mm - Slabs with drop panels.

Slabs with Beams b/n Interior columns:


120mm - 0.2 < m < 2.0 :
90 mm - m > 2.0 :
m > 2.0
Where m = average of values for the four sides of the panel.
29

Slab depth for deflection requirement


According to the EBCS-2, 1995 the effective depth required
for deflection requirement depends on the characteristic
strength of the steel, the position of the panel and the span
ratio.

= 0.4 + 0.6

400
fyk - is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement in
Mpa
Le is the effective length, longer span for flat slabs.
a is the appropriate constant value for different
structural member and support condition given in Table 5.1
of EBCS 2, 95, and for slabs carrying partition walls likely to
crack, shall be taken as 150

3.7.2 Minimum thicknesses of two-way slabs

(MPa)
300
420
520

31

3.8 Direct Design Method


The direct-design method could have been called the
direct-analysis method because this method essentially
prescribes values for moments in various parts of the
slab panel without the need for structural analysis.
It has to be noted that this method was introduced in
the era when most engineering calculations were made
with slide rules, and no computer software was
available.
Thus, for continuous-floor slab panels with relatively
uniform lengths and subjected to distributed loading, a
series of moment coefficients were developed that
would lead to safe flexural designs of two-way floor
systems.
32

3.8 Direct Design Method


Steps in slab design
1) Choose the layout and type of slab to be used
2) Choose the slab thickness (deflection limitation and
shear at both exterior and interior columns)
3) Choose the design method (direct design or equivalent
frame methods)
4) Compute +ve and ve moments in the slab
5) Determine the distribution of the moments across the
width of the slab
6) If there are beams, a portion of the moments must be
assigned to the beams
7) Reinforcement is designed for moments in 5 & 6.
8) The shear strengths at the columns are checked.
33

3.8.1 Limitations on the use of the Direct


Design Method
1) There must be a minimum of 3 continuous spans in
each direction. Thus a nine-panel structure (3 by 3) is
the smallest that can be divided.
2) Rectangular panels must have a long-span/short-span
ratio not greater than 2. One-way action
predominates as the span ratio reaches and exceeds 2
3) Successive span lengths in each direction shall not
differ by more than one-third of the longer span
4) Columns should not offset from the basic rectangular
grid of the building more than 0.1 times the span
parallel to the offset.
34

3.8.1 Limitations on the use of the Direct


Design Method
5) All loads must be due to gravity only. The direct
design method can not be used for unbraced laterally
loaded frames, foundation mats, or prestressed slabs.
6) The service live load shall not exceed two times the
service dead load (to reduce effects of pattern load).
7) For a panel with beams b/n supports on all sides, the
relative stiffness of the beams in the two directions
given by (f1l22)/(f2l12) shall not be less than 0.2 or
greater than 5. ( is the beam-to-slab stiffness ratio
defined earlier)
35

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports
For design, the slab is considered to be a series of
frames in the two directions, as shown in Figure
(next slide). These frames extend to the middle of
the panels on each side of the column
In each span of each of the frames, it is necessary to
compute the total statical moment Mo:
wd l2ln2
Mo
8

where wd = factored load per unit area;


l2 = transverse width of the strip;
ln = clear span between columns

36

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports

Fig: Division of
slab into frames
for design

37

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within panels


- slabs w/o beams b/n all supports
Example: Compute the statical moment, Mo, in the
slab panels in Figure (next 2 slides). The slab is 200
mm thick and supports a live load of 4.54 kN/m2
Sol: (1) Compute the design load:
qd = 1.30.225 + 1.64.54 = 13.76 kN/m2
(2) Consider panel A spanning from column 1 to
column 2. Slab panel A is shown shaded in Figure
(next slide).
The moments computed here would be used to
design the reinforcement parallel to lines 1-2 in this
panel .
38

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports
6500 mm
600 mm

500 mm
l2

2
ln

6000 mm

6500 mm
39

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports
Now Mo = (qdl2)ln2/8; where
ln = clear span of slab panel = 6.5-1/2(0.5)-1/2(0.6) = 5.95m ;
l2 = width of panel = 6.5/2 + 6.0/2 = 6.25m

Mo = (13.766.255.952)/8 = 381 kNm


Consider panel B, spanning from column 1 to column 4
(next slide).
The moments computed here would be used to design
the reinforcement parallel to lines 1-4 in this panel.
For the purpose of computing ln, the circular supports
are replaced by equivalent square columns having a
side length of c1 = 0.886dc.
40

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports

300 mm

1
ln
6000 mm
l2

300 mm
4

5800 mm

600 mm
6500 mm
41

3.8.2 Distribution of moments within


panels-slabs w/o beams b/n all supports
ln = 6.0-1/2(0.3)-1/2(0.8860.6) = 5.59m;
l2 = 5.8/2 + 6.5/2 = 6.15m;
Mo = (13.76 6.15 5.592)/8 = 331 kNm
Now the total statical moment will be divided b/n the
negative & positive sections of the panel.
In the DDM, the total factored statical moment Mo is
divided into +ve and ve factored moments according
to the rules given in ACI Code, Section 13.6.30.
These are illustrated in the Figure (next slide)
42

3.8.3 Positive & Negative Moments in Panels


In interior spans,
65% of Mo is assigned to the -ve moment region
35% to the +ve moment region.

The exterior end of an exterior span has considerably


less fixity than the end at the interior support.
The division of Mo in an end span into +ve and ve
moment regions is given in Table 13.2 below.
In this table, exterior edge unrestrained refers to a
slab whose edge rests on, but is not attached to, for
example, a masonry wall.
43

3.8.3 Positive & Negative Moments in Panels

0.35 to 0.63 Mo
0 to 0.65 Mo

0.35 Mo
Mo

Mo

0.65 Mo

0.65 to 0.75 Mo
Exterior span

Interior span

Assignment of positive- and negative-moment regions


44

3.8.3 Positive & Negative Moments in Panels


Exterior edge fully restrained refers to a slab whose
exterior edge is supported by, and is continuous with,
a concrete wall with a flexural stiffness as large as or
larger than that of the slab.
If the computed ve moments on two sides of an
interior support are different, the ve moment section
of the slab is designed for the larger of the two.

45

3.8.3 Positive & Negative Moments in Panels

46

Longitudinal distribution of Statical moment, Mo


to the critical section (Cont . . . )
Condition of

The statical moment

restraint

at the critical section

(1)
Exterior edge
unrestrained eg. Supported by a masonry wall
(2)
Slabs with
beams b/n
All Supports

Longitudinal distribution of Statical moment, Mo


to the critical section (Cont . . . )
Condition of restraint
Slabs

(3)

without

Without

beams

edge beam

b/n
interior

eg. Flat Plate

(4)

With edge

support

beam
(5)

Exterior Edge Fully


restrained

eg. Restrained by monolithic


concrete wall

Statical moment at the


critical section

3.8.4 Definition of Column & Middle strips


The moments vary continuously across the width of
the slab panels.
To aid in steel placement, the design moments are
averaged over the width of column strips over the
columns and middle strips between the column strips.
define column and middle strips
Column strips in both directions extend one-fourth of
the smaller span, lmin, each way from the column line.
Middle strips are the strips between the column
strips.
A panel: is bounded by column, beam, or wall
centerlines on all sides.
49

3.8.4 Definition of Column strips & Middle


strips
lmax

lmin

50

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
ACI Section 13.6.4 defines the fraction of the negative
and positive moments assigned to the columns strips.
The remaining amount of negative and positive
moment is assigned to the adjacent half-middle strips.
Table 13.3 gives the percentage of factored negative
moment assigned to the column strip at all interior
supports.
The division is a function of (f1l2/l1),which depends on
the aspect ratio of the panel, l2/l1, and the relative
stiffness, f1, of the beams (if any) spanning parallel to
and within the column strip.
51

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports

52

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
For floor systems w/o interior beams, (f1l2/l1) is taken
equal to zero, since f1 = 0.
In this case 75% of the negative moment is distributed
in the column strip, and the remaining 25% is divided
equally b/n the two adjacent half middle strips.
For cases where a beam is present in a column strip
(spanning in the direction of l1) and (f1l2/l1) 1.0, the
second row in table 13.3 applies.
For 0 (f1l2/l1) 1.0 use linear interpolation.
53

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
Table 13.4 gives the percentage of factored positive
moment assigned to the column strip at mid span for
both interior and exterior spans.
For floor systems w/o interior beams, 60% of the +ve
moment is assigned to the column strip and the
remaining 40% is divided equally b/n the adjacent half
middle strips.
If a beam is present in the column strip (spanning in
the direction of l1), either the percentages in the 2nd
row or a linear interpolation b/n the percentages given
in the 1st or 2nd row in Table 13.4 will apply.
54

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports

55

56

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
At an exterior edge, the division of the exterior-end
factored negative moment distributed to the column
and middle strips spanning to the edge also depends
on the torsional stiffness of the edge beam, t.
t is calculated as the shear modulus, G, times the
torsional constant of the edge beam, C, divided by the
EI of the slab spanning to the edge beam (i.e., EI for
a slab having a width equal to the length of the edge
beam from the center of one span to the center of the
other span) (see Figure)
57

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
Assuming that = 0 G = E/2 so that

Ecb C
t
2 Ecs I s

The term C is the torsional constant of the edge beam


which is calculated by subdividing the cross section into
rectangles and carrying out the summation:

x x3 y
C 1 0.63

y
3

where x = shorter side of a rectangle and y = longer side


(NB: Several possible combination of rectangles have to
be tried to get the maximum value of C. To do so, wide
rectangles should be made as large as possible.
58

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports

59

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports
Table 13.5 gives percentage of negative factored
moment assigned to column strip at exterior supports.
The set up of this table is similar to the previous ones
(tables 13.3 and 13.4) with the addition of two rows to
account for presence or absence of an edge beam
working in torsion to transfer some of the slab
negative moment into the column.
When there is no edge beam (t = 0), all of the
negative moment is assigned to the column strips.
This is reasonable because there is no torsional edge
member to transfer moment from the middle strips all
the way back to the columns.
60

3.8.5 Distribution of moments b/n middle strips and


column strips-slabs w/o beams b/n interior supports

61

If a stiff beam is present (t 2.5), the table gives specific


percentages to be assigned to the column strip, depending
on the value of f1 and the l2/l1 ratio, as was done in the
previous tables.
For values of t between 2.5 and 0.0 and values of (f1l2/l1)
b/n 1.0 and 0.0, two or three levels of linear interpolation
may be required to determine the percentage distribution
of negative moment assigned to the column strip.
If a beam is present in the column strip (spanning in the
direction of l1), a portion of the column-strip moment is
assigned to the beam (ACI Code, Section 13.6.5).
If the beam has (f1l2/l1) >1, 85% of the column-strip
moment is assigned to the beam and 15% to the slab.
62

Factored moment in column strip


Aspect ratio of the panel (L2/L1)
0.5

1.0

2.0

Interior negative

1 L2/L1 = 0

75

75

75

moment

1 L2/L1 1.0

90

75

75

t = 0

100

100

100

t 2.5

75

75

75

t = 0

100

100

100

t 2.5

90

75

45

1 L2/L1 = 0

60

60

60

1 L2/L1 1.0

90

75

45

Exterior

1 L2/L1 = 0

negative
moment L /L 1.0
1 2 1

Positive Moment

3.8.6 Example
Calculation of moments in an exterior panel of a flat
plate
The slab is 200 mm thick and supports a superimposed
service dead load of 0.5 kN/m2 and a service live load
of 3 kN/m2. the beam is 300 mm wide by 400 mm in
overall depth and is cast monolithically with the slab.
(1) Compute the factored loads:
wd = 1.3(0.225 + 0.5) +1.63 = 12 kN/m2
(2) Compute the moments in span BE.
(2a) Compute ln and l2 and divide the slab into middle
and column strips.
64

3.8.6 Example
0.35m
0.40m

6.0m
1.5m
1.5m

l2=5.75 m

1.375m
1.375m
5.5m

l1=6.5 m

65

3.8.6 Example
ln = 6.5-1/2(0.35)-1/2(0.4) = 6.125m; l2 = 5.75m.
The column strip extends the smaller of l2/4 or
l1/4 on each side of the column centerline.
The column strip extends 6/4 = 1.5 m toward AD
and 5.5/4 = 1.375 m toward CF from line BE as
shown.
The total width of the column strip is 2.875 m.
The half middle strip b/n BE and CF has a width of
1.375 m, and the other one is 1.5 m
(2b) Compute Mo:
wd l2ln2 12 5.85 6.1252
Mo

323.6 kNm
8
8

66

3.8.6 Example
(2c) Divide Mo into positive and negative moments.
The distribution of the total factored moment to the
negative and the positive moment regions is as given
in Table 13-2 (slide 81) under the column slabs w/o
beams b/n interior supports with edge beam
From Table 13-2, the total moment is divided as
follows:
Interior negative: Mu= 0.70Mo = -226.5 KNm
Positive: Mu= 0.50Mo = +161.8 KNm
Exterior negative: Mu= 0.30Mo = -97.1 KNm
67

3.8.6 Example
(2d) Divide the moments b/n the column and middle
strips
Interior negative moments: This division is a
function of f1l2/l1, which is equal to zero, since
there are no beams to BE
Interior column-strip negative moment: 0.75 226.5 = -169.9 kNm
i.e. -169.9/2.875= -59.1 kNm/m width of column strip
Interior middle-strip negative moment = -56.6 kNm.
Half of this goes to each of the half middle strips

68

3.8.6 Example
Positive moments: From ACI Section 13.6.4.4
Column-strip positive moment: 0.60161.8 = 97.1
kNm 33.8 kNm/m
Middle-strip positive moment = 64.7 kNm. Half of
this goes to each half-middle strip.

Exterior negative moment: From ACI Section


13.6.4.2, the exterior negative moment is divided
as a function of f1l2/l1 (again equal to zero, if
there is no beam to l1) and t. See next slide for
attached torsional member for which t will be
calculated
69

3.8.6 example
300 mm

500 mm

200 mm

200 mm 200 mm
400 mm
200 mm
300 mm

Fig. 13-30 Slab, column and edge beam


70

3.8.6 example
For Fig (a): C=[(1-0.63300/400)3003400/3+(10.63200/200)2003200/3] = 2096.3106 mm4
For Fig (b): C = 1461.3106 mm4. The larger of the
values is used; C = 2096.3106 mm4
Is the moment of inertia of the strip of slab being
designed, which has b=5.75m and h=200mm.
Is=57502003/12 = 3833.3106 mm4
Since fck is the same in the slab and beam, Ecb=Ecs and
t= 2096.3106 /(2 3833.3106) = 0.273

Interpolating in Table 13-5, we have:


For t = 0 100% to column strip
For t = 2.5 75% to column strip
for t=0.273 97.3% to column strip and we have:
71

3.8.6 example
Exterior column-strip negative moment:
0.973(-97.1)= -94.5 kNm = -32.9 kNm/m
Exterior middle-strip negative moment: -2.6 kNm

Transfer of moments to columns


Shear Strength of Two-way Slabs
Reinforcement and detailing

72

3.9 Transfer of Moments


Exterior Columns:
Moment on an edge column = 0.26Mo - 0.3Mo (In
slabs without interior beams)
The moment is assumed to be about the centroid
of the shear perimeter
Divided between the column above and below the
slab in proportion to column stiffnesses, 4EI/L.
The resulting column moments are used in the
design of the columns.
73

3.9 Transfer of Moments


Interior columns:
Column design moment determined from
unbalanced moment of adjacent spans when longer
span is loaded with factored gd+0.5qd and shorter
with gd only. Unbalanced moment, M

g D 0.5qD l2ln2 g Dl2 ln 2


M 0.65

8
8

Most of the moment is transferred to the columns


which is used to design the slab-to-column joint

M col 0.07 g D 0.5qD l l g Dl2 ln


2
2 n

74

3.10 Shear Strength of Two-way Slab


Shear Strength (punching shear) of Two-way
Slabs without beams
Design shear resistance for a slab without shear
reinforcement according to EBCS 2, 1995:

VRd 1 0.25 f ctd k1k 2 u d

where k1 1 50 e 2.0
k 2 1.6 d 1.0 [d in meters]
d d x d y 2

e ex ey 0.015
75

3.10 Shear Strength of Two-way Slab


Location of the critical perimeter

76

3.10 Shear Strength of Two-way Slab


Applied load effect
Centric load or reaction:

VSd VRd 1
Eccentric load, the equivalent centric load Veq

Veq VSd
where 1 e u d / Z
e = eccentricity of the load w.r.t. the centroid of the
critical section; always positive
Z = section modulus of the critical section corresponding
to the direction of the eccentricity
77

3.10 Shear strength of two-way slab


1 /(1 b2 / b1 ) fraction of the moment transferred by
the eccentricity
b1, b2 sides of the rectangle, b1 || to the direction of e
u = perimeter of the critical section
d = effective depth

Conservatively, for flat slabs with approx. equal spans


or footings:
= 1.15
for interior column
= 1.40
for edge column
= 1.50
for corner column
78

3.10 Shear Strength of Two-way Slab


Design shear resistance for a slab with shear
reinforcement according to EBCS 2, 1995:

VRd 2 1.6VRd 1
If Vsd < VRd, no shear reinforcement is required.
If Vsd > VRd1, punching failure Increase the
capacity by:
Using a drop panel to thicken the slab adjacent to the
column
Increasing the column size or a capital around the column
Adding shear reinforcement near the loaded area
79

Shear Reinforcement

Fig. 13-66 Stirrup-type shear


reinforcement in two-way slabs.
80

Shear Reinforcement

Fig. Headed shear studs.

81

Critical perimeter for columns with drop panels


or column capitals
lH 1.5 hH

rcrit 1.5 d lH 0.5 lc

Circular column
rectangular column

Smaller of
Drop panel

rcrit 1.5 d 0.56 bc hc

rcrit 1.5 d 0.64 bc

Capital

82

Critical perimeter for columns with drop panels


or column capitals
lH > 1.5 hH
Within the drop panel/capital

rcrit 1.5 d hH 0.5 lc

Outside the drop panel/capital

rcrit 1.5 d lH 0.5 lc


Drop panel

Capital

83

detailing

84

Equivalent Frame Method


It is a more general and more rigorous method than
DDM and is not subject to the limitations of DDM.
The equivalent frame concept simplifies the analysis of
a 3D RC building by subdividing it into a series of 2D
(plane) frames (equivalent frames) centered on column
lines in longitudinal as well as transverse directions.
The equivalent frame method differs from DDM in the
determination of the total negative and positive
design moments in the slab panels for the condition
of gravity loading.
However, the apportioning of the moments to column
strips and middle strips (or to beam & slab) across a
panel is common to both methods.

Equivalent Frame Method

The resultant rigid frames in both directions are analyzed


separately for carrying all the loads in each direction.
86

Equivalent Frame Method

Fig. (b) Equivalent frame for analysis


87

The bending moments and shear forces are obtained


in EFM by an elastic analysis
The load transfer in the equivalent frame involves
three distinct interconnected elements.
the slab-beam members (along span l1);
the columns (or walls); and
the torsional members, transverse to the frame (along
span l2) and along the column lines.

To account for the increased flexibility of the slab-tocolumn connection, it is recommended to use an
equivalent column with stiffness Kec to replace the
actual columns and torsional members.

Fig. (a) Elements of equivalent frame at a connection

Fig. (b) Equivalent frame for analysis

For gravity-load analysis, ACI allows analysis of an entire


equivalent frame extending over the height of the
building, or each floor can be considered separately
with the far ends of the columns being fixed.
(Comprising horizontal slab-beam members and vertical
equivalent columns)

Properties of SlabBeams
The horizontal members in the equivalent frame are
referred to as slab-beams.
These consist of either only a slab, or a slab and a drop
panel, or a slab with a beam running parallel to the
equivalent frame.
ACI allows determination of the moment of inertia of
slab-beams at any cross section outside of joints or
column capitals using the gross area of concrete.
Variations in the moment of inertia along the length
shall be taken into account.

Thus, for the slab with a drop panel shown in Fig. 1332a, the moment of inertia at section AA is that for a
slab of width l2 (Fig. 13-32c).
At section BB through the drop panel, the moment of
inertia is for a slab having the cross section shown in
Fig. 13-32d.
Similarly, for a slab system with a beam parallel to l1 as
shown in Fig. 13-33a, the moment of inertia for
section CC is that for a slab-and-beam section, as
shown in Fig. 13-33c.
Section DD is cut through a beam running
perpendicular to the page.

Moment of inertia of slab-beams from center of


column to face of column, bracket, or capital shall be
assumed equal to the moment of inertia of the slabbeam at face of column, bracket, or capital divided by
the quantity (1 c2/l2)2, where c2 and l2 are measured
transverse to the direction of the span for which
moments are being determined.

Fig. 13-32 EI values for a


slab with a drop panel.

Fig. 13-33 EI values for a


slab and beam.

Properties of Columns
In computing the stiffnesses and carryover factors for
columns, ACI Code Section 13.7.4 states the following:
1. The moment of inertia of columns at any cross section
outside of the joints or column capitals may be based
on the gross area of the concrete, allowing for
variations in the actual moment of inertia due to
changes in the column cross section along the length of
the column.
2. The moment of inertia of columns shall be assumed to
be infinite within the depth of the slab-beam at a joint.
Figure 13-37 illustrates these points for four common
cases. Again, the column analogy can be used to solve
for the moment-distribution constants, or table values
can be used.

Fig. 13-37 Sections for the calculations of column stiffness, Kc .

Torsional Members and Equivalent Columns


In the equivalent frame method of analysis, columns
are considered to be attached to the continuous slab
beam by torsional members transverse to the direction
of the span for which moments are being found.
Torsional deformation of these transverse supporting
members reduces the effective flexural stiffness
provided by the actual column at the support.
The equivalent column consists of the actual columns
above and below the slab-beam, plus attached
torsional members on each side of the columns
extending to the centerline of the adjacent panels as
shown below.

Torsional Members and Equivalent Columns

Torsional Members and Equivalent Columns


In conventional plane frames, the torsional
members are absent, and the skeletal frame
comprises only beams and columns.
When conventional frames were used for the
analysis of flat slab, it was found that the test
values of the span moments were more and the
support moments were less than the theoretical
values. This showed that the columns sides were
not as rigid as imagined.

100

In fig 13-38 a & b, the ends of


the beam & column or the
slab & wall undergo equal
rotation.
In fig 13-38 c, however, the
rotation at A of strip AB is
greater than the rotation at
point C, because there is less
restraint to the rotation of
the slab at this point.
In effect, the edge of the slab
has twisted, as shown in Fig.
13-38d.
Fig. 13-38 Frame action and twisting of
edge member.

The stiffness of the equivalent column, Kec, represents


the combined stiffnesses of the columns and attached
torsional members:
The stiffness, Kec, of the equivalent column is obtained
by taking the equivalent (or effective) flexibility
(inverse of stiffness) of the connection as equal to the
sum of the flexibilities of the actual columns and the
torsional member
Kec =

average rotation of the edge beam

Where:

Kec = Flexural stiffness of equivalent column


Kc = flexural stiffness of actual column
Kt = torsional stiffness of edge beam

If the torsional stiffness of the attached torsional


members is small, will be much smaller than
The torsional Stiffness Kt can be calculated by:
9
=
3
2
2 1
2
Where: Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
c2 = size of rectangular column, capital, or bracket
in the direction of l2.
C = cross sectional constant (roughly equivalent to
polar moment of inertia)

The torsional constant C can be calculated by:


3
=
1 0.63
3
Where: x is the shorter side of a rectangle and y is
the longer side.
C is calculated by sub-dividing the cross section of
torsional members in to component rectangles and the
sub-division is to maximize the value of C.
Torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant
cross section throughout their length consisting of the
largest of (a), (b), and (c) below:

(a) A portion of slab having a


width equal to that of the
column, bracket, or capital in
the direction of the span for
which moments are being
determined;
(b) For monolithic or fully
composite construction, the
portion of slab specified in (a)
plus that part of the transverse
beam above and below the slab;
(c) The transverse beam as
defined in 13.2.4.
Fig. 13-40 Torsional
members.

Where beams frame into columns in the direction of


the span for which moments are being determined
(parallel to l1), the torsional stiffness shall be multiplied
by the ratio of the moment of inertia of the slab with
such a beam to the moment of inertia of the slab
without such a beam.
In a moment-distribution analysis, the frame analysis is
carried out for a frame with slab-beams having
stiffnesses Ks and with equivalent columns having
stiffnesses Kec.

Arrangement of Live Loads for Analysis


If the un-factored live load does not exceed 0.75 times
the un-factored dead load, it is not necessary to consider
pattern loadings.
If the un-factored LL exceeds 0.75 times the un-factored
DL the following pattern loadings need to be considered.
For maximum positive moment, factored dead load on all
spans and 0.75 times the full factored live load on the
panel in question and on alternate panels.
For maximum negative moment at an interior support,
factored dead load on all panels and 0.75 times the full
factored live load on the two adjacent panels.

The final design moments shall not be less than for the
case of full factored and live loads on all panels.

Stiffness factors, carry-over factors and fixed-end moments


Moment distribution factor for slabs without drop panel

108

Stiffness factors, carry-over factors and fixed-end moments


Moment distribution factor for slabs with Drop Panels; with 1.25 thickness ratio

109

Stiffness factors, carry-over factors and fixed-end moments


Moment distribution factor for slabs with Drop Panels;
with 1.50 thickness ratio of drop panel and slab

110

Stiffness factors, carry-over factors and fixed-end moments

Stiffness and
Carryover
factors for
columns

111

Você também pode gostar