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3.0 Introduction
3.0 Introduction
Two-way slabs transmit loads in two directions
(compare with one-way slabs).
They are efficient, economical, and widely used
structural systems.
In practice two-way slabs take various forms.
For relatively light loads (eg. appt. bldgs), flat plates
are used.
For longer spans, waffle slabs (or two way joist
system) are used (formed with fiberglass or metal
dome forms).
For heavy industrial loads, the flat slab system shown
in Figure (c) may be used.
3
3.0 Introduction
Shear transfer to the column is accomplished by
thickening the slab near the column with drop panels
or flaring the top of the column to form a column
capital.
Drop panels commonly extend about one-sixth of the
span in each direction away from the column, giving
extra strength and stiffness in the column region while
minimizing the amount of concrete at mid span.
Slab systems may incorporate beams between some
or all of the columns.
The resulting structure is referred to as two-way slabs
with beams.
4
l1
l2
10
11
l1
l2
12
13
14
Fig 3.5.1
17
18
23
24
Governing
projection
25
26
Fig: calculation of f
27
= 0.4 + 0.6
400
fyk - is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement in
Mpa
Le is the effective length, longer span for flat slabs.
a is the appropriate constant value for different
structural member and support condition given in Table 5.1
of EBCS 2, 95, and for slabs carrying partition walls likely to
crack, shall be taken as 150
(MPa)
300
420
520
31
36
Fig: Division of
slab into frames
for design
37
500 mm
l2
2
ln
6000 mm
6500 mm
39
300 mm
1
ln
6000 mm
l2
300 mm
4
5800 mm
600 mm
6500 mm
41
0.35 to 0.63 Mo
0 to 0.65 Mo
0.35 Mo
Mo
Mo
0.65 Mo
0.65 to 0.75 Mo
Exterior span
Interior span
45
46
restraint
(1)
Exterior edge
unrestrained eg. Supported by a masonry wall
(2)
Slabs with
beams b/n
All Supports
(3)
without
Without
beams
edge beam
b/n
interior
(4)
With edge
support
beam
(5)
lmin
50
52
55
56
Ecb C
t
2 Ecs I s
x x3 y
C 1 0.63
y
3
59
61
1.0
2.0
Interior negative
1 L2/L1 = 0
75
75
75
moment
1 L2/L1 1.0
90
75
75
t = 0
100
100
100
t 2.5
75
75
75
t = 0
100
100
100
t 2.5
90
75
45
1 L2/L1 = 0
60
60
60
1 L2/L1 1.0
90
75
45
Exterior
1 L2/L1 = 0
negative
moment L /L 1.0
1 2 1
Positive Moment
3.8.6 Example
Calculation of moments in an exterior panel of a flat
plate
The slab is 200 mm thick and supports a superimposed
service dead load of 0.5 kN/m2 and a service live load
of 3 kN/m2. the beam is 300 mm wide by 400 mm in
overall depth and is cast monolithically with the slab.
(1) Compute the factored loads:
wd = 1.3(0.225 + 0.5) +1.63 = 12 kN/m2
(2) Compute the moments in span BE.
(2a) Compute ln and l2 and divide the slab into middle
and column strips.
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3.8.6 Example
0.35m
0.40m
6.0m
1.5m
1.5m
l2=5.75 m
1.375m
1.375m
5.5m
l1=6.5 m
65
3.8.6 Example
ln = 6.5-1/2(0.35)-1/2(0.4) = 6.125m; l2 = 5.75m.
The column strip extends the smaller of l2/4 or
l1/4 on each side of the column centerline.
The column strip extends 6/4 = 1.5 m toward AD
and 5.5/4 = 1.375 m toward CF from line BE as
shown.
The total width of the column strip is 2.875 m.
The half middle strip b/n BE and CF has a width of
1.375 m, and the other one is 1.5 m
(2b) Compute Mo:
wd l2ln2 12 5.85 6.1252
Mo
323.6 kNm
8
8
66
3.8.6 Example
(2c) Divide Mo into positive and negative moments.
The distribution of the total factored moment to the
negative and the positive moment regions is as given
in Table 13-2 (slide 81) under the column slabs w/o
beams b/n interior supports with edge beam
From Table 13-2, the total moment is divided as
follows:
Interior negative: Mu= 0.70Mo = -226.5 KNm
Positive: Mu= 0.50Mo = +161.8 KNm
Exterior negative: Mu= 0.30Mo = -97.1 KNm
67
3.8.6 Example
(2d) Divide the moments b/n the column and middle
strips
Interior negative moments: This division is a
function of f1l2/l1, which is equal to zero, since
there are no beams to BE
Interior column-strip negative moment: 0.75 226.5 = -169.9 kNm
i.e. -169.9/2.875= -59.1 kNm/m width of column strip
Interior middle-strip negative moment = -56.6 kNm.
Half of this goes to each of the half middle strips
68
3.8.6 Example
Positive moments: From ACI Section 13.6.4.4
Column-strip positive moment: 0.60161.8 = 97.1
kNm 33.8 kNm/m
Middle-strip positive moment = 64.7 kNm. Half of
this goes to each half-middle strip.
3.8.6 example
300 mm
500 mm
200 mm
200 mm 200 mm
400 mm
200 mm
300 mm
3.8.6 example
For Fig (a): C=[(1-0.63300/400)3003400/3+(10.63200/200)2003200/3] = 2096.3106 mm4
For Fig (b): C = 1461.3106 mm4. The larger of the
values is used; C = 2096.3106 mm4
Is the moment of inertia of the strip of slab being
designed, which has b=5.75m and h=200mm.
Is=57502003/12 = 3833.3106 mm4
Since fck is the same in the slab and beam, Ecb=Ecs and
t= 2096.3106 /(2 3833.3106) = 0.273
3.8.6 example
Exterior column-strip negative moment:
0.973(-97.1)= -94.5 kNm = -32.9 kNm/m
Exterior middle-strip negative moment: -2.6 kNm
72
8
8
74
where k1 1 50 e 2.0
k 2 1.6 d 1.0 [d in meters]
d d x d y 2
e ex ey 0.015
75
76
VSd VRd 1
Eccentric load, the equivalent centric load Veq
Veq VSd
where 1 e u d / Z
e = eccentricity of the load w.r.t. the centroid of the
critical section; always positive
Z = section modulus of the critical section corresponding
to the direction of the eccentricity
77
VRd 2 1.6VRd 1
If Vsd < VRd, no shear reinforcement is required.
If Vsd > VRd1, punching failure Increase the
capacity by:
Using a drop panel to thicken the slab adjacent to the
column
Increasing the column size or a capital around the column
Adding shear reinforcement near the loaded area
79
Shear Reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement
81
Circular column
rectangular column
Smaller of
Drop panel
Capital
82
Capital
83
detailing
84
To account for the increased flexibility of the slab-tocolumn connection, it is recommended to use an
equivalent column with stiffness Kec to replace the
actual columns and torsional members.
Properties of SlabBeams
The horizontal members in the equivalent frame are
referred to as slab-beams.
These consist of either only a slab, or a slab and a drop
panel, or a slab with a beam running parallel to the
equivalent frame.
ACI allows determination of the moment of inertia of
slab-beams at any cross section outside of joints or
column capitals using the gross area of concrete.
Variations in the moment of inertia along the length
shall be taken into account.
Thus, for the slab with a drop panel shown in Fig. 1332a, the moment of inertia at section AA is that for a
slab of width l2 (Fig. 13-32c).
At section BB through the drop panel, the moment of
inertia is for a slab having the cross section shown in
Fig. 13-32d.
Similarly, for a slab system with a beam parallel to l1 as
shown in Fig. 13-33a, the moment of inertia for
section CC is that for a slab-and-beam section, as
shown in Fig. 13-33c.
Section DD is cut through a beam running
perpendicular to the page.
Properties of Columns
In computing the stiffnesses and carryover factors for
columns, ACI Code Section 13.7.4 states the following:
1. The moment of inertia of columns at any cross section
outside of the joints or column capitals may be based
on the gross area of the concrete, allowing for
variations in the actual moment of inertia due to
changes in the column cross section along the length of
the column.
2. The moment of inertia of columns shall be assumed to
be infinite within the depth of the slab-beam at a joint.
Figure 13-37 illustrates these points for four common
cases. Again, the column analogy can be used to solve
for the moment-distribution constants, or table values
can be used.
100
Where:
The final design moments shall not be less than for the
case of full factored and live loads on all panels.
108
109
110
Stiffness and
Carryover
factors for
columns
111