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Principlesofshiphandling
DefinesShiphandlingandManeuvering.AlsodescribestheBasicmovementofashipandtalksabout
thefactorsandforcesaffectingshiphandling.
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PrinciplesofshipHandling
Ship Handling and Maneuvering is defined as the art of proper
control of a ship while underway, especially in harbours, around
docksandpiers.Itisoneoftheskillsthatanyshiphandlerfindsvery
satisfyingwhenwellaccomplished.
The most basic thing to be understood in ship handling is to know
andanticipatehowashipbehavesunderallcircumstancesandwhat
orders should be given in order to make the ship behave and move
exactlythewayyouwantherto.Thedifferencebetweentheshipss
headingandtheactualdirectionofmovementoftheshipshouldalso
be constantly attended to as this is essentially important at slow
speedsandwhenthereiswindandcurrent.

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Threebasicshipmotions:
1.Longitudinalmotion(forwardorastern).
2.Lateralmotion(sideways).
3.Rotationalorturningmotion.

Vessels also have other behaviors worth noting when her

maneuvering equipment is in operation. Depending on the type of
propeller, a ship with a single propeller when run ahead from stop
cantstoeitherportorstarboardwhenputasternfromstopthestern
cantsatafastratetoportorstarboard.Whenashiphasheadwayand
the rudder is put over to one side, the bow turns to the same side
where the rudder is turned. Thrusters on the other hand move the
vesselsendsideways.Thrusters,dependingonitsdesignincreaseits
effectivenessasthevesselslowsdown.

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Factors and forces that commonly constitute a change in a

vesselsbehaviorwhilebeingmaneuvered:
ExternalFactors/forces:
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1.Tide.

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2.Suddenchangeinwindvelocityanddirection(gust).
3.Setanddrift.

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PrinciplesofshipHandling

4.Proximityofothervessels.
5.Depthofharbours.

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InternalFactors/forcesunderthecontroloftheShiphandler:

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1.Enginepower.
2.Speed.

FilgenDYurong

3.Effectofthetypeofpropeller.

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4.Ruddermovementandtype.
5.Thrusters.
6.Anchorsandmooringlines.
7.Tugboats.

Effectsofexternalforces:
The effects of external forces may become advantageous or
disadvantageous to the ship handler. It is best that these effects are
foreseenbeforehandsothatnecessarystepstocounterormakeuseof
themduringthemaneuveraremade.Assomeexpertsputittheart
ofshiphandlinginvolvestheeffectiveuseoftheforcesunderones
controltoovercometheeffectsofexternalforces.
Amongtheexternalforces,theeffectsofthewindandcurrentarethe
most important. These forces greatly affect the movement of the
ship. When there is wind blowing on one side of a high sided ship
moving ahead, she will not move along the line of the intended
courselinebutratherdrifttowardstheleesideoftheship.Likewise,
if a current is acting on one side of a ship, she will behave in the
samemanner,thatis,shewillbemovingdiagonallyinthedirection
where the current is setting although her heading is on the course
steered. To attain the desired track we make allowance for set to
compensateforacurrentandallowanceforleewaytocompensatefor
the wind. Always bear in mind that currents affect ships more than
the wind and allowances made to compensate for these factors are
called set because generally it is not possible to separate the
difference.Ifashipsteersacourseof270degrees,andthecurrentis
setting north, she will deviate considerably towards the north from
the course line. The angular difference between the ships heading
andthecoursemadegoodiscalledthedriftangle.

The set, drift and

drift angle can be
estimated
graphically or by
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mathematical calculation. This drift angle is applied opposite to the

set of the current in order that the ship will progress along the
intendedcourseline.Thefactorsaffectingthedriftangledependon
the load condition of the ship, the speed of the ship,the velocity of
the wind or rate of the current and their direction relative to the
ships fore and aft line. Then there is also the effect to the ships
speedifthewindorcurrentisaheadorastern.
OtherVariablefactorsaffectingshiphandling.
1.HumanfactorAdelayintimebetweenyourgivenorderand

theexecutionoftheorderwillaffecthowyouintendtomove
yourship.Thisiscausedbyhumanfactorsbecausethe
individualsyouareorderingmayhavedifferentresponses
dependingontheirtrainingandabilitytoperformthejob,or
thatordershavetoberelayedbyanofficertothehelmsman,
whichisabadpracticethatshouldbeavoidedsothatthe
conningofficershouldbeabletogivehisordersdirectlytothe
helmsman.
2.Suddenbreakdownorfailureoftheshipsequipment.
3.Modeofcommunicationfailurefrombridgetoengineroomor

viceversa,ortotheforeandaftstations.
4.Languageproblemsbetweennationalities.
5.ShipsMomentum.

PostedbyFilgenDYurongat9:04AM

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