Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
h i g h l i g h t s
g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 24 January 2015
Received in revised form 7 October 2015
Accepted 27 October 2015
Available online 7 November 2015
Keywords:
Phosphate release
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Sludge fermentation
Modification of ADM1
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
ADM1 extension
7
6
5
4
Composite particulates
3
2
Disintegration
0
0
4
Time (d)
Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
PAOs
PHA
PP
PO4
K
Precipitation
a b s t r a c t
Anaerobic fermentation of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge was investigated
in terms of phosphate release and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production regarding polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) activity. PAOs decay rate during fermentation was determined as
0.35 0.03 d1. Sludge lysis was enhanced with an increase in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) content.
Moreover, the phosphate release profiles and the VFAs production as well as the individual VFA fractions
varied with different acetate concentrations added initially. Based on these observations, anaerobic
digestion model No. 1 was extended and modified by introducing: (1) processes that PAOs store 4 VFA
species as PHA, which can be degraded into varied fractions of individual VFA in dependence on PHA
composition, (2) the effect of PHA content on disintegration rate, and (3) phosphorus precipitation.
The proposed model adequately fitted a multi-experiment, multi-variable data set, indicating that it plays
an important role in predicting phosphate and VFAs variations during EBPR sludge fermentation.
2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater is a crucial procedure
to limit the growth of aquatic plants and algae, and thus to control
eutrophication. On the other hand, phosphorus is a non-renewable,
non-interchangeable finite resource. It is predicted that the mined
phosphate rocks will be exhausted within 90 years [1]. Fortunately,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 021 65982692; fax: +86 021 65986313.
E-mail address: liyongmei@tongji.edu.cn (Y. Li).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.110
1385-8947/ 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
NH4
Mg
waste streams offer a compelling opportunity to recover phosphorus, and this could theoretically satisfy 1520% of world demand
for phosphate rock [2].
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process has
become a well-established process and is currently applied in
many full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [3]. In the
EBPR process, polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) capable of storing phosphate as intracellular polyphosphate are largely responsible for transfer of phosphorus from the liquid phase
to the sludge phase. The process inevitably produces a great deal
437
b ln
Rt
1
td
R0
q
PNdatajk
1
^ 2
i1 yijk yijk
Ndatajk
q
TICjk q
PNdatajk
PNdatajk
2
1
1
^ 2
i1 yijk
i1 yijk
N
N
datajk
7
2
datajk
where TICjk is the goodness-of-fit between experimental and simulated values for variable j in bottle k, yijk represents the measured
^ijk is the corresponding
value of variable j, in bottle k, at time i, and y
simulated value. Variable j from bottle k has Ndatajk measured values
at successive different times i. TIC allows judging whether there is a
considerable difference between simulated and measured results. A
value of the TIC less than 0.3 indicates a good agreement with measured data.
Confidence intervals of the estimated parameters were calculated through a method based on the Fisher Information Matrix
(FIM) considering a confidence level of 95% [25,26].
6
ln(Rt) (g P m-3 h-1 )
438
5
4
3
2
y = -0.35 x + 5.59
R = 0.97
1
0
0
4
Time (d)
439
(a) Control
(b) Ac-100
0.3
0.8
0.2
PO -P TIC=0.02
Measured PO -P
PHA TIC=0.03
Meausred PHA
0.6
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.05
0
2
4
5
Time (d)
0.6
0.4
0.05
0
0
Time (d)
(d) Ac-500
0.3
0.8
0.2
PO -P TIC=0.02
Measured PO -P
PHA TIC=0.03
Measured PHA
0.6
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.05
0
2
4
5
Time (d)
0.3
0.25
1.2
0.1
(c) Ac-300
0.15
0.2
1.2
0.2
PO -P TIC=0.03
Measured PO -P
PHA TIC=0.03
Measured PHA
0.25
0.8
0.2
PO -P TIC=0.04
Measured PO -P
PHA TIC=0.04
Measured PHA
0.6
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.25
0.8
0
0
0.3
1
PO4 -P (kg P m-3 )
0.25
1.2
1.2
0
0
4
5
Time (d)
(e) Ac-1000
0.25
1
0.8
0.2
PO -P TIC=0.04
Measured PO -P
PHA TIC=0.04
Measured PHA
0.6
0.4
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.3
1.2
0
0
4
5
Time (d)
Fig. 2. Experimental and simulated variations of PO4-P concentration and PHA content in the batch fermentation tests at different initial acetate concentrations. TIC
coefficients for model fitting are indicated in every plot.
Wang et al. [31] also pointed out that increase of sludge PHA was
beneficial to cell disruption. Due to decay in this study, both the
VSS concentrations and the fractions of viable cells (shown in
Fig. 4) decreased after 7 days of EBPR sludge fermentation compared with those before fermentation (VSS: 11.2 0.4 kg m3, fraction of viable cells: 93 1%). It is obvious that both the VSS
concentration and the fraction of viable cells decreased with the
increase of initial acetate concentration (Fig. 4 and Supplementary
Information Fig. S2). It also should be noticed that on the final
day, soluble COD (SCOD) excluding the amount of acetate initially
added increased with the increase of initial acetate concentration.
For
example,
the
observed
SCOD
increased
from
4.16 0.18 kg COD m3 for Control to 6.22 0.29 kg COD m3 for
Ac-1000 on the final day (Supplementary Information Fig. S3).
Therefore, it can be demonstrated that the increased PHA content
accelerates sludge disintegration and the following lysis, resulting
in the increased fraction of bacteria with damaged membranes and
the reduced VSS concentration after 7 days of EBPR sludge fermentation, which thereby caused an increase in SCOD excluding the
amount of acetate initially added.
440
(b) Ac-l00
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sac TIC=0.08
Measured Sac
Sva TIC=0.07
Measured Sva
VFAs (kg COD m-3)
(a) Control
4
Time (d)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
Sva TIC=0.06
Measured Sva
(d) Ac-500
Sac TIC=0.07
Measured Sac
Sva TIC=0.08
Measured Sva
Time (d)
(c) Ac-300
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sac TIC=0.07
Measured Sac
4
Time (d)
Sac TIC=0.05
Measured Sac
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
Sva TIC=0.04
Measured Sva
4
Time (d)
(e) Ac-l000
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Sac TIC=0.06
Sva TIC=0.04
Measured Sac
Measured Sva
4
Time (d)
Fig. 3. Experimental and simulated variations of acetate (Sac) and valerate (Sva) in the batch fermentation tests at different initial acetate concentrations. TIC coefficients for
model fitting are indicated in every plot.
VSS
0.95
10.0
0.85
9.5
9.0
0.75
8.5
0.65
8.0
7.5
0.55
7.0
6.5
10.5
Table 1
Dynamic state variables introduced into the extended ADM1.
Name
Description
Unit
Spo4
SMg
SK
XPAO
XPP
XPHA
XStr
XKStr
Soluble phosphate
Magnesium ion
Potassium ion
Polyphosphate accumulating organisms
Polyphosphate
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
Magnesium potassium phosphate
kg P m3
kmol m3
kmol m3
kg COD m3
kg P m3
kg COD m3
kg m3
kg m3
0.45
Control
Ac-100
Ac-300
Ac-500
Ac-1000
Fig. 4. VSS concentrations and fractions of viable cells after 7 days of EBPR sludge
fermentation at different initial acetate concentrations.
Process
1
Ssu
3
Sac
4
Spro
5
Sbu
6
Sva
7 8
Xc SI
Disintegration
Hydrolysis of Xch
Hydrolysis of Xli
1 ffa,li
4
5
Lysis of XPP
Storage of XPHA on Sac
Lysis of XPHA
13 Formation of
MgNH4PO4
14 Formation of
MgKPO4
10
Xpr
11
Xli
12
XI
13
SIN
P
i712 Ni v i;1
1
1
ffa,li
1
14
SIC
P
i112;1723 C i v i;1
P
i112;1723 C i v i;2
P
i112;1723 C i v i;3
1
1
1
YPHA,ac YPHA,pro YPHA,bu YPHA,va
1
NXbiom NXc
P
i112 Ni v i;11 -YxNXbiom
NXbiom- NXc
1
v i;5
i112;1723 C i v i;6
P
i112;1723 C i v i;7
P
i112;1723 C i v i;8
P
i112;1723 C i v i;9
P
i112;1723 C i v i;10
P
i112;1723 C i v i11
P
i112;1723 C i v i;12
11 Organism growth
12 Decay of organism
9
Xch
10 Decay of XPAO
2
Sfa
i112;1723 C i
15
Spo4
P
i712 P i v i;1
16
XPP
17 18 19
XPHA XPAO SMg
20
SK
1
YPO4,ac
1
YPO4,ac
YPO4,pro
YPO4,pro 1
YPO4,bu
YPO4,bu 1
YPO4,va
YPO4,va 1
21 22 23
XStr XKStr Xbiom
PXch
PXli
0.012
0.012 YPO4,ac
0.009
0.009 YPO4,ac
1
PXbiom-PXc
P
i112 P i v i;11 YxPXbiom
1
Yx
PXbiom PXc
1
31
1
31
1
137
1
158
Note: organism growth includes different processes carried out by different groups of organisms, and in these processes the stoichiometric coefficients for substrates suggested by Batstone et al. [15] are not shown here.
Table 2
Stoichiometry for the extended and modified processes.
441
442
Table 3
Kinetic rate equations for the extended and modified processes.
Process
Disintegration
4
5
Lysis of XPP
Storage of XPHA on Sac
9
10
13
Lysis of XPHA
Decay of XPAO
Formation of MgNH4PO4
a
X PP =X PAO
=X PAO
ac
qPHA;ac K S;PHASacac Sac Sac SproSS
1 X PHAf max
X PAO
bu Sva K PP X PP =X PAO
PHA
a
S
Spro
X PP =X PAO
X PHA =X PAO
qPHA;pro K S;PHA pro
1
X PAO
max
f PHA
pro Spro Sac Spro Sbu Sva K PP X PP =X PAO
a
X PP =X PAO
X PHA =X PAO
Sbu
Sbu
qPHA;bu K S;PHA bu Sbu Sac Spro Sbu Sva K PP X PP =X PAO 1
X PAO
max
f PHA
a
X PP =X PAO
X PHA =X PAO
Sva
Sva
qPHA;va K S;PHA va Sva Sac Spro Sbu Sva K PP X PP =X PAO 1
X PAO
max
f
PHA
14
Formation of MgKPO4
bPHAXPHA
bPAOXPAO
1
1
1
kr;MgNH4 PO4 S3Mg S3NH S3
1
1 1
kr;MgKPO4 S3Mg S3K S3
PO3
4
3
K 3SP;MgNH4 PO4
PO3
4
3
K 3SP;MgKPO
Note: only the extended and modified rate equations are presented, the others are the same with those suggested by Batstone et al. [15]; SNH is the molar concentration of
4
3
NH
4 ; SPO3 is the molar concentration of PO4 .
4
Table 4
Measured and estimated parameter values for the proposed model.
Parameter
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Unit
1
Description
LBd
UBe
Literature value
qPHA,ac
qPHA,pro
qPHA, bu
qPHA,va
bPHA
bPP
max
f PHA
4.3
6.7a
1.6a
1.4a
0.39
0.55
0.7
d
d1
d1
d1
d1
d1
kg COD kg COD1
1.6
2.5
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
5.0
7.8
1.9
1.6
0.6
0.6
2
3 (20 C) f
kdis
fdis
KSP,MgNH4PO4
YPHA,ac
YPHA,pro
YPHA,bu
YPHA,va
YPO4,ac
YPO4,pro
YPO4,bu
YPO4,va
bPAO
KPP
Ks,PHA_ac
Ks,PHA_pro
Ks,PHA_bu
Ks,PHA_va
kr,MgNH4PO4
kr,MgKPO4
KSP,MgKPO4
PXc
PXch
PXli
PXbiom
PXI
PSI
2
0.1
1.7
1.3 1012
Table 5
Table 5
Table 5
Table 5
0.49 b
0.36b
0.31b
0.17b
0.35b
0.01
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
300
300
2.4 1011
0.006
0.008
0.003
0.019
0.011
0.011c
d1
kg COD kg COD1
kg COD kg COD1
kg COD kg COD1
kg COD kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
d1
kg P kg COD1
kg COD m3
kg COD m3
kg COD m3
kg COD m3
d1
d1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
kg P kg COD1
1
0.1
1
6.9 1014
0
0
0
0
3
0.5
2
2 1012
1
1
1
1
18.6g
0.41h
0.4f
300i
2.4 1011j
0.008k
0.003k
0.02f, 0.019k
0.01f
0f
Value
443
0.3 [24]. Low TIC values suggest that the profiles of variables simulated by the proposed model fitted the measured profiles well.
3.5.1. Phosphate release
The processes of PHA storage were limited when the concentrations of the VFAs were low. As a result, the PHA content in the control test increased slowly during the first day. Even in bottles with
additional acetate the PHA contents increased relatively slowly
after the quick decrease of acetate concentrations (Figs. 2 and 3).
On the other hand, it was reported that the PHA production slowed
down at high PHA concentrations, which has been modeled by
introduction of an empirical powered inhibition function depending on the maximum PHA content of the cell [37,38]. Correspondingly, PO4-P release slowed down as the PHA synthesis became
slow. PO4-P in the control and AC-100 tests, unlike those in bottles
with higher additional acetate (P300 g COD m3), did not exhibit
fast increase during the first few hours but was released relatively
slowly and steadily during the first 2 days (Fig. 2). During this slow
release period, lysis of polyphosphate due to PAOs maintenance
largely contributed to the increase of PO4-P concentration. The
estimated value of the XPP lysis rate (bPP) was 0.55 d1, which is
higher than that in ASM2D (0.2 d1, 20 C) and the PAOs decay rate
obtained in this study. This is because temperature increase
strongly accelerates polyphosphate degradation and phosphate
release [39]. On the other hand, Lopez et al. [18] observed that
endogenous utilization of polyphosphate was fast but PAOs activity was relatively stable during anaerobic starvation, because XPP
decays faster than XPAO and XPHA [27]. This can be modeled by
choosing an increased value of bPP [27]. The results indicate that
PO4-P can be gradually released even when the concentrations of
the VFAs are limited, and the release rate is significantly raised
with the increase of VFAs concentrations during anaerobic EBPR
sludge fermentation.
In ASM2D, polyphosphate has the composition of
(K0.33Mg0.33PO3)n [27]. However, the molar ratios of Mg:P and K:P
found in literatures are variable [40]. In this study, the molar ratios
of Mg:P = 0.36 and K:P = 0.28 were obtained by fitting the curves of
PO4-P, K+, Mg2+ to the measured data. These values are the same
with those obtained by Barat et al. [40]. The K+ and Mg2+ concentrations concurrently increased with the increase of PO4-P to their
maximum levels (Figs. 2 and 6). Then the K+ concentrations
remained stable after their maximum levels were reached, while
the phosphate concentrations slightly decreased, and the Mg2+
concentrations declined gradually to a very low level. The concurrent increase of PO4-P, K+, and Mg2+ concentrations, and their high
maximum levels (around 80% of phosphorus in VSS was dispersed
into the liquid phase as phosphate) demonstrate that the released
phosphate was mainly attributed to polyphosphate lysis during the
EBPR sludge fermentation. Similar results have been found in most
cases [7,8]. However, Bi et al. [41] observed that sludge hydrolysis
degree primarily determined the release of phosphorus during
anaerobic digestion. This may be caused by the different sludge
and anaerobic operating condition they used.
According to the values of solubility product and the operating
condition, phosphate and Mg2+ might be precipitated in the form of
Table 5
Fractions of individual VFA generated from PHA lysis in the batch fermentation tests
with different initial acetate concentrations.
Parameter
YPHA,ac
YPHA,pro
YPHA,bu
YPHA,va
Control
Ac-100
Ac-300
Ac-500
Ac-1000
0.33 0.012
0.33 0.018
0.33 0.010
0.34 0.003
0.35 0.017
0.21 0.003
0.20 0.003
0.19 0.002
0.18 0.001
0.14 0.000
0.28 0.002
0.30 0.003
0.32 0.002
0.34 0.001
0.39 0.001
0.18 0.002
0.17 0.002
0.16 0.001
0.14 0.001
0.12 0.000
444
(a) Control
(b) Ac-l00
Spro TIC=0.06
Measured Spro
1.5
1.8
SbuTIC=0.08
Measured Sbu
1.8
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
Sbu TIC=0.09
Measured Sbu
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
4
Time (d)
(c) Ac-300
1.8
4
Time (d)
(d) Ac-500
Spro TIC=0.05
Measured Spro
1.8
Sbu TIC=0.08
Measured Sbu
1.5
VFAs (kg COD m-3 )
Spro TIC=0.05
Measured Spro
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
Spro TIC=0.04
Measured Spro
1.5
Sbu TIC=0.05
Measured Sbu
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.3
0
0
4
Time (d)
4
Time (d)
(e) Ac-l000
1.8
Spro TIC=0.03
Sbu TIC=0.06
Measured Spro
Measured Sbu
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
0
4
Time (d)
Fig. 5. Experimental and simulated variations of propionate (Spro) and butyrate (Sbu) in the batch fermentation tests at different initial acetate concentrations. TIC coefficients
for model fitting are indicated in every plot.
have an impact on biochemical processes. The precipitation module in this study needs further study to improve the simulation
of phosphate, Mg2+, and K+, because the probable dissolution processes and other species likely to precipitate [13,43,44] are not
considered.
3.5.2. Variations of soluble COD and VFAs
PHA degradation, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and acidogenesis
contributed to the gradual increase of SCOD and VFAs concentrations (Supplementary Information Fig. S3, and Figs. 3 and 5).
On the final day of fermentation, the concentrations of both SCOD
and total VFAs excluding the amount of acetate initially added
increased with the increase of initial acetate concentration. The
simulated SCOD and VFAs concentrations fitted the measurements
well, thanks to the expression ef dis X PHA =X C introduced into the disintegration kinetics. The estimated value of kdis, which is highly
dependent on digestion condition and has large variability, was
0.1 d1 obtained in this study. It is lower than the default value
445
(b) Ac-100
(a) Control
0.7
Mg TIC=0.04
Measured Mg
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
K TIC=0.04
Measured K
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0
4
Time (d)
(c) Ac-300
0.7
4
Time (d)
(d) Ac-500
Mg TIC=0.05
Measured Mg
0.6
K TIC=0.02
Measured K
Mg TIC=0.09
Measured Mg
0.7
0.6
0.5
Mg TIC=0.05
Measured Mg
0.6
0.6
0.7
K TIC=0.05
Measured K
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
K TIC=0.05
Measured K
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4
Time (d)
4
Time (d)
(e) Ac-1000
Mg TIC=0.09
Measured Mg
0.7
0.6
K TIC=0.05
Measured K
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
4
Time (d)
Fig. 6. Experimental and simulated variations of Mg2+ and K+ concentrations in the batch fermentation tests at different initial acetate concentrations. TIC coefficients for
model fitting are indicated in every plot.
in the varied values of YPHA,ac, YPHA,pro, YPHA,bu, and YPHA,va (Table 5).
Therefore, both the introduction of PHA content effect on disintegration rate and the varied values of YPHA,ac, YPHA,pro, YPHA,bu, and
YPHA,va resulted in the good simulation of VFAs productions.
Simulation results suggest that PAOs activity plays an important role in phosphate release and VFAs production during EBPR
sludge fermentation, and that there is a need to introduce some
modification to ADM1 when dealing with anaerobic treatment of
EBPR sludge. Phosphate release rate is highly dependent on the
concentrations of the VFAs, and the extent of phosphate release
is associated with the possibility of phosphorus precipitation with
the increase of NH4-N concentration. It is notable that in the model
the introduced processes of PHA storage based on VFAs uptake
leading to phosphate release are critical, because these processes
determine not only the phosphate release rate but also the amount
and composition of PHA. High PHA content accelerates sludge disintegration, and different compositions of PHA result in different
fractions of individual VFA. Moreover, in our previous study [45],
it was found that high phosphate concentration inhibits anaerobic
446
[11] Y. Xu, H. Hu, J. Liu, J. Luo, G. Qian, A. Wang, PH dependent phosphorus release
from waste activated sludge: contributions of phosphorus speciation, Chem.
Eng. J. 267 (2015) 260265.
[12] A. Seco, J. Ribes, J. Serralta, J. Ferrer, Biological nutrient removal model No.1
(BNRM1), Water Sci. Technol. 50 (6) (2004) 6978.
[13] R. Barat, J. Serralta, M.V. Ruano, E. Jimnez, J. Ribes, A. Seco, J. Ferrer, Biological
Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2): a general model for wastewater
treatment plants, Water Sci. Technol. 67 (7) (2013) 14811489.
[14] C.J. Brouckaert, D.S. Ikumi, G.A. Ekama, Modelling of anaerobic digestion for
incorporation into a plant-wide wastewater treatment model, in: Procs. WISA
Biennial Conference Durban, South Africa, 2010.
[15] D.J. Batstone, J. Keller, I. Angelidaki, S.V. Kalyuzhnyi, S.G. Pavlostathis, A. Rozzi,
W.T.M. Sanders, H. Siegrist, V.A. Vavilin, Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1
(ADM1), IWA Publishing, London, UK, 2002.
[16] A. Mottet, I. Ramirez, H. Carrre, S. Dlris, F. Vedrenne, J. Jimenez, J.P. Steyer,
New fractionation for a better bioaccessibility description of particulate
organic matter in a modified ADM1 model, Chem. Eng. J. 228 (2013)
871881.
[17] B. Wett, I. Takcs, D. Batstone, C. Wilson, S. Murthy, Anaerobic model for highsolids or high-temperature digestion additional pathway of acetate
oxidation, Water Sci. Technol. 69 (8) (2014) 16341640.
[18] C. Lopez, M.N. Pons, E. Morgenroth, Endogenous processes during long-term
starvation in activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus
removal, Water Res. 40 (2006) 15191530.
[19] X.D. Hao, Q.L. Wang, Y.L. Cao, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Experimental evaluation
of decrease in the activities of polyphosphate/glycogen-accumulating
organisms due to cell death and activity decay in activated sludge,
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 106 (3) (2010) 399407.
[20] Y. Chen, S. Jiang, H. Yuan, Q. Zhou, G. Gu, Hydrolysis and acidification of waste
activated sludge at different pHs, Water Res. 41 (2007) 683689.
[21] APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th
ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA, 1998.
[22] A. Oehmen, B. Keller-Lehmann, R. Zeng, Z. Yuan, E. Keller, Optimization of
poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate analysis using gas chromatography for enhanced
biological phosphorus removal systems, J. Chromatogr. A 1070 (2005) 131
136.
[23] X.D. Hao, Q.L. Wang, X.P. Zhang, Y.L. Cao, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Experimental
evaluation of decrease in bacterial activity due to cell death and activity decay
in activated sludge, Water Res. 43 (14) (2009) 36043612.
[24] X. Zhou, A new method with high confidence for validation of computer
simulation models for flight systems, Chin. J. Syst. Eng. Electron. 4 (4) (1993)
4352.
[25] D. Dochain, P.A. Vanrolleghem, Dynamical Modelling and Estimation in
Wastewater Treatment Processes, IWA Publishing, London, UK, 2001.
[26] M. Calderer, I. Jubany, R. Prez, V. Mart, J. de Pablo, Modelling enhanced
groundwater denitrification in batch micrococosm tests, Chem. Eng. J. 165
(2010) 29.
[27] M. Henze, W. Gujer, T. Mino, T. Matsuo, M.C. Wentzel, G.v.R. Marais, M.C.M.
van Loosdrecht, Activated Sludge Model No. 2D, ASM2D, Water Sci. Technol. 39
(1) (1999) 165182.
[28] C.M. Lopez-Vazquez, Y.I. Song, C.M. Hooijmans, D. Brdjanovic, M.S. Moussa, H.J.
Gijzen, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Short-term temperature effects on the
anaerobic metabolism of glycogen accumulating organisms, Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 97 (3) (2007) 483495.
[29] H. Siegrist, I. Brunner, G. Koch, L.C. Phan, V.C. Le, Reduction of biomass decay
rate under anoxic and anaerobic conditions, Water Sci. Technol. 39 (1) (1999)
129137.
[30] G.N. Lee, J. Na, Future of microbial polyesters, Microb. Cell Fact. 12 (1) (2013)
54.
[31] D. Wang, Y. Chen, X. Zheng, X. Li, L. Feng, Short-chain fatty acid production
from different biological phosphorus removal sludge: the influences of PHA
and gram-staining bacteria, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (2013) 26882695.
[32] E. Huete, M. de Gracia, E. Ayesa, J.L. Garcia-Heras, ADM1-based methodology
for the characterization of the influent sludge in anaerobic reactors, Water Sci.
Technol. 54 (4) (2006) 157166.
[33] P. Grau, M. de Gracia, P.A. Vanrolleghem, E. Ayesa, A new plant-wide modelling
methodology for WWTPs, Water Res. 41 (19) (2007) 43574372.
[34] E.V. Musvoto, M.C. Wentzel, G.A. Ekama, Integrated chemical physical
processes modelling II. Simulating aeration treatment of anaerobic digester
supernatants, Water Res. 34 (6) (2000) 18681880.
[35] R. Moser-Engeler, K.M. Udert, D. Wild, H. Siegrist, Products from primary
sludge fermentation and their suitability for nutrient removal, Water Sci.
Technol. 38 (1) (1998) 265273.
[36] A. Oehmen, Z. Yuan, L.L. Blackall, J. Keller, Short-term effects of carbon source
on the competition of polyphosphate accumulation organisms and glycogen
accumulating organisms, Water Sci. Technol. 50 (10) (2004) 139144.
[37] M.A. van Aalst-van Leeuwen, M.A. Pot, M.C.M. Van-Loosdrecht, J.J. Heijnen,
Kinetic modeling of poly (b-hydroxybutyrate) production and consumption by
paracoccus pantotrophus under dynamic substrate supply, Biotechnol. Bioeng.
55 (5) (1997) 773782.
[38] Y. Jiang, M. Hebly, R. Kleerebezem, G. Muyzer, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht,
Metabolic modeling of mixed substrate uptake for polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) production, Water Res. 45 (2011) 13091321.
[39] A. Kuroda, N. Takiguchi, T. Gotanda, K. Nomura, J. Kato, T. Ikeda, H. Ohtake, A
simple method to release polyphosphate from activated sludge for phosphorus
reuse and recycling, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78 (3) (2002) 333338.
447