Shear Strength

ENGR-627 Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities, Lecture # 4
Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities

Fall 2004
Prof. Mesut Pervizpour
Office: KH #203
Ph: x4046
1
Dr. Mesut Pervizpour
ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
2
ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Shear Strength of Soil ():
Internal resistance of soil / unit area.
MOHR-COULOMB Failure Criteria:
Theory of rupture for materials failure under combined and
any stress state that combined effect reaches the failure plane
Along the failure plane f = f()
Failure envelope is a curved line approximated by linear relationship
Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria:
f = c + tan
In terms of effective parameters:
f = c + tan
Mohrs failure
envelope
Cohesion
: internal friction angle

Mohr-Coulomb
failure criteria
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Inclination of the Plane of Failure Caused by Shear:
Failure
when shear stress on a plane reaches f (line)

determine inclination () of failure plane with major & minor
principal plane
h
F
D E
g
f
e
O 3
1 > 3
fgh failure plane s = c + tan

ab major principal plane
ad failure plane to 2 angled
Angle bad = 2 = 90 +
= 45 + /2
f = c + tan
2
a
1 = 3 tan2(45+/2) + 2c tan(45+/2)
Similarly for effective parameters.
Shear failure for saturated soils:
f = c + tan
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Shear Strength Parameters in Laboratory:
Unconfined Compression Test of Saturated Clay:
A type of unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test
For clayey samples (Cohesive)
3 = 0 (confining pressure)
Axial load (1) applied to fail the sample (relatively rapid)
At failure 3f = 0 and 1f = major principal stress
Therefore undrained shear strength is independent of confining pressure
f = 1 / 2 = qu / 2 = Cu or Su
qu: unconfined compressive strength,

cu (Su): undrained shear strength
1
Cu
or
Su
=0
Total stress Mohrs
Circle at failure
1 = qu
ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Direct Shear Test (stress or strain controlled):
Specimen is square or circular
Box splits horizontally in halves
Normal force is applied on top shear box
Shear forces is applied to move one half of the box relative to the other (to fail specimen)
Stress Controlled: Shear force applied in equal increments until failure
Failure plane is predetermined (horizontal)
Horizontal deformation & H is measured under each load.
Loading
plate
Shear
Force
Normal force
Sample
Porous
Stone
Shear Stress
Strain Controlled: Constant rate of shear displacement

Restraining shear force is measured
Volume change (H)
(Advantage: gives ultimate & residual shear strength)
Peak shear
strength
Dense
sand
Loose
sand
Ultimate shear
strength
Expansion
Shear Box
f
Shear Displacement
Dense
sand
Shear Displacement
Loose sand
Compression
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Direct Shear Test (continued):
Repeat Direct Shear under several normal stresses.
Plot the normal stress vs. shear stress values.
f = tan
c = 0 for dry sand and =
= tan-1(f / )
Dry sand
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Drained Direct Shear Test on Saturated Sand & Clay:
Test conducted on saturated sample at slow rate of loading allowing excess pore water to
dissipate.
For sand (k is high pwp dissipates quickly) Therefore under drained conditions ~ same
For clay (k is low under load consolidation takes time, therefore load needs to be applied
very slow).
General Comments on Direct Shear Test:
OC clay
f = c + tan
NC clay,
c=0
f = tan
Failure is not along the weakest plane

(forced at horizontal plane)
Represents angle of friction between soil
and foundation material:
f = ca + tan
Ca: adhesion
: angle of friction between soil and

foundation material
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test:
Reliable method for determination of shear strength parameters.
cap
1
membrane
3
Porous
stone
Axial stress (deviator stress) is applied to cause failure (shear) by

vertical loading.
Load vs. deformation readings are recorded.
Three general types of triaxial test are:
1. Consolidated drained test (CD)
2. Consolidated undrained test (CU)
3. Unconsolidated undrained test (UU)
1
3: confining pressure
applied all around sample
(air/water/glycerine)
d
3
3
3
Porous
stone
3
= 3 + d
d 1
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-drained test:
Specimen is subjected to confining stress 3 all around.
As a result the pwp of the sample increases by uc.
If the valve is opened at this point the uc will dissipate and sample will consolidate
(V decreases under 3)
3
3
B=
uc
Skemptons pwp parameter (B~1.0 for saturated soils)
3
d
3
3
3
ud = 0
3
d
End of consolidation stage uc = 0.

Application of deviator stress (d):
For drained test d is increased slowly, while the drainage valve
is kept open, & any excess pwp generated by d is allowed to
dissipate.
(V can be measured by measuring amount outflow-water, since S=100%)
CD test excess pwp completely dissipated 3 = 3
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-drained test (Continued):
At failure (Axial stress) 1 = 1 = 3 + (d)f
1 major principal stress at failure
3 minor principal stress at failure
Conduct other triaxial (CD) tests under different 3 (confining) pressure and obtain the
corresponding 1 at failure and plot the Mohrs circle for each test.
1
f =
= 45 + / 2
Total and
Effective Stress
Failure Envelope
for OC
clays
an
1
1
c
3 = 3
1 = 1
(d)f
(d)f
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (CU):
Consolidation of S=100% sample under 3 (confining stress) & allow uc to dissipate.
Drainage valve is closed after complete consolidation (uc = 0)
Deviator stress (d) is applied and increased to failure.
ud is developed (due to no drainage).
3
3
3
d
3
3
3
ud 0
3
d
End of consolidation stage uc = 0 (and close valves).
A=
ud
d
Skemptons pwp parameter
Loose sand & NC clay

Dense sand & OC clay
ud increases with strain

ud increases with strain up to a certain
point and drops & becomes negative
(due to dilatation of soil)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (Continued):
Total and Effective principal stresses are not the same.
At failure measure (d)f and (ud)f
Major principal stress at failure is obtained as:
Total:
3 + (d)f = 1
Effective:
1 - (ud)f = 1
Minor principal stress at failure is obtained as:
Total:
3
Effective:
3 - (ud)f = 3
Mohrs Circle for CU Test:
=
f
Note:
1 - 3 = 1 - 3'
n
ta
Effective Stress
Failure Envelope
f =
n c u
ta
Total Stress
Failure Envelope
A
O
3
(ud)f
cu
(ud)f
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Consolidated-undrained test (Continued):
For OC Clay:
cu
f =
for OC
clays
f = c cu
+ ta
1cu
A = Af =
(ud ) f
( d ) f
n c u
n 1cu
ccu
O
ta
0.5 1 for NC clay

-0.5 0 for OC clay
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Triaxial Shear Test: Unonsolidated-undrained test (UU):
Drainage in both stages is not allowed.
Therefore application of
And application of
u = uc + ud
uc = B 3
ud = d
u = B 3 + d = B 3 + (1 - 3)
It can be seen that tests conducted with different 3 results in the same (d)f, resulting in
mohrs circle with same radius.
Effective
= 0 Failure envelope
Cu
3
1
1
1 = [3 + (d)f] (ud)f = 1 - (ud)f

3 = 3 - (ud)f
Example: 3 by 3 uc = 3
3 = 3 + 3 - uc = 3
(d)f will be the same.

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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
General Comments on Triaxial Tests:
Failure plane not predetermined
Field strength function of rate of application of load and drainage
Granular soil drained shear strength parameters
NC Clay
Under footing Undrained conditions
Excavation in OC Clay
Drained case (more critical)
Control of stress states are possible in Triaxial test
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Strength
Undrained Cohesion of NC and OC Deposits:
NC clay undrained shear strength cu or Su increase with effective
overburden pressure
cu / = 0.11 + 0.0037 (PI)
Skempton (1957)
Ladd for OC clas (1977)
{PI: in %}
(cu/)OC / (cu/)NC = (OCR)0.8
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Soil Stresses At A Point

Due to Poissons effect lateral flow (creep)
x = z
0.0 0.5
K Ratio of lateral to vertical stress:
K = h / v
Kf Maximum strength failure line

K0 < 1
NC soils
K0 < 1
Slightly OC soils OCR < 3
K0 > 1
Highly OC soils OCR > 3
z
h
v = t h
h
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
General Comments
CD Long-term Stability (earth embankments & cut slopes)

CU Soil initially fully consolidated, then rapid loading
(slopes in earth dams after rapid drawdown)
UU End of construction stability of saturated clays, load rapidly & no
drainage (Bearing capacity on soft clays)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
10
Slope Stability
Slope Stability: The engineering assessment
Of the stability of natural and man-made
Slopes as influenced by natural or induced
Changes to their environment.
Studied by analytical (closed-form) or
numerical (approximate) methods.
Both methods are simplification of actual
Geological, mechanical and other aspects.
The stability of a slope depends on

its ability to sustain the effects of
load increases or environmental
changes.
Pre-failure analysis: to assess
safety of slope and its intended
performance.
Post-failure analysis: study of
failure and processes causing it.
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Slope Stability analysis (continued): Determination of shear stress developed on the
most likely rupture surface and comparing to shear strength of soil.
Likely rupture surface: is the critical surface with minimum factor of safety.
Steepened Slope to Wall

To increase space
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
11
Slope Stability
The effective evaluation of slope stability requires:
Site characterization (geological hydrological conditions)
Groundwater conditions (pore pressure model)
Geotechnical parameters (strength, deformation, drainage)
Mechanisms of movement ( kinematics potential failure

modes)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Landslide Components
24
12
Landslide Components
Varnes (1978), Morgenstern (1985)

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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Rotational Slides
26
13
Slope Stability
Components of Slopes
Facing
Crest
Toe
Slope angle
Foundation
Reinforcement
Reinforced
fill
Retained
Fill
Foundation
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Possible Failure Modes of Slopes
Local
failure
Surficial failure
Slope
failure
Global failure
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
14
Slope Stability
Typical Surfical Failure:
Shallow failure surface up to 1.2 m (4ft)
Failure mechanisms:
Poor compaction
Low overburden stress
Loss of cohesion
Saturation
Seepage forces
Original ground
surface
Slip Surface
Slide Mass
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Analytical Solutions Limit Equilibrium:
Widely applied analytical technique, where force (or moment) equilibrium
The analyses is based on material strength, rather than stress-strain
conditions are determined based on statics.

relationships.
A Factor of Safety, is defined as a tool of evaluating the slope stability with

limit equilibrium approach.
FS =
resisting forces
shear strength of material
=
driving forces
shear stress required for equilibrium
Where FS > 1.0 represents a stable slope and FS < 1.0 stands for failure.
Required values:
Limit Equilibrium:
FS = 1.0
Under Static Loads:
FS 1.3 1.5
Under Seismic Loads: FS 1.1
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Limit Equilibrium:
Overall measure of the amount by which the strength of the soil would have to fall short
of the values described by c and in order for the slope to fail.
FS =
FS =
resisting forces
shear strength of material
=
driving forces
shear stress required for equilibrium
c + tan
eq
f
d
f : Average Shear strength of soil

d : Shear stress developed on
potential surface
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Limit Equilibrium (continued):
Fundamentals of limit equilibrium method (Morgenstern, 1995):
Slip mechanism results in slope failure
Resisting forces required to equilibriate disturbing mechanisms are found
from static solution
The shear resistance required for equilibrium is compared with available
shear strength in terms of Factor of Safety
The mechanism corresponding to the lowest FS is found by iteration
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Stability of Infinite Slopes without Seepage (Surficial slope stability):
Soil Shear Strength:
f = c + tan
Pore water pressure:
u=0
Failing along AB at a depth H
Static equilibrium of forces on the block.
Assume F on ab and cd are equal.
Along line AB:
Developed resistance:
f = cd + tand
= cd + H cos2 tand
Driving force due to weight:
d = H cossin
2c
tan
+
H sin 2 tan
For c = 0:
FS =
tan
tan
FS = 1 H = Hcr
L
a
Factor of Safety:
FS =
Forces:
Na = L H cos
Ta = L H sin
= L H cos / (L/cos) = H cos2
= L H sin / (L/cos) = H cossin
Nr = L H cos
Tr = L H sin
Na
Ta
F
H
b
Tr
Nr
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Stability of Infinite Slopes with Seepage (Surficial slope stability):
Soil Shear Strength:
f = c + tan
Forces:
GWT at surface, pore pressure u=wh= wHcos2 Na = sat L H cos
Failing along AB at a depth H
Ta = sat L H sin
= sat L H cos / (L/cos) = sat H cos2
Static equilibrium of forces on the block.
= sat L H sin / (L/cos) = sat H cossin
Assume F on ab and cd are equal.
Nr = sat L H cos
Along line AB:
Tr = sat L H sin
Developed resistance:
h= Hcos2
f = cd + tand = cd + (-u) tand
d
= cd + (sat - w) H cos2 tand
L
Driving force due to weight:
E
a
PAG
d = H cossin
SEE
Factor of Safety:
W
F
Na
2 c'
' tan '
FS =
+
sat H sin 2
sat tan
For c = 0:
FS =
' tan '

sat tan
FS = 1 H = Hcr
Ta
Equipotential
line
Tr
R
Nr
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
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Slope Stability
Slope Stability with Plane Surface:
AC Trial failure place
B
Na
W
Ta
H
Tr
A
For c = 0:
Factor of Safety:
FS =
2 c sin + H sin ( ) cos tan

H sin ( )sin
FS =
tan
tan
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Modes of Failure of Finite Slopes:
Shallow slope
failure
Base failure
Slope failure
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
18
Slope Stability
Circular surface Slip circle analysis ( = 0):
Circular slip surfaces are found to be the most critical in slopes with homogeneous soil.
There are two analytical, statically determinate, methods used for FS: the circular arc
(=0) and the friction circle method.
FS =
Circular failure surface in =0
soil is defined by its undrained
strength, cu.
FS =
M r cu LR resisting moment
=
=
Md
Wx
driving moment
cu R 2
Mr
=
M d W1l1 W2l2
W1
W2
l2
l1
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Circular surface Friction circle (, c soil):
Trial circle through toe.
The friction circle method attempts to satisfy the requirement of complete equilibrium by
assuming that the direction of the resultant of the normal and frictional component of
strength mobilized along the failure surface corresponds to a line that forms a tangent to
the friction circle with radius:
Procedure (Abramson et al 1996 more detailed)
C parallel to ab
P passes through intersection W-C
P makes m with line through center
of friction circle, & tangent to FC
U often taken 0
Force polygon determine C
Critical circle developed cohesion is
maximum
For FS = 1, the critical height:
C / ( Hcr) = f(, , , ) = m (stability No.)
Rf = R sinm
P m
> 3 deg critical circles all toe circles

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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
19
Slope Stability
Method of Slices (limit equilibrium):
Soil divided to vertical slices, width of each can vary.
The previous methods do not depend on the distribution of the effective normal stresses
along the failure surface. The contribution is accounted for by dividing the failing slope
mass into smaller slices and treating each individual slice as a unique sliding block.
Non-circular:
Circular:
The discretization of the slip surface to elements results in two

force components acting on each: Normal and Shear forces. The
other unknown is the location of line of action of the normal force
for each element.
However the equilibrium conditions:
Fx=0, Fy=0, M=0
No. of unknowns = No. of slices * 3
Therefore assumptions should
be made.
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Circular surface (Bishop method):
Soil divided to vertical slices, width of each can vary.
Can be applied to layered soil, with different properties.
Find minimum FS by several trials.
M0 = 0
n
FS =
(c' l
i =1
+ Wi cos i tan ')
(W sin )
i =1
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
20
Slope Stability
Search for Minimum Factor of Safety:
Minimum FS values for the failure surface for every center is obtained, and recorded by
the center of rotation, the contours indicate the location of the center with minimum overall
FS.
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
Slope Stability
Slope Stability with Seepage (u 0):
Obtain the average pwp at the bottom of the slice using the phreatic line.
Total pwp for the slice is un Ln
Phreatic
surface
h z
H
Seepage
FS modified (from Bishop method) for pore pressure:

n
FS =
[c' l + (W u l )cos
i =1
tan ']
(W sin )
i =1
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
21
Lateral Earth Pressure
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient:
z
x
P=(1/2)K H2
1/3 H
K=x/z
x = Kz= KH
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
22

Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient at Rest:
Relationship between z and x at a given depth (at rest means no shear).
Ko : Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko
= x / z
Rigid Wall
No movement
z
x
P=(1/2)K H2
1/3 H
K=x/z
x = Kz= KH
For coarse-grained soils:

(ok for loose sand)
Ko = 1 - sin
For fine grained NC soils:
Ko = m - sin
m: 1 for NC cohesionless or cohesive
m: 0.95 OCR > 2
Massarch (1979)
Ko = 0.44 + 0.42 (PI% / 100)
For OC clays:
Ko = Ko(NC) (OCR)(1/2)
Or
Ko = (1 - sin) OCRsin
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Coefficient of Active Lateral Earth Pressure:
Wall moves away from the soil (pushed out).
Movement
z
x
Ka=x/z
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
23

Wall Movement Required to Reach the Active Condition:
Soil Type
Horizontal movement required to reach the active state
Dense sand
0.001 H
Loose sand
0.004 H
Stiff clay
0.010 H
Soft clay
0.020 H
(From CGS, 1992)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Coefficient of Passive Lateral Earth Pressure:
Wall moves towards the soil (pressed in).
Movement
z
x
Kp=x/z
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
24

Wall Movement Required to Reach the Passive Condition:
Soil Type
Horizontal movement required to reach the passive state
Dense sand
0.020 H
Loose sand
0.060 H
Stiff clay
0.020 H
Soft clay
0.040 H
(From CGS, 1992)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

In Summary:
1.
2.
3.
If the wall moves away from the fill (soil) pressure will decrease and reach to
active state. (h = Ka v)
If the wall moves towards the fill (soil) pressure will increase and reach to passive
case. (h = Kp v)
More deformation is generally required to achieve passive case than the active
case.
Kp
Ko
Ka
Movement away
From backfill
Movement towards backfill

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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
25

Classical Lateral Earth Pressure Theories:
Coulombs Earth Pressure Theory (1776)
Rankines Earth Pressure Theory (1857)
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Rankines Earth Pressure Theory:
Assumptions:
The soil is homogeneous and isotropic
Frictionless wall
Failure surfaces are planar
The ground surface is planar
The wall is infinitely long (plane strain condition)
At the active or passive state (plastic equilibrium, every point in soil about to fail)
The resultant on the back of the wall is at angle parallel to ground surface
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
26

Rankines Earth Pressure Theory:
Attainment of Rankines Active State
Attainment of Rankines Passive State
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Rankines Earth Pressure Theory Force Diagram:
P
A
Rankines Earth Pressure Theory Force Equilibrium

N
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
27

Rankines Theory Critical Angle of Failure Plane:
Critical angle of failure plane:
The angle () when the thrust (P) reaches the maximum value for the
condition or the minimum value for the passive condition
At the active state:
critical = 45o + / 2
At the passive state:
critical = 45o - / 2
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Rankines Theory Earth Pressure Distribution (c=0):
P = (1/2) K H2
PH = P cos = (1/2) K H2 cos
H/3
= K z = K H
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
28

Rankines Theory Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure:
For :
For = :
Ka =
cos cos 2 cos 2 '

cos + cos 2 cos 2 '
K a = tan 2 45 o '
2
Rankines Theory Coefficient of Passive Earth Pressure:
For :
For = :
Kp =
cos + cos 2 cos 2 '

cos cos 2 cos 2 '
K p = tan 2 45 o + '
2
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ENGR-627 Fall 2004
29

Shear Strength

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ENGR-627 Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities, Lecture # 4

Performance Evaluation of Constructed Facilities

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

: internal friction angle

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

when shear stress on a plane reaches f (line)

fgh failure plane s = c + tan

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

qu: unconfined compressive strength,

Dr. Mesut Pervizpour

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Strain Controlled: Constant rate of shear displacement

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

General Comments on Direct Shear Test:

Failure is not along the weakest plane

: angle of friction between soil and

Dr. Mesut Pervizpour

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Axial stress (deviator stress) is applied to cause failure (shear) by

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Skemptons pwp parameter (B~1.0 for saturated soils)

End of consolidation stage uc = 0.

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

End of consolidation stage uc = 0 (and close valves).

Skemptons pwp parameter

Loose sand & NC clay

ud increases with strain

Dr. Mesut Pervizpour

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Mohrs Circle for CU Test:

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

0.5 1 for NC clay

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

1 = [3 + (d)f] (ud)f = 1 - (ud)f

(d)f will be the same.

Under footing Undrained conditions

Drained case (more critical)

Control of stress states are possible in Triaxial test

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

(cu/)OC / (cu/)NC = (OCR)0.8

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Soil Stresses At A Point

K Ratio of lateral to vertical stress:

Kf Maximum strength failure line

Slightly OC soils OCR < 3

Highly OC soils OCR > 3

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

CD Long-term Stability (earth embankments & cut slopes)

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

The stability of a slope depends on

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Steepened Slope to Wall

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Site characterization (geological hydrological conditions)

Groundwater conditions (pore pressure model)

Geotechnical parameters (strength, deformation, drainage)

Mechanisms of movement ( kinematics potential failure

ENGR-627 Fall 2004

Dr. Mesut Pervizpour

ENGR-627 Fall 2004