LRFD Design Manual

Georgia Department of Transportation
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
LRFD BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE DESIGN MANUAL
OFFICE OF BRIDGES
AND STRUCTURES
BENJAMIN F. RABUN, III, P.E.

STATE BRIDGE ENGINEER
July 2013
Revised June 2014
Preface
Disclaimer
This manual is intended to be an aid to designers working on projects for the Georgia
Department of Transportation. It is not to be used as a substitute for sound engineering
practice and will be used at ones own risk. The Georgia Department of Transportation
and the authors of this document are not responsible for the consequences of the use
and misuse of the contents of this document.
The latest version of this document is available at:

http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/Pages/DesignPolicies.aspx
Other helpful links:

GDOT Bridge Design Home Page:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/bridge/Pages/default.aspx
GDOT Bridge Design Software:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/bridge/Pages/PCBridgeDesignSoftw
are.aspx
GDOT Bridge Microstation Customization:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/software/Pages/Customizatio
n.aspx
GDOT Bridge Design Basic Drawings:
http://www.dot.ga.gov/doingbusiness/PoliciesManuals/roads/Pages/BasicDrawings.aspx
Please send constructive comments to the Bridge Design LRFD Committee care of
Stanley Kim: skim@dot.ga.gov
Preface
Acknowledgement
The original Bridge and Structures Design Manual was created through the publicprivate partnership of the Georgia Department of Transportation and the Consulting
Engineering Companies of Georgia. This document was modified from the original
Design Manual for inclusion of LRFD material and general content by Georgia
Department of Transportation personnel. The following people have donated their time
and resources to contribute to the quality of transportation engineering in Georgia:
LRFD Design Committee
Y. Stanley Kim, PhD, P.E. GDOT
Douglas D. Franks, P.E. GDOT
Steven K. Gaston, P.E. - GDOT
Design Committee for Original Document

Paul V. Liles, Jr., P.E. GDOT
Ted Cashin, P.E. GDOT
Al Bowman, P.E. The LPA Group Incorporated
John Heath, P.E. Heath and Lineback Engineers
Greg Grant, P.E. Wolverton and Associates
Contributing Authors to Original Document

John Tiernan, P.E. GDOT
John Durand, P.E. Parsons Brinckerhoff
ii
Preface
Revisions
OriginalIssue(20130708)
Revision1(20131001)
Section
Description
3.2.3.3
Removedafterallnecessarygrindingfrom8overhangthickness
Removed(LRFD13.7.3.1.2)from8overhangthickness
3.5.2.1
ChangedLRFDreferencefromTable4A1toTableA41
4.4.2
Modifiedtowerbentplacementdirective
Addedpilefixityassumption
3.2.2.3
RemovedCommentary
Revision2(20140602)
Section
2.1
2.2.2.2
Description
UpdatedLRFDSpecificationto6thedition,2012;updatedGeorgiaStandard
Specificationto2013;definedallbridgesastypical
AllowedStandardSpecificationwideningofExistingStandardSpecification
bridges
2.4
ChangedofficeresponsibleforSurveyManual
2.8
AddedLRFDsoftwaresubmittalrequirementsforconsultants
3.1.1
NewsectionaddedSetminimumbeamrequirementforbridgeswith
vehiculartraffic
3.2.2.1
Addedreferencetoonlineslabdesignprogram
3.2.2.4.2
Changedplacementandspacingoftemperaturesteelintopmatofdeck
3.3.2.2.1
Clarifiedurbanarealocations
3.3.2.2.2
Editedheightoffence
3.4.3.15.4
Newsectionaddedlimitingcopingthicknessto6
3.12.2.3.1
CheckclearancebetweencapandPSCbeamwhenplainpadsareused
3.12.2.5.2
AddednewsectionDirectivetominimizenumberofpaddesignsforbridge
4.2.1
Specifieduseofkipsinlieuoftonsorpoundsforfoundations
4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4
4.2.2.5
Addedmaximumfactoredresistancesandstressesforallpiletypes
4.2.3.4
Restricteduseofspiralsincaisson;limitedtiestomaximumsizeof#6;Stated
seismicdetailingatfixityisnotrequiredincaissons
4.4.1.2.1
Addedlimitsfordepthtowidthratioofintermediatecaps;
iii
Preface
4.4.1.2.1
Changedcapwidthincrementto3
4.4.1.2.2
Modifiedlongitudinalrebarinriserofintermediatebentsto#5
4.4.1.3
Removedrailroadfromvehicularcollisionconsideration
iv
Preface
TableofContents
Chapter1 ADMINISTRATION
11
1.1 BRIDGEOFFICEORGANIZATION
1.1.1 General
1.1.2 StateBridgeEngineer
1.1.3 AssistantStateBridgeEngineers
1.1.4 BridgeDesignUnit
1.1.5 BridgeMaintenanceUnit
11
11
11
11
11
11
1.2 OTHEROFFICESANDAGENCIESWITHBRIDGERELATEDRESPONSIBILITIES
1.2.1 OfficeofConstruction
1.2.2 GeotechnicalBureau
1.2.3 OfficeofEngineeringServices
1.2.4 FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)
12
12
12
13
13
1.3 QUALITYCONTROLANDQUALITYASSURANCE(QC/QA)
1.3.1 General
1.3.2 QualityControl
1.3.3 QualityAssurance
1.3.4 OtherAssuranceChecks
13
13
13
14
15
1.4 CONSTULTANTSANDBRIDGEOFFICE
1.4.1 General
1.4.2 QC/QAforConsultants
1.4.3 BridgeOfficeReviewsofPreliminaryPlans
1.4.4 BridgeOfficeReviewsofFinalPlans
15
15
16
16
17
1.5 SCHEDULESFORBRIDGEDESIGN
1.5.1 ConceptPhase
1.5.2 PreliminaryDesignPhase
1.5.3 FinalDesignPhase
1.5.4 ShopDrawings
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18
18
18
19
1.6 CORRESPONDENCE
1.6.1 CorrespondenceInvolvingConsultants
1.6.2 PhoneNumberonCorrespondence
1.6.3 P.I.NumberonCorrespondence
1.6.4 StateBridgeEngineerSignatureonCorrespondence
1.6.5 CorrespondencewithLegislatorsandCitizens
1.6.6 CorrespondencewithContractors
1.6.7 BridgeConditionandBridgeDeckConditionSurveys
1.6.8 RoutesforHaulingBulbTeePSCBeams
1.6.9 TransmittalRequirements
1.6.10 InHouseMailingRequirements
1.6.11 PublicAccesstoProjectRecords
1.6.12 ConstructionTimeEstimates
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19
19
19
110
110
110
111
111
111
117
117
117
Preface
1.6.13 FHWAReviewRequirements
1.6.14 ResponsetoFieldPlanReviewReports
vi
117
118
1.7 SPECIALPROVISIONSANDPLANFILES
1.7.1 SpecialProvisions
1.7.2 PlansFile
1.7.3 FilesforCompletedProjects
118
118
118
118
APPENDIX1ASAMPLELETTERS
120
Chapter2 GENERALDESIGN
21
2.1 DESIGNSPECIFICATION/METHOD
2.1.1 Bridges,CulvertsandRetainingWalls
2.1.2 PedestrianStructures
2.1.3 SignandLightSupports
2.1.4 SoundBarriers
21
21
21
21
21
2.2 LOADS
2.2.1 DeadLoads
2.2.2 LiveLoads
21
21
22
2.3 HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCLEARANCES
2.3.1 ClearanceCalculation
2.3.2 StreamCrossing
2.3.3 GradeSeparations
2.3.4 RailroadCrossings
23
23
23
23
23
2.4 SURVEYFORBRIDGEDESIGN
2.4.1 StreamCrossingHydraulicStudies
2.4.2 GradeSeparations
2.4.3 RailroadCrossings
25
26
211
213
2.5 STAGEDCONSTRUCTION
2.5.1 TemporaryShoring
2.5.2 PourStrips
2.5.3 TemporaryBarrier
215
215
216
216
2.6 BRIDGEJACKING
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 UtilityConsideration
2.6.3 AdditionalWork
2.6.4 Plans
216
216
216
216
216
2.7 BRIDGESALVAGE
218
2.8 SOFTWARE
219
2.9 PRELIMINARYDESIGN
2.9.1 RoadwayGeometry
2.9.2 BridgeWidths
2.9.3 BridgeLengths
219
219
220
222
Preface
2.9.4
2.9.5
GuidelinesforSelectingBridgeType
BridgeTypeStudy
vii
222
225
2.10 QUANTITIES
2.10.1 QuantitiesonGeneralNotes
2.10.2 QuantitiesonDetailSheets
2.10.3 QuantitiesforStagedConstructionandContinuousUnits
227
227
228
228
APPENDIX2AHYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT
229
Chapter3 SUPERSTRUCTURE
31
3.1 GENERALDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
3.1.1 MinimumNumberofBeams
3.1.2 Connections
3.1.3 UseofChemicalAnchors
31
31
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31
3.2 DECKDESIGN
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 InteriorSlab
3.2.3 OverhangSlab
3.2.4 EpoxyCoatedReinforcement
3.2.5 Grooving
3.2.6 Overlays
3.2.7 RideQuality
3.2.8 DeckCrossSlope
31
31
32
34
35
35
35
36
36
3.3 BARRIERS,RAILINGS,SIDEWALKSANDMEDIANS
3.3.1 Materials
3.3.2 Barriers
3.3.3 SidewalksandMedians
3.3.4 Handrailing
3.3.5 ChainLinkFence
3.3.6 TemporaryBridgeBarrier
36
36
37
39
310
310
311
3.4 PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE(PSC)BEAMS
3.4.1 Materials
3.4.2 DesignMethod
3.4.3 Detailing
312
312
314
316
3.5 REINFORCEDCONCRETEDECKGIRDERS(RCDGsorTBEAMS)
3.5.1 Materials
3.5.2 DesignMethod
3.5.3 Detailing
319
319
319
320
3.6 STEELBEAMS
3.6.1 General
3.6.2 Materials
3.6.3 DesignMethod
3.6.4 Fatigue
3.6.5 Detailing
320
320
321
321
321
322
Preface
3.6.6
3.6.7
3.6.8
3.6.9
Welding
Paint
SalvageofStructuralSteel
BeamCorrections
viii
325
326
326
326
3.7 POSTTENSIONEDBOXGIRDERS
3.7.1 General
3.7.2 Dimensions
3.7.3 Materials
3.7.4 UseofStayInPlaceDeckForms
3.7.5 CellDrains
3.7.6 PostTensionedDuctsDetailing
3.7.7 DetailingofAnchorageBlisters
3.7.8 OpenGrateAccessDoors
3.7.9 GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders
3.7.10 SegmentalConstructionAlternateforPTBoxes
326
326
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
327
328
3.8 PRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBOXBEAMS
328
3.9 DIAPHRAGMSANDCROSSFRAMES
3.9.1 ConcreteGirders
3.9.2 SteelGirders
329
329
330
3.10 EDGEBEAMS
3.10.1 General
3.10.2 DetailingforPSCBeamBridge
3.10.3 DetailingforSteelBeamBridge
3.10.4 DetailingforRCDGBridge
330
330
331
331
332
3.11 ENDWALLS
3.11.1 General
3.11.2 Detailing
332
332
332
3.12 BEARINGS
3.12.1 BearingSelection
3.12.2 PlainElastomericPadsandSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings
3.12.3 PotBearings
3.12.4 SelfLubricatingBearings
333
333
333
336
337
3.13 DECKJOINTS
3.13.1 ConstructionJoints
3.13.2 ExpansionJoints
338
338
339
3.14 UTILITIESONBRIDGES
3.14.1 General
3.14.2 DesignationofUtilityOwnersonBridgePlans
3.14.3 HangersforElectricalConduits
3.14.4 RevisionstoUtilities
3.14.6 PermitsforBridgeAttachments
342
342
345
345
345
345
345
3.15 DECKDRAINAGE
346
Preface
3.15.1
3.15.2
3.15.3
3.15.4
General
BridgeProfile
OpenDeckDrainage
DeckDrainageSystem
ix
346
346
346
346
APPENDIX3AFALLLINEMAP
348
APPENDIX3BBEAMCHARTS
349
Chapter4 SUBSTRUCTURE
456
4.1 CONCRETEANDREINFORCEMENTFORSUBSTRUCTURE
456
4.2 FOUNDATIONS
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 DrivenPiles
4.2.3 Caissons
4.2.4 SpreadFootings
4.2.5 PileFootings
4.2.6 CofferdamsandSeals
456
456
457
463
464
465
466
4.3 ENDBENTS
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 EndBentCaps
4.3.3 EndBentPiling
4.3.4 Wingwalls
4.3.5 RipRap
4.3.6 SlopePaving
467
467
467
468
468
469
470
4.4 INTERMEDIATEBENTS
4.4.1 ConcreteColumnBents
4.4.2 PileBents
471
471
473
APPENDIX4AGENERALGUIDEMAPFORFOUNDATIONTYPES
475
APPENDIX4BPRESETPILELAYOUTS
476
Chapter5 RETAININGWALLS
51
5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 WallTypes
5.1.2 WallDesignOptions
51
51
51
5.2 PRELIMINARYWALLDESIGN
5.2.1 InitialDesignRequestfromRoadwayDesigner
5.2.2 ItemstoCoordinatewiththeRoadwayDesigner
5.2.3 PreliminaryWallPlansandWallFoundationInvestigation
52
52
53
53
5.3 FINALWALLPLANS
5.3.1 FinalPlansforInHouseDesign
5.3.2 FinalPlansforContractorDesign
54
54
54
5.4 STAKINGFORRETAININGWALLSONCONSTRUCTION
55
Preface
5.5 SPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORINDIVIDUALWALLTYPES
5.5.1 GravityWall
5.5.2 RCCantileverWall
5.5.3 MSEWalls
5.5.4 PrefabricatedModularWall
5.5.5 ModularBlockWall
5.5.6 SoldierPileWall
5.5.7 TieBackWall
5.5.8 SoilNailWalls
Chapter6 CULVERTS
x
55
55
55
56
59
59
510
510
510
61
6.1 GENERAL
61
6.2 CULVERTSIZING
61
6.3 STANDARDCULVERTDESIGN
61
6.4 REQUIREDNOTESFORCULVERTPLANS
62
6.5 THREESIDEDORBOTTOMLESSCULVERTS
63
Chapter7 MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES
71
7.1 TemporaryDetourBridges
7.1.1 TemporaryDetourBridgeLength
7.1.2 TemporaryDetourBridgeElevations
7.1.3 TemporaryDetourBridgeLocation
7.1.4 TemporaryDetourBridgeWidth
71
71
72
73
73
7.2 PedestrianBridges
73
7.3 SupportStructuresforSigns,SignalsandLights
7.3.1 StandardSupports
7.3.2 StrainPolesonBridges
73
73
74
7.4 SoundBarriers
75
Chapter8 FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS
81
8.1 FinalPlanRevisionsandReDesigns
8.1.1 RevisionsandAmendments
8.1.2 PlanChangesandRevisionsDuringConstruction
81
81
82
8.2 ShopDrawings
8.2.1 ShopDrawingReview
8.2.2 MetalDeckForms
8.2.3 BearingPads
8.2.4 PSCBeams
8.2.5 DetourBridges
8.2.6 SteelBeams
8.2.7 PostTensionedMembers
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87
88
88
Preface
xi
8.2.8 ContractorDesignedWalls
8.2.9 ContractorDesignedSignSupports
8.2.10 MiscellaneousShopDrawings
88
89
89
8.3 AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet
89
Chapter9 SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES
91
9.1 GENERAL
9.1.1 SiteClass
9.1.2 DesignEarthquakeParameters
9.1.3 SeismicPerformanceZone
9.1.4 DesignResponseSpectrum
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92
9.2 SESIMICDESIGNPROCEDURES
9.2.1 SingleSpanBridges
9.2.2 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
9.2.3 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
9.2.4 MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
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9.3 SESIMICDETAILINGREQUIREMENTS
9.3.1 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
9.3.2 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
9.3.3 BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
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APPENDIX9ATYPICALSEISMICDETAILINGS
96
Chapter1:ADMINISTRATION
Chapter1 ADMINISTRATION
1.1
BRIDGEOFFICEORGANIZATION
1.1.1
General
TheOfficeofBridgesandStructuressuppliesstructuralplanstoProjectManagersandprovides
maintenancesupportforstructuresinthestate.ThisOfficeisdividedintotwounits:theBridge
DesignUnit(BDU)andtheBridgeMaintenanceUnit(BMU).
1.1.2
StateBridgeEngineer
TheStateBridgeEngineeristheheadoftheOfficeofBridgesandStructuresandreportsdirectly
totheDirectorofEngineering.
1.1.3
AssistantStateBridgeEngineers
TheStateBridgeEngineerandtheAssistantStateBridgeEngineersarereferredtoastheFront
Office.
TheAssistantStateBridgeEngineerskeeptrackofSpecialProvisions,managesectionsofthe
constructionspecificationsrelatingtobridges,serveasaliaisonfornonGDOTbridgeprojects(for
localgovernmentswhodonthavebridgeexpertisebutwanttouseGDOTguidelinesorfunding),
trackbridgecostsusingdatafromContractAdministration,andreviewplans.TheAssistantState
BridgeEngineersalsomanagedesigngroups,overseemostdesignpoliciesandreviewplans
includinghydraulicstudies.
1.1.4
BridgeDesignUnit
TheBridgeDesignUnit(alsoreferredtoastheBridgeOffice)suppliesbridgeplanstoProject
Managers.TheBridgeDesignUnitalsooverseesthedesignofwalls,culverts,signsupportsand
anythingelserequiringstructuralexpertise.
Thereare7designgroupswithintheBridgeOfficeplusagroupdedicatedtobridgehydraulics.
Thedesigngroupsprepareorreviewpreliminarylayoutsforbridgesoverrailroadsorroadwaysas
wellasprepareorreviewallfinalbridgeplans.Thehydraulicsgrouppreparesorreviewsallthe
preliminarylayoutsforbridgesoverstreamsaswellassomeculverts,thoughmostculvertsare
sizedbyroadwayengineers.Mostbridgehydraulicquestionsshouldbeaddressedtothatgroup.
1.1.5
1.1.5.1
BridgeMaintenanceUnit
General
11
TheStateBridgeMaintenanceEngineerservesasanassistanttotheStateBridgeEngineerand
overseestheBridgeMaintenanceUnit(BMU).Thisunitsresponsibilitiesincludeinspectingallthe
bridgesandbridgeculvertsintheState(includingcountybridges)everytwoyears.Italso
maintainsthehistoricalbridgefilesincludinginventory,bridgeinspectionreports,maintenance
records,BFI,plans,etc.Thisunitevaluatesbridgesanddeterminestheloadcarryingcapacityand
establishesloadpostingrequirements.BridgeMaintenanceUnitalsodevelopsbridge
maintenanceprojectsusinginhouseandconsultantengineering.Itisimportanttocoordinate
withtheBridgeMaintenanceUnitwhendoingworkthatwillaffectexistingbridges.
Fortypicalbridgedesignwork,coordinationisnecessarywiththeBridgeMaintenanceUnitforthe
followingitems:salvagematerialcoordination,longandheavyloadhaulingcoordination,bridge
conditionsurveys(widenings),maintenanceonexistingorparallelstructurestobeincludedwith
wideningorparallelingplans.TheBridgeMaintenanceUnitalsoprovidesimportantfeedbackto
theStateBridgeEngineerontheeffectivenessofcertaindesigndetails.
1.1.5.2
ConceptCoordination
DuringtheConceptphaseforanyprojectthatincludesabridge,theProjectManagershould
coordinatewithBridgeMaintenanceUnittogetaprojectjustificationstatementonwhetherthe
bridgeissuitableforwideningorshouldbereplaced(abridgecouldalsobereplacedifthecostof
wideningwouldexceedthecostofreplacement).BridgeMaintenanceUnitalsoproducesa
projectjustificationreportfornewprojects.
1.2
OTHEROFFICESANDAGENCIESWITHBRIDGERELATED
RESPONSIBILITIES
1.2.1
OfficeofConstruction
TheStateBridgeConstructionEngineer,intheOfficeofConstruction,servesasaresourcefor
districtconstructionpersonnelregardingbridges,participatesintraining,troubleshoots
constructionproblems,setsbridgeconstructionpolicies,andmakesrecommendationsto
designersontheuseofcofferdamsandseals.
1.2.2
GeotechnicalBureau
TheGeotechnicalBranchChiefisheadoftheGeotechnicalBureau,whichispartoftheOfficeof
Materials.TheGeotechnicalBureauwritesorreviewstheBridge,WallandCulvertFoundation
Investigationreportsthatrecommendthetypeoffoundation,pilecapacity,specialconstruction
situations,etc.,foreachbridgeinthestate.Theyalsodealwithgeotechnicalissuesthatarise
duringconstruction.Theyareresponsibleforgeotechnicalspecialprovisionssuchasdrilledshafts
andpiledriving.
12
1.2.3
OfficeofEngineeringServices
TheOfficeofEngineeringServicesactsonbehalfoftheFHWAinreviewingprojectsandadvising
onconstructability.TheyreportdirectlytotheChiefEngineerandarethereforeindependentof
theEngineeringDivision.TheycoordinateandconductPreliminaryFieldPlanReviews(PFPR)and
FinalFieldPlanReviews(FFPR)aswellasvalueengineeringstudies.Theyreviewallhydraulic
studies(forPFPR)aswellasbridgeplans(forFFPR).Theyarethecentralcoordinatorforwriting
specifications.
1.2.4
FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)
FHWAparticipatesinprojectsdesignatedasfulloversight(FOS).FHWAhasabridgespecialist,
DivisionBridgeEngineer,whoprovidesexpertise,direction,andreviews.Forprojectscontaining
bridges,theBridgeOfficewillcoordinatewiththeDivisionBridgeEngineerforreviewand
approvalofpreliminarybridgelayouts,bridgehydraulicstudiesandfinalbridgeplans.This
coordinationisalsorequiredforconsultantdesignedprojectswiththeBridgeOfficeactingas
liaison.
1.3
QUALITYCONTROLANDQUALITYASSURANCE(QC/QA)
1.3.1
General
Indesigningbridgesandotherhighwaystructuresourmissionistopreparesafeandeconomical
designsolutionsandproduceaqualitysetofplansthatmeettheprojectrequirements,usedetails
thatareconsistentwithGDOTBridgeOfficepractices,andaresuitableforbiddingand
construction.Toproducequalityworkrequirescollaborationbetweenthedesignerordetailer
andcheckeraswellasacomprehensivereview.Thequalitycontrolandqualityassuranceprocess
forbridgesandotherhighwaystructuresprovidedhereinshallbefollowedbytheGDOTBridge
OfficeandconsultantsdesigningstructuresfortheDepartment.Thisprocessisrequiredfor
preliminarylayouts,bridgehydraulicstudies,finalbridgeplansandotherhighwaystructuresas
necessary.
1.3.2
QualityControl
Qualitycontrol(QC)isaprocessinwhichapersondesignatedasthecheckerevaluatesthe
designordetailspreparedbyadesignerordetailer.Ingeneral,thecheckershallbeanengineer
withrelativeexperiencefortheworkbeingchecked.Collaborationbetweenthecheckerandthe
designer/detailerisusedtoresolveanydiscrepanciesfoundduringtheevaluation.
Inthedesignofabridge,thecheckershallevaluatedeck,superstructureandsubstructure.In
general,thischeckshallbe(1)acarefulreviewofthedesignnotes,programinputsandresultsor
(2)anindependentcheckofthedesigndevelopedbythecheckerandcomparisonofresults
13
preparedbythedesigner.Whencheckingfinalbridgeplans,thecheckershallobtainacurrentset
ofroadwayplans,includingutilityplans,forathoroughcheck.Thecheckershallgeneratea
geometryprogrambasedonthefinalbridgeandroadwayplans.Thecheckershallpreparean
independentsetofcapstepelevationsandthisduplicatesetshallbemaintainedthroughoutthe
designprocessshouldchanges/revisionsarise.Thecheckershallalsoprepareandmaintainan
independentsetofquantitiesforallquantitiesincludedinthesummaryofquantities.Forall
highwaystructures,theuseofacheckerisrequired.
Allbridgeplans,preliminarylayoutsandotherstructuralplansshallhaveatitleblocklistingata
minimumtheinitialsofthedesigner,detailer,checker,reviewerandapprover.Underno
circumstanceshouldthedesignerbethesameasthechecker.Generallythecheckersinitials
shownintheplansreflectwhocheckedtheplandetails.Ifadifferentcheckerisusedtocheckthe
design,geometryandquantitiesthenthedesignnotesshouldclearlystatetheresponsible
checkerbynameorinitials.
Aspartofthequalitycontrolprocessitisextremelyimportantthatthecheckerensuretheresults
ofthedesignareappropriatelyshownintheplans.Thereforeitisgoodpracticeforthecheckerto
reviewthedesignwithplanscompleteornearlycomplete.Notesandotherdocumentation
preparedbythecheckershallbeinitialedandretainedinthebridgedesignnotes.
1.3.3
QualityAssurance
Qualityassurance(QA)isaprocessinwhichapersondesignatedasthereviewerensuresthat
thedesignanddetailshavebeenadequatelychecked.Thereviewerresolvesdifferencesbetween
designer/detailerandchecker.Therevieweralsoevaluatesthecompletesetofplans.Asamatter
ofpractice,thereviewershouldspotcheckthedesign,geometryandquantities.Ingeneral,the
reviewerisaBridgeDesignGroupLeaderorseniorengineer(consultant).
Oncebridgeplansorotherstructuralplansarecompleteandhavebeencheckedandreviewed,
theyaresubmittedtotheFrontOffice.Planscompletedbyconsultantsshallbesubmittedbythe
GDOTProjectManagertotheBridgeOfficeatthistime.Forconsultantprojects,theconsultant
shallsubmitdesignnotesincludingbutnotlimitedtogeometry,superstructuredesign,
substructuredesign,clearancecalculations,elevationsandquantities.Consultantplanswill
generallybereviewedbyaBridgeDesignliaisonandmaybereturnedtotheconsultantfor
correctionspriortotheFrontOfficerevieworsubmitteddirectlytotheFrontOfficeforreview.It
isimportantthatthesubmissionincludethefoundationinvestigation(s),documentationofthe
bridgestakeout/siteinspection,salvageofmaterials,deckconditionsurvey,bridgecondition
survey,etc.
TheFrontOfficereviewconsistsofacompletereviewoftheplansbytheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer(s).Thesereviewersmayreviewotherplansorconsultwithotherofficessuchas
RoadwayDesign,Utilities,EnvironmentalServices,etc.,toensurethestructuralplansmeetthe
requirementsoftheproject.Geometry,elevationsandquantitiesareroutinelyspotchecked
14
duringthisreview.Compilationsoftherequiredspecialprovisionsarepreparedduringthis
review.
AllstructuralplansaregivenareviewbytheStateBridgeEngineer.AttheconclusionoftheFront
Officereview,theplansshallbecorrectedbythedesigngroups(orconsultant).Inhouseprojects
shallthenberoutedtotheProgramManagerorRoadwayDesign.Consultantdesignprojectsshall
becheckedbytheBridgeLiaisontoensurefinalcorrectionsarecompletebeforesubmittingfinal
planstotheProgramManager.Forconsultantprojects,anyrevisionstothedesignnotesstated
aboveshallbesubmittedtotheBridgeOffice.
ForprojectsthatareunderfulloversightbyFHWA,bridgeplansthathavebeenreviewedand
approvedwillbeforwardedtotheGeorgiaDivisionofFHWAforreviewandapproval.This
coordinationisconductedbytheGDOTBridgeOfficeforbothinhouseandconsultantprojects.
ThetitleblocksshallindicatetheinitialsoftheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer(s)asReviewed.
TheinitialsoftheStateBridgeEngineershallbeshownasinthetitleApproved.After
completionoftheQC/QAprocess,thereviewsetofplansshallberetainedbythedesigngroup,at
aminimum,untilthefinalplansareapproved.Savinganelectronic(scanned)copyofthereview
setisacceptable.
1.3.4
OtherAssuranceChecks
InadditiontotheQC/QAprocessmentionedabove,theBridgeOfficeroutinelyconducts
additionalQAchecksforallbridgeprojectsduringthecontractbiddingprocess.Onemonthprior
totheLetting,plansareadvertisedtopotentialbidders.TheFrontOfficechecksthecontractfor
specialprovisionandquantitiesrelativetobridgeprojects.Thereviewincludesacheckofthe
bridgegeneralnotesanddetailstoensurethattheplansareuptodate.TheBridgeOfficeload
ratesthebridgesusingtheBridgeMaintenanceratingsoftwareasanindependentcheckofthe
superstructureandsubstructureelementstoensuretheproposedbridgesmeettheintended
designloading.Ifdiscrepanciesarefoundduringthisreviewthenchanges/revisionsaremadeas
anamendmenttothecontract.
1.4
CONSTULTANTSANDBRIDGEOFFICE
1.4.1
General
ConsultantprojectsaremanagedbyaGDOTProjectManagerassignedtotheOfficeofProgram
Deliveryeveniftheprojectconsistsprimarilyofbridgework.TheBridgeOfficeoccasionallyissues
taskorderstoconsultantswhenthescheduleorworkloadexceedsthecapacityofthedesign
groups.Onprojectswithbridgework,aliaisonfromtheBridgeOfficewillbeassignedtothe
project.Theliaisonwillbethepointofcontactforthebridgeworkonthatprojectandwillalso
coordinatewithotherGDOTofficesonbridgeactivities.Muchofthecorrespondenceand
15
coordinationwithotherofficesdescribedbelowwillbedonebytheliaisonbutconsultantsshould
beawareofthisactivityandmakesuretheyincorporatetheresultsintheirplans.
ConsultantsareremindedthatiftheircontractiswiththeGeorgiaDepartmentofTransportation,
alldesignquestionsanddecisionsregardingprojectrequirementsmustbedirectedtotheGDOT
ProjectManagerfordistributiontotheappropriateoffice.Consultantsshallnottakedirection
fromoutsideagenciesfordecisionsregardingGDOTprojects.
1.4.2
QC/QAforConsultants
Consultantsareresponsibleforthequalityandcontentoftheirplans.Priortoafinalreviewbythe
BridgeOffice,allQC/QAproceduresmustbefollowedinaccordancewithSection1.3.
1.4.3
1.4.3.1
BridgeOfficeReviewsofPreliminaryPlans
InitialSubmittal
Thedrawingsmustbestampedbytheconsultantwhensubmittingforrevieweventhoughthe
plansarenotforconstruction.Plansmustbestapled(ifcontainingmultiplesheets)andinclude
pertinentroadwayplansaswellascorrespondencerelatingtobridgeanddeckcondition,
hydraulicstudies,etc.Includetwofullsizeprintsofbridgelayouts(oneformarkupsandoneto
keeponfile).SeetheDrainageManualforfurthersubmittalguidelinesonHydraulicStudies.
Designnotes,programruns,andcalculationsshouldbereadyiftheyarerequested.
PreliminaryplansshallbesubmittedforreviewandacceptedbytheBridgeOfficebefore
requestingPFPR.
1.4.3.2
BridgeOfficeReview
Typicallytheplanswillbereviewedbyadesigngroup,followedbyaFrontOfficereview.The
planswillthenbereturnedtotheconsultantforcorrections.Ifthereviewcommentsare
extensive,theliaisonmayreturntheplanstotheconsultantforcorrectionsbeforetheFront
Officereviewhasbeenconducted.
1.4.3.3
SubsequentReviews
Uponreceipt,immediatelyincorporatereviewcommentsandreturntotheBridgeOffice.
Insubsequentsubmittals,includetheoriginalmarkupsfromthepreviousreviewaswellastwo
fullsizesetsofcorrectedplansandanyadditionaldocumentationnecessaryforthechanges.
Writtenresponsesarerequiredforanymarkupsnotincorporatedintothecorrectedplans.
1.4.3.4
PreliminaryPlanApproval
16
TheplanshavenotbeenapprovedbytheBridgeOfficeforPFPRuntilallmarkupsareaddressed
andanemailorletteracceptingtheplansisissued.Theacceptanceemailorlettershalladdress
distributionresponsibilitiesoftheapprovedlayout.
1.4.4
BridgeOfficeReviewsofFinalPlans
1.4.4.1
InitialSubmittal
Thedrawingsmustbestampedbytheconsultantwhensubmittingforrevieweventhoughthe
plansarenotforconstruction.Plansmustbestapledandincludepertinentroadwayplansaswell
asBFIsandcorrespondencerelatingtocofferdams,salvage,bridgeanddeckcondition,stakeout,
etc.Includetwofullsizesetsofbridgeplans(oneformarkupsandonetokeeponfile)aswellas
plansandWallFoundationInvestigationsforanyMSEorothercontractordesignedwallsonthe
project.Designnotes,programruns,andcalculationsshallbesubmittedwithfinalplans.Any
correctionstothedesignnotes,postBridgeOfficereview,shallberesubmittedforinclusionin
thebridgerecord.
1.4.4.2
BridgeOfficeReview
Typicallytheplanswillbereviewedbyadesigngroup,followedbyaFrontOfficereview.The
planswillthenbereturnedtotheconsultantforcorrections.Ifthereviewcommentsare
extensive,theliaisonmayreturntheplanstotheconsultantforcorrectionsbeforetheFront
Officereviewhasbeenconducted.Alistofspecialprovisionswillbereturnedtotheconsultant
whichmustbesavedandgiventotheProjectManagertoincludeinthefinalplanspackageforthe
OfficeofBiddingAdministration.
1.4.4.3
SubsequentSubmittals
Insubsequentsubmittals,includetheoriginalmarkupsfromthepreviousreviewaswellastwo
fullsizesetsofcorrectedplansandanyadditionaldocumentationnecessaryforthechanges.
Writtenresponsesarerequiredforanymarkupsnotincorporatedintothecorrectedplans.
1.4.4.4
FinalBridgePlanApproval
TheplanshavenotbeenapprovedbytheBridgeOfficeforFFPRorconstructionuntilallmarkups
areaddressedandanemailorletteracceptingtheplansisissued.Uponapprovaloffinalplans,
electronicCADdrawingsshallbesubmittedtotheBridgeOffice.
1.4.4.5
ChangesafterFinalBridgePlanApproval
Oncethefinalbridgeplansareapproved,anysubsequentchangesmustbecoordinatedwiththe
BridgeOfficeandindicatedontheplansusingtherevisionblock.
1.5
SCHEDULESFORBRIDGEDESIGN
17
AllGDOTprojectsfollowthePlanDevelopmentProcess(PDP),whichoutlinesprojectphasesand
activitiesduringeachphase.ItisavailableontheGDOTwebsite.Bridgedesignersshouldbe
awareoftheprocessandtheirpartinittoassurethatprojectschedulesareachieved.Ingeneral,
thefollowingactivitiesareofparticularimportance:
1.5.1
1.5.1.1
ConceptPhase
InitialReports
BridgedesignersshouldensurethatSIAs(BridgeMaintenancereports),BridgeandDeck
ConditionSurveys(ifneeded)havebeenrequestedbytheProjectManager.Thedecisionto
widenorreplaceabridgeisdeterminedduringtheconceptphase.
1.5.1.2
ConceptStructures
Bridgedesignersmaybeaskedtoprovideconceptualbridgeand/orwalllengths,widths,and
costs.Timelyresponsestotheserequestsareneededinthisphase.Abridgetypestudymaybe
appropriateatthistime.SeeSection2.9.5.
1.5.1.3
BridgeAttendanceatConceptMeetings
AbridgedesignershouldattendtheConceptMeetingattheProjectManagersrequest.
1.5.2
1.5.2.1
PreliminaryDesignPhase
BeginPreliminaryPlans
TheProjectManagerwillsendarequesttotheBridgeOfficeforbridgeorwallplanswhichshould
includepreliminaryroadwayalignmentandprofile.Howeverthefinalroadwayprofilemay
dependonstructuredepthsandclearancesrelatingtothebridge,sosomecollaborationcanbe
expected.
ConsultantsshouldbeginworkonpreliminaryplansafterNoticetoProceed(NTP)hasbeenissued
bytheProjectManager.
1.5.2.2
BridgeAttendanceatPFPR
Ingeneral,abridgedesignershouldattendthePFPR.
1.5.3
1.5.3.1
FinalDesignPhase
BeginFinalPlans
BridgedesignersshouldbeginworkingonfinalplansafterPFPRresponseshavebeenprovided.
18
ConsultantsshouldbeginworkonfinalplansafterNoticetoProceed(NTP)hasbeenissuedbythe
ProjectManager.
1.5.3.2
BridgeAttendanceatFFPR
Ingeneral,abridgedesignershouldattendtheFFPR.
1.5.3.3
FinalPlanstoOfficeofBiddingAdministration
At10weekspriortotheletdate,finalplansareduetotheOfficeofBiddingAdministration.Plans
needtobestampedandsigned.Afterthissubmission,anychangestotheplansmustbehandled
byformalrevision.
At5weekspriortotheletdate,onestampedandsignedsetofthefinalplansorrevisedfinal
plansissenttotheGDOTprintofficetobescanned,printed,andsoldtocontractors.Afterthis
submittal,anychangestotheplansmustbehandledbyamendment.
1.5.4
ShopDrawings
Itisimportantthatshopdrawingsarereviewedandreturnedinatimelymanner.Twoweeksis
consideredtheoutsidelimitoftimetoreviewdrawings.SeeSection8.2formoreinformationon
shopdrawings.
1.6
CORRESPONDENCE
1.6.1
CorrespondenceInvolvingConsultants
AnyInterdepartmentCorrespondenceorlettersonGDOTletterheadmustgothroughtheBridge
Officeliaison.AlltransmittalsfromconsultantsshallhavethePInumber,county,description(e.g.
SR1overAltamahaRiver),andprojectnumber.Coordinationletterswithlocalgovernments,
agencies,andofficialsshallgothroughGDOT.
1.6.2
PhoneNumberonCorrespondence
Allcorrespondencewithmembersofthepublicshallhaveprintedortypedthereononeormore
telephonenumberstowhichresponsesorquestionsconcerningsuchcorrespondencemaybe
directed.WithintheBridgeOffice,allcorrespondencerelatedtoprojectsshallhaveanameofa
contactpersonandthatpersonsphonenumber(includingareacode)includedinthebodyofthe
letter.
1.6.3
P.I.NumberonCorrespondence
Onallcorrespondencerelatedtoaproject,includetheProjectP.I.NumberalongwiththeProject
Numberintheheadingoftheletter.
19
1.6.4
StateBridgeEngineerSignatureonCorrespondence
ThefollowingtypesofcorrespondencedonotrequirethesignatureoftheStateBridgeEngineer:
a) TransmittalsofplanstovariousGDOToffices.Theseshouldbedoneusingatransmittal
letter(electronicgreensheet)asacoverletter,notwithInterdepartmental
Correspondence.
b) RequestsforBFI,siteinspection(stakeout),bridgeandbridgedeckconditionsurveys,
salvageofexistingbridgeparts,recommendationsforcofferdamsandseals.
c) LettersdistributingandtransmittingshopdrawingswillbeinitialedbytheStateBridge
Engineer.
Copiesoflettersforitemsa)andb)shouldbeplacedintheinboxoftheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer.Othercorrespondenceshouldbegiventothesecretarybyemailorhardcopyfor
preparationforsignaturebytheStateBridgeEngineer.
WhenpreparingcorrespondenceonthePCthatwillrequirethesignatureoftheStateBridge
Engineer,puttheworddraftonthepage.Thelettershouldbeemailedtothesecretarywho
willprepareitforsignaturebytheStateBridgeEngineer.Acopywillbereturnedtothegroup.
1.6.5
CorrespondencewithLegislatorsandCitizens
WhenpreparingcorrespondenceconcerningparticularprojectswithmembersofCongress,state
representativesandsenators,andmembersofthepublic,sendacopyofthelettertotheGDOT
Boardmemberrepresentingthatdistrict.
1.6.6
1.6.6.1
CorrespondencewithContractors
PriortoProjectBeingAwarded
Onceaprojecthasbeenadvertisedforletting,itisunderthecontroloftheOfficeofBidding
Administration.Ifanycontractorcallswithquestionsontheproject,theyshouldbereferredto
theOfficeofBiddingAdministration.TheOfficeofBiddingAdministrationwillcontacttheBridge
Officefortheproperreplytoanyquestionsconcerningastructure.TheOfficeofBidding
Administrationwillthenprovidethatinformationtoallcontractorswhohavepurchasedplans.
1.6.6.2
DuringConstruction
SendacopyofallcorrespondencewiththecontractortotheproperDistrictOfficewhenthe
correspondenceconcernstheContractorsplansand/ordesignnotes.Thisprocedureisaneffort
tohelptheDistrictpersonnelevaluatetheneedfortimeextensionsonprojectswherethe
Contractorproposeschangestothecontractplans.Whenrespondingtoquestionsfromthe
Contractor,theresponseshouldbegiventotheProjectManagerfortransmittaltotheContractor.
110
1.6.6.3
ContractorCranesonBridges
RequestsfromContractorstoplacecranesonbridgeswillbereviewedbytheAssistantState
BridgeEngineer.
1.6.7
BridgeConditionandBridgeDeckConditionSurveys
Whenbeginningworkintheconceptphaseofbridgewideningprojects,thedesignershallrequest
conditionsurveysontheexistingbridgeandtheexistingbridgedeck.Itisimportanttorequest
theseearlyonbecauseitcantakeupto6monthstogetthemcompleted.Therequestfora
bridgeconditionsurveyshouldgototheBridgeMaintenanceUnit.Therequestforabridgedeck
conditionsurveyshouldgototheConcreteBranch,OfficeofMaterials.Eachrequestshould
include:
a) Adescriptionofthebridge(e.g.,SR16overFlintRiver)
b) Themilepostlocationofthebridge
c) Alocationmapofthebridgesite
d) TheproposedManagementLettingDatefortheproject.
e) TheBridgeIDandSerialnumbers.
f)
Thedeckconditionsurveyrequestshouldaskwhethertheexistingdeckisgrooved,andin
whichdirection.
g) TheProjectNumber,CountyandP.I.Number.
h) Adescriptionofanyanticipatedworkbeyondwidening,suchasplacinganoverlayorjacking
oftheexistingbridge.
1.6.8
1.6.8.1
RoutesforHaulingBulbTeePSCBeams
GrossHaulingWeight
WhendevelopingplansforbridgesrequiringlongBulbTPSCbeams,determinethegrosshaul
weightofthebeams,includingthetruckingapparatusthatwillcarrythebeamtothejobsite.If
thegrosshaulweightis150,000lbs.orgreater(allowing45,000lbs.forthetruckingapparatus),
investigatewhetherthebeamscansatisfactorilybetruckedtothejobsitewiththeassistanceof
truckroutingpersonnelfromtheBridgeMaintenanceUnit.
1.6.8.2
BeamLength
Ifthebeamsareover90feetinlength,providethelengthandjobsitelocationtoBridge
Maintenancetruckroutingpersonnelandrequestthatarouteforbeamdeliverybedetermined.
1.6.9
TransmittalRequirements
111
1.6.9.1
PreliminaryLayouts
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthepreliminarylayouthasbeenapproved:
a) ProjectManager:
2fullsizeprintsofthePreliminaryLayout
b) OfficeofMaterialsforBFI:
2printsofthePreliminaryLayout
1printofProjectCoverSheet
1setofprintsforRoadwayPlanandProfilesheets
1copyoflocationsketch
IncludethedatetheBFIisneededinordertocompletethebridgeplansonschedule.
c) SiteInspection:
2printsofPreliminaryLayout
1printofRoadwayTypicalSectionatbridgelocation
AllbridgesitesareinspectedbyrepresentativesoftheDistrictEngineer.Sendtherequest
lettertotheDistrictEngineerandtotheattentionoftheDistrictPreconstructionEngineer.
TheStatewideLocationBureauChiefshallbecopiedonthetransmittal.Requestthatthe
resultsoftheinspectionbeprovidedtotheBridgeOfficeinwriting.Requestsshould
includethefollowing,ataminimum:
ForStreamCrossings:
Requestthatthetoesoftheendrollsandanyintermediatebentsnearorinthestream
bestaked.
Clearancefromthetopofbanktothetoeoftheendrollsandtointermediatebents
shouldbechecked.
ForGradeSeparations:
Forgradeseparations,requestthatthetoesoftheendrollsandintermediatebents
adjacenttoroadsorrailroadbestaked.
Horizontalclearancesfromtheroadorrailroadtothebentshouldbeverifiedaswellas
thelocationofthetoeoftheendroll.
d) Environment/Location(Streamcrossings):
1printofPreliminaryLayout
1printofProjectCoversheet
112
1setofRoadwayPlan&ProfileSheetsatbridgelocation
SendtotheattentionoftheNEPAGEPASectionChief.
e) FHWAforapproval(Interstatebridgesandfulloversightprojects):
1halfsizeprintofPreliminaryLayout
1halfsizeprintofRoadwayPlanandProfilesheets(mainlineandcrossroad)
1halfsizeprintofTypicalSections
1halfsizeprintofProjectCoverSheet
1copyoftheHydraulicStudyincludingthescourreport
f)
Railroadforapproval(viaOfficeofUtilities):
1electroniccopy(pdfformat)
SendtheelectroniccopytotheProjectManagerafterPFPR.TheProjectManagerwill
submititaspartofalargerpackagetotheOfficeofUtilities.
Forwideningsofsteelbridges,noteonthepreliminarylayoutiftheexistingstructuralsteel
willorwillnotberepainted.Ifrepainting,notewhetherexistingpaintisleadbased.
NorfolkSouthernCorporation
CorrespondenceissenttoNorfolkSouthernCorporation(onlybytheOfficeofUtilities)but
plansandlegalagreementsallrefertotheirsubsidiarycompanies,forinstanceCentralof
GeorgiaRailroadCompanyandthelineshownontheplanswouldbeCentralofGeorgia
Railroad.Theothersubsidiarylines(thecompanynamesarethesamebutendinCompany)
are:NorfolkSouthernRailway;GeorgiaSouthern&FloridaRailway;Tennessee,Alabama&
GeorgiaRailroad;GeorgiaNorthernRailway;andAlabamaGreatSouthernRailroad.
ForNorfolkSouthernlines,requestthatthename,addressandtelephonenumberofthe
persontocontactbeforecommencingsubsurfaceinvestigation.Completeandincludethe
NorfolkSouthernbridgedatasheet(inAppendix1A).
CSXTransportation,Inc.
IfthesubmittalistoCSXTransportation,Inc.(donotcallitCSXRailroad),includeacopyof
theformletter,signedbytheStateBridgeEngineer,requestingpermissionforthe
DepartmenttomakeboringsonRailroadRightofway(inAppendix1A).Completeand
includetheCSXbridgedatasheet(inAppendix1A).
TherearenosubsidiariesofCSXTransportation,Inc.Formerrailroadsidentifiedas
SeaboardCoastLineRailroad,LouisvilleandNashvilleRailroad,GeorgiaRailroad,Atlanta
113
andWestPointRailroad,GainesvilleMidlandRailroad,AtlanticCoastLineRailroad,and
SeaboardSystemrailroadarenowpartofCSXTransportation,Inc.andshouldbeidentified
asCSXTransportation,Inc.
OtherRailroads
Inadditiontotheabovetwomajorrailroads,thereareabout20shortlineorsmall
railroadsoperatinginGeorgia.CalltheOfficeofUtilitiesifthereareanyquestionsabout
theidentificationoftheserailroads.
1.6.9.2
ConstructionPlansforApproval
1.6.9.2.1
PreliminaryConstructionPlans
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadebeforethefinalplanshavebeenapproved:
a) ConstructionOffice(Cofferdamsand/orsealconcrete):
1printofBridgePlanandElevationSheet
1printofBridgeIntermediateBentSheet(s)
1copyofBFIReport
TransmittalsheetshouldrequesttherecommendationoftheStateBridgeConstruction
Engineerconcerningtheneedforcofferdamsand/orseals(SeeAppendix1A).
b) FinalBridgePlansforFrontOfficeReview:
1stapledsetoffinalbridgeplanswithProjectCoverSheetontop
1copyofBFIReport
1halfsizecopyofPreliminaryLayout
1copyofeachofthefollowingreports,asapplicable:
1.6.9.2.2
SiteInspectionReport
CofferdamRecommendations(cofferdamsrecommendedinBFI)
BridgeSalvageletter(Ifexistingbridgeatsite)
BridgeConditionSurvey(forwideningprojects)
BridgeDeckConditionSurvey(forwideningprojects)
RailroadapprovalofPreliminaryLayout(forbridgesover/carryingrailroads)
FHWAapprovalofPreliminaryLayout(forinterstateorfulloversightprojects)
FinalApprovedPlans(beforeFFPR)
Thefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthefinalplanshavebeenapproved:
a) PlansFile(Section1.7.2):
114
1setoffinalbridgeplanswithProjectCoverSheet
b) ProjectManager:
1setoffinalbridgeplans
1copyofSpecificationChecklistprovidedbyAssistantStateBridgeEngineer
1copyofanyrequiredSpecialProvisions
c) Railroadforapproval(viaOfficeofUtilities):
1electroniccopy(pdfformat)
SendtheelectroniccopytotheProjectManagerpriorto,oratthetimeofFFPR.TheProject
ManagerwillsubmitittotheOfficeofUtilities.
Shoringplansrequiringrailroadapprovalshallbesubmitteddirectlytotherailroadonce
theyhavebeenapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
1.6.9.2.3
FinalApprovedPlans(afterFFPR)
ThefollowingtransmittalsshallbemadeafterthefinalplanshavebeenapprovedandFFPR
commentshavebeenaddressed:
a) FHWAforapproval(fulloversightprojects):
1halfsizesetoffinalbridgeplans
1copyofBFIReport
b) ProjectManager:
1setofanysheetsrevisedafterFFPR
1.6.9.2.4
Construction
a) ShopDrawings:
ApprovedShopDrawings:
1settothefield(AreaOffice)
1settoremainintheBridgeOfficefile
2setstocontractor
2setstoOfficeofMaterials
SendshopdrawingsforconcreteitemstotheBranchChieffortheConcreteBranch.
Sendshopdrawingsforotheritems,exceptmetaldeckformsanddetourbridges
whicharenotsenttothelab,totheBranchChieffortheInspectionServicesBranch.
1settoremainwithconsultant,ifapplicable
115
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheappropriateDistrictOffice
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheprojectmanager
ShopDrawingsrequiringcorrection:
2setstothecontractor
Transmittallettershouldindicatethatthedrawingsbeforwardedtothefabricator
andhowmanycorrectedsetsshallbereturned.
1copyofthetransmittallettertothefield
1copyofthetransmittallettertotheappropriateDistrictOffice
Sometimes,GDOTfieldpersonnelwillrequestthatallshopdrawingsandcorrespondence
gothroughtheiroffice.Theserequestsshouldbecompliedwith,butitshouldbepointed
outtothefieldthatthiswillslowdownthereviewandapprovalprocess.Shopdrawings
beingsenttotheLabshouldalwaysbesentdirectlythere.
b) AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet(s)
PlansFile:
1fullsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheettoreplaceprevious
sheet
GeotechnicalBureau:
1halfsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet
BridgeMaintenanceEngineer(forstreamcrossingonly):
1halfsizecopyofBridgePlanandElevationsheet
BridgeHydraulics(forstreamcrossingonly):
1halfsizecopyofPlanandElevationsheet
1halfsizecopyofeachsubstructuresheet
1copyofBFIReport
ProjectRecordSet:
1fullsizecopyofrevisedAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet
SendtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupport,attention:GlennWilliams,forinclusionin
theelectronicrecordsetwithacopyofthetransmittallettertotheProjectManager.
116
1.6.10 InHouseMailingRequirements
1.6.10.1
General
PlansmaybetransmittedtotheOfficeofRoadwayDesignortotheDistrictOfficesusinggreen
sheetsorcomputerizedtransmittalforms.Iftheitemtobetransmittedcanbefoldedto
approximatelylettersize,itcanbeplaceddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutboxwiththetransmittal
form.CopiesofalltransmittalformsshouldbeplacedintheinboxoftheAssistantStateBridge
Engineer.
1.6.10.2
1.6.10.2.1
RolledPlans
NoMailingLabelRequired
RolledplansbeingsenttotheOfficeofRoadwayDesign,otherofficeswithintheGeneralOffice,
theOfficeofMaterialsortheOfficeofEnvironment/Locationcanbesentusingagreensheetor
computerizedtransmittalformandcanbeplaceddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutbox.Mailfor
Districts6and7ispickedupbycouriers,sorolledplansdonotrequireamailinglabelandcanbe
placeddirectlyintheBridgeOfficeoutboxwiththetransmittalform.
1.6.10.2.2
MailingLabelRequired
RolledplansbeingtransmittedtotheotherDistrictsrequiremailinglabelsbeforetheywillbe
pickedupformailing,sotheyshouldbeputinthesecretarysinboxwiththetransmittalletterfor
amailinglabeltobeprepared.
1.6.11 PublicAccesstoProjectRecords
Allprojectrecordsandcorrespondencearetobemadeavailabletothepublicwhenrequested.
TheonlyexceptionsaredocumentswithinwhichtheDepartmentandtheAttorneyGenerals
Officecommunicateonanattorneyclientbasis;allsuchdocumentationshouldbekeptina
separatefilefromotherprojectrecords.SeeMOG3A3foradditionalrequirementsandformsto
beused.
1.6.12 ConstructionTimeEstimates
DonotsendbridgeplanstotheDistrictortotheOfficeofConstructionforpreparationofa
constructiontimeestimate.TheDistrictConstructionEngineershouldobtainacompletesetof
plansfromtheProjectManagertouseinpreparingtheconstructiontimeestimatesothathecan
accountforitemsnotinthebridgeplanswhichcanaffectthebridgeconstructiontime.
1.6.13 FHWAReviewRequirements
Anyprojectmaybedesignatedasanoncertificationacceptanceproject,alsoknownasfull
oversight(FOS)projects.Thismeansthatpreliminarylayouts,finalplansandplanrevisionsshall
117
besubmittedtotheFHWADivisionAdministratorforreviewandapproval.SeeSection1.6.9for
transmittalrequirements.
1.6.14 ResponsetoFieldPlanReviewReports
FollowingtheissuanceofthefinalPFPRorFFPRreport,itistheDesignGroupLeaders
responsibilitytoprovideresponsetoanybridgerelateditemsinthereport,aswellastoaddress
anyadditionalitemsthatmightberelevant.Thisresponsecanbemadeintheformofanemail
withacopybeingsenttotheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.Formorecomplicatedissuesitmay
beappropriatetoroutetheresponsethroughtheStateBridgeEngineerforsignature.
TheemailorlettershouldbeaddressedtotheProjectManagerwithacopytotheOfficeof
EngineeringServices.TheresponseshouldbepreparedpromptlyastheProjectManageris
requiredtorespondtoPFPRcommentswithin4weeksandtoFFPRcommentswithin2weeks.It
isnotnecessarytoconcurorcomplywithrecommendationsinthePFPRorFFPRreport,buta
responseisnecessaryforeach.Iftheresponseisnegative,provideanexplanation.Consultants
maybeaskedbytheliaisontowriteresponsestothecomments.
1.7
SPECIALPROVISIONSANDPLANFILES
1.7.1
SpecialProvisions
ProjectSpecialProvisionsdealingwithspecialconstructionfeaturesorconstructionsequencesare
preparedbytheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.TheGroupLeaderwillprovideadviceand
informationtotheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.Consultantswillberesponsibleforpreparing
SpecialProvisionstobereviewedbytheBridgeOfficefortheirprojectswhenaspecificationisnot
available.
1.7.2
PlansFile
AProjectCoverSheetshallbeincludedwithallbridge,wall,culvertorotherplansinsertedinthe
PlansFilerackintheBridgeOffice.PlansshallbeplacedinthePlansFileassoonaspossibleonce
finalplansarecompletedandapproved.Plansshallberemovedpromptlywhennoticeoffinal
acceptanceisgiven.
1.7.3
FilesforCompletedProjects
OnceabridgeprojecthasbeenconstructedandacceptedbytheDepartment,thedesignfileis
condensedandshouldbepreparedfortransmittaltoBridgeMaintenanceUnit(ortothebridge
liaisonforconsultantcontracts).
a) Removeallstaplesandclips.
b) Remove(orprovidereducedsizecopiesof)allsheetsthatarenot8x11or8x14.
118
c) Removeallquantitycalculationsandnonessentialcorrespondence.
d) Besureallitemsarearrangedinthefileintheproperlocationandorder.
e) IftheboringloglocationsketchintheBFIisonplansizesheets,removeitfromthefile.
Otherwise,includeitwiththeBFI.
f)
Includepiledrivinglogsandloadtestreports.Includeasbuiltfoundationdataifitison8
x11or8x14pages.
g) IncludetheHydraulicStudy(unlessithasbeengiventoBridgeHydraulics)andanypermits,
ifapplicable.
h) Keeponlyenoughofeachcomputerprogramoutputtoallowtheprogramtoberecreated.
Keepgeometryprograminputonlyifthebridgehasunusualgeometry.Donotinclude
reinforcingbarprograminputoroutput.
i) ACDwithallpertinentelectronicfilesshouldbekeptonrecordaswell.
ItwillbetheresponsibilityoftheDesignGroupLeadertodeterminewhatcorrespondencewillbekept.
Ingeneral,thecorrespondencesshouldbekeptifthereisapossibilitytohaveproblemswiththebridge
orifthebridgeisbeingwidened.Donotkeepshopdrawingtransmittallettersunlesstheycontain
detailsorinformationthatwouldbeneeded.
119
APPENDIX1ASAMPLELETTERS
Thefollowingpagescontaincopiesofsampleletterthataretypicallyusedonbridgeprojects.
120
121
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
INTERDEPARTMENT CORRESPONDENCE
FILE
BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

SR 27 over Bladen Creek
P.I. No. 333160
FROM
OFFICE
Atlanta
DATE
August 1, 2005
Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer
TO
James K. Magnus, State Construction Engineer

Attention: Melissa Harper
SUBJECT
COFFERDAM DETERMINATION REQUEST
Attached for review please find one copy of the Bridge Plan and Elevation for the above
referenced project. Also attached is a copy of the approved BFI. The two-year flood stage for
the referenced project is Elev. 314.42. Please review and forward comments to this office in
the next two weeks so that we can submit plans to Engineering Services for a Final Field
Plan Review.
If you have any questions or require further information please call Ted Cashin at 404-4636265.
BFR:EJC
122
KeithGolden,P.E.,Commissioner
DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION
OneGeorgiaCenter,600WestPeachtreeStreet,NW
Atlanta,Georgia30308
Telephone:(404)6311000
October 2, 2010
FILE:
STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY

SR 1 OVER RIVER 2
P.I. No. 1234567
FROM:
Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer
TO:
Southern Concrete, Inc.

Somewhere
Sometime
SUBJECT:
PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS
Type of drawings:
PSC Beams
Steel Beams
Bearing Pads
Metal Deck Forms
Other
___________________________________________________________________________
Please find enclosed:
Approved shop drawings bearing our Stamp of Approval. Please forward prints of the
shop drawings to the fabricator.
Rejected shop drawings containing our Review Comments and bearing our Stamp of
Review. Please furnish this office with
sets of corrected shop drawings for our
further review and approval.
Additional Instruction/Comments
___________________________________________________________________________
BFR:TEC
cc:
Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin

Bobby Hilliard, Office of Program Delivery
District 3 Engineer
David B. Millen
Area 2 Engineer
Mark Williams
1557 E. Lamar Street (SR 27)
Americus, GA 31709
(with one set of approved shop drawings)
Research Engineer
Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks

(with two sets of approved shop drawings)
123
DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION
KeithGolden,P.E.,Commissioner
OneGeorgiaCenter,600WestPeachtreeStreet,NW
Atlanta,Georgia30308
Telephone: (404) 6311000
October 2, 2010
FILE:
STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY

SR 1 OVER RIVER 2
P.I. No. 1234567
FROM:
Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer
TO:
Southern Concrete, Inc.

Somewhere
Sometime
SUBJECT:
PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS
Type of drawings:
PSC Beams
Steel Beams
Bearing Pads
Metal Deck Forms
Other
___________________________________________________________________________
Please find enclosed:
Approved shop drawings bearing our Stamp of Approval. Please forward prints of the
shop drawings to the fabricator.
Rejected shop drawings containing our Review Comments and bearing our Stamp of
sets of corrected shop drawings for our
Review. Please furnish this office with
further review and approval.
Additional Instruction/Comments
___________________________________________________________________________
BFR:TEC
cc:
Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin

Bobby Hilliard, Office of Program Delivery
District 3 Engineer
David B. Millen
Area 2 Engineer
Mark Williams
1557 E. Lamar Street (SR 27)
Americus, GA 31709
(with one set of approved shop drawings)
Research Engineer
Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks

(with two sets of approved shop drawings)
124
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
FILE
OFFICE
Atlanta
DATE
October 26, 2010
FROM
TO
David B. Millen, District Engineer, Thomaston

Attention: Bill Rountree
SUBJECT
BRIDGE SITE INSPECTION AND STAKE OUT REQUEST
Attached for your use please find copies of the bridge preliminary layout and the
roadway typical section. Please perform a bridge site inspection and stake out the
clearance between the endrolls and creek banks. Please send the results of the site
inspection, in writing, to this office. The 2 year floodstage elevation is 483.78 feet. This
bridge is on new alignment to the West of the existing roadway.
If you have any questions or require further information please call Ted Cashin at
(404)463-6135.
BFR:EJC
125
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
BRST0-0030-01(025) Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
FILE
FROM
TO
Mike Clements, P.E., State Bridge Maintenance Engineer
SUBJECT
OVERSIZED TRUCK
OFFICE
Atlanta
DATE
October 26, 2010
54 in. Bulb Tee PSC Beams are to be used on the above project. The beams are
approximately 100 feet long and weigh approximately 68,650 lb. each. The total weight
of the truck and beam will be approximately 113,650 lb.
Please let us know if there are acceptable shipping routes from the fabricators plant to
the project site. This project is scheduled for a December, 2002 letting.
(404)463-6135.
BFR:EJC
126
STATE OF GEORGIA
________________
BRST0-0030-01(025), Stewart County

P.I. No. 333160
FILE
OFFICE
Atlanta
DATE
October 26, 2010
FROM
TO
Brent A. Story, P.E., State Design Policy and Support Engineer

Attention: Glenn Williams
SUBJECT
AS-BUILT BRIDGE FOUNDATION PLANS

Attached for revision to the electronic record set please find one full-size print of the asbuilt foundation sheet. This sheet reflects actual conditions encountered during
construction as relayed by the DOT project engineer.
(404)463-6135.
BFR:EJC
cc:
Geotechnical Bureau (half-size)

State Bridge Maintenance Engineer (half-size with P&E sheet)
Bridge Design, Hydraulics (half-size with P&E sheet and BFI)
127
NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

OVERHEAD GRADE SEPARATION DATA SHEET
1. Location: ______________
City
________________
County
Georgia
State
2. Distance from nearest Milepost to Centerline of Bridge: _______________________

3. State Project Number: _________________________________________________
4. Description of Project: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Utilities on Railroad Property:
Name
Any Adjustments required?
Contact Person
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. List all the at-grade crossings that will be eliminated by the construction of this grade
separation.
DOT#
Milepost
Signalized?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Minimum Horizontal Clearance from Centerline of Nearest Track to Face of Pier?
A. Proposed: _________________
B. Existing (if applicable): _____________
8. Minimum Vertical Clearance above top of high rail:

A. Proposed: _________________
B. Existing (if applicable): _____________
NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

OVERHEAD GRADE SEPARATION DATA SHEET
Page 2
9. List piers where crashwalls are provided:
Pier:
Distance from centerline of track:
___________________________
_________________________
___________________________
_________________________
___________________________
_________________________
10. Describe how drainage from approach roadway is handled:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
11. Describe how drainage from bridge is handled:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. List piers where shoring is required to protect track:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
13. Scheduled letting Date: __________________________________
NOTE: Design Criteria for Overhead bridges apply to Items 7 through 12.
All information on this Data Sheet to be furnished by Submitting Agency and should be
sent with initial transmittal of project notification.
128
129
Keith Golden, P.E., Commissioner
One Georgia Center, 600 West Peachtree Street, NW

Atlanta, Georgia 30308
Telephone: (404) 631-1000
March 15, 2013
BRST-0000-00(0) Appling County

SR 1 over CSX Transportation, Inc.
P.I. No. 0000000
Mr. Shelby Stevenson
Principle Manager, Public Engineer
CSX Transportation, Inc.
500 Water Street, J-301
Jacksonville, FL 32202
Dear Mr. Scherr:
This is to request permission for the Department of Transportations equipment and
personnel to enter upon Railroad Right-of-Way for the purpose of making test borings to
determine foundation requirements for the bridge as shown in the preliminary layout
transmitted with our letter of _____________________ in accordance with the following
conditions:
(1) Drilling to be performed only during daylight hours with test borings not more than 4
inches in diameter and not nearer than 15 feet from centerline of track.
(2) The Department will furnish the Division Engineer of the Railroad in Atlanta,
Georgia, sufficient advance notice so that Railroad supervision can be provided.
(3) At the completion of the test borings, the Department will promptly and completely
fill-in and tamp and, in all respects, restore the right-of-way to its original condition,
satisfactory to the Division Engineer of the Railroad.
(4) Permission extended shall be subject to termination upon five days notice in writing
from either party to the other.
Subject to terms and conditions indicated above being satisfactory, please indicate your
approval by signing and returning the original of this letter and retaining a duplicate of the
original for your records.
Yours very truly,
Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E.

State Bridge Engineer
130
BFR:
cc: Assistant State Bridge Engineer,

attn:
Charles A. Hasty, State Material Engineer,
Attn: Glen Foster
Approved and agreed to this ____ day of _____________, 20__
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.

By: _________________________
Title: _________________________
131
CSX OVERHEAD BRIDGE CROSSING DATA

1. Location:
______________
City
________________
County
Georgia
State
2. Railroad Division: ____________________________________________________

3. Railroad Valuation Station at Centerline of Bridge: ___________________________
4. Distance from nearest Milepost to Centerline of Bridge: _______________________
5. DOT Crossing Number: ________________________________________________
6. State Project Number: _________________________________________________
7. Description of Project:
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Minimum Horizontal Clearance from Centerline of Nearest Track:
A. Proposed: ___________________ B. Existing (if applicable): __________________
9. Minimum Vertical Clearance above top of low rail:
A. Proposed: ___________________ B. Existing (if applicable): __________________
10. List piers where crashwalls are provided:
Pier:
Distance from centerline of track:
___________________________
_________________________
___________________________
_________________________
11. Describe how drainage from bridge is handled:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12. List piers where shoring is required to protect track:
______________________________________________________________________
13. Plan Submittal: Preliminary _______________ Final ____________________
NOTE: CSX Criteria for Overhead bridges apply to Items 8 through 13.
Chapter2:GENERALDESIGN
Chapter2 GENERALDESIGN
2.1
DESIGNSPECIFICATION/METHOD
2.1.1
Bridges,CulvertsandRetainingWalls
Allbridges,culvertsandretainingwallsdesignatedasLRFDstructuresbytheDepartmentshallbe
designedinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifications,6thEdition2012
(AASHTOLRFDSpecifications),andtheGeorgiaStandardSpecifications,2013Edition(GDOT
StandardSpecifications),asmodifiedbycontractdocuments.
AllbridgesshallbeclassifiedastypicalasrelatedtoLRFD1.3.5,unlessspecifiedotherwiseby
theBridgeOffice.
2.1.2
PedestrianStructures
AllpedestrianoverpassstructuresshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDGuide
SpecificationsforDesignofPedestrianBridges,2ndEdition,2009.
2.1.3
SignandLightSupports
AllsignsupportsandlightsupportstructuresshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththeStandard
SpecificationsforAASHTOStructuralSupportsforHighwaySigns,LuminairesandTrafficSignals,
5thEditionwith2010and2011Interims.
2.1.4
SoundBarriers
AllsoundbarriersshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesign
Specifications,6thEdition2012.
2.2
LOADS
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
DeadLoads
NonCompositeDeadLoads
Thenoncompositedeadloadconsistsof:
Slab
Coping
Diaphragms
21
MetalStayInPlace(SIP)forms:16lbs/ft2DonotincludeweightforReinforced
ConcreteDeckGirders(Tbeambridges)
2.2.1.2
CompositeDeadLoads
Thecompositedeadloadconsistsof:
Sidewalks
Barriersandparapets
Medians
FutureWearingSurface:.030ksfAllBridges
Utilities
ForbridgesmeetingtheconditionsofLRFD4.6.2.2.1,theseloadswillbesummedanddistributed
equallytoallbeamsexceptinthecaseofverywidebridges(over70feetouttoout).Forvery
widebridges,thesidewalk,barrier,andparapetloadsshouldbedistributedtothefourexterior
beamsoneachside,andthemedianloaddistributedtothebeamsunderthemedian.Thefuture
pavingallowancewillbedistributedtoallbeams.
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
LiveLoads
DesignVehicularLoad
ThedesignvehicularloadshallbeAASHTOHL93.
TheDynamicImpactAllowance(IM)shallbeincludedasspecifiedinLRFD3.6.2.
2.2.2.2
BridgeWidening
Whenanexistingbridgeistobewidened,itsstructuralcapacitywillbeacceptediftheliveload
capacityisHS15orgreaterandthebridgedoesnotrequirepostingforanyoftheStateslegal
loads.Itisdesirabletohaveatleast10%reservecapacityforeachoftheStateslegalloads.For
bridgesthataretobewidenedontheInterstatesystemandStateGripSystem,thestructural
capacitywillbeacceptediftheliveloadcapacityisHS20orgreater.TheBridgeMaintenanceUnit
willmakerecommendationsforreplacementorwideningofabridgeinthebridgecondition
report.
WhenwideninganexistingbridgedesignedundertheAASHTOStandardSpecifications,the
widenedportionmaybedesignedusingtheAASHTOStandardSpecifications,unlesstheBridge
OfficerequiresittobedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDSpecifications.
2.2.2.3
SidewalkLiveLoad
22
23
ThesidewalkliveloadwillbecalculatedaccordingtoLRFD3.6.1.6anddistributedthesameasthe
sidewalkdeadload.
2.3
HORIZONTALANDVERTICALCLEARANCES
2.3.1
ClearanceCalculation
Allverticalandlateralclearancesforbridgesitesshallbedeterminedbymathematicalcalculation
andcheckedwithanindependentcalculation.
2.3.2
StreamCrossing
SeetheGDOTDrainageManualchapter14.
2.3.3
GradeSeparations
2.3.3.1
VerticalClearances
VerticalclearancesshallbedeterminedusingTable2.3.3.11.
Table2.3.3.11 VerticalClearancesforBridges
RouteandBridgeType
Interstates
StateRoutes(noninterstate)
LocalRoutes
PedestrianBridges
BridgesNotEasilyRaised*
Minimum
170
169
169
176
176
Permissible**
166
166
146
*Structuresthatcannotbeeasilyraisedincludeconcreteboxbridgesorbridgeswithintegral
piers.
**NeedspriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
Wherefalseworkisnecessary,theaboveverticalclearancesshallapplytothefalsework
construction.
2.3.3.2
HorizontalClearances
Intermediatebentsshallbelocatedsoastoprovidethedesirableclearzoneasspecifiedinthe
AASHTORoadsideDesignGuidewheneverpractical.Wherethisisnotpractical,thedesignershall
coordinatewiththeProjectManagertodeterminehowtoprotectthecolumnsfromtraffic.
2.3.4
2.3.4.1
RailroadCrossings
CSXTransportation,Inc.
Chapter2
2:GENERALD
DESIGN
24
4
ngwithCSXTTransportation
n,Inc.:
Theefollowingrequirementssshouldbemettwhendealin
a)) Provideam
minimumverrticalclearancceof230frromtopofhighrailtobottomofbeam.
Thisclearaanceismeasu
uredalonglinesconcentriccwiththecen
nterlineoftheetrackand10
00
oneithersside.
b) Thedesirablehorizontaalclearancefrromcenteroftracktotheefaceoftheccolumnis250
oneachsid
de,andthissshouldbepro
ovidedwheneeverpossible.Wheremulttipletracksarre
present,m
measurementssarefromtheoutermosttracks.Thisaallowstheinttermediatebeents
adjacentto
otherailroad
dtobebuiltw
withoutcrashwalls.Them
minimumcleaaranceis180
0for
tangenttraacks.Add3ofclearanceeforeachincchoftracksuperelevationoncurvedtraacks.
c)) Crashwallsaretobeprrovidedwherrehorizontalcclearanceisleessthan25feeet.Thetopo
ofthe
crashwallshouldbe60abovetheetopofthehighrail.Thecrashwallshouldbe26in
thicknessaandextend26beyondttheoutsidefaacesoftheexxteriorcolumn
ns.Thefaceof
thecrashw
wallonthetrracksideshou
uldextend6beyondtheffaceoftheco
olumn.
d) Provideacchainlinkfen
nceforallbrid
dgesoverCSX
XTransportationfacilities.
e)) Existingdrrainagefacilitiesparallelto
othetrack(s)mustbemaintainedthrou
ughthestructure.
f)
Endrollssh
hallhaveslop
pepaving.
drainagemusstbedirected
dawayfromttherailroadriightofway.
g)) Overpassd
h) SeeFigure
e2.3.4.11forrrailroadcrossssectiondattaforuseinccalculatingbridgeend
locations.Allow49fforthedepthoftheditchffromtopofraailtobottomofditch.It
hisworkmayneveractuallybedonedeependingonttheexisting
shouldbenotedthatth
conditionss,buttheproposedbridgeelengthshallbedetermineedusingFigurre2.3.4.11.
Whentheseitem
mscannotbeachieveddueetocondition
ns,someitem
msmaybechaangedona
neggotiatedbasiss.
ure2.3.4.11 EndfillConttrolDiagram
Figu
2.3.4.2
Norfo
olkSouthern
nCorporatio
on
SubsidiariesofNorfolkSouthernCorporationinclude:
NorfolkSouthernRailwayCompany
CentralofGeorgiaRailroadCompany
GeorgiaSouthern&FloridaRailwayCompany
Tennessee,Alabama&GeorgiaRailroadCompany
GeorgiaNorthernRailwayCompany
AlabamaGreatSouthernRailroadCompany
ThefollowingrequirementsshallbemetwhendealingwithNorfolkSouthernCorporationandits
subsidiaries:
a) Provideaminimumverticalclearanceof230fromtopofhighrailtobottomofbeam.This
clearanceismeasuredalonglinesconcentricwiththecenterlineofthetrackand100on
eitherside.
b) Thedesirablehorizontalclearancefromcenteroftracktothefaceofthecolumnis250,
wheneverpossible,toavoidtheuseofcrashwalls.Forasingletrack,minimumhorizontal
clearanceis18feetononesideand14feetontheothersideofthetrackforlocations
wherethespanadjacenttothespanovertherailroadisnottheendspan.Ifthespan
adjacenttotherailroadistheendspan,provide220.Therailroadwilladvisewhichside
requiresthe18feetbasedonthelocationandthedirectionofmechanizedmaintenance
machinery.Fordoubletracks,provide18feetoneachside.
c) Crashwallsshallbeprovidedifthehorizontalclearanceislessthan250.Crashwalls
shouldbe26inthicknessandextend26beyondtheoutsideedgeoftheexterior
column.Thefaceofthecrashwallonthetracksideshouldextend6beyondthefaceof
thecolumn.Thetopofthecrashwallshouldbe100abovethetopofthehighrail.
d) Endrollsshallhaveslopepaving.
e) Overpassdrainagemustbedirectedawayfromtherailroadrightofway.
f)
SeeFigure2.3.4.11forrailroadcrosssectiondataforuseincalculatingbridgeend
locations.Allow49forthedepthoftheditchfromtopofrailtobottomofditch.Itshould
benotedthatthisworkmayneveractuallybedonedependingontheexistingconditions,
buttheproposedbridgelengthshallbedeterminedusingFigure2.3.4.11.
SeeGDOTPolicy68657:VerticalClearanceofBridgesoverRRTracks,concerningproceduresfor
determiningaccurateverticalclearancesoverrailroadtracksduringconstruction.
2.4
SURVEYFORBRIDGEDESIGN
25
Designersshouldassurethatthesurveyincludesalltheinformationnecessary.Surveyorsshould
bedirectedtotheGDOTsurveymanualavailablefromtheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportfor
moredetailedinformation.
2.4.1
StreamCrossingHydraulicStudies
2.4.1.1
PropertySurvey
APropertySurveycoverstheextentsofthetopographiccorridorandstreamtraverse.Asa
minimum,thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.
Therightofwayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2.1
ExistingRoadwayData
Alignment
Thealignmentoftheexistingroadwayandbridgeshouldbesurveyedtotheextentsoftheproject
limits.Thebeginningandendingcenterlinestationshouldbeestablishedonthegroundor
pavementalongwiththebeginningandendingcenterlinestationsofthebridgeandanyPCsor
PTs.
2.4.1.2.2
Profile
Theprofileoftheexistingroadwayandbridgeshallbedeterminedforthesameextentsasthe
alignment.Thisprofileshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedges
oftheroadwayshoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.1.2.3
IntersectingRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthefloodplain.
Theseprofilesshallextend500feetupstreamand/ordownstreamoftheintersectionwiththe
projectroad.
Thisdataisalsorequiredforroadwayandrailroadembankmentslocatedalongthestreamand
withinthefloodplainthatarenofurtherthan2000feetupstreamand/ordownstreamofthe
projectsite.
2.4.1.3
ExistingBridgeData
Topofdeckelevationsarerequiredatseverallocationsalongtheexistingbridge.SeeFigure
2.4.1.31forspecificshotlocationsforreplacement/parallelingprojectsandwideningprojects.
Forallexistingbridgeswithinaproject,elevationshotsarerequiredwherecenterlineofbridge
andgutterlinesintersecteachBFPR.
26
27
ForBridgewideningproject,additionalelevationshotsarerequiredwherethecenterlineofbridge
andgutterlinesintersecteachcenterlineofbentandeachmidspanlinealongthestructure.
Bottomofbeamelevationsfortheoutsidebeamsateachbentshallbeobtained.
Theabovedatashallbeprovidedforallbridgesorculvertslocatedwithinthefloodplainthatare
nofurtherthan2000feetupstreamand/ordownstreamoftheprojectsite.
Forbridgewideningprojectswheretheexistingbridgeplansarenotavailable,amoredetailed
surveythatgivesacompletedescriptionofthesuperstructureandsubstructurewillberequired.
SurveyorshallcheckwithProjectEngineertodetermineavailabilityofbridgeplans.
Figure2.4.1.31 BridgeSurveyShotLocationsforDeckElevations
2.4.1.4
TopographicCoverage
Topographiccoverageshallextendatleast150fteachsideofthecenterline.Thesecoverage
limitsshallapplytoboththeexistingcenterlineandproposedcenterline,ifdifferent.
ItispreferredthatthehydraulicsurveydatabetakeninDTMformat.Thecoverageshallbe
detailedenoughtocoverallrequiredareasspecifiedinthefieldreport.Thesesurveypoints
shouldbeincludedintheInRoadsfilethatisprovidedtotheroadwaydesigner.Allsurveypoints
shouldbelabeledconsistentlyandclearlyidentified.Allsurveydatashallbereferencedto
NAVD88.
2.4.1.5
Benchmarks
Aminimumofthreebenchmarksarerequired:Oneatthebeginningofthesurvey,oneattheend
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgeorstreamsiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshould
bedescribedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
referencedtotheprojectstationswithacompletephysicaldescriptionandelevation.All
elevationsshouldbeestablishedwithaspiritlevel,referencedtoNAVD88.Benchmarksfor
bridgeorstreamsiteshallbelocatedwithinadistanceof300feetfromthesite.
2.4.1.6
StreamTraverse
Thestreamtraverseshouldbeginat500feetupstreamfromthebridgecenterlinewithStation
1+00.00andthencontinuedownstreamtoastation500feetbelowthebridgecenterline.Cross
sectionsofthestreamchannelarerequiredatthefollowinglocations:
Every100feetalongthetraverse
Centerlineoftheexistingbridge
Centerlineoftheproposedbridge
50feetand100feetupstreamoftheproposedbridgecenterline
50feetand100feetdownstreamoftheproposedbridgecenterline
Thesecrosssectionsshallbedetailedenoughtoaccuratelydefinetheprofileoftheterrain,which
usuallyincludesendrolls,streamchannelbanks,streambedelevations,scouredareas,andany
otherbreaksintheterrain(seeFigure2.4.1.61).Asufficientnumberofstreambedshotsshallbe
takentoensureanaccuratestreamchannelmodelcanbecreated.Traversesandstreamcross
sectionsshallbeprovidedforallstreamchannelsinthefloodplain.Asstatedabove,theDTM
methodispreferred,aslongasitisdetailedenoughtoaccuratelydefinethelocationandcross
sectionprofileofthestreamchannelalongtheentirestreamtraverse.
28
29
REQUIRED BRIDGE OPENING SHOTS, SEE SECTION II.E OF THE

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING FIELD REPORT.
A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF STREAMBED SHOTS SHALL BE TAKEN TO
INSURE AN ACCURATE STREAM CHANNEL CROSS SECTION.
TYPICAL SECTION PROFILE OF BRIDGE OPENING
Figure2.4.1.61 BridgeSurveyShotLocationsforStreambed
2.4.1.7
2.4.1.7.1
FloodplainCrossSections
General
Twofloodplaincrosssectionsarerequired,oneat100feetoneachsideoftheroadway.Each
crosssectionshouldextendtoapoint2feetabovethehighwatermarkthathasbeenestablished
forthestreamatthebridgesite.Thefloodplainelevationsshouldbetakenatallbreakpointsin
theterrainwithintheBridgeSurveyalignmentand500footintervalsoutsidethealignment.
Thisdataisalsorequiredforbridgeandroadwaysiteslocatedwithin2000feetupstreamand/or
downstreamoftheprojectsite.
2.4.1.7.2
ParallelBridgesorSmallAlignmentShifts
Parallelbridgeprojectsand/orprojectswiththeproposedalignmentshiftedarelativelysmall
distancerequireafloodplaincrosssectionbetakenalongthenewand/orparallelalignment.
2.4.1.7.3
NewLocations
Newlocationprojectsrequirethatafloodplaincrosssectionbetakenalongthenewalignment.
2.4.1.7.4
AbnormalFloodConditions
Forprojectswithabnormalfloodconditions(creeksthatflowintooneofthestatesmajorrivers),
afloodplaincrosssectionisrequiredofthemajorriverbelowtheconfluencewiththecreek.
Sincethiswouldbeanextremelycostlysectiontohavesurveyed,thecrosssectionmaybe
approximatedfromUSGSmaps.
2.4.1.8
BridgeSketch
Bridgesketchesshallbedrawnshowingtheelevationandcenterlineplusthebottomofthebridge
beamateachcap.Thissketchalsoshowsthecenterlinestationplusanelevationonallterrain
breaksbeneaththebridges.Thestationingusedtoshowelevationsonthebottomofthebeam
andtheprofileofthegroundbeneaththelowestbridgebeamshallbethesameasthestationing
forthealignmentofthebridgedeck.Onmappingsurveys,whichhavenoalignment,the
stationingforthebridgesketchshallbeginwithstation0+00.
Forstructureslocatedupstreamordownstreamthatcouldhaveanadverseaffectofthebridgeat
thesurveysite,asketchisrequired.Thisdistancecouldbeasmuchas2000feet.Forupstream
drainagestructuresbeyondthislimit,thesizeandtypeshouldbeplottedonaquadranglemapor
countymap.
Thesurveyorshallprovide,onthebridgesketch,anyoverflowbridgeorculvertwithinthe
floodplainwiththedistancetotheprojectbridge,deckelevationorculvertsize,andtheflowline
elevation.
2.4.1.9
HydraulicEngineeringFieldReport
ThesurveyorshallprovideaHydraulicFieldReportinaccordancewithGDOTStandards.See
HydraulicEngineeringFieldReportForminAppendix2A.
2.4.1.9.1
NormalWaterSurfaceData
Watersurfaceelevationsarerequiredatthesurveycenterline,andat500feetupstreamand
downstreamofthesurveycenterline.Theseshotsshallbetakeninthesametimeperiod.For
tidalsites,thenormalhighandlowtideelevationsarerequired.
2.4.1.9.2
HistoricalFloodData
Theextremehighwaterelevation(floodofrecord)shallbeobtainedalongwiththedateof
occurrence,location(distanceupstreamordownstream),andthesourceforthisinformation.If
thesiteistidal,thehighestobservedtideelevationisneeded.
Thesurveyorshallrecordthefloorelevationsandlocationsofanyhouses,buildingsorother
structuresthathavebeenflooded,orhavefloorelevationswithin2feetofthefloodofrecord.
Forstructuresthathavebeenflooded,thesurveyorshallprovidethefloodinformation,including
thenumberoftimesthestructurehasbeenflooded,thedate(s),andthehighwaterelevations.
210
Note:Thehighwaterelevationsshouldbeobtainedfromlongtimelocalresidentsand/or
city/countyofficials.
2.4.1.10
2.4.1.10.1
MiscellaneousSurveyData
DamsandSpillways
Forsitesaffectedbyanupstreamordownstreamdam,surveyshotsarerequiredthatdescribethe
location,length,widthandelevationofthedamembankmentandspillwayopening.Thewater
surfaceelevationoftheimpoundedwatershallbeprovided.
2.4.1.10.2
GuideBanks(SpurDikes)
Shotsshallbetakenthatwillreflectthelocation,lengthandelevationoftheguidebank.
2.4.1.10.3
LongitudinalRoadwayEncroachmentsonFloodplains
Additionalfloodplaincrosssectionswillberequiredtodeterminetheeffectsofthelongitudinal
encroachment.ThesurveyorcancontacttheProjectEngineerforguidanceontheextentof
additionalsurveydatathatwillberequired.
2.4.1.10.4
UpstreamandDownstreamCrossings
Forallbridgesandculvertsthatliebetween2000feetand1mileupstreamanddownstreamfrom
theprojectbridge,thesurveyorshallidentifybasicinformationforeachstructure,suchas
distancefromproposedstructure,typeofstructure,routelocation,andstructuresizesinthe
HydraulicEngineeringFieldReport.
2.4.1.10.5
AdditionalCrossSections
Ifthehydraulicsattheprojectsiteisaffectedbyotherfactorssuchasconfluencewithother
streamsornarrowfloodplaincrosssections,additionalfloodplaincrosssectionsmayberequired.
Thesurveyorshouldcontacttheroadwaydesignerifaquestionarisesduringthefieldsurveyof
theproject.
2.4.2
GradeSeparations
Thefollowingitemsareneededforabridgesurveyoveranexistingroad:
2.4.2.1
PropertySurvey
APropertySurveythatcoversextentsofalltheroadwayalignmentscorridors.Asaminimum,
thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.Therightof
wayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.2.2
ExistingRoadwayData
211
2.4.2.2.1
Alignment
PTs.
2.4.2.2.2
Profile
2.4.2.2.3
IntersectionRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthesurvey.
Theseprofilesshallextendatleast300feetfromtheintersectionwiththeprojectroad.These
profilesshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedgesoftheroadway
shoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.2.3
ExistingBridgeData
2.4.2.4
TopographicCoverage
2.4.2.5
Benchmarks
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgesiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshouldbe
212
describedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
2.4.2.6
ProfileandCrossSections
ProfileandCrossSectionsorDTMcoverageshouldhavethesamelimitsastheTopographiclimits.
2.4.2.7
RoadwaybeneathBridge
Theroadbeneathabridgefor300feetleftandrightofthebridgerequiresacompletesurvey
whichincludes:Alignment,property,topographic,profilelevelsandcrosssectionsorDTMsurvey
data.
2.4.2.8
BridgeSketch
Abridgesketchisrequired.Onthissketch,showtheverticalclearancefromthebottomofthe
outsidebridgebeamstotheroadwaypavementatthecenterlineoftheroadandateachedgeof
pavementoftheroad.
2.4.3
RailroadCrossings
Thefollowingitemsareneededforabridgesurveyoveranexistingrailroad:
2.4.3.1
PropertySurvey
APropertySurveythatcoversextentsoftheroadwayalignmentandrailroadcorridors.Asa
minimum,thiswillincludepropertyownersnamesandaddresses,deeds,plats,andtaxmaps.
Therightofwayshouldalwaysbeverifiedbydeeds.
2.4.3.2
2.4.3.2.1
ExistingRoadwayData
Alignment
PTs.
2.4.3.2.2
Profile
213
2.4.3.2.3
IntersectingRoads
Profilesarerequiredforallintersectingroadsthatarelocatedwithinthelimitsofthesurvey.
Theseprofilesshallextendatleast300feetfromtheintersectionwiththeprojectroad.These
profilesshallincludeshotsalongthecenterline,edgesofpavement,outsideedgesoftheroadway
shoulder,andtoeoftheroadwayembankment.
2.4.3.3
ExistingBridgeData
2.4.3.4
Topographic
2.4.3.5
Benchmarks
ofthesurvey,andoneforeachbridgeorstreamsiteneartherightofway.Benchmarksshould
bedescribedwithasketch,whichalsoshowstheX,Y,andZcoordinates.Benchmarksshallbe
2.4.3.6
ProfileandCrossSections
ProfileandCrossSectionsorDTMcoverageshouldhavethesamelimitsasthetopographiclimits.
2.4.3.7
RailroadbeneathBridge
Therailroadbeneaththebridgefor500feetleftandrightofthebridgerequiresacomplete
surveythatincludes:
214
AlignmentThealignmentofthecenterlineonthemainrailroadtracksfor500feetleftandright
ofthebridgeshallbesurveyed.Theintersectionofthebridgealignmentandtherailroad
alignmentshallbetiedtoarailroadmilepost.
PropertysurveyAsdescribedinsection2.4.3.1.
TopographicThetopographiccoveragelimitshallbe100feetleftandrightoneachsideofthe
track.Ifthelocationhasmultipletracks,coverageshouldbe100feetbeyondthecenterlineofthe
outermosttrack.Thelocationoftheexistingbridgepilingsshouldbelocatedfromthesurvey
centerline.
ProfileLevelsandCrossSectionsorDTMSurveyDataTheprofileandcrosssectionsorDTM
surveydatashallbetakenaminimumof100feeteachsideofthetrack.Ifthelocationhas
multipletracks,coverageshallextendfor100feetbeyondthecenterlineoftheoutermosttrack.
Elevationsaretobetakenonthetopofeachrail.Ifcollectingelevationsinthecrosssection
format,aminimumoffive(5)crosssectionsshallbetakenbetweentheproposedrightofway
limits.Oneattheproposedrightofway,onehalfwaybetweentheproposedrightofwayandthe
bridgecenterline,oneatthebridgecenterline,andthesamefortheothersideofthebridge.
Thesecrosssectionswillbetakenperpendiculartotherailroadtrackcenterlineandextendfor
100feetbeyondthecenterlineoftheoutermosttrack.
DrainageAlldrainagestructuresandfeatureswithinthe1000feetRailroadSurveycorridorshall
beprovided.
2.4.3.8
BridgeSketch
Abridgesketchisrequired.Onthissketch,showtheverticalclearancefromthebottomofthe
outermostbridgebeamstothetopoftherailroadrailforeachrailbeneaththebridge.
2.5
STAGEDCONSTRUCTION
Stagedconstructionmayberequiredwhenwideningbridgesorcircumstancesrequire
constructingthenewbridgeinnearlythesamefootprintasexisting.
2.5.1
TemporaryShoring
Sinceitisdifficultfordesignerstoanticipateacontractorsexactmethodofconstruction,
temporaryshoringshallbeshownwhereveritisconsiderednecessary.Showthetemporary
shoringwithbreaklinesattheendstoindicateindefinitelimits.Ifshoringisshownontheplans,
includeageneralnoteaddressingtheshoringorincludetemporaryshoringinthelistofincidental
items.Donotusethetemporaryshoringpayitemunlessasubstantialamountofshoringis
required.
215
2.5.2
PourStrips
Pourstripsshallbeconsideredforstagedconstruction.SeeSection3.13.1.1fordetails.
2.5.3
TemporaryBarrier
Temporarybarriershallbeconsideredforstagedconstruction.SeeSection3.3.6fordetails.
2.6
BRIDGEJACKING
2.6.1
General
Wherebridgesaretoberaised,thedesignershallprovidejackingdetailsinfinalconstruction
plans.Thesedetailsshouldprovide169minimumverticalclearanceoverthetravelwayand
pavedshoulders.
2.6.2
UtilityConsideration
Duringthepreliminarydesignphase,thedesignershouldinformtheDistrictUtilitiesEngineerthat
thebridgeistoberaisedandthatafieldsiteinspectionisneededtoidentifyandlocatethe
utilitiesinplace.ThefindingsshouldbereportedtotheBridgeOffice.TheDistrictUtilities
Engineershallalerttheimpactedutilitycompaniesandremindthemoftheirresponsibilitiesfor
coordinatingsatisfactoryutilityrealignment.
2.6.3
AdditionalWork
ArequestshouldbemadetotheBridgeMaintenanceUnitforaBridgeConditionSurvey.Items
reportedinneedofrepairorreplacementshouldbeincorporatedintothecontractdocumentsif
practical.
2.6.4
Plans
EachsetofbridgejackingplansshouldincludeaPlanandElevationsheetandJackingDetails
sheetssufficienttodescribetheoverallscopeofworkandshowtherequiredBridgeOfficedetails
alongwithotherpertinentdatanecessarytoobtainaccurateandcompetitivebids.Thesesheets
areinadditiontoapplicableroadwayplanswhichwouldincludetheCover,Index,Revision
Summary,SummaryofQuantities,DetailedEstimate,TypicalSections,andPlan&Profilesheets.
2.6.4.1
PlanandElevationSheet
ThePlanandElevation(P&E)sheetshouldclearlyshowaplanviewthatincludesbeginningand
endingbridgestations,bentarrangements,deckwidths,andthepointofminimumvertical
clearance.Itshouldalsoclearlyshowanelevationviewthatincludesthelengthofbridge,span
lengths,locationsofexpansionandfixedbearings,bentnumbers,andtheminimumvertical
216
clearanceatcompletion.TheP&Esheetshouldalsocontaintheexistinggradedataforthebridge
andanyunderpassroadwaysaswellastheexistingbridgeSerial,I.D.,andP.I.numbers.
TheP&EsheetmayalsocontainthefollowinginaccordancewiththeBridgeOfficesstandard
GeneralNotesformatting:
AnEXISTINGBRIDGECONSISTSOFtabulationdescribingtheexistingbridge
AUTILITIEStabulationlistingallexistingutilities
AWORKCONSISTSOFtabulationoutliningthebasicitemsofthework
ADESIGNDATAFORDESIGNOFPEDESTALStabulationindicatingthedesign
specificationsused,thetypicalloading,andthefuturepavingallowanceassumed
ACONSTRUCTIONSEQUENCEtabulationenumeratingproposedstepsnecessaryto
completethework.Anoteshouldbeincludedimmediatelyfollowingthesestepsstating
Theaforementionedsequenceshallbecoordinatedwiththeroadwayoperations,see
roadwayplans.Inlieuoftheabovesequence,thecontractormaysubmitaproposed
sequenceforapproval.
ATRAFFICDATAtabulationdisplayingtrafficdatafortheexistingbridge
ASUMMARYOFQUANTITIEStabulationincludingalumpsumpayitemforraisingthe
existingbridge,payitemsforjointresealing,andanyotherpayitemsforrequested
bridgerehabilitationwork
AGENERALNOTEStabulationstatingallapplicablestandardBridgeOfficenotes
pertinenttobridgejackingoperationsaswellasnotesaddressingprotectionofexisting
slopepaving,removalandreplacementofexistingbridgejointsand/orother
rehabilitativework,amountofjackingandverticalclearancetobeobtainedwith
referencetospecialprovisions,andresponsibilityforutility
disconnects/reconnects/adjustments
TheabovetabulationsmaybeincludedonaseparateGeneralNotessheetifnecessaryormaybe
includedontheJackingDetailssheets.
2.6.4.2
JackingDetailsSheet
JackingDetailssheetsshouldincludethefollowing:
Sectionviewsatendwalls/backwallsdetailingrequiredmodificationsincluding
pedestals,newconcreteandreinforcement,andapproachslabmodifications
Schematicsofutilityadjustments
Schematicplanandelevationviewsofbearingassembliesandpedestals
Detailsofelastomericbearingsifrequired(maybeshownonseparatesheetif
necessary)
217
Detailsofwingwallmodifications
Detailsofexpansionjoints
Steelspecificationsandfinishrequirements
Details/requirementsforanchorboltreplacement
2.6.4.3
MaintenanceofTraffic
Theengineershallconsidermaintenanceoftrafficinthedesignandensureadequatecoordination
withtheroadwayplans.Thesequenceofoperationsshouldlimitelevationdifferencesatlift
pointsto1inchorlessatanygiventimeorasindicatedintheSpecialProvisionforthiswork.
2.6.4.4
JackingMethod
Itisgenerallynotnecessaryordesirabletospecifyajackingmethodintheplans.TheSpecial
Provisionforthisworkshouldcontainthebasicjackingrequirementsandtheengineershould
makesurethatisthecase.Itistheintentthatthecontractorretainsresponsibilityforthejacking
method/detailsanddamagetothestructure.However,theengineershouldfullyconsiderall
jackingloadstobeplacedonthestructure.Membersshouldbeanalyzedasnecessarytoensure
thatthestrengthisadequateforjackingbyconventionalmethods.Ifnot,specialnotesordetails
shouldbedevelopedsoamethodisclearlyavailableforbidding.
2.6.4.5
ApproachSlab
Detailingforbridgejackingshouldincludeprovisionsforretainingexistingapproachslabswith
modificationsforresupportingonthepavingrestafterjackingiscomplete.Theexistingapproach
slabsshouldnormallybeoverlaidwithpermanentasphaltasthebridgeisjackedthereby
maintainingaconsistenttrafficsurfacethatwillremaininplaceatthecompletionoftheproject.
Anoteshouldbeincludedintheplanstorequirethecontractortocheckforvoidsbeneaththe
approachslabbysoundingandcoringpriortocuttingitfreeofthepavingrest.Ifvoidsare
detected,theyshouldbegroutedwithflowablefillinaccordancewithGDOTStandard
SpecificationSection600andanominalquantityshouldbesetupforthispurposetobeusedas
directedbytheengineer.
2.6.4.6
ConcretePedestals
Concretepedestalsshallbespecifiedwhenthepedestalheightisover1'9".Forbridgesbeing
jackedandwidenedoneachside,sotheexistingportionofthebridgewillbelaterallyrestrained,
concretepedestalsarerequiredonlywhenthepedestalheightisover2'3".Steelpedestalsmay
beusedforheightsequaltoorlowerthantheselimits.
2.7
BRIDGESALVAGE
218
InthePreliminaryDesignPhase,thedesignershallwritealettertotheBridgeMaintenanceUnit
askingforalistofmaterialstobesalvagedfromtheexistingstructure.TheBridgeMaintenance
Unitwillrespondbylettereitherstatingthatnothingwillbesalvaged,orwithalistofitemstobe
salvaged.ThedesignershallplaceanoteonthePlansindicatingeithertheexistingbridge
materialstobesalvagedfromthesiteorthatnomaterialswillbesalvaged.UseBridgeNotes
G072throughG075asapplicable.
2.8
SOFTWARE
Thefollowingsoftwaremustbeusedduringtheproductionoffinalbridgeplans:
a) Geometry(BRGEOM)Allbridgesshallhaveageometryprogramrunshowingtheprofile
gradeline,centerlineconstruction,beamlines,gutterlinesandedgeofbridge.Transverse
linesshallincludeendofbridge,centerlinebents,centerlineofbearing,and(forTbeams
only)faceofcap.Thisrequirementmaybewaivedforsimplebridges.
b) GeneralNotes(BRNOTES)Runthisprogramtohavethecorrectnotesandpayitemsin
theuniformformat.
c) ReinforcingSteel(BRRBAR)Runthisprogramtohavethecorrectsteelquantitiesand
formattedrebarsheets.
Priortobeginningfinalbridgedesign,consultantsshallsubmit,inwriting,theLRFDdesign
softwaretheywillbeusingforapprovalbytheBridgeOffice.
2.9
PRELIMINARYDESIGN
ThePreliminaryDesignPhaseiswhenthetemplatefortheFinalBridgePlansisset.Therefore,it
iscriticalforthedesignertoconsideralltheknownaspectsthatmayaffectthebridgedesignand
planforthemduringthisphase.
2.9.1
RoadwayGeometry
Earlyinthedesignprocessthedesignermayneedtocollaboratewiththeroadwaydesignersto
simplifythedesignandconstructionofthebridge.Someoftheparametersthatshouldbe
consideredduringthisphasearediscussedinthefollowingsubsections.
2.9.1.1
LowPoints
Whenpossible,lowpointsshouldbekeptoffofthebridgespansandapproachslabs.Ifalow
pointmustbelocatedonthebridge,thefollowinglocationsshouldbeavoided:
Nearabridgejointduetolongtermmaintenanceissues
Onendspanssodrainagewontfallontounprotectedslopes
219
Nearintermediatebentssodrainagewontfallontosubstructureelements
SeeSection3.15fordetailsofdeckdrainage.
2.9.1.2
SuperelevationTransition
Superelevationtransitionsonbridgesshouldbeavoidedwhenpractical.Particularly,transitions
betweennormalcrownandreversecrownshouldbeavoidedasthisrequiresamorecomplex
constructionsequenceandalongitudinalconstructionjoint.Iftheroadwayplanspresenta
superelevationtransitionthatfallswithinthelimitsofthebridge,requestthattheProject
Managerconsiderthefollowingalternatives:
Movetheentiresuperelevationtransitioncompletelyoffthebridge.
Makeatransitiontoacertaincrossslope,maintainitacrossthebridge,thencontinue
thetransition.
Completethetransitionbetweennormalcrownandreversecrownoffthebridge,then
increaseordecreasethesuperelevationonthebridgeasnecessary.
2.9.2
BridgeWidths
Bridgewidthisdeterminedbytheroadwayclassificationandotherparametersasspecifiedinthe
followingsubsections,whereTWisthetraveledway(totalwidthoflanes).
Note:TheshoulderwidthsarebasedonAPolicyonGeometricDesignofHighwaysandStreets
[AASHTOGreenBook],2004.
2.9.2.1
BridgesontheStateandFederalSystem(nonInterstate)
a) Ruralsection(2lanes):
DesignYearADT
0399
4002000
Over2000
BridgeClearWidth
4+TW+4
6+TW+6
8+TW+8
b) Ruralsection(multilaneundivided4lanesormore):8+TW+8
c) Ruralsection(multilanedivided):4(insideshoulder)+TW+8(outsideshoulder)
d) Urbansections(withcurb):
Theclearwidthforallneworreconstructedbridgesshallbethecurbtocurbwidthofthe
approachroadway.Fortwolane,twowaybridgestheminimumclearwidthshallbeTW+4
ft,unlessanexceptionisobtainedfromtheChiefEngineer.Sidewalksshallbeprovidedon
bridgeswherecurbandgutterisprovidedontheapproachroadway.Minimumsidewalk
widthonbridgesshallbe5.5ft(seeSection3.3.3SidewalksandMedians).Whenthe
220
roadwaycurbandguttersectionis26,2ftisconsideredgutterforcalculationofthe
bridgewidth.
e) Ramps:
Thewidthofbridgesusedonrampsshallbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis.The
designershouldcooperatewiththeProjectManagerandBridgeOfficeliaisontodetermine
thebridgewidthforaramp.
2.9.2.2
BridgesofftheStateandFederalSystem
a) Ruralsection(2lanes)*
DesignYearADT
0399
4002000
Over2000
BridgeClearWidth
2+TW+2
3+TW+3
8+TW+8
*Forlowvolumeroadswithanapproachroadwaywidthofonelane,aminimumbridge
widthof18ft.maybeselectedwithapprovalfromtheChiefEngineer.
b) Ruralsection(multilaneundivided4lanesormore):8+TW+8
c) Ruralsection(multilanedivided):4(insideshoulder)+TW+8(outsideshoulder)
d) Urbansection(withcurb):
Theminimumclearwidthforallneworreconstructedbridgesshallbethecurbtocurb
widthoftheapproachroadway.Fortwolane,twowaybridgestheminimumclearwidth
shallbeTW+4ft,unlessanexceptionisobtainedfromtheChiefEngineer.Sidewalksshall
beprovidedonbridgeswherecurbandgutterisprovidedontheapproachroadway.
Minimumsidewalkwidthonbridgesshallbe5.5ft(seeSection3.3.3Sidewalksand
Medians).Whentheroadwaysectionhasacurbandgutterof26,2ftisconsidered
gutterforcalculationofthebridgewidth.
2.9.2.3
InterstateBridges
LanesinOneDirection
TwoLanes
ThreeorMore
ThreeorMorewith
HighTruckTraffic
BridgeWidthClearDistance
6(insideshoulder)+TW+12(outsideshoulder)
Note:Thephilosophyonshoulderwidthsisthatwithtwolanesdriversshouldbeabletotake
refugeontheoutsideshoulder.Whenmorelanesarepresent,theymayhavetotakerefugeon
theinsideshoulder.Whenthereishightrucktraffic,additionalwidthmaybeneededtoallow
truckstotakerefugeontheinsideshoulder.Iftheshoulderwidthsshownabovearedifferent
thanthepavedshouldersontheroadwayplans,thisshouldbeaddressedasearlyintheprocess
aspossiblesincetheseshouldgenerallymatch.
221
2.9.2.4
DesignExceptions
Whenaprojectisimplementedusingfederalfundsandthewidthcharacteristicsdonotmeetthe
abovecriteria,arequestfordesignexceptionshallbesubmittedtotheChiefEngineerfor
approval,unless23CFR625DesignStandardsforHighwaysapplies.Thefollowingsituations
wouldrequireconsiderationfordesignexceptions.
2.9.2.4.1
StagingConsiderations
Incertainstagingsituationsitmightbemoreeconomicaltobuildthebridgewiderasopposedto
buildingatemporarystructuretoholdthetraffic.
2.9.2.4.2
FutureConstructionConsiderations
Whendesigningareplacementbridgethathasafutureparallelbridgeprogrammed,itcouldbe
appropriatetoapplymultilanedividedtrafficcriteriainsteadofthe2waytrafficcriteriaspecified
above.
2.9.2.4.3
SharpCurves
Thebridgewidthonroadswithsharpcurvesandlowtrafficcanbeincreasedduetotracking
requirements.SeeSection4.2.3PavementWideningonCurvesoftheGDOTDesignPolicy
Manual.
2.9.3
BridgeLengths
Thebridgelengthismostlydeterminedbytheobstaclethatthebridgemustspan.Fornearlyall
roadprojectstheobstaclefallswithintwogeneralcategoriesBodiesofWater(StreamCrossings)
orTravelways(GradeSeparations).
2.9.3.1
StreamCrossings
TheguidelinesforsettingthespanlengthsforStreamCrossingsareoutlinedintheGDOTDrainage
Manual.
2.9.3.2
GradeSeparations
Bridgespansoverroadsorrailroadsshallbelongenoughtospanthetravelway,drainageditches,
shoulders,sidewalks,clearzoneforthetravelway,andtheoffsetdistancefromthetoeofslope
pavingorfaceofabutmentwall(SeeSections2.3.3and2.3.4).
2.9.4
GuidelinesforSelectingBridgeType
Thefollowingguidelinescanbeused,unlessthecostofthebridgerequiresaBridgeTypeStudy
(SeeSection2.9.5).
222
2.9.4.1
TypicalBridgeCost
Thefollowingsquarefootcostsforparticularbridgetypesmaybeusedinpreparationof
preliminarycostestimates:
Item
Squarefootcost(outtooutwidth)
RC/PSCbeamsonpilebents
$70
PSCbeamsonconcretebents
$85
Steelbeamsonconcretebents
$115
2.9.4.2
ReinforcedConcreteDeckGirders(RCDGs)
Historically,reinforcedconcretedeckgirders(RCDGorTBeam)onpilebentsaresomeofthe
mosteconomicalbridgesthatGDOThasbuilt.Wheneconomygoverns,thedesignershould
considerRCDGasthefirstchoice.Typicalspansareeither30feetlong(23deep)orpreferably
40feetlong(29deep).WhenrunningHydraulics,uniformspanlengthsshouldbeaddeduntilan
acceptablehydraulicopeningisfound.
2.9.4.3
ContractorPSCBeamSubstitution
GDOTStandardSpecificationsallowscontractorstosubstitutePSCgirderspansforRCDGspansas
longasminimumbottomofbeamelevationsaremet.Anoteshouldbeplacedontheplansif
otherconditionslimitthecontractorsoptionforthesubstitution.
SincemanyRCDGspansarebeingredesignedbythecontractorstoPSCgirders,designersmay
nowopttoutilizeTypeIModPSCgirders.RCDGmaystillbemoreeconomicalthanTypeIMod
PSCgirdersonlowlyingbridgeswherethecostoffalseworkwillbeless.
2.9.4.4
PSCBeamsOnPileBents
Forpreliminarylayoutsthemaximumspanlengthonpilebentsis50feet.Spansupto70feet
maybeusedonlyifPSCpilesarerecommendedinanapprovedBFI.Becauselongerspansrequire
heavierpilingandpilehammers,spanslongerthan50feetmaynotbeeconomicalonsmall
bridges.
2.9.4.5
ConcreteBents
Concretebentsshouldbeusedinsteadofpilebentsforthefollowingsituations:
Bridgerequireslongerspans
Bridgeheightexceedstwentyfeetwherepilebentswillnotwork
IftheBFIrecommendsspreadfootings,drilledshaftsorpilotholesatbentlocationsduetorockor
hardlayersclosetothesurface,thebridgelayoutshouldbereexaminedutilizinglongerspan
lengthsonconcretebentsforcostsavings.
223
2.9.4.6
PrestressedConcreteBeams
Prestressedconcretebeamsarethemosteconomicalsuperstructuretypewhenspanslongerthan
40feetarerequired.Spanlength,beamtypeandbeamspacingshallbeconsideredtogetherfor
themosteconomicdesign.PSCbeamchartsareprovidedinAppendix3Bforguidanceandbeam
spacinglimitsarespecifiedinSection3.4.2.7.Forbridgesinvisibleareas,suchasgrade
separationsorstreamcrossingswithsignificantadjacentdevelopment,samebeamdepthsfor
adjacentspansshouldbeconsidered(seeSection3.4.3.2).
2.9.4.7
SingleSpanHydraulicBridges
Whenthehydraulicopeningrequiresabridgethatspansthestreamwithendspansoflessthan
30feet,asinglespanbridgeusinglongerbeamscouldbethebestalternative.However,itis
difficulttosetlongbeamsacrossastream,soabeamsettingprocessneedstobeprovidedinthe
hydraulicstudy.Itmaybepossibletosetthemfromthedetourbridgeortheadjacentbridge.
2.9.4.8
SteelBeams
SteelbeambridgesaretypicallymoreexpensivethanPSCbeams.However,steelbeambridges
shouldbeconsideredforthefollowingsituations:
Spanlengthsexceeding150(BridgeTypeStudymaybeappropriate)
Bridgesrequiringashallowsuperstructuredepthforverticalclearance
Wideningexistingsteelbridges
2.9.4.9
BoxGirders
Anotheroptionforlongspansissteelorconcreteboxgirderbridges.GDOTprefersnottouse
concreteboxgirdersduetotheextensivefalseworkrequired.However,castinplaceboxgirders
orsegmentalboxgirdersshouldbeconsideredintheBridgeTypeStudyforappropriatesituations.
2.9.4.10
BeamsinCurvedBridges
Whenthewidthofthebridgeisconstant,makethebeamsparallelwithineachspanaspractical.
Also,thecenterlinesofexteriorbeamsshouldmeetatthecenterlinesoftheintermediatebents.
Usethefollowingpracticeforplacingbeamsoncurvedbridgesasfeasible:
PlacebeamsparalleltothechordofthebridgecenterlinefromBFPR/centerlinebentto
centerlinebent.
Placeexteriorbeamsonchordsofconcentriccircles,thenparallelinteriorbeams
towardsthecenterline.Forthiscase,ensurethatthenonparallelbeamspacingthat
occursinthemiddleissmallerthantheparallelspacingoneitherside,soitdoesnt
controlthedeckdesign.
224
Placingallbeamsontheirownchordsusuallymakesnobeamparallelandleadstocomplicated
deckformwork.
2.9.4.11
ScissorBridges
Onbridgeswithverysharpskews,knownasscissorbridges,itmaybeappropriatetouse
transversegirdersratherthanlongitudinalbeams.Thisresultsinmanygirdersthatonlypartially
supporttheroadway.Thereisnodefinitivepolicyonwhethertoincludeadeckontheportion
outsidetheroadwaylimitsorleavethebeamswithanuncoveredtopflange.ABridgeTypeStudy
maybenecessaryforcostcomparisonbetweenmanyshorttransversegirdersandafewlong
longitudinalbeams.
2.9.4.12
MSEWallAbutments
AnMSEwallabutmentshouldbeconsideredasanalternativetoanendrollongradeseparations.
Itcouldbeamoreeconomicsolution,especiallyforwidebridges.
2.9.5
BridgeTypeStudy
ABridgeTypeStudyshouldbeperformedwhenevertheestimatedconstructioncostofasingle
bridgeisexpectedtoexceed$10,000,000,orasdirectedbytheBridgeOffice.Thestudyreport
servesasareferencesupportingthechoiceofthestructuretypeforaproject.
2.9.5.1
Purpose
TheBridgeTypeStudyestablisheswhatalternative(s)willbecarriedforwardinthePreliminary
andFinalDesignphases.Whenalternatedesignsareconsidered,uniformdesigncriteria,material
requirementsandunitcostsshouldbeapplied.
2.9.5.2
Format
Thereportshalluse8by11pageswithdrawingsonlargersheets,ifnecessary,foldedtofit
thereport.Thereportshallbeneatlywrittenandthecontentsshallbepresentedinalogicalse
quencewithnarrativesasnecessary.AnExecutiveSummaryshallbeincludedcomparingthe
relativefeaturesandcostsofthealternativesconsideredandrecommendingwhichalternative(s)
tobecarriedforwardintothePreliminaryPhase.
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldbeasselfcontainedaspossiblebyincludingallargumentsthat
establish,justify,support,orprovetheconclusions.Itisacceptabletomakereferencetoother
documentsthatwillbeincludedinthefinalsubmittalpackage.Anydocumentation,suchasdraw
ings,clearandconciseviews,orotherillustratedinformationthatassistsinpresentingdesign
intentandsolutionsshouldbeincludedinthepackage.
2.9.5.3
Contents
225
Providecostdataandotherinformationthataffectstheselectionofanalternative,including
geotechnicalsurveydata(ifavailable),lifecyclemaintenancecosts,constructiontimeandstaging
assumptions,constructability,maintenanceoftraffic,aesthetics,etc.Variousmethodsof
handlingtrafficduringconstructionshouldbethoroughlyinvestigated.Dataprovidedbyothers
shouldbethoroughlyreviewedandifdeemedinsufficientorinerrorshouldbebroughttothe
attentionoftheprovider.Themajoritemsthatshouldbeincludedaredescribedinthefollowing
subsections.
2.9.5.3.1
BridgeDescription
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeadetaileddescriptionofeachproposedalternatestructure.
Thisdescriptionshouldconsiderthefollowinginitsdevelopment:
a) Spanlength:Spanlengthsaregovernedbycolumn/pierlocationsthatprovidetherequired
verticalandhorizontalclearances,theneconomicandaestheticconsiderations.
b) Superstructuredepth:Superstructuredepths,particularforgradeseparationstructures,
shallbekepttotheminimumasallowedbygoodengineeringpractice.
c) Spancontinuity:Theeconomicandengineeringadvantageofsimplespanvs.continuous
spansshouldbeaddressed.
d) Superstructuretype:Considerprestressedconcretegirders,steelrolledsections,steelplate
girders,steelorconcreteboxgirders,andothersectionsapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
e) Pierprotection:Pierslocatedinadividedhighwaymedianmustbeprotectedfromtraffic,
typicallybyguardrailorconcretebarrier,whenlocatedwithintheclearzone.
f)
Foundation:Forpilesanddrilledshafts,assumesize,length,andcapacitiesfrom
geotechnicalinformation,ifavailable.Forspreadfootings,allowablebearingpressure
shouldalsobeassumedfromgeotechnicalinformation,ifavailable.
2.9.5.3.2
Costs
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeacostestimateforeachproposedalternatestructure.This
estimateshouldincludethefollowing:
a) Quantityestimates:Quantitiesshouldbeestimatedtotheaccuracynecessaryforcomparing
thealternatives.Forminorbridgesroughquantities,suchastheamountofreinforcingsteel
estimatedfromhistoricsteeltoconcreteratios,maybesufficient.Formajorandcomplex
bridgesmoredetailedquantitycalculationsmayberequired.
b) Unitcosts:UnitcostsshouldbederivedusingdataavailablefromGDOTorcon
tractors/suppliers.Thesourcesofallpricedatashouldberecordedforlaterreference.For
majorandcomplexstructuresitmaybenecessarytodevelopunitcostsfromananalysisof
fabrication,storage,deliveryanderectioncosts.
226
c) Costmatrix:Acostmatrixshouldbeestablishedforeachalternativetorevealthemost
economicspanarrangement.
2.9.5.3.3
Aesthetics
TheBridgeTypeStudyshouldincludeanarrativeexplaininghowaestheticsaffectedthedesignof
eachproposedalternatestructure.Thisnarrativeshouldaddressthefollowingconsiderations:
a) Totalityofstructure:Abridgeshouldbemadeaestheticallypleasinginandofitselfbygiving
properattentiontoshapes,proportionsandcontinuityofformsandlines.Thebasic
structureofthebridgeitselfshouldbethemainfocusinbridgeaesthetics,notenhance
ments,additions,orothersuperficialtouches.
b) Compatibilitywithsite:Abridgeshouldbemadeaestheticallypleasingincontextofits
surroundings.Additionalemphasisshouldbeplacedonthesurroundingsatinterchanges
wherelandscapingoruniquefeaturesneedtobeconsidered.
c) Conformityoftheme:Conformityofthemeandunifyingappearanceshouldbecreatedor
maintainedinlocationswithmultiplebridges,suchasinterchanges,whereaestheticsare
importantbecauseofhighvisibilitytoalargenumberofmotorists.
d) Inherentlypleasingsubstructureshapes:Considerationshouldbegiventostructural
systemsthatareinherentlymorepleasing,suchashammerheador"T"shapedpiers,ovalor
polygonalshapedcolumns,piersinlieuofbents,etc.
2.9.5.3.4
ConstructabilityandMaintainability
Allconstructionandmaintenancerequirementsshouldbeidentifiedandappropriatelyreflected
inanyconceptthatistoberecommendedfordesign.
a) Constructability:Itemssuchasmembersizes/handling/fabrication,maintenanceoftraffic,
constructionstaging,equipmentrequirements,etc.shouldbeconsidered.
b) Transportation:Specialevaluationshallbemadetoinsureagainstpotentialproblemsthat
mayoccurinobtainingpermitsandequipmenttotransportlongand/orheavymembers
frompointofmanufacturetotheprojectsite.
c) Maintenance:Considerationsforfuturemaintenanceinspectionshallbetakenintoaccount
inthestructure'sdesign.Suchconsiderationsmayincludetheneedfor6feetminimum
headroominsidesteelorconcreteboxgirdersuperstructures.
2.10 QUANTITIES
2.10.1 QuantitiesonGeneralNotes
ForLumpSuperstructurePayItemsontheGeneralNotessheet,presentthequantitiesinthe
bracketsasshowninthefollowingexamples:
227
228
LUMPSUPERSTRCONC,CLASSAABRNO1(465)
LUMPSTRSTEELBRNO1(1465450)
LUMPSUPERSTRREINFSTEELBRNO1(265430)
Allquantitiesshallbeshownaswholenumber.Donotincludedecimalsorcommas.
Pilingquantitiesshallberoundeduptothenexteven5feet.
2.10.2 QuantitiesonDetailSheets
Allsuperstructurequantitiesshallbeitemizedonthesuperstructuredetailsheetasshownin
Table2.10.21.DonotincludeaTOTALcolumninthistableunlessallofthespansinthebridge
areshowninthetableandthetotalincludesallofthespansinthebridge.Allsubstructure
quantitiesshallbeitemizedonthesubstructuredetailsheetasshowninTable2.10.22.Show
concretequantitiestoonedecimalplace.Reinforcingsteelandstructuralsteelquantitiesshould
beintegers.
Table2.10.21
SuperstructureQuantityTable
SUPERSTRUCTUREQUANTITIES
ITEM
SPAN1 SPAN2 SPAN3
LUMPCYSUPERSTRCONCRETE,CLASSD
159.9
145.5
159.9
LUMPLBSUPERSTRREINFSTEEL
89,316 86,798 89,316
LUMPSTRUCTURALSTEEL
490,009 485,432 490,009
Table2.10.22
TOTAL
465.3
265,430
1,465,450
SubstructureQuantityTable
SUBSTRUCTUREQUANTITIES
ITEM
BENT2 BENT3
CYCLASSAACONCRETE
77.1
81.6
LBBARREINFSTEEL
15,642 16,552
2.10.3 QuantitiesforStagedConstructionandContinuousUnits
Barschedulesforcontinuousspanunitssupportedbystructuralsteelshallbetabulatedbypour.
Inthiscase,thequantityonthesuperstructuredetailsheetshallbeshownbycontinuousunit.
Barschedulesforstageconstructedbridgesshallbetabulatedbystage.Inthecaseofstage
constructedsimplespans,thequantityonthesuperstructuredetailsheetshallbeshownbyspan.
Whenacontinuousspanunitisstageconstructed,thebarscheduleshallbetabulatedbypourand
stage,i.e.Pour1,Stage1;Pour1,Stage2;etc.
APPENDIX2AHYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT
HYDRAULICENGINEERINGFIELDREPORT

I. HYDRAULICANDHYDROLOGICALDATAREQUIREDFORALLEXISTINGORPROPOSEDBRIDGESTREAMCROSSINGPROJECTS
ProjectLocation
District
CountyProjectNo.
P.I.No.
Route
StreamName
SurveyedBy
Date
SiteInformation
FloodplainandStreamChanneldescription:
Flat,rolling,mountainous,etc.
Wooded,heavilyvegetated,pasture,swampy,etc.
Streamchanneldescription:welldefinedbanks,meandering,debris,etc.
229
230
Isthereanyfillintheupstreamordownstreamfloodplain,whichwillaffectthenaturaldrainage
orlimitthefloodplainwidthatthissite?
RequiredExistingBridgeInformationatProjectSite
BridgeIdentificationNo.
DateBuilt
Skewangleofbridgebents
SubstructureInformation:
Columntype(concrete,steel,etc.)
Sizeofcolumn
Numberofcolumnsperbent
Heightofcurb,parapetorbarrier
GuideBank(SpurDike)length,elevationandlocation(ifapplicable)
Noteanyscourproblemsatintermediatebentsorabutments:
D.
NormalWaterSurfaceData
500feetupstreamofthesurveycenterline

Atthesurveycenterline
500feetdownstreamofthesurveycenterline
WSELEV
Normalhightide
Normallowtide
E.HistoricalFloodData
Extremehighwaterelevationatsite_________Date
Highestobservedtideelevation_________Date
Locationwhereextremehighwaterelevationwastaken(upstreamordownstreamfaceofbridge,
distanceupstreamordownstream,centerline)
Sourceofhighwaterinformation
Locationandfloorelevationofanyhouses/buildings/structuresthathavebeenflooded.
Informationaboutflood(numberoftimeshouse/building/structurehasbeenflooded,water
surfaceelevation(s)anddate(s)offlood
Locationandfloorelevationofanyhouses/buildings/structuresthathavefloorelevationswithin2
feetoftheextremehighwaterelevation
BenchmarkInformation
Benchmarknumber
Location(InRoadspt.no.orprojectstation/offset)
Physicaldescription
231
Benchmarknumber
Physicaldescription
Benchmarknumber
Physicaldescription
UPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMSTRUCTURES
Structuretype(railroadorhighwaybridge,culvert)
Routenumber(ifapplicable)
Distancefromproposedstructure
Lengthofbridgeorculvertsize
Substructureinformation:
Columntype(concrete,steel,etc.)
Sizeofcolumn
Numberofcolumnsperbent
232
Note:Theaboveinformationisrequiredforallbridgesorculverts,whichliebetween2000ftand
1mileupstreamordownstreamoftheprojectbridge.
MISCELLANEOUSINFORMATION
Aretherewatersurfacesaffectedbyotherfactors(highwaterfromotherstreams,reservoirs,
etc.)?
Givelocation,length,width,andelevationofdamandspillway,ifapplicable
233
Chapter3:SUPERSTRUCTURE
Chapter3 SUPERSTRUCTURE
3.1
GENERALDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
3.1.1
MinimumNumberofBeams
Forbridgesthatwillcarryvehiculartraffic,provideaminimumof4beamsineachspan.When
multistemgirdersareused,aminimumof3unitsshallbeprovided.
3.1.2
Connections
EachconnectionbetweenthesuperstructureandsubstructureshallbeindicatedonthePlanand
Elevationsheetasfixed(FIX)orexpansion(EXP).
Atleastonebentcaptosuperstructureconnectionwithinacontinuousdeckunit(between
expansionjoints)shallbefixedtopreventanydifferentiallongitudinalmovementbetweenthe
superstructureandsubstructure.Thisfixedconditionshouldbeachievedbythedowel
bars/anchorboltsconnectingthesuperstructureandsubstructurethroughthebearingholes.
Allothersubstructure/superstructureinterfacesshallbeexpansiontoallowforthermal
movementand/orshrinkageofthesuperstructure.Attheseexpansionconnections,slottedholes
orchaseinthebeamshouldbeprovidedforfreelongitudinalmovementofthesuperstructure.
ForPSCbeamsa1smoothdowel(ASTMA709Grade50)shallbegroutedintothesubstructure
captoprovideconnection.Similarly,aNo.10reinforcingbarshallbeusedasadowelforRCDG
connection.Thesedowelsshallbesizedtoensure2nominalverticalclearancebetweentopof
pinandrecessinthegirder.
3.1.3
UseofChemicalAnchors
TheuseofepoxyinstructuralconnectionsisgenerallyprohibitedbytheDepartment.However,
epoxyuseisacceptablefortheinstallationofbridgejoinsandsidewalkdowelbars.Itisalso
appropriateforuseonstagedconstructionjointsasdefinedbytheEPOXYRESINADHESIVE
generalnote.
3.2
DECKDESIGN
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
Materials
Concrete
31
32
UseClassDconcrete,asspecifiedinSpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures,thathasa28day
designstrengthof4.0ksiasrequiredbyLRFD5.4.2.1.
3.2.1.2
Reinforcement
UseGrade60reinforcement.
3.2.1.3
PSCDeckPanels
PSCdeckpanelsarenolongerusedandshouldnotbeaccommodatedinthebridgedesign.
3.2.2
InteriorSlab
3.2.2.1
DesignMethod
UsetheTraditionalDesign(LRFD9.7.3)utilizingtheapproximatemethodofanalysis(LRFD
4.6.2.1.1),alsoknownastheequivalentstripmethod,todesignreinforcedconcreteslabs.
UseClass2exposureconditionforLRFDequation5.7.3.41.
TheGDOTBridgeOfficeslabdesignprogram,RCSlab(20140501).xmcd,isavailableonthe
Departmentswebsitefordownloadasazipfile.
EmpiricalDesign(LRFD9.7.2)willnotbeallowedfordeckdesignsonbridgesinthestateof
Georgia.
3.2.2.2
Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof.030ksfonallbridges.
3.2.2.3
MinimumSlabThicknessandConcreteCovers
UseTable3.2.2.31todeterminetheminimumslabthickness,thetopconcretecoverandthe
grinding/wearingthickness.Topcoverincludesgrinding/wearingthickness.
Table3.2.2.31 SlabThicknessandConcreteCover
CaseNo.
1
2
3
BridgeLocation
BelowFallLine*
CountyRoadwithADT<2000
BelowFallLine*
AllOtherRoutes
AboveFallLine*
CountyRoadwithADT<2000
MinimumDeck
Thickness
TopCover
Grinding/Wearing
Thickness
AboveFallLine*
AllOtherRoutes
33
*SeeAppendix3AforlocationofFallLine.
Use1forthebottomcoveronalldeckslabs.
3.2.2.4
Detailing
3.2.2.4.1
MainReinforcements
Place#5barstransverselyinthetopandbottomofthedeckasmainreinforcement.The
maximumspacingallowedforthesebarsis9.Theminimumspacingis5toaidinthe
placementofthedeckconcrete.Detailthetopandbottommainreinforcementatdifferent
spacings,asnecessary.
3.2.2.4.2
DistributionReinforcements
Use#4barssetlongitudinallyabovethebottommainbarsasdistributionreinforcement.Place
thesebarsatequalspacesineachbaywith3offsetsfromthecenterlinesofbeams.
Use#4barssetlongitudinallybelowthetopmainbarsfortemperature/shrinkagecontrol.Place
onebaroverthecenterlineofeachbeamandthenplaceadditionalbarsatequalspacesbetween
thebeamsandtotheedgesofthedeckwithamaximumspacingof18.
3.2.2.4.3
ContinuousDeckReinforcement
Insimplespanbridgeswithdecksmadecontinuousatintermediatebents,provide#6barsacross
thebentinthetopmatofthedeck.Placetwo#6barsbetweeneach#4bars.Onlythese#6bars
shouldbecontinuousthroughtheconstructionjointatthebent.Thelengthofthesebarsshould
be100total,50oneachsideofthebent.The#4barsshouldend2fromtheconstruction
joint.
3.2.2.4.4
MaximumReinforcementLengths
Asinglebarofreinforcementshallnotexceed60feetinlength.Whenarebarexceeds60feet,use
alapspliceinaccordancewithLRFD5.11.5.3.1forrebarsinthedeck.Providedetailingandnotes
ontheplansthatcorrespondwiththelapspliceclassselected.
3.2.2.4.5
AdditionalReinforcementinAcuteCorners
Provide5#5barsinafanarrangementinthetopofthedeckjustbelowthetopmatinacute
cornerswhentheenclosedangleis75degreesorless.Thesebars,typically5to10feetlong,are
requiredatthefollowinglocations:
Intermediatebentsinsimplespanbridges
Endsofcontinuousspanunits
Constructionjointsincontinuousspanunits
Temporaryacutecornersadjacenttostagedconstructionjoints
Thedesignershouldensurethatthesebarsareshownatthecornersandplacedadjacenttothe
edgesoftheslabintheplans.
3.2.2.4.6
PlacementofTransverseReinforcement
Onbridgeswithskewangleslessthan85degrees,placethetransversereinforcementnormalto
thecenterlineofthebridgethenclipandbendnearthejoints.Howeveronbridgeswithskew
anglesgreaterthanorequalto85degrees,thetransversereinforcementcanbeplacedparallelto
thejointstoavoidclipping.
Forquantitycalculations,detailtheclippedbarsascontinuousacrossthejoint,ignoringthe
increasedlengthfromclippingandbending.
3.2.3
OverhangSlab
3.2.3.1
DesignMethod
TheoverhangdesignshallbeevaluatedforDesignCase1andDesignCase3asdefinedinLRFD
A13.4.DesignCase1requiresthedesignertoperformthebarrierdesigninaccordancewithLRFD
A13.2andA13.3inadvancetodeterminethehorizontalvehicularimpactloadtransferintothe
overhang.SeeSection3.3.2forbarrierdesign.
3.2.3.2
Loads
UsetheloadtransfervariablesforstandardGDOTbarrierandparapetsections,aspresentedin
Table.Forbarriersnotshowninthetable,useLRFDA13.2andA13.3toverifythebarrierdesign
andtodeterminethenecessaryparametersforoverhangdesign.
3.2.3.3
MinimumSlabThicknessandConcreteCover
Theminimumthicknessoftheoverhangslabshallbethegreaterof:
8(LRFD13.7.3.1.2)
thethicknessoftheinteriorslab
Thetopcoveroftheoverhangshallmatchthetopcoverfortheinteriorslab.
3.2.3.4
3.2.3.4.1
Detailing
CutoffLengthforAdditionalOverhangReinforcement
34
Extendadditionaloverhangreinforcementsteel(#4or#5bars)30beyondthecenterlineofthe
exteriorbeam.
3.2.3.4.2
OverhangWidth
Slaboverhangsshallextendaminimumof6beyondtheexteriorbeamflangetoprovideroom
forthetypicaldripnotchdetail.
Maximumoverhangwidthshallbethelesserof:
47
50%ofthebeamspacing
3.2.4
EpoxyCoatedReinforcement
Useepoxycoatedbarsforthefollowingbridgeslocatednorthofthefallline(seethemapin
Appendix3A):
Mainlineinterstatebridges
Posttensionedconcreteboxgirderbridges
Interstaterampbridges
Bridgesovertheinterstatewithdirectinterstateaccess
Epoxycoatedbarsinthesestructuresshallonlybeusedinthedeck,barrier/parapetandendpost
forreinforcementsthathavelessthan4coverfromasurfacefacingtraffic.Epoxycoatedbarsare
notrequiredinsidewalksandmedians.
3.2.5
Grooving
Allbridgedeckswillbegroovedtowithinonefootofthebarrierorcurbface,asspecifiedin
Section500oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.Groovingisapayitem.Groovingisrequired
underremovablemediansandtemporarysidewalks.
3.2.6
Overlays
Whenitisnecessarytooverlayacastinplaceconcretedeck,useaPortlandCementconcrete
overlay.Theminimumthicknessshouldbe2andthisshouldbeshownonthePlans.Ifthe
overlaycoversonlypartofthedeckandtheremainingpartofthedeckisgrooved,theoverlay
shouldbegrooved.CoordinationwiththeProjectManagerwillbenecessarytoensurethatthe
approachslabelevationsmatchthebridgedeck.
35
Placeamatof#4barsat18incheseachwayinthetopofanoverlaywiththicknessof6inchesor
greatertocontrolcrackingduetotemperatureeffects.Measuretheoverlaythicknessfromthe
topoftheexistingdeckreinforcing.Providethesamecoverontheoverlaysteelasfordecksteel
(SeeSection3.2.2.3).
3.2.7
RideQuality
ThereisadiscrepancybetweenGDOTStandardSpecificationsandtheBridgeOfficepolicyon
bridgessubjecttoprofilographtesting.GDOTStandardSpecification500.3.06.Erequires
profilographtestingonthefollowingbridges:
4ormorelanebridgesonstateroutes
2lanebridgesonstaterouteswith2000ormoreADTincurrentyear
BridgeOfficepolicyrequiresprofilographtestingonthefollowingbridges:
Allbridgesonstateroutes
Allbridgeswith2000ormoreADTindesignyear
Therefore,thefollowinggeneralnoteshallbeplacedontheplansforbridgesthatareincludedin
theBridgeOfficerequirementsbutnotintheGDOTStandardSpecificationsrequirements.
RIDINGQUALITYTHEFINISHEDBRIDGEDECKANDAPPROACHSLABSSHALLMEETTHE
RIDEQUALITYREQUIREMENTSASSPECIFIEDINSUBSECTION500.3.06.EOFTHEGEORGIA
DOTSPECIFICATIONSFORSTATEROUTESWITHFOURLANESORMORE.
3.2.8
DeckCrossSlope
Thecrossslopeofthedeckshouldmatchtheroadwayplans.Typicallythecrossslopeis2%ona
normalcrown,butissometimesshownasinchperfoot.
3.3
BARRIERS,RAILINGS,SIDEWALKSANDMEDIANS
3.3.1
3.3.1.1
Materials
Concrete
UseClassDconcretethathasa28dayspecifieddesignstrengthof4.0ksiinaccordancewithLRFD
5.4.2.1.SeeSpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures.
3.3.1.2
Reinforcement
36
37
3.3.2
Barriers
3.3.2.1
DesignMethod
BarriersshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3.TheLRFDbarrierdesigndata
forsomeGDOTstandardbarriersispresentedinTable3.3.2.11.
Table3.3.2.11
Barrier
(28day
concrete
strength)
TestLevel
Ft
Lt
TypicalStirrup
Spacing
DesignMcatBase
DesignLc
DesignRw
GDOTStandardBarrier
GDOTNew
JerseyBarrier
STypeBarrier
23Parapet
withhandrail*
210Parapet
withfence*
4000psi
4000psi
4000psi
4000psi
TL4
54.0kips
3.5ft
TL4
54.0kips
3.5ft
TL4
54.0kips
3.5ft
TL4
54.0kips
3.5ft
#5at9
#5at11
#5at12
#5at10
19.67kipft/ft
7.51ft
94.73kips
25.38kipft/ft
9.91ft
110.99kips
16.21kipft/ft
9.51ft
105.73kips
19.37kipft/ft
10.39ft
115.08kips
*Numbersbasedonassumed56sidewalkwith1%crossslopeandnormalcrownondeck.
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.2.1
Applications
Bridgeswithsidewalks
Bridgeswithsidewalksshalluseaparapetadjacenttothesidewalkwithachainlinkfenceor
handrailtoachieveaminimumrailheightof36measuredfromthetopofthesidewalkin
accordancewithLRFD13.8and13.9.
Usea210highparapetandachainlinkfenceforbridgesinanurbanarea(MetroAtlanta,
Macon,Columbus,SavannahandAugusta)overaninterstateorotherlimitedaccesshighway,for
allbridgesoverrailroadsorasdirectedbytheBridgeOffice.SeeSection3.3.5forfencedetails.
Usea23parapetandonepipealuminumhandrail(GeorgiaStandard3626)forallotherbridges.
SeeSection3.3.4forhandraildetails.
Thesedetailsarealsousedwhenabicyclerouteispresent,whetherthebiketrafficisontheroad
oronthesidewalk.
3.3.2.2.2
Bridgeswithoutsidewalks
Whenabicyclerouteispresent,providea36highStypeconcretebarrieradjacenttothe
bicycletravelway.ThisreplacesthepreviouslyusedbikeraildetailthatconsistsofawidenedNew
Jerseybarrierwithapiperailontop.
Whenabicyclerouteisnotpresent,providea28highNewJerseyconcretebarrier.However,if
theroadwaysectionusesadifferentbarriershape,thedesignershouldconsidermatchingthe
roadwaybarrier.
IfthebridgeisoveraninterstatehighwayinAtlanta,provideabarrierwithaminimumtopwidth
of13andinstallastraightverticalchainlinkfence,measured60fromthetopofNewJersey
barriertothetopoffenceor50fromthetopofStypebarriertothetopoffence.Coordinate
withtheBridgeOfficeifthissituationexists.Ifthetopwidthiswidened,thebarriermustbe
designedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3inlieuofthevaluesinTable3.3.2.11.
IfthebridgeisoveraCSXTransportationfacility,provideabarrierwithaminimumtopwidthof
13andinstallastraightverticalchainlinkfence,measured60fromthetopofNewJersey
barriertothetopoffenceor50fromthetopofStypebarriertothetopoffence.Ifthetop
widthiswidened,thebarriermustbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDA13.2andA13.3inlieuof
thevaluesinTable3.3.2.11.
3.3.2.2.3
Architecturalrails
Inhistoricareas,anarchitecturalrailmayberequired.TexasC411railandKansasCorralrailare
typicalarchitecturalrailsusedinGeorgia.TheTexasC411railmaybeusedwhensidewalksare
presentandthespeedlimitis45mphorless.TheKansasCorralrailmaybeusedforspeedlimits
upto55mph.DonotuseKansasCorralrailadjacenttosidewalksorwithbicycleroutes.Because
oftheexpenseoftheserails,usethemonlywithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.3.1
Detailing
EndPosts
Whentheendpostisonthesuperstructure,detailsforthereinforcementneednotbeshown,but
theweightofthebarreinforcementmustbeincludedinthelumpsumsuperstructurebar
reinforcementquantity.Theconcreteforanendpostonthebridgesuperstructureshallbe
includedinthelumpsumsuperstructureconcretequantity.
Whentheendpostisanintegralpartofthesubstructure,detailthereinforcementinthebar
reinforcementscheduleandincludetheweightofthereinforcementinthequantityforthe
substructureelement.Includetheconcreteinthequantityforthesubstructureelementaswell.
38
Onthesuperstructureorsubstructuredetails,asappropriate,refertoGeorgiaStandard3054.
Also,specifythelength,widthandheightoftheendpostunderBridgeConsistsOfonthe
GeneralNotessheet.
Whentheendpostisonthesuperstructureandtheendbentisskewed,theendpostmustbe
lengthenedtoextendbeyondthelimitofthepavingrest.Ifthelengthoftheendpostexceeds6
6,additionalP701andP401barsshouldbeaddedsothatthespacingofthesebarsdoesnot
exceed12.Inthiscase,includetheStandardPlanModification(Endpost)noteontheGeneral
NotessheetusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
3.3.2.3.2
ExpansionJointsinBarriers
Expansionjointsshallbeplacedinparapetsandbarriersatalldeckjointsincludingconstruction
joints,dummyjointsandexpansionjoints.Additionalexpansionjointsshallbeaddedtomaintain
amaximumspacingof20feetandaminimumspacingof10feet.
3.3.2.3.3
BarrierWidthModifications
Thetopdimensionshouldbechangedto13whennecessarytoaccommodateafence,railingor
glarescreen.
3.3.3
SidewalksandMedians
3.3.3.1
GeneralRequirements
Sidewalksshallbeusedonallbridgeswheretheapproachingroadwaysectionhascurband
gutter.Exceptforspecialcases,allsidewalksshallbe56wide,measuredfromthegutterlineto
theinsidefaceoftheparapet.Thisaccommodatesa50roadwaysidewalkandincorporatesa6
curb.Specialcasescouldincludesidewalkswherethereisanexcessiveamountofpedestrian
trafficorsidewalkswherebicycletrafficisallowedonthesidewalk.Thedesignershallreceive
approvalfromtheGDOTProjectManagerbeforeproceedingwithdesignofasidewalkthatis
widerthan56.
3.3.3.2
Crossslope
Sidewalksshallbeslopedtowardstrafficat1%crossslope.However,onthehighsideofa
superelevatedbridge,thedesignermayneedtoincreasethecrossslopeonthesidewalkto
provideaminimumsidewalkthicknessof3atthefaceoftheparapet.
3.3.3.3
3.3.3.3.1
Detailing
Joints
39
310
Constructionjointsshallbeprovidedinsidewalksandmediansatdeckconstructionjointsand
dummyjoints.Expansionjointsshallbeprovidedinsidewalksandmediansatdeckexpansion
joints.
3.3.3.3.2
RemovableSidewalkandMedianDetails
Allsidewalksandraisedmediansshallbedetailedasremovable.
3.3.4
Handrailing
3.3.4.1
AluminumHandrailPostSpacing
PostspacingforaluminumhandrailshallcomplywithGeorgiaStandards3626(onepipealuminum
handrail)or3632(twopipealuminumhandrail).GeorgiaStandard3632railingisrarelyused,and
onlywithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.Whilesatisfyingthepostspacingrequirementsonthe
Standards,thefollowingcharacteristicsaredesirable:
a) OtherthanendspacesadjacenttotheYsegment(seeStandards),themaximumchange
fromonespacetothenextshouldbe10.
b) EndspacesadjacenttotheYsegmentshouldbeapproximatelyonehalfofthelengthof
thefirstfullspace.
c) Theminimumpostspacingforfullspacesshouldbe60.
d) TheYsegmentshouldbebetween09and23.
Arrangethepostspacingandtheparapetjointspacingatthesametime,ratherthanselectingthe
parapetjointspacingandthentryingtofitthepostspacingtoit.Sidewalkjointshavenoeffecton
thepostspacing.
3.3.4.2
ModificationofExistingAluminumHandrail
Whenpreparingplansforanexistingbridgewithaluminumhandrailthatistoremain,thehandrail
shallbemodifiedtoachievethefollowingessentialelementsofthecurrentStandards:
a) Therailingshouldbeanchoredtotheendpost.
b) Thespacingofthepostsinthefirsttwospacesadjacenttotheendpostshouldnotexceed
40.
Detailsforhandrailmodificationsshallbeincludedintheplans.
3.3.5
ChainLinkFence
Chainlinkfenceonbridgeparapets/barriersshallbegalvanizedfencefabricwith2square
openings.Galvanizedfencepostlocationsshallbeshownontheplanswithamaximumspacingof
100andaminimumspacingof70.Nopostshallbeplacedwithitscenterwithin10ofa
parapet/barrierjoint.Epoxycoatedchainlinkfenceisnotallowed.
3.3.6
TemporaryBridgeBarrier
Temporarybarriersarerequiredonprojectswithstagedconstruction.Temporarybarrierswillbe
designatedasMethod1orMethod2forpayment.Method1shallbeusedwhenthereis60or
moredistancefromthecenterlineofthetemporarybarriertoanunprotectededgeofthedeck.
Method2shallbeusedwhenthisdistanceislessthan60.Aspecialprovisionisrequiredfor
eithermethodsincetheGDOTStandardSpecificationsarenotupdatedforthecurrenttemporary
barriers.Usea26widebarrierinexaminingstagingoptions.
Whenpreparingbridgeplanswheretemporarybarrieristobeused,thefollowingprocedureshall
befollowed:
a) Estimatethequantityneeded.RefertoGeorgiaStandard4960forallowabletaperrates.
b) Requestthattheroadwaydesignerincludethatquantityintheroadwayplansand
quantities.
c) Intheeventthatquantitiescannotbeshownontheroadwayplans,thequantityrequired
shouldbeshownintheBridgePlansSummaryofQuantitiesunderPayItem6200100Temp
BarrierMethodNo1orPayItem6200200TempBarrierMethodNo2.
3.3.6.1
Method1
Thismethodrequiresthecontractortoprovide,use,relocateandremovethetemporarybarrier
accordingtotheplansandinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification620.Thebarrier
remainsthepropertyofthecontractor.
WhenusingMethod1besuretoaddthefollowingnotetotheGeneralNotes:
TEMPORARYBARRIERS,METHOD1PLACETEMPORARYBARRIERSASSHOWNONTHE
PLANSANDGEORGIASTANDARDNO.4960TOPROVIDEFORTWO120TRAFFICLANES.
SUPPLYANDUSETHEBARRIERINACCORDANCEWITHSPECIALPROVISIONSECTION620.
3.3.6.2
Method2
ThismethodrequiresthecontractortofurnishbarrierthatiscertifiedtomeetNCHRP350
standardsforimpacttesting.Thismethodincludespositiveconnectivityofthebarriertothedeck,
whichtypicallyinvolvesanchoringthebarriertothedeckusingthroughbolts.Therefore,locate
thetrafficfaceofthebarrieratleast9inchesfromtheedgeofthebeamflange.Alsolocatethe
311
barriersotheoutsidebarrierfaceisatleast9inchesfromthetemporaryedgeofdeck.This
shouldbeidentifiedearlyinthedesignsinceitcouldaffectstagingorbeamspacing.
Thismethodalsorequiresthecontractortouse,relocateandremovethetemporarybarrier
accordingtotheplansandinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification620.Thebarrier
remainsthepropertyofthecontractor.
WhenusingMethod2besuretoaddthefollowingnotetotheGeneralNotes:
TEMPORARYBARRIERS,METHOD2PLACETEMPORARYBARRIERSASSHOWNONTHE
PLANSANDGEORGIASTANDARDNO.4960TOPROVIDEFORTWO120TRAFFICLANES.
SUPPLYANDUSETHEBARRIERINACCORDANCEWITHSPECIALPROVISIONSECTION620.
3.4
PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE(PSC)BEAMS
3.4.1
Materials
3.4.1.1
3.4.1.1.1
Concrete
ConcreteFinalStrength(DesignStrength=fc)
Theminimum28dayconcretestrengthforPSCbeamsis5.0ksi.Themaximum28dayconcrete
strengthofPSCbeamswithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis8.0ksi.
Concretestrengthsuptoamaximumof10.0ksiwillbeconsideredforuseindesignuponthe
approvaloftheBridgeOffice.Concretestrengthsof9.0ksiandaboverequireaHighPerformance
Concretespecialprovision.
Finalconcretestrengthsshallbespecifiedin0.5ksiincrements.
3.4.1.1.2
ConcreteReleaseStrength(InitialStrength=fci)
TheminimumconcretereleasestrengthforPSCbeamsis4.5ksi.
Theconcretereleasestrengthshouldbelimitedto7.5ksitofacilitatetypicalfabrication
schedules.However,PSCbeamsusingfinaldesignstrengthsover8.0ksimayrequirehigher
releasestrengths.
Releasestrengthsshallbespecifiedin0.1ksiincrements.
3.4.1.1.3
ConcreteStressLimits
ConcretestresslimitsinPSCbeamsshallbecalculatedinaccordancewithLRFD5.9.4andare
summarizedinTable3.4.1.1.31.
312
313
Table3.4.1.1.31 ConcreteStressLimitsforPSCBeams
Stress/LimitState
InitialCompression
beforeLosses
LRFDReference
LimitStressFormula
5.9.4.1.1
0.60
InitialTension
beforeLosses
Table5.9.4.1.21
0.0948
0.200
FinalCompression,
ServiceI
Table5.9.4.2.11
0.45
0.60
FinalTension,
ServiceIII
Table5.9.4.2.21
0.19
0.0948
(ksi)
(ksi)
(ksi)
(ksi)
(ksi)
(ksi)
Conditions
AtRelease
AtRelease
WithoutTransientLoad
WithTransientLoad
NormalExposure
SevereExposure
NOTES:
a) fcandfcishallbeintheunitsofksifortheaboveequations.
b) Severeexposurecriteriashallapplytoanybridgeoverwaterwayslocatedpartiallyor
completelywithinacoastalcounty.ThecoastalcountiesareChatham,Bryan,Liberty,
McIntosh,Glynn,andCamden.NormalExposurecriteriashallbeusedforallotherbridges.
3.4.1.1.4
UnitWeightandElasticModulus
TheunitweightofplainconcreteshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheformulapresentedinLRFD
3.5.11andwillbeusedinthecalculationofelasticmodulusasspecifiedinLRFD5.4.2.4.This
unitweightshallbeincreasedby.005kcftoaccountforreinforcementandstrandsin
determiningtheselfweightofthebeam.
3.4.1.2
3.4.1.2.1
PrestressingStrands
SelectingProperStrandType
Use0.5inchdiameterspeciallowrelaxationstrandsinAASHTOPSCbeamsanduse0.6inch
diameterlowrelaxationstrandsinBulbTeePSCbeams.0.6inchdiameterstrandscanbeusedin
AASHTOPSCbeamswhentheywouldeliminateabeamlineorallowtheuseofasmallerbeamfor
additionalverticalclearance.
AllprestressingstrandsshallbethesamesizeandtypewithinanyonePSCbeam.
3.4.1.2.2
StrandProperties
UseEp=28,500ksiforthestrandModulusofElasticityinaccordancewithLRFD5.4.4.2.Datafor
prestressingstrandsforuseonPSCbeamsheetsareshowninTable3.4.1.2.21.
314
Table3.4.1.2.21 PropertiesofPrestressingStrands
TYPE
DIAMETER
(in.)
AREA
Aps(in2)
JACKINGFORCE*
Pjack(kip)
0.5Regular
0.5
0.153
30.983
0.5Special
0.5
0.167
33.818
0.6
0.6
0.217
43.943
*Pjack=0.75Apsfpuforlowrelaxationstrands,wherefpu=270ksi
3.4.1.2.3
StrandArrangement
Detailallstraightstrandsina2inchcentertocentergrid,beginning1oneachsideofthe
centerlineofthebeam.
Puttwostrandsperrowintheweb(seeGDOTPSCBeamSheetsformaximumstrandpatterns).
Donotusestraightstrandsinthebottom3rowsofthebeaminthetwocenterstrandlines(1on
eithersideofthecenterlineofthebeam)inordertoprovidespaceforthe7inchhighdowelbar
chaseateachendofthebeam.
3.4.1.2.4
DrapedStrands
Thetwocenterstrandlinesmaybedrapedtocontroleccentricitiesalongthebeamlength.Ahold
downpointfordrapingistypicallylocatedatthemidpointofthebeam.However,dualhold
downpointsmaybeusedifasinglepointwillnotwork.Raisedrapedstrandshighenoughto
clearthedowelbarchaseattheendsofthebeam.
DonotusedrapedstrandsinTypeIModPSCbeams.
3.4.1.2.5
TopStrands
AASHTOTypeIthroughIVbeamsshallbedesignedwiththetoptwostrandsfullystressed.The
prestressingforceinthetopstrandsmaybereducedonlyifnecessarytomakethebeamwork,
nottosavestrandsinthebottom.
AASHTOTypeVbeamsandBulbTeebeamsshallbedesignedwithareducedprestressingforcein
thefourtopstrandsof10kipsminimumeach.
3.4.1.3
Reinforcement
UseGrade60forallreinforcingbars.
3.4.2
DesignMethod
3.4.2.1
Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof0.030ksfonallbridges.
HL93vehicularliveloads(LRFD3.6.1.2.1)shallbeappliedinaccordancewithLRFD3.6.1.3,
includingallapplicablemodificationsforDynamicLoadAllowance(IM:LRFD3.6.2),Multiple
PresenceFactor(m:LRFD3.6.1.1.2)andLiveLoadDistributionFactors(LRFD4.6.2.2).
3.4.2.2
TransformedSection
DonotusetransformedsectionpropertiesforPSCbeamdesign.
3.4.2.3
PrestressLosses
PrestresslossesshallbecalculatedinaccordancewithLRFD5.9.5butelasticgainsshallbe
ignored.
3.4.2.4
ShearDesign
PSCbeamsheardesignshallcomplywithoneofthefollowingmethods:
GeneralProcedureusingtableasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.2andLRFDAppendixB5
GeneralProcedureusingequationsasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.2
SimplifiedProcedureasspecifiedinLRFD5.8.3.4.3
3.4.2.5
AnchorageZoneReinforcement
ProvidetheminimumamountofreinforcementatgirderendsasrequiredbyLRFD5.10.10.
3.4.2.6
CompositeSlabConsideration
Thethicknessofthecompositeslabforstrengthcalculationshallbedecreasedby1/4fromplan
thicknesstoaccommodatethesectionlossfromgroovingandgrindingofdecksurface.However,
theweightofthe1/4shallbeincludedinthedesignloads.
Commentary:AlthoughnotalldecksarerequiredtomeetRideQualityControl,groovingandthe
generaldecksmoothnessrequirementsofGDOTStandardSpecification500.3.06.Dcouldreduce
thetotaldeckthicknessavailableforcompositeaction.Therefore,removing1/4fromthedeck
thicknessshallbeusedforallcases.
3.4.2.7
BeamSpacing
315
ThemaximumbeamspacingwithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis90.Beamspacingsupto
106maybeallowedwithpriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
PSCBeamChartsareprovidedinAppendix3AtoassistthedesignerinselectingpreliminaryPSC
beamspacing.
3.4.3
3.4.3.1
Detailing
ConcreteClearances
Allstrandsmustbecontainedwithinstirrups.Provide1minimumconcretecoverinPSCbeams
(seeGDOTPSCBeamSheets).
3.4.3.2
FasciaBeams
Afasciabeamisanexteriorbeamthatisselectedforuniformappearanceratherthanstructural
efficiency.Whenamultispanbridgeisinavisibleareaandbeamsofdifferentspanshave
differentdepths,afasciabeamshallbeusedontheexterioroftheshorterspanstomatchthe
deeperbeamsofthelongerspan.Fasciabeamsarenotrequiredonbridgescrossingwateror
railroads.
3.4.3.3
CheekWalls
Acheekwallistypicallya4thickconcretewallbuiltupontheendofabentcaptohideajointin
thesuperstructureforimprovingtheappearanceofthebridge.Thecheekwalllengthshallextend
fromcapfacetocapface.Thegapbetweenthefaceofthebottomflangeofthebeamandthe
cheekwallshallbe6orless.Inaskewedbridge,theendofthecapshallbeskewedsothecheek
wallcanbeparalleltothebeamface.
3.4.3.4
LongitudinalBeamDimensions
Donotaccountforverticalgradeswhendetailinglongitudinaldimensionsofbeamsonbridge
plans.Effectsofverticalgradesaretobeincludedinthebeamshopdrawingsprovidedbythe
contractor.
3.4.3.5
AdditionalBulbTeeShapes
TheBridgeOfficehasallowedtheuseof56,65and74BulbTeeshapes.Theseshapeshave
twoinchthickerbottomflangesthantheoriginal54,63and72BulbTeeshapesto
accommodateanotherrowofstrands.TheBridgeDesignReferencewebsitehasdimensionsand
propertiesforthesebeams.UseofthesebeamshapesshallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice
duringpreliminarydesign.
3.4.3.6
StayInPlaceDeckForms
316
Stayinplacemetaldeckformsareusedregularlyandthereforethebeamdesignshallincludean
additional0.016ksfloadtoaccountfortheweightoftheformsincludingtheconcreteinthe
corrugations.
3.4.3.7
DeflectionsonBeamSheets
Onthebeamsheet,donotincludethediaphragmweightinthenoncompositedeflectionsince
thatdeflectionwillhavealreadyoccurredpriortopouringthedeck.Also,donotinclude
deflectionduetofuturepavinginthecompositedeadloaddeflectionsinceitmightneveroccur.
3.4.3.8
StrandForcesonBeamSheets
Makesurethatthetotaljackingforceistheactualsumofthejackingforceperstrand,including
thetopstrands,thatisspecifiedonthebeamsheets.
3.4.3.9
EndSlotsandHoles
Providea1.75"wide,6longand7"deepslotattheexpansionendsofPSCbeams.Providea
1.75diameter,7deepholeatthefixedends.Strandsinthewebnearthebottomofthebeam
willconflictwiththeselocations.Therefore,removethe3bottomrowsofundrapedstrandsin
thewebareatoavoidconflictorraisedrapedstrandshighenoughtocleartheconflictarea.
3.4.3.10
DiaphragmHoles
WhendiaphragmsarenecessaryasspecifiedinSection3.9.1.1,provideholesforthediaphragm
barsand5diameterblockoutsforthenutandwasherasshownontheGDOTPSCBeamSheets.
Thedesignershallensurethatthestandsdonotconflictwiththediaphragmholesorblockouts.
Diaphragmbarsshallbelocatedtoavoidinterferencewithstrandsandutilities.
3.4.3.11
BevelingTopFlange
Forskewedbridges,onlythetopflangeofPSCbeamsshallbebeveledtomatchtheskewofthe
bent.SeetheGDOTPSCBeamSheets.
3.4.3.12
BeamDimensions
Detailgirdersto1/16incrementsandstateontheplansthatthelengthsgivenarehorizontal
dimensionsforinplacegirdersandthatthefabricatorshalladjustthoselengthsforgradeand
fabricationeffectssuchasshrinkageandelasticshortening.
ThedimensionsfromcenterlineofbentorBFPRtocenterlineofbearingshouldbecalculated
alongthebeamcenterlinefirst.Thebearingtobearinglengthiscalculatedbysubtractingthese
dimensionsfromthespanlength.Thebeamlengthiscalculatedbyaddingthedimensions
betweencenterlinesofbearingandbeamends.
317
Ifthebeamlengthcontainsasixteenthofaninch,thehalflengthshownshouldberoundedtoa
sixteenthoraneighthofaninch.
3.4.3.13
ExteriorBeamBracing
Toavoidrotationsofexteriorbeamsduringdeckpours,thefollowingnoteshallbeplacedonthe
decksectionsheetoronthegeneralnotessheetforbridgeswithTypeI,TypeIMod,orFascia
beamswherenodiaphragmsarepresent:
TheContractorshallprovidebracingbetweentheexteriorbeamandthefirstinterior
beamuntilthedeckhasbeenpouredandtheoverhangformsremoved.Allcostsfor
designing,providing,installingandremovingbracingshallbeincludedinpricebidfor
LumpSuperstructureConcrete.
3.4.3.14
BearingPadClearance
Provideaminimumof2"forallPSCbeamsfromtheendofthebeamtotheedgeofthebearing
pad.Thisistoaccommodatethechamferattheendofthebeam(upto3/4forAASHTObeams
and1forBulbTeebeams)anda3/4"toleranceonthelengthofthebeam.
3.4.3.15
3.4.3.15.1
DDimensionandCoping
DDimension
TheDdimensionisthedistancemeasuredfromtopofslabtotopofbeamatthecenterlineof
bearingandisthesumoftheslabthickness,minimumcopingandadditionalcoping.TheD
dimensionshouldbeprovidedontheplansforthecontractorsuse.
TheDdimensionshouldbecalculatedseparatelyforexteriorandinteriorbeamsineachspan
androundedtothenearest1/8inch.ForagroupofDdimensionvaluesthatarewithin1/4
inch,itisacceptabletousethelargestvaluefortheentiregroup.However,itshouldbenoted
thatthiscouldincreaseconcretequantitiesandloadssignificantlyonwideflangedPSCbeams.
3.4.3.15.2
MinimumCoping
Usea3/4inchminimumcopingonAASHTOTypeIMod,TypeIIandTypeIIIPSCbeamsand1
inchesonAASHTOTypeIVandTypeVPSCbeamsandBulbTeePSCbeamstoaccommodate
potentialelevationordeflectionvariationsduringconstruction.
3.4.3.15.3
AdditionalCoping
Thedesignershallconsideradditionalcopingduetoverticalcurve,crossslope,beamthrow,beam
camberandbeamdeflectionbydeadloadexceptforfuturepavingload.
318
3.4.3.15.4
MaximumCoping
Totalcoping(minimumplusadditional)atanypointalongabeamcenterlineshallnotexceed6.
ModifyingthePSCbeamdesignoraddinganadditionalbeamtothecrosssectionareacceptable
methodsforcontrollingthecoping.
3.4.3.15.5
CopingReinforcement
Wherecopingexceeds4inches,provideadditionalreinforcementasshownintheCOPINGcellof
theGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.5
REINFORCEDCONCRETEDECKGIRDERS(RCDGsorTBEAMS)
3.5.1
Materials
3.5.1.1
Concrete
UseClassDconcretethathasa28dayspecifieddesignstrengthof4.0ksi.SeeSpecialProvision
500ConcreteStructures.
3.5.1.2
Reinforcement
3.5.2
DesignMethod
3.5.2.1
Loads
Useafuturepavingallowanceof30psfonallbridges.
WhenLRFDTableA41isnotusedforliveloadmoments,designthedeckforHL93vehicularlive
loading(LRFD3.6.1.2.1)andappliedperLRFD3.6.1.3.3,includingallapplicablemodificationsfor
DynamicLoadAllowance(IM:LRFD3.6.2)andMultiplePresenceFactors(m:LRFD3.6.1.1.2).
3.5.2.2
BeamSpacing
ThemaximumbeamspacingwithoutpriorBridgeOfficeapprovalis90.Beamspacingupto10
6maybeallowedwithpriorapprovalfromtheBridgeOffice.
Standardbeamspacingfortypicalbridgewidthsareasfollows:
a) 38footwide(guttertogutter):5beamsspacedat8'6"
319
b) 40footwide(guttertogutter):5beamsspacedat9'0"
c) 44footwide(guttertogutter):6beamsspacedat8'0"
3.5.2.3
BeamDepths
Astandardbeamdepthof23fromtopofdecktothebottomofbeamisusedonspansof30
while29isusedon40spans.
3.5.3
Detailing
3.5.3.1
Diaphragms
DiaphragmswillnotberequiredonRCDGbridgeswithspansequalorlessthan40feet.
3.5.3.2
Bearings
TherearespecialrulesforbearingpadsunderRCDG(seesection3.12).
3.5.3.3
Stirrups
UseNo.4stirrupsplacedperpendiculartothebeamcenterlinealongthelengthoftheRCDG.At
theendofRCDGsonskewedbridges,place3stirrupsatvaryinganglestotransitionfrom
perpendiculartothebeamcenterlinetoparalleltotheskewedend.
3.5.3.4
TDimension
Tdimensionisthedistancemeasuredfromthebottomofthebeamtothetopofthecapatthe
capfacesandisusedtomaintainthedesignbeamdepthforthefullbeamlength.Theminimum
Tdimensionisthebearingpadthicknessplusanadditional1/2inchthicknessforconstruction
tolerance.Whenbridgedeckelevationsaredifferentfromonecapfacetotheother,theT
dimensiononthehighersideshallbetheminimumpluselevationdifference.
TheTdimensionisdetailedtothenearest1/8inchontheplans.
3.6
STEELBEAMS
3.6.1
General
Steelsuperstructuresaregenerallynotpreferredduetothehighcostoffabricationandlongterm
maintenanceincomparisontoconcretebridgesofsimilarspanlengths.However,longspan
lengthsorthewideningofexistingbridgesmayrequiretheuseofsteelbeams.Theuseofsteel
superstructuresshallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOfficepriortodevelopmentofthepreliminary
layout.AhigherlevelofscrutinywillbeplacedonprojectsinChatham,Bryan,Liberty,McIntosh,
GlynnandCamdencountiesduetotheircoastalenvironment.
320
3.6.2
Materials
StructuralSteel:
MainMembers:ASTMA709,Grade50(Fy=50ksi)
BearingAssembliesandnonstructuralcomponents:ASTMA709,Grade36(Fy=36ksi)
TheuseofGrade70HighPerformanceSteel(HPS)shallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOfficepriorto
proceedingwithanydesign.TheuseofGrade100orhigherHPSisprohibited.
Theuseofunpaintedweatheringsteelonhighwaybridgesisprohibited.
3.6.3
DesignMethod
SteelsuperstructureshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDSection6,SteelStructures.
Thestrengthcontributionofnegativemomentreinforcementintheslabisgenerallyignored.
3.6.4
Fatigue
SteelbeamsshallbedesignedforfatiguebasedonDetailCategoriesandAverageDailyTruck
Trafficinasinglelane(ADTTSL)inaccordancewithLRFD6.6.1.ADTTSLshallbecalculatedby
extrapolatingthetrafficdataandmodifyinginaccordancewithLRFD3.6.1.4.2,asshowninthe
followingexample:
GIVEN:
ADT(2013)=20000
ADT(2033)=30000
%Trucks=5%
Directional=60%
NumberofTrafficLanesinDirectionofInterest=2
FIND:ADTTSLtobeusedforfatiguedesignlifeof75years
SOLUTION:
ADT(2088)=ADT(2013)+75/20x[ADT(2033)ADT(2013)]=20000+75/20x[30000
20000]=57500
AverageADTinDesignLife=[ADT(2013)+ADT(2088)]/2=38750
ADTinSingleDirection=38750x60%=23250
ADTTinSingleDirection=23250x5%=1162.5
321
FractionofTruckTrafficinSingleLane,P=0.85(LRFD3.6.1.4.2for2lanes)
ADTTSL=1162.5x0.85=988
Fatiguelimitstate,eitherFatigueIorFatigueII,shallbeselectedbasedonADTTSLandtheDetail
Category,asspecifiedinLRFD6.6.1.2.3.
3.6.5
Detailing
3.6.5.1
PlateSizing
3.6.5.1.1
Flanges:
Thefollowingplatedimensionlimitsshallbeapplied:
Minimumthickness:3/4
Maximumthickness:2(Upto4withBridgeOfficeapproval)
Minimumwidth:12
Maximumwidth:36
Designersshouldminimizethenumberofchangestoflangedimensionsalongabeamtoreduce
thecostoflaborduringconstruction.Aminimumlengthofflangeplateisrecommendedtobe12
feet.Itisalsorecommendedtomakechangestoflangethicknessesratherthanflangewidths.
Thelargerflangethicknessatanytransitionshouldbelimitedto1.5timesthethinnerflange
thickness.
Duetoweldingandfatigueconsiderations,designersshouldavoidathicktensionplateby
decreasingbeamspacingand/orincreasingplatewidth.
3.6.5.1.2
Webs:
Thefollowingplatedimensionlimitsshallbeapplied:
Minimumthickness:3/8
Maximumthickness:1
Minimumheight:36
Nomaximumheight(120maybeapracticallimit)
Changestowebthicknessarediscouragedduetohighcost.Thedesignershouldevaluate
increasingthewebthicknessversususingtransversestiffenersforeconomy.Thickenedwebsare
generallymoreeconomicalforwebdepthsof72inchesandless,whilestiffenedwebsare
generallymoreeconomicalforwebdepthsgreaterthan72inches.
Useoflongitudinalstiffenersisprohibited.
322
3.6.5.2
3.6.5.2.1
DDimensionandCoping
DDimension
TheDdimensionforsteelbeamsisthedistancemeasuredfromtopofslabtotopofwebatthe
centerlineofbearingandisthesumoftheslabthickness,topflangethickness,minimumcoping
andadditionalcoping.TheDdimensionshouldbeprovidedontheplansforthecontractors
use.
TheDdimensionshouldbecalculatedseparatelyforexteriorandinteriorbeamsineachspan
androundedtothenearest1/8inch.ForagroupofDdimensionvaluesthatarewithin1/4
inch,itisacceptabletousethelargestvaluefortheentiregroup.However,itshouldbenoted
thatthiscouldincreaseconcretequantitiesandloadssignificantlyonwideflangedbeams.
3.6.5.2.2
MinimumCoping
Usea3/8inchminimumcopingonsteelbeamstoaccommodatepotentialelevationordeflection
variationsduringconstruction.
3.6.5.2.3
AdditionalCoping
Thedesignershallconsideradditionalcopingduetoverticalcurve,crossslope,beamthrow,beam
camberandbeamdeflectionbydeadloadexceptforfuturepavingload.
3.6.5.3
MembersSubjecttoTensileStresses
ThefollowingnoteshallbeincludedontheGeneralNotessheetforsteelbeamorgirderbridges:
CHARPYVNOTCHTESTALLWBEAMSANDALLCOMPONENTSOFALLPLATEGIRDERSARE
MAINLOADCARRYINGMEMBERSSUBJECTTOTENSILESTRESSANDSHALLMEETTHE
CHARPYVNOTCHTESTREQUIREMENTSASSPECIFIEDBYSECTION851OFTHEGEORGIADOT
SPECIFICATIONS.
Thebeamdetailssheetsshouldalsohaveasymbol(CVN)indicatingwhichcomponentsrequire
CharpyVNotchtesting.
3.6.5.4
ShearConnectors
Use3/4inchdiameterendweldedstudsforshearconnectors.Shearconnectorsshallpenetrate
intotheslabatleast2inches,butthetopofthestudheadshallbe3inchesbelowthetopofthe
deck.Useofthesameheightstudthroughoutthebridgeisrecommended.Shearstudsshallnot
belocatedinnegativemomentregions.
323
Whenreplacingthedeckonexistingsteelbeamsthatarenoncomposite,addshearconnectorsin
pairs18inchesapartinthepositivemomentregionsofcontinuousbeamsandthroughoutsimple
spanbeams.
3.6.5.5
StiffenersandGussetPlates
StiffenersshallbesizedandattachedtothegirdersinaccordancewithLRFD6.10.11.Gusset
platesfordiaphragmsshallbeweldedtotheweb,topflangeandbottomflange.Webstiffeners
shallbeweldedtothewebandtightfittothecompressionflange.Bearingstiffenersshallbe
weldedtothewebandmilledtobearagainsttheloadbearingflange.
3.6.5.6
BeamCamber
Camberdiagramsareonlyrequiredforcontinuousspans.Thefollowingnoteshouldbeincluded
withcamberdiagrams:
CAMBERORDINATESHOWNINCLUDESDEADLOADDEFLECTIONDUETOTHEBEAM,SLAB,
COPING,RAILING,SIDEWALKANDMEDIAN,ANDINCLUDESTHEVERTICALCURVE
ORDINATE.
3.6.5.7
Splices
Onlongspanbridges,thedesignershallconsiderhowthebeamswillbetransportedtothe
projectsite.Themaximumlengthofbeamthatmaybetransportedonstateroutesislimitedto
about170ft.Themaximumlegalloadis180,000lbs,including45,000lbsforthetruck.
Therefore,mostlongspanbridgeswillrequirefieldsplices.
Allfieldsplicesshallbeweldedwithfullpenetrationbuttwelds.Boltedsplicesarenot
recommended,exceptforboxgirders.
Fieldsplicesshallbelocatednearpointsofcontraflexurefordeadloads.
Allbuiltupgirdersshallbedesignedwithstiffenersadjacenttothesplicepoint.Toprovideroom
forwelding,grindingandtesting,stiffenersshallbelocated12inchesfromthesplice.Studs
shouldnotbeplacedwithin12inchesofasplice.
3.6.5.8
FasciaGirders
Afasciabeamisanexteriorbeamthatisselectedforuniformappearanceratherthanstructural
efficiency.Whenamultispanbridgeisinavisibleareaandbeamsofdifferentspanshave
differentdepths,afasciabeamshallbeusedontheexterioroftheshorterspanstomatchthe
deeperbeamsofthelongerspan.Fasciabeamsarenotrequiredonbridgescrossingwateror
railroads.
324
Whenfasciabeamsareusedinshortendspans,thedeadloaddeflectionsmayvaryconsiderably,
withthefasciabeamshavingmuchlessdeflectionthantheinteriorbeams.Construction
problemsmayoccurwhenthesespansarepoured,suchasthincoveronslabsteelifinterior
beamsdonotdeflectasnoted.
Thedesignershallexamineiftheuseofequaldepthbeamsiseconomicallyviable.Incaseswhere
equaldepthbeamsarenotfeasible,thedesignershalldetailincreasedcoverovertheslabsteelto
ensurethatadequatecoverisobtainedduringconstruction.
3.6.5.9
ExistingExtensionTabsandBackUpStrips
Forwideningprojectsincludingstructuralsteelmembers,BridgeMaintenanceUnitmayrequest
thatanyoldextensiontabsand/orbackupstripsberemoved.Thedesignershallensurethatthis
workisincludedintheplans.
3.6.5.10
CoverPlatesforRolledSteelBeams
Theuseofcoverplatedmembersisprohibited.Whenwideningabridgethathascoverplated
members,theuseofalargermemberissuggested.
3.6.6
Welding
Thedesignershallindicateontheplansifthediaphragmsandcrossframesshallbewelded
beforeoraftertheplacementofthedeck.Diaphragmsorcrossframesthatarenotplaced
paralleltothecenterlineofbentshallbeweldedafterpouringthedeck.
Donotusegrooveweldingforconnectionbetweenagussetplateanddiaphragm/crossframe
becauseoftheneedforbackupplatesandspecialweldingprocedures.Useabentplateforthe
attachmentofskeweddiaphragmsorcrossframestothegussetplates.
Inordertopreventcracksinthegrooveweldfromdevelopingwherebackingstripsare
discontinuous,thedesignershallnotethatallbackingstripsarecontinuousforthelengthofthe
weldorthatanyjointsinthebackingstripareconnectedbyfullpenetrationbuttweldson
structuralsteelshopdrawings.
Nointersectingweldswillbeallowedonstructuralsteelbridgeplansorshopdrawingstoprevent
crackpropagationfromweldsinthatarea.Basemetalintheintersectionareaofweldsshallbe
coped4timesthethicknessofthewebor2inches,whicheverisgreater.
Electroslagweldingisnotpermittedonbridgemembers.
Whendesigningforfatigue,allweldsshallbeclassifiedasCategoryCorbetterasdefinedinLRFD
6.6.1.2.3.
325
3.6.7
Paint
AllnewstructuralsteelshallbepaintedwithSystemVIIregardlessofthebridgelocationinthe
state.ExistingstructuralsteeloutsidethenonattainmentareasshallbepaintedwithSystemVII
andexistingstructuralsteelinsidenonattainmentareasshallbepaintedwithSystemVI.For
paintingofHpiles,seeSection4.4.2.3.
3.6.8
SalvageofStructuralSteel
Structuralsteelfromplategirderswillnotbesalvaged.
WhentheBridgeMaintenanceUnitrecommendssalvagingstructuralsteelfromarolledbeam
continuousunit,thedesignershallensurethatdirectionsfordisassemblyareincludedwiththe
recommendation.SeeSection2.7.
Incaseswhereexistingstructuralsteelistobereusedontheproject,thefollowingnoteshallbe
placedontheGeneralNotesSheet:
EXISTINGSTRUCTURALSTEELALLEXISTINGSTRUCTURALSTEELWHICHISDISTURBEDOR
DAMAGEDINANYWAYDURINGCONSTRUCTIONSHALLBESTRAIGHTENEDAND/OR
REPAIREDUNDERTHESUPERVISIONOFTHEINSPECTIONSECTIONOFTHEOFFICEOF
MATERIALS,ANDCLEANEDANDREPAINTEDPERTHEGEORGIADOTSPECIFICATIONS.
3.6.9
BeamCorrections
Whenstructuralsteelfabricatorsplaceholesatthewronglocationinbridgemembers,the
fabricatorswillberequiredtofillthemisplacedholeswithhighstrengthbolts(A325orA325
weathering)tightenedinaccordancewiththeGDOTStandardSpecifications.
Allcorrectiveworkutilizingheatprocedurestoobtainacceptabletolerancespertainingtosweep
andcamber,ortorepairdamagedstructuralsteelbeamsshallbedocumentedandfiledinthe
appropriateprojectfile.Thesedocumentsshallcontainasketchshowingthelocations,
temperatureanddurationoftheheatapplied.Theamountofsweep,camberordamageshallbe
documentedbothbeforeandaftertheheatcorrectivework.Ifpossible,photographsofthe
beamsshouldbetakenbeforeandafterallcorrectiveworkutilizingheatprocedures.
3.7
POSTTENSIONEDBOXGIRDERS
3.7.1
General
326
PosttensionedboxgirdersshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFDSpecificationSection5
Concrete.
3.7.2
Dimensions
Themaximumcantileveroverhangbeyondtheexteriorwebshallbe96.Thedesignershall
considerprovidingadequateverticalandhorizontalclearanceforrequiredfalseworkfor
construction.
3.7.3
3.7.3.1
Materials
Concrete
PosttensionedconcreteboxesshouldbedesignedwithClassAA1concreteasaminimum,but
ClassAAAconcretemaybenecessaryifhigher28daystrengthisrequired.
3.7.3.2
EpoxyCoatedReinforcement
EpoxycoatedreinforcingsteelshallbeusedasspecifiedinSection3.2.4.
3.7.4
UseofStayInPlaceDeckForms
Donotusestayinplaceconcreteorsteeldeckformsorpanelsforthetopslaboftheboxgirder.
3.7.5
CellDrains
4diametercelldrainsshallbeprovidedatthelowpointofallclosedcellboxes.
3.7.6
PostTensionedDuctsDetailing
Clearances,ductspacingandductsupportsaddlesshallbefullydetailedonthebridgeplansas
showninSection509,Figures1&3oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications,exceptthattheclear
spacingbetweenductsshallnotbelessthan1.5inchesinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.3.3.2.
3.7.7
DetailingofAnchorageBlisters
Thedimensions,clearances,andreinforcingsteelshallbefullydetailedonthebridgeplansas
showninSection509,Figure2oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
3.7.8
OpenGrateAccessDoors
Concreteboxgirderscarryingwatermainsshallhaveopengrateaccessdoorsineverybayateach
endofthebridgetoprovideemergencywaterrunoutifthewatermainleaksorbreaks.
3.7.9
GasLinesonPostTensionedBoxGirders
327
Thedesignershallnotdetailgaslinesinsidetheclosedcellofboxgirdersunlessspecifically
instructedbytheBridgeOffice.Inthiscase,thedesignershouldbeawareofthefollowingcriteria
andshouldconsideraccommodatingthemintheplanswhereapplicable:
a) Increasethewallthicknessofthepresentpipebeingusedonbridgestructures.
b) Ensureallweldedlinesarecompletedbycertifiedwelders.
c) Requireahydrostatictestofthepipe.
d) Detaila6ventineachendcell.
e) Detailamalleableirontestinsertwithreplaceablerubberplugineachcell.
f)
Provideaccesstoallowforgasleakdetection,pipeinspectionandrepair.
g) Verifythatalllinesarelowpressure.
3.7.10 SegmentalConstructionAlternateforPTBoxes
Whenasegmentalconstructionalternateistobeallowedonposttensionedboxgirderbridges,
thefollowingnoteshallbeincludedintheBridgePlans:
SEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONPROPOSALSFORCONSTRUCTIONBYSEGMENTALMETHODS
MAYBESUBMITTEDFORCONSIDERATIONASANALTERNATETOTHEMETHODSHOWNINTHE
PLANS.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLINCLUDEASETOFCONSTRUCTIONDRAWINGSANDCOMPLETE
DESIGNCALCULATIONS.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLCONFORMTOTHELATESTAASHTOLRFD
BRIDGEDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSANDNOTENSIONSTRESSINTHECONCRETEAFTERLOSSES
SHALLBEALLOWED.ALLPROPOSALSSHALLALSOCONFORMTOTHEGEORGIADOT
SPECIFICATIONSANDWILLBESUBJECTTOAPPROVALBYTHESTATEBRIDGEENGINEER.IF
APPROVEDFORUSE,THEALTERNATESEGMENTALCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSSHALLBEATNO
EXTRACOSTTOTHEDEPARTMENTANDWITHNOINCREASEINCONTRACTTIME.
3.8
PRECASTPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBOXBEAMS
Atbridgesitesinvolvingthecrossingofdeeprailroadcutsorstreamsofsubstantialwidthwith
shallowwater(floatingequipmentnotfeasible),prestressedconcreteboxeslongerthan40feet
shouldnotbeusedwhen(1)siteconditionsmayprohibittheplacingofliftingequipmentinthe
areabelowthebridge,and(2)itisnotfeasibletoerecttheboxesfromthebridgedeck.
Ifspansaretobeerectedfromabove,thebridgemustbedesignedtoaccommodatethe
constructionprocedureandtheerectionequipment.
Whendesigningusingthe15x40(432x1219mm)2cellprestressedboxbeam,thedetails
showninFigure3.81shallbeusedasaguideinordertoobtainamaximumconsistencyinour
detailing.ThedesignershallbeguidedbythisFigurenotonlyastothegeometricconfigurationof
328
329
theconcretesection,butalsoastothesizeofnonprestressedstrands,detailsfordowelchases,
transversethreadedbars,anddetailsfordeckdrains.
Figure3.81
ConcreteBoxBeam
3.9
DIAPHRAGMSANDCROSSFRAMES
3.9.1
3.9.1.1
ConcreteGirders
DiaphragmRequirements
Onelineofdiaphragmsshallbeprovidedonornearbeammidpointsforspansover40feetlong
anddetailedinaccordancewiththeGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Steeldiaphragmsarenotallowed.
3.9.1.2
LocationofDiaphragmsonSkewedBridges
Onskewedbridges,diaphragmsshallbeplacedperpendiculartothebeamandlocatedsothata
linethroughthebeammidpointscrossesthediaphragmatmidbay.Thisresultsinabeamthat
hastwosetsofdiaphragmholesequallyspacedoneachsideofthebeammidpoint.Incases
whentheskewangleapproaches90degrees,thesediaphragmholeswillbetooclosetogetherto
fabricateindependentlyandthediaphragmmaybecastonaskewtointersecteachbeammid
point.
ShowthedistancefromB.F.P.R.orcenterlineofbenttothediaphragmonthedeckplansheetor
beamlayoutasappropriate.
3.9.2
SteelGirders
3.9.2.1
DiaphragmandCrossFrameRequirements
DiaphragmsorCrossFramesforsteelgirderbridgesshallbedesignedinaccordancewith
Section3.7,LRFD6.7.4,anddetailedinaccordancewiththeGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Where
necessary,Xtypecrossframesarepreferred.
3.9.2.2
BracingforExteriorSteelBeams
Topreventbucklingofexteriorbeamsduringdeckpours,thefollowingnoteshallbeplacedonthe
decksectionsheetforbridgeswithsteelbeamsorgirders:
TheContractorshallprovidebracingbetweentheexteriorbeam(girder)andthefirst
interiorbeam(girder)untilthedeckhasbeenpoured,theoverhangformshavebeen
removedandthediaphragms(crossframes)havebeenwelded.Allcostsfordesigning,
providing,installingandremovingbracingshallbeincludedinpricebidforLump
StructuralSteel.
3.10 EDGEBEAMS
3.10.1 General
Edgebeamsshallbeusedatthediscontinuousedgesofthedeck.Stirrupsintheedgebeamshall
extendintothedeck.StandardedgebeamsizeandreinforcingcanbefoundintheGDOTBridge
CellLibrary.
Whenthedepthofedgebeamneedstobeadjustedtoaccommodateutilitiesortomatchan
adjacentspan,thedesignershallensureaminimumdepthof18inchesmeasuredfromtopof
beam.Whenutilitiespassthroughedgebeams,provideadditionalreinforcement(typicallyNo.4
bars)aroundtheopening.
Instagedconstruction,conflictsmayoccurbetweentheexistingstructureandexposededge
beamreinforcementrequiredforlapping.Inthiscasethedesignershalldetailbarcouplersatthe
stageline.Couplersarenotpaidforseparatelybutrequireaspecialprovision.
330
331
Whenthebottomoftheedgebeamdoesnotextendtothebottomofweb(e.g.whenmatching
anadjacentspansedgebeam)orwhenthebridgeskewislessthan75degrees,includethe
followingnoteontheDeckSectionSheetofallmultispanbridgeplans:
Donotremoveedgebeamformsuntildeckispouredandreaches28dayconcrete
strength
3.10.2 DetailingforPSCBeamBridge
PSCbeamsshallpenetrateintotheedgebeamsuchthatthecenterlineofthePSCbeamis
embeddedaminimumof4.Increasethethicknessoftheedgebeamwhennecessarytoachieve
thisrequirement.
ForreinforcementofanedgebeamatanexteriorBulbTeebeam,adda5footlonghorizontalNo.
3barjustbelowthetopofthebeamandaverticalNo.4Lshapedbaralongthebeamcenterline
withthe90degreebendoverthetopofthebeam.SeeFigure3.10.21fordetails.
Figure3.10.21 AdditionalReinforcementforEdgeBeam
Invisibleareasthedesignershallensuretheedgebeamisflushwiththeentireexteriorbeamface
tothebottomofthebeamforasmoothcontinuouslooktothebeams.Intheexteriorbay,detail
a1:1slopedfilletfromthebottomoftheedgebeamtothetopofthebottomflangeofthe
exteriorbeam.Thisallowstheconcretetoflowintothebottomflangeareaofthebeam.Adda
No.4slantedUshapedbaralongtheslopedfilletintotheareabehindthebottombeamflange.
SeealsoFigure3.10.21fordetails.
3.10.3 DetailingforSteelBeamBridge
Whenreplacingedgebeamsonexistingrolledsteelbeam/plategirderbridgesthatrequirenew
holesbeprovidedintheexistingbeamsforedgebeambars,placeanoteontheplansthatthe
contractorshalldrill3holesateachbarlocation.
3.10.4 DetailingforRCDGBridge
BecauseRCDGsareconstructedspanbyspan,itmaybedifficulttoinstalltransverse800barsin
theedgebeamwiththe600continuitybarsinplacefromthepreviousspan.Inthiscase,place
thefollowingnoteonthedecksectionsheet:
Atcontractorsoption,800barinedgebeammaybespliced.One50lapsplice
willbeallowedatCLbridge.Noadditionalpaymentwillbemadeforoptional
splices.
Ifthereisabeamatthebridgecenterline,modifythenoteabovetolocatethesplicebetween
beams.
WhencontractorsreplaceRCDGswithprecaststems/beams,thedesignershallensurethatedge
beamscomplywiththedetailsfromtheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.11 ENDWALLS
3.11.1 General
Endwallsshallbeprovidedatendbentstoretainthefillbelowtheapproachslabandbetweenthe
wingwalls.
Endwalllengthistypicallythesameasthelengthoftheendbentcap.Endwallwidthistypically
onehalfthewidthoftheendbentcapbetweenbeams(18minimum)andthefullwidthofthe
endbentcapbetweentheexteriorbeamandwingwall.PSCbeamsshallpenetrateintothe
endwallsuchthatthecenterlineofthePSCbeamisembeddedaminimumof4.
3.11.2 Detailing
TypicalendwallreinforcingisprovidedintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
Instagedconstruction,conflictsmayoccurbetweentheexistingstructureandexposedendwall
reinforcementrequiredforlapping.Inthiscasethedesignershalldetailbarcouplersatthestage
line.Couplersarenotpaidforseparatelybutrequireaspecialprovision.
Atexpansionendwallsinaskewedbridge,theendbentcapstepsaretypicallynotskewed.
However,thedesignershouldbeawarethatthemovementoftheendwallcouldbeimpededby
thecapstepsinahighlyskewedbridge.SeeSection4.3forendbentdetailingrequirements.
332
333
Twofeetofwaterproofingshallbeplacedonthejointbetweentheendwallandcap,in
accordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification530.Thisdetailisshownontheendwallcellsinthe
GDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.12 BEARINGS
3.12.1 BearingSelection
ThegeneralpreferenceforbearingselectionisshowninTable3.12.11.
Table3.12.11
BearingSelectionbyBridgeTypeandSpan
BridgeType
TBeamand
TypeIModbeam
Distance,d,
frompointof
fixitytobearing
d40
Recommended
Bearings
U
40<d160
OtherAASHTOType
andBulbTeebeams
40<d200
SteelBeamsor
PlateGirders
d50
50<d160
d>160
SteelBeamWidening
R,SB
R,SBL
P
Matchexisting
bearings
Remarks
Fordinexcessof160
bearingstypicallybecome
unstableinsliding.
Limitedbylengthofchase,
seismicshearondowel,and
beamstability
Glossary:
U:
Plainelastomericpad
R:
Steelreinforcedelastomericbearing
SB:
Platebearingswithsoleandbearingplatesonly
SBL:
Platebearingswithsole,bearing,andlubeplatesatexpansionends
P:
PotBearing
UseofdifferentbearingsfromthoseshowninTable3.12.11shallbeapprovedbytheBridge
Officeatthestartoffinaldesignphase.TheBridgeOfficehasnostandarddetailsforreinforced
elastomericpadsundersteelbeams.
3.12.2 PlainElastomericPadsandSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings
3.12.2.1
3.12.2.1.1
Materials
Neoprene
Use60DurometerShoreAhardnessneoprene,grade2orhigherasspecifiedinAASHTOM251,
withashearmodulusbetween130psiand200psi.
3.12.2.1.2
ReinforcedPlates(ForSteelReinforcedElastomericBearings)
a) LoadPlates:Use3/16thickloadplatesmeetingASTMA709Grade36orASTMA1011
Grade36.
b) InternalPlates:Use10gage,12gageor14gageinternalplates,ifnecessary,meetingASTM
A709Grade36orASTMA1011Grade36.
3.12.2.2
DimensionsandClearances
DetailingofelastomericpadscanbefoundontheGDOTElastomericBearingsheets.
3.12.2.2.1
BasicShape
Elastomericpadsshouldberectangularandshouldbeplacedflatwiththepadlengthparallelto
thebeamcenterline.Lengthandwidthareincrementedbywholeinchesandthicknessis
incrementedby1/8.Theuseoftaperedpadsisprohibited.
3.12.2.2.2
Width
Thewidthofthepadshallbeatleast2narroweroneachsidethanthenominalwidthofthe
bottomflangeofAASTHOTypeIIIandlargerPSCbeamsandatleast1narrowerwithsmallerPSC
beams,RCDGsandsteelbeams.Thiswillallowforbeamchamfers,toleranceinfabricationofthe
beam,andtheuseofashimplatesifnecessary.
3.12.2.2.3
SealingRibs
A3/16sealingribshallbeusedonthetopandbottomofpadsforprecastbeamsandshallnotbe
usedforcastinplacebeams.
3.12.2.3
3.12.2.3.1
PlainElastomericPad(U)
Application
PlainelastomericpadsshallbeprovidedforRCDGsandTypeIModbeamswherethedistance
fromthebearingtothepointoffixityis40feetorless.ForTypeIModbeams,whenthebridgeis
onagrade,ensurethatthebottomofbeammaintainsaminimum1/4inchclearanceabovethe
topofcapfortheentirewidthofthecap.
334
3.12.2.3.2
Dimensions
Thepadsshallbe9x16xandnofurtheranalysisisrequired.
3.12.2.3.3
ContractorRedesignofRCDGBridge
AnoteshallbeplacedonthebearingsheetstatingthatiftheContractorredesignsaRCDGbridge
touseprecastbeams,plainelastomericbearingpadsshallremainasshownontheplans.
3.12.2.3.4
UseonExistingBridges
WhenwideningorparallelingaTbeambridge,thedesignershallreviewtheexistingbridge
conditionsurveyforrecommendationsoninstallingplainelastomericpadsundertheexisting
beams.IfthisrecommendationisagreedtobytheStateBridgeEngineer,then9x14x
unreinforcedpadswithslotstopassaroundthedowelbarshallbespecified.Payitem5181000
RaiseExistingBridge,Sta.shouldbeincludedintheSummaryofQuantitiestocoverallcostsfor
supplyingandinstallingthesepads.Thisrequiresaspecialprovision.
3.12.2.4
3.12.2.4.1
SteelReinforcedElastomericBearings(R)
Application
SteelReinforcedElastomericbearingsarepreferredforusewithprestressedconcretebeams,
rolledsteelbeams,andRCDGbridgeswherethedistancetopointoffixityisgreaterthan40feet.
3.12.2.4.2
ContractorRedesignofTBeamBridges
AnoteshallbeplacedonthebearingsheetstatingthatiftheContractorredesignsaRCDGbridge
touseprecastbeams,thesteelreinforcedelastomericbearingsshallberedesignedaccountingfor
thenewloadsandrotationsinaccordancewiththissection.
3.12.2.4.3
DesignMethod
BearingPadsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFD14.7.6ElastomericPadsandSteel
ReinforcedElastomericBearingsMethodA.
3.12.2.5
3.12.2.5.1
Detailing
AnchorageHoles
A3diameterholeshallbeprovidedatthecenterofthebearingtoallowfora1smoothdowel
(ASTMA709Grade50)forPSCbeamsorNo.10barforRCDGsconnectingthesuperstructureand
substructure.
3.12.2.5.2
UniformDesign
335
Inordertoreduceconstructionerrorsandthenumberoftestpadsrequiredforaproject,the
engineershouldminimizethenumberofpaddesigns.Thisrequirementdoesnotrelievethe
engineerfromperforminganalysistoensurethedesignadequacyofeachpad.
3.12.2.5.3
ShimPlatesforPSCBeamsandSteelBeams
Ifasteeplongitudinalgradeproducesanelevationchangeof1/8orgreateracrossthelengthofa
pad,agalvanizedsteelshimplateshallbeused.Steelshimplatesshallhave1/4minimum
thicknessonthethinedgewiththethickedgedetailedtothenearest1/8thickness.Shimplates
shallbe2largerthanthepadineachplandimensionwithholesfabricatedtomatchtheholesin
thepadandshallbeplacedontopofthepad.
3.12.2.5.4
AnchorBolts
Anchorboltsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjacking
projects,anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirements
shallbeappliedasappropriate.
3.12.3 PotBearings
3.12.3.1
Application
Potbearingsarepreferredforusewithsteelplategirders,largerolledsteelbeamsorboxgirders.
3.12.3.2
DesignMethod
PotbearingsaretobedesignedbytheContractorinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDSpecifications.
AnoteshallbeprovidedrequiringtheContractortoprovideshopdrawingsforthebearings.The
followingnoteshallbeprovidedonthesubstructuresheetstoallowforcapelevation
adjustments:
ElevationsshownforthetopandbottomofthecaparebasedontheXdimensionshown
onthePotBearingDetailssheet.TheseelevationsshallbeadjustedbytheContractorto
accountfortheactualheightofthepotbearingtobeused.Bentcapconcreteshallnotbe
poureduntilthepotbearingshopdrawingshavebeenapprovedandnecessaryadjustments
havebeenmade.
3.12.3.3
Loads
Thedesignershallprovidetherequiredcapacity,translationandrotationforbearingsonthe
GDOTPotBearingDetailsSheet.
3.12.3.4
3.12.3.4.1
Detailing
BearingSeatElevations
336
Bearingseatelevationsshallbecalculatedandprovidedbasedontheassumedheightofthe
bearingassembly(Xdimension)shownontheplans.
3.12.3.4.2
ElastomericPadunderPotBearing
A1/8elastomericpadshallbeusedunderthebearinginlieuofthecottonduckcalledforinthe
GDOTStandardSpecifications.Thepadshallbe50to60DurometerShoreAhardnessneoprene
andbe1largerthanthebaseplateineachplandimension.
Anoteshouldbeaddedtotheplansthatallcostsforsupplyingandinstallingthiselastomericpad
shouldbeincludedinthepricebidforLumpStructuralSteel.
3.12.3.4.3
AnchorRods
Anchorrodsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjackingprojects,
anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirementsshallbe
appliedasappropriate.
3.12.4 SelfLubricatingBearings
3.12.4.1
Application
Selflubricatingbearingsarepreferredforusewithsteelplategirdersandlargerolledsteelbeams.
Limitations:Slidingplatetypebearingsshallnotbeusedwheretheanticipatedtotalmovement
(expansionpluscontraction)exceeds3inchesforassemblieswithoutanchorboltsthroughthe
flangeand2inchesforassemblieswithanchorboltsthroughtheflange.
3.12.4.2
Materials
BronzeplatesshallconformtoAASHTOM107(ASTMB22),AlloyC91100andshallhavean
allowableunitstressof2.0ksiincompression.
Fordesignpurposes,avalueof0.1shallbeusedforthecoefficientoffriction.
337
3.12.4.3
BronzePlateSizeSelection
UseTable3.12.4.31forthesizingofselflubricatingbronzeplates.
Table3.12.4.31 PlateSizeSelectionbyLoad
Size(in)
Length
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
3.12.4.4
3.12.4.4.1
Width
7
8
9
7
8
9
6
7
8
9
Thickness
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
MaximumLoadinServiceLimitStates(kips)
With2Slots
With2Holes
3
3
3x1 /16
1 /16Dia.
Plain
140
160
180
147
168
189
131
140
144
155
164
168
179
188
192
216
Detailing
BevelingSolePlate
Whenthegradientofthegirderatthebearingexceeds4.0%,thetopoftheupperplate(sole
plate)shallbebeveledtomatchthegirdergradient.
3.12.4.4.2
AnchorBolts
Anchorboltsshallbestainlesssteel,ASTMA276Type304.Onbridgewideningorjacking
projects,anyneworreplacementanchorboltsshallalsobestainlesssteel.Seismicrequirements
shallbeappliedasappropriate.
3.13 DECKJOINTS
3.13.1 ConstructionJoints
3.13.1.1
PourStrips
Apourstripisalongitudinaldecksegmentcastbetweentwopreviouslycuredbridgedeck
portionstoavoidstressescausedbydifferentialdeflection.Pourstripsarerequiredinbridge
wideningandinstageconstructionwithoneofthefollowinggirdertypes:
338
a) RCDG:Allfalseworkmustberemovedbeforecastingthepourstrip.
b) Continuoussteelbeam:Iftheconcreteamountforwideningthedeckislessthan100CY
andthemaximumdeadloaddeflectionislessthan1,thedeckovertheentirecontinuous
unitcanbeplacedinonepourandapourstripisnotrequired.
c) Posttensionedcastinplaceconcreteboxgirder:Thepourstripshallbeplacedafterpost
tensioningthebox,removingthefalsework,andwaitingapproximatelyonemonthtoallow
forcreep.
Whenpourstripsarenotrequired,asimpleconstructionjointcanbeused.Trytolocatepour
stripsoutofthewheelpathoftraffictoavoidinferiorridequality.
3.13.1.2
TransverseConstructionJoints
Atransverseconstructionjointisrequiredinthedeckateachbentwherethedeckiscontinuous
inasimplespanbridge,aswellasbetweendeckpoursforacontinuoussteelunit.Ashallowsaw
cutisrequiredtocontrolcrackingatthejoint.DetailAoftheGDOTBridgeCellLibraryshows
thisdetailandshallbeincludedontheplansasapplicable.
3.13.1.3
LongitudinalConstructionJoints
Whenalongitudinalconstructionjointisrequiredforstaging,placethejointalongtheedgeofthe
topflangeofthebeamorthestemfaceforRCDGs,aspractical.Donotplacethejointwithinthe
limitsofthebeamtopflangesincewatercouldbetrappedinthejointandfreeze.
3.13.2 ExpansionJoints
3.13.2.1
General
Thedesignershouldminimizethenumberofexpansionjointsinabridgedecktoreduce
maintenanceproblemssuchasleaking.However,expansionjointsmaybeunavoidableonbridges
longerthanapproximately400feet.
3.13.2.2
SiliconeJointSeals
Asiliconejointsealisdetailedontheapproachslabstandard(GeorgiaStandard9017)tobeused
forthe3/4inchjointattheendofthebridgebetweenthebridgedeckandtheapproachslab.
Ifthejointwidthattheendofthebridgeiscalculatedtorequiremorethan3/4inch,thenthe
bridgeplansshalldetailanEvazotejointtoreplacethesiliconejointsealshownontheStandard.
3.13.2.3
EvazoteJointSeals
AnEvazotejointsealisthepreferredtypeofexpansionjointforbridgedecks.Evazoteisthe
brandnameforaclosedcellpolyethylenesealasdescribedinGDOTStandardSpecification
339
340
449.2.D.Itispreformedbutcanbecompressedandstretchedeasily.Itisgluedinplaceintoa
cleanjointbetweentwoconcretedecks.NopayitemisnecessaryforanEvazotejointsealexcept
whenitisusedasajointreplacementonanexistingbridge.
ThesizeoftheEvazotejointshouldbeselectedbasedontheexpansionrangeatthejoint.Use
Equation3.13.2.31tocalculatetheexpansionrange,R.
R = x L x T
(3.13.2.3-1)
Where:
=coefficientofthermalexpansion=0.000006in/in/oFforconcrete
T=maximumvariationintemperature=70oF
L=summationofdistancesfromthelastfixedjointbackandthenextfixedjointahead(ft)
OnceRisdetermined,selectajointfromTable3.13.2.31thathasarangevalueequaltoor
greaterthanR.Forinstance,whenLequals350feet,Requals1.764inches,sousetheE2.1875
joint.
Table3.13.2.31 EvazoteJointSelection
Product
Openingat
68
(in)
E1.00
E1.25
E1.875
E2.1875
E2.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
1.75
2.00
Material
Material
widthat60% widthat30%
tension
compression
(in)
(in)
0.40
1.30
0.50
1.63
0.75
2.43
0.88
2.85
1.00
3.25
Range
(in)
SealSize
WxH
0.90
1.13
1.68
1.97
2.25
1"x1"
1.25"x2"
1.875"x2"
2.1875"x2"
2.5"x2"
Whentheexpansionrangeexceeds2.25inches,thedesignershoulduseaPreformedSilicone
Jointseal,asdescribedinSection3.13.2.5,inlieuofanEvazotejoint.
Exceptforjointsattheapproachslab,theplansshouldshowjointopeningsfor40,70and100
degreestoallowforvaryingambienttemperaturesatthetimeofjointconstruction.Usethe68
degreejointopeningfromTable3.13.2.31forthe70degreeopening.The40and100degree
openingsshouldbecalculatedbyadjustingthe70degreejointopeningforthecorresponding
temperaturedifferences.Usingthesameexamplefromabove,theadjustmentinjointopening
for100degreeiscalculatedas.756inches(350x0.000006x30oFx12in/ft=.756).Subtracting
thisnumberfromthe70degreeopeningyields1inch,asshowninTable3.13.2.32.
Table3.13.2.32 ExampleJointOpeningTableforPlans
JOINTOPENING
TEMPERATURE(oF)
W(in)
40
2
70
1
100
1
Thejointattheendofthebridgeisshownforanopeningof60degreeswithoutatemperature
table.AgeneralnotemustbeaddedmodifyingtheGDOTApproachSlabStandardandtheplans
shouldincludeadetailwithacrosssectionofthejointincludingopeningsizeandthematerial
size.Jointsizesofupto1.75inches(distancetofixityof380feet)canbeusedattheendofthe
bridgewithpermissionoftheBridgeOffice.
ThedesignershallusecellEXJTBTfromtheGDOTBridgeCellLibraryandeditthesealsizeinthe
cell(sealsizefromTable3.13.2.31)tonotifythecontractoroftheproductsizetoorder.
3.13.2.4
PreformedSiliconJointSeals
ForjointsonsteelbridgesandforanyjointwheretheEvazotesizewouldbe2inchesorgreaterat
70degrees,useapreformedsiliconejoint.Thesecanbesizedusingdesigncriteriaforthe
Silicoflexjoint,andthereisacellavailable.Showopeningsizesfor40,70,and100degreesaswith
Evazotejoints.
3.13.2.5
StripSeals
Astripsealisapreformedelastomericprofilesealthatcanbeusedwhenexpansionrange
exceedsthelimitallowedforanEvazotejoint.ThedesignershallusecellJENEJTfromtheGDOT
BridgeCellLibraryfordetailingandpayitem4491800ELASTOMERICPROFILEBRIDGEJOINT
SEALSforpaymentofthisjoint.Duetothehighcostofthisjointseal,itmaybemoreeconomical
toprovideadditionalexpansionjointlocationssothatEvazotejointsealscanbeutilized.When
theexpansionrangeexceeds37/8inches,thedesignershoulduseamodularjointsystem.
3.13.2.6
ModularJointSystems
Amodularjointsystemisamanufacturedjointthatcanaccommodatelargeexpansionranges.
TheuseofamodularjointsystemrequiresSpecialProvision447ModularExpansionJoints.A
modularjointsystemispreferredoverafingerjointbecausethefingerjointisnotsealedand
allowswateranddebrisintothejointareaandontothesubstructure.
341
3.13.2.7
LongitudinalExpansionJoints
Expansionjointsinthelongitudinaldirectionofthebridgeshouldbeusedonbridgeswiderthan
150feet.Donotdetailanopenlongitudinaljointwherebicycletrafficisexpectedsinceitcan
catchnarrowbicyclewheels.
Onsteelbeambridgesinurbanareascarryinghighvolumerouteswheretrafficwillstandonthe
bridge,suchasabridgewithtrafficsignalsneartheends,a1inchlongitudinaljointshallbeused
atthehighpointofthecrownsothatvibrationcausedbytrafficmovingononesideofthebridge
willnotbefeltbytrafficsittingontheotherside.
Longitudinaljointsshallnotbeplacedinlocationswherewaterwillrunacrossthejoint.Thejoint
shallbesealedwithanEvazotejointseal.Donotincludeapayitemfortheseal.
3.14 UTILITIESONBRIDGES
3.14.1 General
3.14.1.1
UtilityInformationRequest
Whenutilitiesaretobeplacedonabridge,thedesignershallrequestthattheOfficeofUtilities
obtainthefollowinginformationfromtheutilitycompanies:
Descriptions(i.e.10watermain,four6inchdiametertelephoneconduits)
Owner(i.e.EarlyCountyWaterSystem,AT&T)
Weightoftheutilityperfootincludingcontents
Openingsizerequiredthroughendwalls,backwalls,edgebeamsanddiaphragms
Maximumdiameterofthepipebellorflangesforwaterandsewermains
Hangerspacing(actualormaximum)
Hangerdetailsifaparticularhangersystemisdesired
Locationonthebridge(rightside,leftside)
3.14.1.2
UtilityConflicts
Whenautilityconflictoccurs,itmustberesolvedbybridgedesignmodificationorbyutility
relocation.Itisnotacceptabletonotifythecontractorthataconflictexistsbyanoteintheplans.
3.14.1.3
UtilityAttachments
Gaslines,electricalconduits,ATMSconduits,andtelecommunicationconduitscanbesupported
usingcastinplacedeckinserts.Water/sewermainsupto8inchesindiametercanbesupported
342
inthesamemanner.Largerwater/sewermainsshallbesupportedbychannelsboltedtothe
adjacentbeams,asshownintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Theseutilitiesshallnotbelocatedin
exteriorbayswherethesupportinghardwarewillbevisibleoutsidetheexteriorbeam.
Supportsforwatermainsareusuallylocated2feetoneachsideofajoint.Hangersshouldbe
spacedtoaccommodatestandard18footor20footpipesandtoavoidlocatingabellatthe
diaphragm,edgebeam,orendwall.
Watermainsusuallyrequirecasingundertheapproachslab.Casingisavailableindiametersof6
inchincrementsandmustbelargeenoughtoaccommodatethewaterpipebell.
3.14.1.4
EstimatedUtilityWeights
Inlieuofmoreaccurateweightsprovidedbytheutilitycompany,thetypicalutilityweightsin
Table3.14.1.41canbeused.
Table3.14.1.41 UtilityWeights(fromBIMSmanual)
Water/SewerMains
Diameter
Weight
(in.)
(lbs/ft)
6
41.0
8
60.1
10
87.1
12
118.8
16
194.4
30
472.3
GasMains
Diameter
Weight
(in.)
(lbs/ft)
2
3.7
4
10.8
6
19.0
8
22.4
10
28.1
12
32.4
16
47.0
Weightofcommunicationconduitcanbeestimatedat9lbs/ftperduct.
Figure3.14.1.41andFigure3.14.1.42showtypicaldetailsforCityofAtlantaBureauofWater
requirements.
343
344
Figure3.14.1.41 Watermainsaddledetails
Figure3.14.1.42 Watermainhangerdetails
3.14.1.5
PlacementofUtilities
Utilitiesmustbefullyenclosedwithinabayandmustnothangbelowthebottomofthelowest
beam.
Inlocatingtheutilityandopenings,thedesignermustensurethatconflictswiththeendwall,edge
beam,anddiaphragmshavebeenaddressed,includingpossibleconflictswiththediaphragmbar.
Thedesignermustensuretherearenoconflictswithcaprisersonthesubstructure.
3.14.2 DesignationofUtilityOwnersonBridgePlans
Allbridgeplansshallhavethecaption,UTILITIES,addedtothePreliminaryLayoutorGeneral
Notessheetandlistunderneaththenamesofallownersofutilitiesthatarelocatedonthebridge.
Donotlistutilitieswhichareinthevicinityofthebridgebutarenotlocatedonthebridge.
Ifafutureinstallationisproposed,thedesignershallindicatethisbyplacing(FUTURE)afterthe
nameoftheowner.Iftherearenoutilities,itshallbeindicatedbyplacingNOUTILITIESON
BRIDGEbelowthecaptionUTILITIES.
Theserequirementsareinadditiontoalldetails,dimensions,etc.,necessarytolocateandsupport
theutilityonthebridge.
3.14.3 HangersforElectricalConduits
Hangersforelectricalconduitsonbridgesshallbespecifiedatamaximumspacingof100.
3.14.4 RevisionstoUtilities
Thedesignershallsendanyrevisionsoftheplansdealingwithutilitiesthroughthenormalrevision
channelsandtotheDistrictUtilitiesEngineer.Thedesignershallalsoensurethattheutility
companyismadeawareofthechanges.
SeeSection3.7.9.
3.14.6 PermitsforBridgeAttachments
SeeMOG685011.ContacttheOfficeofUtilities.
345
3.15 DECKDRAINAGE
3.15.1 General
Thedesignershallensurethatthebridgedeckwillfreelydrainwatertominimizegutterspreador
ponding.Thisisnormallyaccomplishedbysomecombinationofthebridgecrossslope,bridge
profileandopeningsineitherthedeckorthebarrierthatallowsthewatertoflowoffthebridge.
Formoredetailsondeckdrainsanddrainage,seeChapter15oftheGDOTDrainageManual.
3.15.2 BridgeProfile
Locationofthelowpointofaverticalcurveonabridgeorapproachslabisstronglydiscouraged,
andshouldonlybeconsideredwhenthereisnofeasiblealternative.Beforeproceedingwitha
designthathasalowpointonabridgeorapproachslab,thedesignershouldconsultwiththe
roadwaydesignerandthentheBridgeOfficetoconfirmthatnootherfeasibleoptionexists.
Whenalowpointislocatedonabridge,itshallnotbelocatedwithin10feetoftheBFPRor
centerlineofbent,andscupperspacingshallbereducedto26within10feetofthelowpoint.
Ifthebridgegradeislessthan0.5%,thedesignershouldconsultwiththeroadwaydesignerabout
increasingthegradetoprovidemoreefficientdrainage.
3.15.3 OpenDeckDrainage
3.15.3.1
DeckDrains
Forbridgeswitha2.0%normalcrown,thedesignershalldetaila4diameterholethroughthe
bridgedeckspacedat10feetalongthegutterline.Deckdrainspacingmayneedtobereducedto
5feettoassureadequatedrainageonsuperelevatedstructures.However,deckdrainsshallnot
belocatedwithin5feetoftheBFPRorcenterlineofbent,overnonriprappedendfills,railroads,
ortrafficlanes.
Whenthetopflangeoftheexteriorbeaminterfereswiththeplacementofdeckdrains,usea
3x6openslotinthebottomofthebarrierinlieuofdeckdrains.Deckdrainandbarrierslot
detailscanbefoundintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.
3.15.4 DeckDrainageSystem
3.15.4.1
General
Whendrainageofthedeckisrequiredandcannotbeaccommodatedbyconventionalscuppersor
barrieropenings,adeckdrainagesystemisrequired.Thedeckdrainsystemshallbemadeof
346
ductileironand/orPVCpipeSchedule40andconsistofscuppers,drainpipes,cleanouts,and
downspouts.
3.15.4.2
BridgeDeckHydraulicStudy
TheHydraulicsSectionoftheBridgeOfficewillperformabridgedeckhydraulicstudywhen
requestedbythedesigner.TherequestshouldincludethebridgePlanandElevation,DeckPlan,
DeckSection,roadwayplanandprofilesheets,anddetailsofanypreferreddrainagestructures.
3.15.4.3
Scuppers
Scuppersshouldbespacedalongthebridgeasperthedeckhydraulicstudy.Scuppersshould
haveasteepslopedbottombecauseitisselfcleaning.Outletshouldbe5inchesminimumbut
preferably6inchesindiameter.Thedrainagegratemustbebicyclesafe.SeeNeenahproduct
numberR3921V1foranexampleofanacceptablebridgescupper.Increasethedepthofthe
decktogetreinforcementunderthedrainandaroundtheoutlet.Additionalreinforcementmay
berequiredtodistributeforcesaroundthedrain.
3.15.4.4
DrainPipe
Allscupperswillconnecttoadrainagepipeofasizeandslopecalculatedinthedeckhydraulic
study.Wheretheundersideofthebridgeisvisible,longitudinaldrainpipesshouldnotbe
attachedtotheoverhang,butinsteadshallbeplacedinabaybetweenbeams.Includecleanouts
ateachscupperlocationandneareachbentincludingendbents.Thedrainagepipemayormay
notconnecttoadownspout.Thesystemmustaccommodateanydifferentialmovementbetween
thepipesattachedtothesuperstructureandthedownspoutsattachedtothesubstructure.
Downspoutsmaybeplacedatintermediatebentsanddrainintoroadwaydrainagesystem.
Downspoutsmaybecastintothesubstructureormaybeattachedtotheoutside.Donotattach
downspoutstothetrafficfaceofacolumn.
347
348
APPENDIX3AFALLLINEMAP
CATOOSA
TOWNS
IT
FI
EL
D
FANNIN
RABUN
UNION
MURRAY
W
H
WALKER
SH
AM
DADE
WHITE
GILMER
AB
ER
LUMPKIN
CHATTOOGA
GORDON
STEPHENS
PICKENS
DAWSON
FO
RS
YT
H
CHEROKEE
BARTOW
FRANKLIN
BANKS
HALL
FLOYD
HART
JACKSON
MADISON
Fall Line
ELBERT
POLK
BARROW
COBB
PAULDING
CLARKE
GWINNETT
OGLETHORPE
C
O
O
HARALSON
WILKES
KD
O
C
CARROLL
GREENE
MORGAN
NEWTON
O
RR
FE
LIA
A
T
HENRY
COWETA
HEARD
COLUMBIA
WARREN
ER
ET
H
BUTTS
HANCOCK
PIKE
IW
CK
CO
AS
GL
JEFFERSON
BALDWIN
LAMAR
MONROE
M
ER
RICHMOND
PUTNAM
JASPER
SPALDING
TROUP
LINCOLN
AL
E
FULTON
EE
WALTON
DEKALB
DOUGLA
S
BURKE
JONES
WASHINGTON
UPSON
BIBB
HARRIS
TALBOT
WILKINSON
JENKINS
JOHNSO
N
CRAWFORD
TWIGGS
MUSCOGEE
EMANUEL
PEACH
TAYLOR
HOUSTON
CHATTAMARION
HOOCHEE
MACON
SCHLEY
EB
ST
ER
BL
PULASKI
DOOLY
STEWAR
T
EY
KL
EC
DODGE
TREUTLEN
WHEELER
EFFINGHAM
EVANS
TOOMBS
BRYAN
CHATHAM
TELFAIR
LIBERTY
LEE
JEFF
DAVIS
BEN HILL
TURNER
CALHOU
N
BULLOCH
TATTNALL
TERRELL
CLAY
CANDLER
WILCOX
W
Q
U
IT
M
AN
LAURENS
SUMTER
CRISP
RANDOLPH
SCREVEN
APPLING
LONG
IRWIN
DOUGHERTY
COFFEE
WORTH
WAYNE
BACON
McINTOSH
TIFT
EARLY
BAKER
PIERCE
BERRIEN
MILLER
ATKINSON
MITCHELL
GLYNN
COLQUITT
WARE
COOK
DECATUR
GRADY
CLINCH
THOMAS
BROOKS
LOWNDES
BRANTLEY
CHARLTON
CAMDEN
ECHOLS
APPENDIX3BBEAMCHARTS
Assumptions
a) Beamlocation:Interiorbeam
b) Skewangle:90o(noskew)
c) Designlength(CLbearingtoCLbearing):Spanlength24in.
d) Slabwidth:433(roadwaywidth:400)
e) Numberoflanes:3
f)
28-day strength of slab concrete: 4.0 ksi
g) Slabthicknessfornoncompositeloadingcalculation:DeterminedusingGDOTslabdesign
programwith2 top concrete cover (Case 4)
h) Slabthicknessforcompositesectionproperty:lessnoncompositeslabthickness
i)
Diaphragm:10in.thickdiaphragmatmidspanwhenspanlengthisgreaterthan40ft,no
diaphragmotherwise
j)
Averagecopingthickness:2forAASHTOtypebeamsand3forBulbTees
k) Copingthicknessisincludedinnoncompositeloadingcalculation,butnotincomposite
sectionpropertycalculation.
l)
Releasestrengthis0.5ksilessthan28daystrengthforPSCbeamconcrete.
m) Strands(lowrelaxationtype):0.5diameter(0.167in2area)forAASHTOtypebeamsand
0.6diameter(0.217in2area)forBulbTees
n) Prestressingforces:(0.75x270ksi)tobottomandtopstrandsforAASHTOtypebeamsand
(0.75x270ksi)tobottomstrandsand(0.17x270ksi)totopstrandsforBulbTees
o) Drapingofstrands:NodrapingforAASHTOtypeIMODbeamandtwomiddlestrands
drapedasnecessaryforotherAASHTOtypebeamsandBulbTees
p) Exposure condition is set as normal for allowable stress calculation.
349
350
Type I-MOD Beam

70
f 'c = 5k
f 'c = 6k
65
f 'c = 7k
f 'c = 8k
60
f 'c = 9k
Maximum Design Span (ft)
f 'c = 10k
55
50
45
40
35
30
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
351
Type II Beam
90
f 'c = 5k
85
f 'c = 6k
f 'c = 7k
80
f 'c = 8k
f 'c = 9k
75
f 'c = 10k
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
352
Type III Beam

120
f 'c = 5k
115
f 'c = 6k
f 'c = 7k
110
f 'c = 8k
105
f 'c = 9k
100
f 'c = 10k
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
353
54" Bulb Tee Beam

160
f 'c = 5k
155
150
f 'c = 6k
145
f 'c = 7k
140
f 'c = 8k
135
f 'c = 9k
130
f 'c = 10k
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
354
63" Bulb Tee Beam

170
f 'c = 5k
165
160
f 'c = 6k
155
f 'c = 7k
150
f 'c = 8k
145
f 'c = 9k
140
f 'c = 10k
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
355
72" Bulb Tee Beam

180
f 'c = 5k
175
170
f 'c = 6k
165
f 'c = 7k
160
f 'c = 8k
155
f 'c = 9k
150
f 'c = 10k
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Beam Spacing (ft)
Chapter4:SUBSTRUCTURE
Chapter4 SUBSTRUCTURE
4.1
CONCRETEANDREINFORCEMENTFORSUBSTRUCTURE
Generalrequirementsforreinforcedconcreteareasfollows:
a) UseGrade60steelforreinforcement.
b) Thelengthofdetailedreinforcingbarsshouldnotexceed60feet.
c) Use3.5ksiconcreteforallsubstructureelementswhenthebridgeissupportedbyoneor
moreconcretecolumnpiers.
d) Use3.0ksiconcreteforallsubstructureelementsiftherearenoconcretecolumnpiers
supportingthebridge.
e) UseClass2exposureconditioninaccordancewithLRFD5.7.3.4foranybridgesover
waterwayslocatedfullyorpartiallyinthefollowingcoastalcounties:Chatham,Bryan,
Liberty,McIntosh,Glynn,andCamden.UseClass1exposureconditionforallotherbridges.
f)
Use3.0inchcoverinaccordancewithLRFD5.12.3foranybridgesoverwaterwayslocated
fullyorpartiallyinthecoastalcountieslistedabove.
g) Whentheleastdimensionofaconcretebridgecomponentisgreaterthan50orthe
diameterofadrilledshaftisgreaterthan60,SpecialProvision500ConcreteStructures
formassconcretewillberequired.IncludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotessheet:
MASSCONCRETEBRIDGECONTAINSCOMPONENTSSUBJECTTOMASSCONCRETE
REQUIREMENTS,SEESPECIALPROVISIONSECTION500CONCRETESTRUCTURES.NO
SEPARATEMEASUREMENTANDPAYMENTWILLBEMADEFORMASSCONCRETE.INCLUDE
ALLCOSTS,INCLUDINGINCIDENTALS,INTHEPRICEBIDSUBMITTEDFOR________
CONCRETE.
4.2
FOUNDATIONS
4.2.1
General
FoundationsforbridgesshallbedesignedbasedontheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
reportapprovedbytheOfficeofMaterials.
Allloadsandresistancespresentedontheplansshallbeinkips,kipsperlinearfoot(klf)orkips
persquarefoot(ksf).
456
4.2.1.1
500YearScourforStreamCrossings
Foundationdepthsshallbedeterminedbasedonthe500yearstormeventandtheassociated
500yearscourline.ThisscourlineshallbeshownonthePreliminaryLayoutbutmaybeadjusted
intheBFIbasedondetailedgeotechnicalexploration.
Whenpilesareused,theyshouldpenetrateaminimumof10feetbelowthe500yearscourline.
Spreadfootingsshouldbekeyedinbelowthe500yearscourline.Deepfoundationsshallbe
examinedforthe500yearstormevent.
Scourinformationshallnotbeincludedinthefinalbridgeplans.
4.2.1.2
FoundationTypes
Foundationsshallbedesignedforexistingconditions.Thefoundationsforhighwaybridges
consistofthefollowingtypesnecessarytosupportthesuperstructure:
Drivenpilesforpilebents
Caissons(drilledshafts)
Spreadfootings
Pilefootings
ForgeneralguidelinesforfoundationtypesinGeorgia,seeAppendix4A.
4.2.2
DrivenPiles
4.2.2.1
PileTypeandSizeSelection
GDOTusesthefollowingpiletypes:
SteelHpiles
Prestressedconcrete(PSC)piles
Metalshellpiles
DrivenpilesshallbedesignedinaccordancewithLRFD10.7.
4.2.2.2
General
ForfuturereferenceofpiledesignloadsandforverificationofloadsusedinpreparingtheLRFD
BFI,includethefollowingnoteonallsheetsforsubstructuresthatutilizedrivenpiles:
THEPILESAREDESIGNEDFORAMAXIMUMFACTOREDAXIALLOADOF____KIPS.
457
OncetheBFIreporthasbeencompletedandaccepted,avariationofupto5%betweenthefinal
calculatedpileloadandthevalueintheBFIreportdoesnotrequirearevisionoftheBFIreportor
drivingresistance.UsethedrivingresistancefromtheBFIreportandthefinalcalculated
maximumfactoredaxialloadontheplans.
Batterpiles,whererequired,aretypicallybatteredatarateof1incheshorizontalon12inches
vertical.Thebattershallnotexceed4:12.
Thedesignershallincludedrivingdatapilesonbridgesattherateofaboutoneforeveryfour
bents.DrivingdatapilelocationsshallbedesignatedontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheDriving
DataPilesnotefromtheBridgeNotesprogram.OnbridgeswithPSCpiles,thetestpilescanbe
countedasdrivingdatapiles.
Totalpayquantityforpilingisroundedofftothenearest10feet.Lengthofeachpilecanbe
calculatedasthedifferencebetweentopofpileelevationandtheestimatedtipelevation(or
averageestimatedtipifarangeisgiven)fromtheBFI.Thedesignershallincludetheadditional
lengthofpilescausedbybatterpiling.
Thedesignershallalwaysincludeapayitemforaloadtestforeachdifferentpile(typeandsize)
usedontheproject.
4.2.2.3
SteelHPiles
SteelHpilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)reportwillbeoneor
severalofthefollowingsizes:
HP10x42
HP12x53
HP14x73
HP14x89
HP14x102
HP14x117
Onelargepilemayrequireahighercapacitypilehammerbutthismaystillbemoreeconomical
thandrivingtwosmallerpilesperbeaminanendbent.
Use36ksisteelHpilesindesignunlesstheBFIcallsfor50ksipilesatendbentsorpilesinpile
footings.If50ksipilesarerequired,indicatethisrequirementintheDesignDatasectionofthe
GeneralNotessheet.Both36ksiand50ksipilesshouldnotbeusedonthesamebridge.If50ksi
pilesareusedonabridge,thedesignershallincludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotes
sheet:
458
459
STEELHPILESUSESTEELFORHPILESTHATMEETSTHEREQUIREMENTSOFASTMA709
GR50.
ThefollowingstressesandmaximumfactoredstructuralresistancevaluesforsteelHPilesshould
beusedinpreparationofallBFIreportsandisincorporatedintheGDOTBFIreporttemplate.The
pilesareassumedtobecontinuouslysupportedduringdrivingoperations.Aresistancefactorof
0.5fromLRFD6.5.4.2wasusedassumingpilessubjecttodamagewithaxialloadingonly.
Table3.12.4.4.21
PropertiesforGrade36SteelHPiles
Compression(ksi)
Tension(ksi)
Max.Factored
Structural
Resistance,PR(kips)
HP10x42
32.4
32.4
223
HP12x53
32.4
32.4
279
HP14x73
32.4
32.4
385
HP14x89
32.4
32.4
470
HP14x102
32.4
32.4
540
HP14x117
32.4
32.4
619
StressLimits
PileSize
Table3.12.4.4.22
PropertiesforGrade50SteelHPiles
Compression(ksi)
Tension(ksi)
Max.Factored
Structural
Resistance,PR(kips)
HP10x42
45.0
45.0
310
HP12x53
45.0
45.0
384*
HP14x73
45.0
45.0
520*
HP14x89
45.0
45.0
653
HP14x102
45.0
45.0
750
HP14x117
45.0
45.0
860
PileSize
StressLimits
*12x53and14x73HpilesectionsareslendelementsforGrade50steelandareductionhasbeen
appliedinaccordancewithLRFD6.9.4.2.
WhensteelHpilesaredriventohardrock,verifythemaximumfactoredstructuralresistance
fromtheabovetablesisgreaterthanthedrivingresistancefortherespectivepiletomitigate
potentialdamagetothepile.
4.2.2.4
460
PrestressedConcrete(PSC)Piles
Prestressedconcrete(PSC)pilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
reportwillbeoneorseveralofthefollowingsizes:
14x14
16x16
18x18
20x20
24x24
30x30
36x36
ThedetailsofthePSCpileslistedabovearespecifiedintheGDOTStandard3215.Thedesigner
shallreceiveapprovalfromtheBridgeOfficepriortousingaPSCpilesizegreaterthan20.
ThefollowingstressesandmaximumfactoredstructuralresistancevaluesforPSCpilesshouldbe
usedinpreparationofallBFIreportsandisincorporatedintheGDOTBFIreporttemplate.The
pilesareassumedtobecontinuouslysupportedduringdrivingoperations.Aresistancefactorof
0.75fromLRFD5.5.4.2wasusedforcompressioncontrolledsections.The28dayconcrete
strengthis5.0ksiandpiledetailingisinaccordancewithGeorgiaStandard3215.
Table3.12.4.4.21
PropertiesforPSCpiles
Normal
Severe
Max.Factored
Structural
Resistance,PR
(kips)
StressLimits
PileSize
Compression(ksi)
Tension(ksi)
12SQPSC
3.310
1.152
0.940
352
14SQPSC
3.214
1.248
1.036
473
16SQPSC
3.457
1.005
0.793
636
18SQPSC
3.623
0.839
0.627
820
20SQPSC
3.573
0.889
0.677
1006
24SQPSC,VOID
3.519
0.943
0.731
1158
24SQPSC
3.662
0.800
0.588
1464
30SQPSC,VOID
3.553
0.909
0.697
1706
30SQPSC
3.561
0.901
0.689
2224
ThefollowingreferenceshallbeincludedontheGeneralNotessheetunderBridgeConsistsOf:
SQUAREPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEPILESGA.STD.3215(22284)
WhentheBFIrecommendsPSCpiles,itwillalsocallfortestpileswithlocations.Thecontractor
usestestpiles,longerthanestimatedpilelengths,todeterminefinalorderlengthsofthe
remainingpiles.Thelengthoftestpileshallbe5feetplusthetopofpileelevationminusthe
estimatedtipelevation.Roundtestpilelengthsuptothenearestfoot.Becausetestpilesarepart
ofpermanentconstruction,theengineermustdeductthecalculatedinplacelength,notthetest
pilelength,fromthetotalpilingquantity.
IfseverecorrosionorotherunusualproblemsmakeTypeIIcementorHPC(HighPerformance
Concrete)necessaryasrecommendedbytheOfficeofMaterials,thedesignershallincludethe
HighPerformanceConcrete(HPC)PilesnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
FreezebearingforpilesmayberequiredintheBFIforcertainconditions.Inthiscase,thepile
drivingnotesshallbeincludedintheGeneralNotessheetasfollows:
a) Whenfreezebearingisrequiredifthepilesfailtoattaindrivingresistanceafterachieving
theminimumtipelevation,includethePileDrivingnoteusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
b) Whenfreezebearingisrequiredifthepilesfailtoattaindrivingresistanceafterachieving
theestimatedtipelevation,includethePileDriving(Table)noteusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
Donotusethewords"estimatedtip"intheplanssincethesewordsareareflectionoftheBFI,
whichisnotapartofthecontract.
4.2.2.5
MetalShell(MS)Piles
Metalshell(MS)pilesspecifiedforuseintheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)reportwillbe
oneorseveralofthefollowingsizes:
12O.D.
14O.D.
16O.D.
18O.D.
24O.D.
MSpilesshallbedrivenandthenfilledwithconcreteatalllocationsasspecifiedintheGDOT
StandardSpecifications.MSpilesatintermediatepilebentsalsoincludereinforcementas
detailedintheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary.Itisassumedthatthemetalshelldoesnotcontributeto
thetotalcapacityofthepile.
461
462
ThefollowingstressesandmaximumfactoredstructuralresistancevaluesforMetalShellpiles
shouldbeusedinpreparationofallBFIreportsandisincorporatedintheGDOTBFIreport
template.Thepilesareassumedtobecontinuouslysupportedduringdrivingoperations.Grade3
steelasspecifiedinASTMA252(steelyieldstrength=45ksi)isusedforthecalculations.No
factoredaxialstructuralresistanceswereprovidedsincetheloadwillbecontrolledbythe
drivabilitylimitsofthemetalshell.
Table3.12.4.4.21
PropertiesforMetalShellPiles
Compression(ksi)
Tension(ksi)
14Diameter
Shell
Thickness
(in)
0.2500
40.5
40.5
14Diameter
0.3125
40.5
40.5
16Diameter
0.2500
40.5
40.5
16Diameter
0.3125
40.5
40.5
18Diameter
0.3125
40.5
40.5
20Diameter
0.3125
40.5
40.5
PileSize
StressLimits
MetalshellthicknessshallbemodifiedbasedontheouterdiameterbyincludingtheMetalShell
PilenoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotesprogram.
GDOTStandardSpecification520includestwodetailingoptions(Option1andOption2)formetal
shellpileclosureplates.Option1isspecifiedasthedefaultoption;however,iftheBFI
recommendsOption2,thefollowingnoteshallbeaddedtotheGeneralNotessheet:
PILECLOSUREPLATEDETAILUSECLOSUREPLATEOPTION2ATTHISSITEINACCORDANCE
WITHSUBSECTION520.3.05.MOFTHEGEORGIADOTSPECIFICATIONS.
4.2.2.6
TimberPiles
TimberpilesshallnotbeusedonanyGDOTbridgeproject.Theyaresometimesusedtosupport
culvertsinpoorsoils.
4.2.2.7
4.2.2.7.1
PileDrivingAids
JettingandSpudding
TheBFIoftenrecommendsjettingand/orspuddingtoassistpenetrationforPSCorMSpiles.
Jettingconsistsofusingwateratthetipofthepiletoloosenthesoilandaiddriving.Spudding
consistsofusinga"spud"(usuallyaheavyHpile)tobreakuphardlayersbeforedrivingthe
permanentpile.ThedesignershallincludethePiling(JettingandSpudding)notefromthe
BridgeNotesprogramontheGeneralNotessheetwhenjettingand/orspuddingare
recommendedintheBFI.Nopayitemisrequiredforjettingand/orspudding.
4.2.2.7.2
Predrilling
TheBFImayrecommendpredrillingbeallowedatthecontractorsoptioninlieuofjettingor
spudding.Predrillingconsistsoflooseningthesoilwithanaugertoaiddriving.TheBFIwill
includeanelevationforthelimitofpredrilling,whichwillusuallybereferencedtotheestimated
orminimumpiletip.WhentheBFImentionspredrilling,thedesignershallincludethePiling
(PredrillinginlieuofJettingandSpudding)notefromtheBridgeNotesprogramontheGeneral
Notessheetinsteadofthejettingandspuddingnote.Nopayitemisrequiredforpredrilling.
4.2.2.7.3
PilotHoles
TheBFIsometimesrecommendspilotholesforpilesinordertoassureadequatepenetration
belowthescourline.Pilotholesarecreatedbyusinganaugertoremovethesoil.Thisprocessis
morecostlythanpredrilling.ThedesignershallincludethePilotHolenotefromtheBridgeNotes
programontheGeneralNotessheetandspecifytherequireddiameterandbottomelevationof
thepilotholeinthenote.Payitem5205000PILOTHOLESshallbeintheplanstocoverthe
requiredquantityofpilotholes.
4.2.2.7.4
PilePoints
WhentheBFIcallsforpilepointstoensureadequatepenetrationintoweatheredrock,the
designershallincludethePilePointsnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusingtheBridgeNotes
program.
Inspecialcaseswhereitisanticipatedpileswillhavetobedriventhroughboulders,rocklayers,or
hardburiedobjects,suchasconcrete,extremelyhardstumpsorwoodenpiles,theBFImay
recommendtheuseofspecialdrivingpoints,otherthanthosecalledforintheGDOTStandard
Specifications.Inthiscase,thedesignershallincludethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNotes
sheet:
PILEPOINTSREINFORCEALLPILETIPSATBENTS**WITHPRUYNPOINTNO.75750OR
APPROVEDEQUAL.
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
Caissons
General
WhencaissonsarerecommendedintheBFI,foundationbearingstrengthandbottomelevations
forcaissonswillbeincluded.Detailsandrequirementsforcaissonconstructionarecoveredunder
SpecialProvision524whichisusuallyincludedwiththeBFI.Specialprovision524alsoincludes
importantinformationsuchaswhethertheholeisdryorwet(usesslurry)andwhethera
demonstrationshaftisrequired.
463
4.2.3.2
Dimensions
Thediameterofacaissonshallbedesignedin6increments.Aminimumcaissondiameterof48
inchesisrequiredfordrycaissonstoallowaccessbyinspectors.Allcaissonsshallhaveaminimum
concretecoverof6.
4.2.3.3
Elevations
Caissontipelevationsshouldbegiventoonedecimalplaceandaplus/minussigntoindicate
possiblevariations.
Forcaissonsinthewater,detailthetopofthecaisson1footabovethenormalpoolelevationfor
quantitycalculations.Theassumednormalpoolelevationshallbeincludedinanoteontheplans.
Includeanotedirectingthecontractortosetthetopofcaisson1footabovethewatersurfaceat
thetimeofconstruction.Forcaissonsintheground,thetopshallbe1footbelowfinalground
elevation.
4.2.3.4
Reinforcement
Reinforcementinthecaissonisspecifiedbysizeonly(#11insteadof1110)becausepaymentforit
isincludedinlinearfeetofcaisson.Howeverwhenusingatransitionbarthatlapswiththesteel
inthecaissonandthesteelinthecolumn,thatsteelcanbedetailedandincludedinthebar
schedule.Donotusehookedbarsinthetopofacaisson.Designanddetailcaissonswithhoop
stirrupsunlessspiralstirrupsareotherwiserequired.
Usehoopstirrupsforcaissons.Stirrupsshallnotbelargerthan#6bars.Spiralsreinforcementis
notallowedincaissons.
Noseismicdetailingforaplastichingeisrequirednearthetheoreticalfixitylocation.
4.2.4
4.2.4.1
SpreadFootings
DimensionsandElevations
Useasquarespreadfootingwheneverpossible.Planfootingdimensionsshallbedetailedin3
inchincrementsineachdirection.Spreadfootingsshallbeaminimumof23thicktoallowfor
thedevelopmentofthehooksofNo.11barsfromthecolumn.
Bottomofspreadfootingelevationshouldbegiventoonedecimalplaceandaplus/minussignto
indicatepossiblevariations.
4.2.4.2
Reinforcement
Whenusingasquarefooting,usethesamereinforcementinboththetransverseandlongitudinal
directionstoavoidincorrectinstallationsinthefield.
464
4.2.4.3
DesignandAdditionalConsiderations
Toallowforfieldvariationsinrockelevation,intermediatebentsshallbedesignedforthecase
wherethebottomoffootingelevationis3feetlowerthanthatindicatedintheBFI.Thedesigner
shallincludetheFootingElevationsnotefromtheBridgeNotesprogramontheGeneralNotes
sheet.
WhenrecommendedintheBFI,spreadfootingsandthesealsbeneathspreadfootingsshouldbe
keyedintotheunderlyingmaterial.Anoteshallbeplacedontheplansrequiringtheentire
footingorsealbekeyedin,notjusttheareaunderthecolumnasindicatedintheGDOTStandard
Specifications.
Spreadfootingsshouldnotbeusedonrockembankmentbecauseofthepotentialforexcessive
settlement.
4.2.5
4.2.5.1
PileFootings
FootingDimensionsandElevations
Useasquarepilefootingwheneverpossible.Planfootingdimensionsshallbedetailedin1
incrementsineachdirection.Pilefootingsshallbeaminimumof33thickwhensteelHpiles
areusedand36whenPSCpilesormetalshellpilesareusedtoallowforthedevelopmentof
thehooksofNo.11barsfromthecolumn.
Bottomofpilefootingelevationsshouldbedetailedtotwodecimalplaces.
4.2.5.2
FootingReinforcement
Detail180degreehooksforthebottomreinforcementmatinpilefootings.Thebottom
reinforcementmatcanbeplaceddirectlyontopofHPiles.However,thedesignershalldetail3
inchesofclearanceontopofmetalshellandPSCpilestoallowthefootingconcretetoproperly
bondwiththefootingreinforcement.Whenusingasquarefooting,usethesamereinforcement
inboththetransverseandlongitudinaldirectionstoavoidincorrectinstallationsinthefield.
4.2.5.3
PileLayouts
UseoneoftheGDOTpilelayoutsthatarepresentedinAppendix4Btodesignpilefootings.
MinimumpilespacingandedgedistancesshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD10.7.1.2
anddetailedin1inchincrements.
4.2.5.4
DesignandAdditionalConsiderations
Pilefootingsshallbedesignedforzerotension(nouplift)inthepiling.
465
Thetopofthepilefootingsshouldbeaminimumof2feetbelowground,withthefollowing
exceptionsforthebridgesoverthestreams:
a) Ifthebridgeislocatedinoneofthecoastalcountiesandthewaterwayhasverylowflow
velocityandlowdebrispotential(suchasinacoastalswamp),thenthebottomofthe
footingwillbelocated1footabovemeanwaterlevel.Thisisknownasapedestalbent.
b) Ifthebridgerequiresalargenumberofcofferdamsforpilefootingconstruction,pedestal
bentscouldbeusedtoeliminatethehighcostcofferdams.However,useofthisoption
mustbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
WhentheBFIortheOfficeofConstructionrecommendssettingupTypeIIbackfillmaterialunder
afooting,donotincreasethebridgeexcavationquantityforthismaterialsincetheGDOT
StandardSpecificationcoversadditionalexcavationuptothreefeetbelowtheplanelevationof
thebottomoffooting.
4.2.6
4.2.6.1
CofferdamsandSeals
General
Whenabridgewithconcretefootingscrossesastreamoritsfootingsarelocatedclosetothe
watertable,cofferdamsand/orsealconcretemaybenecessaryforintermediatebent
construction.Sincetheneedforcofferdamsand/orsealsisdeterminedbytheOfficeof
Construction,thedesignershallsendatransmittaltotheStateBridgeConstructionEngineer
requestingarecommendationinaccordancewithSection1.6.9.2.1.
SealsshouldnotbeusedexceptasrecommendedbytheOfficeofConstructionduetothe
possibilityoffuturevoidsundertheseal.Contractorsshouldnotbeallowedtosubstitutea
concretesealinlieuofdewateringcofferdams.
4.2.6.2
DimensionsandElevations
Sealsaretypically16wideroneachsidethanthefootprintofthefooting.Usethefollowing
sealconcretethicknessandstrengththathavebeendeterminedtoresistthebuoyantforcefrom
thehydraulichead(H)ontheothersideofthecofferdam:
Sealconcretethicknessforpilefootings=0.25xH2feet
Sealconcretethicknessforspreadfootings=0.4xH2feet
Sealconcretestrength=2.0ksi
ThePlanandElevationsheetshouldshowtheelevationofthebottomofthesealforspread
footings,butthebottomofthefootingforpilefootings.Thewaterelevationusedtodetermine
thefootingheightshouldbeshownontheintermediatebentsheet.
4.2.6.3
SealConcretePayment
466
Iftheplansdonotincludesealconcretebutfieldconditionsrequireit,thesealconcretepriceis
basedonthecostofClassAconcreteaccordingtotheGDOTStandardSpecifications.Whenthe
plansincludecofferdamsbutdonotincludeeithersealconcreteorClassAconcrete,aspecial
provisionisrequiredtoaddresspaymentforsealconcrete.
4.3
ENDBENTS
4.3.1
General
ThefollowingnoteshallbeaddedtoallendbentsheetsthatreferencesGeorgiaStandard9037
fordrainagedetailsrequiredatendbents:
SEEGA.STD.9037FORDRAINAGEDETAILSATENDBENTS.
TheGDOTStandardSpecificationsstatethatnoseparatemeasurementwillbemadeunderthe
itemofBridgeExcavationforanyexcavationnecessaryforendbentconstruction.Unusual
situations,suchasspreadfootingabutments,mayrequirethefollowingnoteontheGeneralNote
sheetforclarity:
ENDBENTEXCAVATIONALLCOSTSFORENDBENTEXCAVATIONSHALLBEINCLUDEDINTHE
OVERALLBIDSUBMITTED
4.3.2
EndBentCaps
Typically,apileisplacedundereachbeam,sothebentcapissubjectedtominimalshearsand
moments.Usea3wideby2deepcapwithtypicalreinforcementthatcanbefoundintheGDOT
BridgeCellLibrary.A2foot6inchwidecapcanbeusedforunskewedRCDGbridges.Whenthe
skewanglecausestheclearancefromthebearingpadtotheedgeofcaptobelessthan2inches,
thecapshouldbewidenedin3inchincrements.
Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistancesodetailthecap
stepstothenearest1.
Detaila3inchdiameterby12inchdeepholeateachdowelbaroranchorboltlocation.Adeeper
holemayberequiredforsteelspanslongerthan100feet.ForRCDGs,detailaNo.10dowelbarto
becastinplace.
Iftheelevationdifferencebetweenadjacentcapstepsislessthan1/2inch,detailbothstepsto
thelowerelevation.NochangetotheDdimensionisnecessaryforthisadjustment.
Whendifferentbeamsizesorseverecrossslopescausethetopofcapsteptobemorethan6
abovethemainreinforcing,additionalreinforcementwillberequiredforthatstep.Inthiscase,
detailtwoNo.4barsinthesamedirectionofthemainreinforcementatthetopofthecapstep
467
with2inchclearance.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1footspacingandwiththelegs
extendeddownintothemaincageaminimumofonefoot.
Foraskewof50degreesorsharper,itshouldbenotedthatthemovementofanexpansion
endwallmayberestrictedbythesidesofthecapsteps.Thedesignershouldconsiderskewingthe
capstepsparalleltothebeamstopreventthisrestrictionofmovement,particularlyforfascia
beams.Whenthecapstepsarelessthan2incheshigh,anextrathicknessofexpansionmaterial
adjacenttocapstepscanbeusedinlieuofskewingthecapsteps.
4.3.3
EndBentPiling
Endbentpilesshouldsupportallloadsincludingloadsfromtheapproachslab.Atypical30foot
GDOTstandardapproachslabisdesignedbasedontheassumptionthatupto10feetofthe
subgradecouldbelost,transferringtheloadtothepavingrestandremainingsoil.Therefore,itis
assumedthatthepavingrestsupportsoneendoftheapproachslab,whichismodeledasa10
footsimplebeam,andtransfersthedeadandliveloadstothepiles.
Iftheendbentfillheightisgreaterthan20feet,addbatteredpilesbetweenbeamsatarateof1
per4or5verticalpiles.Ifthepilespacingisveryclose,someoftheloadbearingverticalpilescan
bebatteredinsteadofaddingpiles.
4.3.4
Wingwalls
Theendofwingwallisdeterminedbyprojectingtheslopeoftheendrollupuntilitmeetsthe
shouldergradeattheinsidefaceofthewing,asshowninFigure4.3.41.Thelengthofthe
wingwallisthedistancefromthisendtothefrontfaceofcap,accountingfortheeffectofthe
skew.
Generally,usethesamelengthforbothwingwallsatanendbent.Whenthewingwalllength
becomeslongerthan17feetduetobentskeweffects,thedesignershouldkeepthelengthofthe
sideunaffectedbytheskewat17feet.
Wingwalllengthshallbedetailedtothenearest6inches.
468
469
Figure4.3.41
WingwallDimensions
Thetopofwingwallisdeterminedbyadding4to10inchestotheshouldergradeatthebeginning
andendofthewingwall.Thetopofthewingwallshouldbeleveledtothehigherelevationifthe
differenceislessthan6inches.Use6inchesasaminimumtomatchthetransitioncurbofthe
approachslabwhenpresent.Thebottomofthewingwallshouldbelevel.
Oncurvedalignments,donotcurvewingwalls.Skewthewingwalltopreventitsencroachmenton
theshoulder.
Useofpilingunderwingwallsisgovernedbywingwalllength(L)asfollows:
a) WhenL12ft,nopilesareneeded.
b) When12ftL16.5ft,addonepileattheend.
c) When16.5ftL20ft,addonepileeachatthemidpointandattheend
d) WhenL20ft,addonepileeachattheendandatthirdpointsalongthewingwalllength.
A26squarepileboxshouldbeplacedateachpilelocationinthewingwall.Increasethesizeof
theboxto30squarewhenusing18inchorlargerpilestomaintainminimumclearance.
4.3.5
RipRap
Atstreamcrossings,indicateriprapontheendrollsasspecifiedonthepreliminarylayoutandin
thehydraulicstudy.Extendtheripraplimit20feetbeyondtheendofthewingwall.The
calculatedriprapquantityshouldalsobeusedforthequantityoffilterfabric.
IftheBFIreportrecommendsadifferenttypeand/ordepthofriprap,thedesignershallconsult
withthehydraulicengineerandthegeotechnicalengineertodeterminetheappropriateriprap
requirements.
470
WhentheHydraulicDataindicatesabnormalflows,theelevationforthetopofriprapshallbe2
feetabovetheabnormal100yearfloodelevation.
4.3.6
SlopePaving
Slopepavingshallbeusedonallgradeseparationandrailroadcrossingbridges.Thefootprintof
theslopepavingextendsbeyondtheedgeofthedeckby2feetoneachsideofthebridge.For
skewedbridges,theslopepavingparallelstheedgeofthebridgeononesideandisnormaltothe
bottomoftheslopeontheotherside,sothatrunoffwaterfrombridgestayonpavedslopeallthe
waytothebottom(seeFigure4.3.61).However,onrailroadsincutsectionslimittheslope
pavingto2feetoutsidetheedgeofdeckonbothsidestominimizeadditionalcutintheendroll
(seeFigure4.3.62).
Figure4.3.61
TypicalSlopePavingatEndofBridge
Figure4.3.62
SlopePavingatRailroadCutSection
4.4
INTERMEDIATEBENTS
4.4.1
ConcreteColumnBents
4.4.1.1
PreliminaryDesignConsiderations
Usea2columnbentwhenthecaplengthis50feetlongorless.Thecolumnsshouldbearranged
tobalancethedeadloadmomentsoneithersideofthecolumntoavoidlongtermbowingdueto
creep.Experiencehasshownthatsettingthecantileverlengthsatapproximately20%ofthecap
lengthcanaccomplishthis.Forcaplengthsgreaterthan50feet,usea3columnbentordivide
intotwo2columnbents.
Whenpossible,useonecolumnsizefortheentirebridge.For90degreebridges,setthecolumn
widthequaltothecapwidth.However,itisacceptableandgenerallypreferredtouseasmaller
columninskewedbridgesthathavewidercapstoaccommodatethebearings.Theminimum
columnwidthshouldbe75%ofthecapwidth.
Awallpierwithastripfootingisadesignoptiontoreplaceaveryshortcolumnbent.The
minimumwidthofawallpieris2feet.UseofawallpiershallbeapprovedbytheBridgeOffice.
4.4.1.2
4.4.1.2.1
ConcreteColumnBentCaps
CapDimensions
Thewidthofanintermediatebentcapshouldbeaminimumof3feetandincreasedin3inch
incrementstoaccountforskew,bearingsizeandedgedistances.Thedepthandlengthofacap
shouldbedetailedin3inchincrements.Forbentcapsatgradeseparations,useaminimum
depthtowidthratioof0.75,witharatioof1.0preferredatroadunderpasses,inordertoprovide
amoreaestheticappearance.Thecapshouldbelongenoughsothebottomofbeamdoesnot
crosstheendofthecap.
Sizethepiercaptoprovideaminimumof3inchclearancefromtheedgeofbearingpadtothe
edgeofcaporriser.Onskewssharperthan75degrees,thisclearancecanbereducedto2inches
sinceonlythecornerofthebearingpadwouldbetooclosetoanedgeandmostofthepadwould
stillbebeyondthe3inchlimit.
4.4.1.2.2
CapRisersandSteps
Whenthebackandaheadbeamshavedifferentdepths,ariserwillberequiredonthecapto
compensateforthedifference.Whentheheightoftheriserismorethan4inches,two
continuousNo.5barsshouldbedetailedinthetopoftheriserinthedirectionofthemain
reinforcement.Iftheriserheightismorethan18inches,additionalNo.4barsshouldbe
distributedalongeachfaceoftherisertocontrolcracking.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1
footspacingandwiththelegsextendeddownintothemaincageaminimumofonefoot.Donot
471
attempttocontrolcrackingbyputtingajointintheriserbetweensteps.Thisdetailconcentrates
stressesatthatpointandcancausecrackinginthemainbodyofthecap.
Whenacrossslopeorfasciabeamcausesthetopofcapsteptobemorethan6abovethemain
orriserreinforcing,additionalreinforcementwillberequiredforthatstep.Inthiscase,detailtwo
No.5barsinthesamedirectionofthemainreinforcementatthetopofthecapstepwith2inch
clearance.Detailstirrupswithapproximately1footspacingandwiththelegsextendeddowninto
themaincageaminimumofonefoot.
4.4.1.2.3
MaximumCapMomentandShearattheColumns
Whendesigningthenegativemomentreinforcementoverthecolumns,thedesignershould
considerthemomentatthequarterpointasmaximum.Theshearatthefaceofcolumnshould
beconsideredasmaximuminthedesignforstirrups.
4.4.1.2.4
Detailing
Aminimumconcretecoverof2inchesisrequiredinthecap.
Minimumspacingforstirrupsinthecapshallbe4inches.Usedoublestirrupsinhighshearareas
asnecessary.Usingopentopstirrupstomissanchorboltholeblockoutsispermittedbutusually
notnecessary.Thecontractorisabletoshiftstirrupsinordertomissblockoutsfortheanchor
boltholes.
Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistancesodetailthecap
stepstothenearest1.
4.4.1.3
Columns
Allcolumnsthathavelessthan300horizontalclearancefromtheedgeofroadwayshallbe
designedforthevehicularcollisionforceinaccordancewithLRFD3.6.5.Protectionbybarrieror
embankmentwillnotnegatethisrequirement.
Columnsshouldbedimensionedin6inchincrementsbeginningat3feet.Columnsnarrowerthan
3feetshouldnotbeusedunlessitisnecessarytomatchtheexistingcolumnsizeandtomaintain
horizontalclearance.Ingeneral,columnsshouldbesquarewithasquarereinforcingpattern
consistingofthesamenumberofbarsineachface.Roundcolumnsmaybeusedtomatcha
drilledshaftfoundation.
UseTable4.4.1.31todeterminethenumberandlocationofrequiredconstructionjointsin
columns.Columnheight,x,ismeasuredfromtopoffootingtobottomofcap.
472
Table4.4.1.31 Constructionjointsincolumns
ColumnHeight,x
X30ft
30ft<x40ft
40ft<x60ft
X>60ft
ConstructionJoints
Noconstructionjoint
1constructionjointatmidheight
2constructionjointsatonethirdpoints
Constructionjointsat20ft.max.spacing
Reinforcementshouldbedetailedtotaketheconstructionjointintoaccount.
Fordrilledcaissons,itisrecommendedtouseacolumnthatis6inchessmallerindiameterthan
thecaissontolineupthereinforcementsandmeetthedifferentrequirementsinconcretecover.
Useaminimumconcretecoverof2inchesinthecolumn.However,ifthecaphasthesamewidth
asthecolumn,thenthemaincolumnbarshavetobeshiftedintomissthemaincapbars.This
addstotheminimumconcretecoverrequired.
Donothookcolumnbarsinthetopofthecap.
Columncrosstiesshallbearrangedtoaccommodateatleasta6inchtremietofacilitateconcrete
placement.
4.4.1.4
Footings
SeeSections4.2.4and4.2.5forinformationaboutspreadfootingsandpilefootings.
4.4.2
PileBents
Pilebentconsistsofaconcretecapformeddirectlyontopofpiles.Typically,apileisplacedunder
eachbeam.Exteriorpilesaregenerallybatteredoutwardsata1.5:12ratioforlateralstability.
Atowerbentisapilebentwithtwopilesundereachbeambatteredata1.5:12ratiointhe
longitudinaldirectionforadditionalstability.Towerbentsshouldbeconsideredatfixedbent
locationswhenthebridgelengthrequiresanintermediateexpansionjoint.Thepreliminarylayout
sometimesprecludestowerbentsatcertainlocations.
Unlessarefinedanalysisisperformedpilefixityshouldbeassumedatadepth10ftbelowthe
groundline.
4.4.2.1
PileBentCaps
Wheneachbeamhasapiledirectlyunderit,thepilebentcapissubjectedtominimalshearsand
moments.Useaminimumof3wideby2deepcapwithtypicalreinforcementthatcanbefound
intheGDOTBridgeCellLibrary,unlesspileandbeamconfigurationsrequiremoredetailedflexural
andsheardesign.Capsteplengthsdonotneedtomatchthecalculatedskewedbeamdistanceso
detailthecapstepstothenearest1.
473
4.4.2.2
SwayBracing
SwaybracingisonlyusedforHPilebentswheretheunbracedlengthofpilesexceeds12feet.
SwaybracingisnormallycomprisedofL4x4x3/8anglesarrangedinanXfashion.Swaybracing
shallbedetailedtoextend4inchesoutsidetheedgeoftheexteriorpiles.Thetopoftheangles
shallbeplaced4inchesbelowthebottomofthecap.Thebottomoftheanglesshallbeplaced12
inchesabovethehigherofthegroundlineorthenormalpoolelevation.
4.4.2.3
PileProtection
HPilesatstreamcrossingsshallbeprotectedwithconcreteencasementasfollows:
a) Inthestream,useencasementfrom2feetbelowgroundto2feetabovenormalpool.
b) Onbanksandfloodplains,useencasementfrom2feetbelowgroundtothehigherof2feet
abovegroundor2feetabovenormalpool.
Iftheelevationof"normalpool"isnotclear,extendtheencasementtothe2yearfloodheight
whichisusuallyavailableinthehydraulicstudyunderthe50yearstormsummarytable.
AllexposedHpilesshallbepaintedusing2PcoatingasspecifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification
870.2.05.IncludetheSpecialProtectiveCoatingForPilesnoteontheGeneralNotessheetusing
theBridgeNotesprogram.
474
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475
APPENDIX4AGENERALGUIDEMAPFORFOUNDATIONTYPES
476
APPENDIX4BPRESETPILELAYOUTS
Figure4B1
GDOTPileLayout(4to12Piles)
477
Figure4B2
478
Figure4B3
Chapter5:RETAININGWALLS
51
Chapter5 RETAININGWALLS
5.1
GENERAL
AllretainingwallsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithChapter11oftheAASHTOLRFD
Specificationsandasnotedinthissection.
5.1.1
WallTypes
Thetypeofwallshouldbedeterminedbasedoneconomy,constructabilityandgeotechnical
conditions.CoordinationbetweentheroadwaydesignerandBridgeOfficeshalltakeplaceduring
thepreliminarydesignphase,beforeRightofWayplansarefinalized.Typicalwalltypesutilized
onGDOTprojectsarepresentedinTable5.1.11withtheircorrespondingdesignoptions.
Table5.1.11
CurrentGDOTWallTypesandDesignOptions
Wall Type
GravityWall
ReinforcedConcreteCantilever
MSEWall
PrefabricatedModularWall
ModularWall
SoldierPile
TieBack
SoilNail
5.1.2
Design Option
GDOTStandards
GDOTStandardsorInHouseDesign
ContractorDesign
ContractorDesign
ContractorDesign
InHouseDesign
ContractorDesign
ContractorDesign
WallDesignOptions
5.1.2.1
GDOTStandardDesign
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseapredesignedconcretewallfoundinthe
GDOTStandardsorConstructionDetails,aslistedinTable5.1.2.11.Inthiscase,theroadway
designerwillincludetheappropriatestandardinthecontractplansandaretainingwallenvelope
forthestructureundersection31ofthecontractplans.
Table5.1.2.11 GDOTStandardRetainingWalls
Standard/Detail
Number
4948B
4948C
9031L
Title
ConcreteSideBarrierTypes2,2A,2B,and
2C
ConcreteSideBarrierTypes6,6A,6B,and
6C
RetainingWallTypicalSections,Raising
Application
RCcantileverfillwall
adjacenttoroadway
RCcantilevercutwall
adjacenttoroadway
Gravitywallwithorwithout
Headwall,AndTypicalPipePlug
PW1
5.1.2.2
ParapetRetainingWall,TypeP1,P2andP3
52
barrierface
RCcantileverfillwall
adjacenttosidewalk
InHouseDesign
WhentheGDOTStandardsorConstructionDetailsarenotapplicable,theroadwaydesignerwill
submitarequesttotheBridgeOfficeforaspecialdesignedretainingwall.Ifthewallistobe
designedbytheBridgeOfficeoraconsultant,acompletesetoffinalwallplans,includingall
geometryandstructuraldetails,willbeproducedandsubmittedtotheroadwaydesignerfor
inclusioninsection32ofthecontractplans.
5.1.2.3
ContractorDesign
Incaseswhereaspecialdesignwallisrequestedbytheroadwaydesigner,thecontractormaybe
taskedwithcompletingthefinalwalldesignduetotheproprietaryandtechnicalnatureofsome
walltypessuchasMSE,SoilNail,TieBack,ModularandModularBlock.TheBridgeOfficeor
consultantwillprovideaP&Esheet,atypicalsection,designcriteriaandquantitiesforinclusionin
section32ofthecontractplans.ThecontractorshallprovidethefinaldesigntotheBridgeOffice
forreviewasshopdrawings.
5.2
PRELIMINARYWALLDESIGN
5.2.1
InitialDesignRequestfromRoadwayDesigner
Whenaspecialdesignretainingwallisrequiredonaproject,theroadwaydesignershallsubmit
thefollowinginformationtotheBridgeOffice:
a) Anelevationview(profile)ofthewallshowingthefollowing:
Beginningandendingwallstations
Elevationsontopofthewallatthebeginning,end,andatprofilebreakpoints
Theoriginalgroundprofile
Theproposedgroundprofile
b) Roadwaycrosssectionsinthevicinityofthewallthatshowtheexistingandfinalslope
behindthewall
c) ProjectCoverSheet
d) Projecttypicalsectionsassociatedwiththewall
e) Projectplanandprofilesheetsshowingthefollowing:
Limitsofrightofway
Superelevationdata
Horizontalandverticalalignmentdata
Horizontaloffsetstothefaceofthewall,gutterlineatbarrierorfaceofparapetonthe
wallasapplicable
Locationandheightofanysoundbarriersonthewall
Locationofanyoverheadsignsnearthewall
Locationofanyroadwaylightingnearthewall
Locationofanydrainagestructuresthatwillaffectthewall
f)
Anyconstructionsequencerequirementsforthewallconstruction
g) Anyarchitecturaltreatmentrequiredforthewall
5.2.2
ItemstoCoordinatewiththeRoadwayDesigner
Oncetheinitialrequestforaspecialdesignwallhasbeenreceived,thefollowingitemsshouldbe
consideredduringcoordinationbetweentheBridgeOfficeandroadwaydesigner:
a) RightofWay:RightofWayandeasementlimitsmaybeaffectedbytheselectedwalltype.
b) ExistingStructures:Surchargesfromexistingadjacentstructuresshouldbeconsideredas
wellastheimpactofthewallonthosestructures.
c) WallTerminationPoints:Terminiforthewallshouldbeselectedtoavoidconstructionand
rightofwayissues.Asituationtoconsideriswhenthereisanelevationdifferencebetween
theproposedtopofwallandgroundlineatanendofthewall.Inthiscase,thesubsequent
slopewrappingaroundthefrontfaceofthewallmayinterferewithobstaclesor
boundaries.
d) TopofWallProfile:Thetopofwallshouldbedesignedtopresentasmoothprofilewithno
sharpbreaks,peaksorvalleys.
e) Drainage:Runoffwaterfrombehindthewallistypicallycollectedinapavedditchatthe
topofthewall.Anappropriatetopofwallslopeandditchshouldbeprovidedtoallowthe
watertodraintotheendsofthewall.Considerationshouldalsobegiventowherethe
wateroutfallsandthevolumeofwaterthatwillbepresent.
f)
5.2.3
Utilities:Allutilitylocationsneartheproposedwallshouldbeverifiedasbothburiedand
overheadutilitiesmayconflictwithwallconstruction.Thewallfootingshouldbesetso
thatitwillnotbeinfluencedbyanyadjacentwaterlinethatmayfailinthefuture.
PreliminaryWallPlansandWallFoundationInvestigation
TheBridgeOfficeorconsultantwillusetheinformationoutlinedinSection5.2.1toselectthewall
typeandpreparepreliminarywallplansthatconsistofaplanview,elevationviewandatypical
53
section.AfterthepreliminarywallplansareapprovedbytheBridgeOffice,theWallFoundation
Investigation(WFI)shallberequested.
5.3
FINALWALLPLANS
Finalwallplansshallbedevelopedbasedupontherecommendationspreviouslyapprovedandthe
WallFoundationInvestigation.IftheWFIrevealsunexpectedgeotechnicalconditions,the
designershallsubmitasecondwallrecommendation,asnecessary,totheBridgeOfficefor
concurrencepriortoproceedingwithfinalwallplans.
Basedonthedesignoptionselected,thefinalwallplansshallbedevelopedasdescribedinthe
followingsubsections.
5.3.1
FinalPlansforInHouseDesign
Thefinalwallplansdevelopedusingtheinhousedesignoptionshallincludethefollowing:
Planviewincludingallrelevantgeometricdata
Elevationview
Generalnotes
Alistofpayitemsandquantities
Sectionview
Weephole/draindetailsforthereliefofwaterpressurebehindthewall
Drainagedetailsforadequatetreatmentofsurfacewaterbehindthewall
Waterproofingdetails
Barrierdetailsontopofwallandatfaceofwall
Lightingdetails
Overheadsigndetails
Reinforcementschedule
5.3.2
FinalPlansforContractorDesign
FinalplanstobeprovidedtotheContractorunderthecontractordesignoptionshallincludethe
following:
Wallenvelopes
Locationofverticalconstructionjoints
Typicalsections
54
Geotechnicaldesigncriteriaincludingwalldesignparameters
Barrierrequirements
Specialloading,suchasverticalloadsfromfoundationsadjacenttothewalls
Requirementsforlighting,overheadsignstructuresanddrainagestructures.
Alistofpayitemsandquantities,asapplicable
5.4
STAKINGFORRETAININGWALLSONCONSTRUCTION
GDOTStandardSpecification149.3.03.Daddressestheconstructionrequirementsinregardsto
stakingforretainingwalls.Priortoapprovingthecalculationsandplansforcontractordesigned
walls,thereviewershallhavealetterfromthecontractorstatingthatthewallhasbeenstaked
outandthatthefieldconditionsmatchdesignassumptions.
5.5
SPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORINDIVIDUALWALLTYPES
5.5.1
GravityWall
GDOTStandard9031Loutlinestheuseofagravitywallundervariousfrontfaceandretained
slopeconditions.Themaximumheightofagravitywallinanycaseislimitedto10feet.
Itisnotrecommendedtouseagravitywalladjacenttoroadwaysorparkinglotswhereitcreatesa
potentialverticaldropforavehicle.Inthiscase,useaType2sidebarrierwallasspecifiedin
GDOTStandard4948BoraparapetwallasspecifiedinConstructionDetailPW1.
5.5.2
RCCantileverWall
Standards4948Band4948C,aswellasConstructionDetailPW1presentthreetypesofRC
cantileverwallsthatcanbeappliedappropriatelywithoutdesignorreviewbytheBridgeOffice.
ThemaximumheightsforthesewallsarepresentedinTable5.5.21.
Table5.5.21
StandardRCCantileverWallsandHeightLimits
Wall Type
Type2SideBarrier
Type6SideBarrier
ParapetRetainingWall
Maximum Height
1210
106
140
WhentheinhousedesignoptionisusedforanRCcantileverwall,itshallbedesignedand
detailedinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFDSpecifications.Thebasicsoilpropertiesfordesign,such
asunitweight,angleofinternalfriction,coefficientoffrictionandbearingcapacityshouldbe
providedintheWFIreport.TheGDOTBridgeCellLibrarymaybeusedforfinaldetailing.
55
Useofcounterfortsisallowedwhenitresultsinthemostcosteffectivedesign.RCcantileverwall
footingsshallbeembeddedaminimumof2feetbelowtheproposedgroundline.Incalculating
thepassiveresistanceforceatthefaceofthewall,this2footsoillayershallbeneglectedto
accountforpotentialdisturbanceinthefuture.
5.5.3
MSEWalls
ContractordesignedMSEwallsaregovernedbySection627oftheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
ThisspecificationcoversthedesignandconstructionofMSEwalls,andreferstoSection626for
additionalconstructionrequirements.
5.5.3.1
DesignCriteria
AllMSEwallsshallbedesignedandconstructedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:
a) Theminimumcoverfromtheproposedgroundlinetothebottomofthewall(topof
levelingpad)shallbetwofeet.Increasethecoverwhenrequiredasfollows:
Thetopoflevelingpadelevationshallbeatleast2belowthebottomofadjacentditch.
Wheretheproposedgroundlineslopesdownwardfromthefrontfaceofthewall,the
topoflevelingpadelevationshallbesettomaintainaminimum10berminfrontofthe
wall(seeFigure5.5.3.11).
Thetopoflevelingpadelevationshallbesetatorbelowthelevelofadjacentutilities
suchaswaterlinesthatmayfailandscourthefoundationinthefuture.
b) Themaximumslopebehindthewallshallbe2horizontalto1vertical.
c) Thetopelevationofallwallswhichretainslopingbackfillsshallbesettoaccommodatea
drainageditch,suchastheonepresentedinConstructionDetailD49oralargerditchas
drainagearearequires.TheVshapedditchintendedforgravitywallsshallnotbeused.
Ditchpavingbehindthewallisaroadwayitem,soitshouldbeconfirmedwiththeroadway
designerthatthisquantityisincludedontheroadwayplans.
d) Atabutmentwalls,shoulderpointsatthetopofthewallshallbelocated10beyondthe
wingwalls,measuredperpendiculartothecenterlineofthebridge(seeFigure5.5.3.12).
e) ForMSEwallsusedasthefrontfaceofanendbent(abutment),theminimumdistancefrom
theBackFaceofPavingResttothefrontfaceofthewallshallbe60,measurednormalto
thewall.
f)
Atwallabutments,thebackfillbehindtheendbentcapandendofbridgemustbepaidfor
separatelyascubicyardsofAdditionalMSEBackfill.Meanwhile,backfillbehindthewall
panelsisincludedinthesquarefootpriceofwalloncontractordesignedwalls.Thelimitsof
AdditionalMSEBackfillshallbeextendedbackfurthertoaccommodatethesamelength
ofstrapsusedintheassociatedwallsection(seeFigure5.5.3.13).
56
57
g) Thereare4typesofMSEwallcopingsavailableasfollows:
TypeA:Basiccopingwithoutbarrier
TypeB:Copingwithparapetandmomentslabtobeusedadjacenttosidewalk
TypeH:CopingwithGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierandmomentslabtobeused
adjacenttotraffic
TypeV:CopingwithGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierwithoutamomentslab
SeeGDOTCopingDetailSheetsforGeorgiaStabilizedEmbankment(GSE)wallsforgeneral
copingdetails.
h) ForMSEwallssupportingtraffic,useTypeHtrafficbarrierascopingratherthanTypeV.
TypeHbarrierconsistsoftheGDOTNewJerseyorSTypebarrierwithamomentslab.Ifa
sidewalkispresentalongthetopofthewall,usea23highTypeBcopingwithaluminum
handrailormatchtheadjacentrailingsystem.
i)
BeforeusingMSEwallsonurbanstreets,thedesignershallinvestigatetoseeif
undergroundutilitieswillinterferewiththewallsystemanditsmodulesorstraps.In
general,MSEwallsshallnotbeusedinsituationsinwhichmaintenancecrewsofthe
undergroundutilitieswilldigintothestraps,meshormodules.RCcantileverwallsshallbe
usedintheseinstances.
j)
OverheadsignfoundationsshallnotbeplacedonthereinforcedbackfillofMSEwalls.
k) TheGeneralNotesshouldspecifyaplainfinishonthepanelsunlesstheProjectManager
requiresanarchitecturalfinish.Ifthewallisvisibletothepublic,agraffitiproofcoating
shouldbespecified.Itisimportanttoverifythisfinishinthecontractorswallplans,since
theygenerallyuseatexturedfinishbydefault.
l)
Bridgereplacementswithwallabutmentsareoftenstageconstructed.Averticaljointis
requiredbetweenthestagestoallowfordifferentialsettlement.
Figure5.5.3.11 BerminFrontofWall
58
10'
10'
Figure5.5.3.12 ShoulderPointsofMSEWallatAbutments
Figure5.5.3.13 TypicalWallAbutmentDetail
5.5.3.2
ErosionProtectionforEndBents
WhenanMSEwallisusedattheabutment,theareabetweenthefrontfaceoftheendbentcap
andthebackfaceofthewallshallbedetailedwith4inchconcreteslopepaving.Thisdetailis
usedtopreventerosionorlossoffinesduetoconcentratedwaterflowinginthisarea.Theplans
shouldnotethatcostsforthisslopepavingshouldbeincludedinoverallbidsubmittedforthe
contract.
5.5.3.3
59
CalculationofQuantities
WallsconstructedaccordingtoGDOTStandardSpecification627arepaidforpersquarefootof
wallfacearea.Wallfaceareashallbemeasuredinverticalbandsandpaidforaccordingtothe
heightrangeofthatband,asshowninFigure5.5.3.31.Theheightshallbemeasuredfromthe
topofthelevelingpadtothetopofcoping,gutterline,ortopofsidewalk,dependingon
application.Additionalpaymentforlocationofstepsinthelevelingpadisnotallowed.Instead,
paymentisrestrictedtothewallenvelopeareainthecontractplansunlesstheenvelopechanges
duetofieldconditions.
Figure5.5.3.31 CalculationofWallFacePayItemQuantities
5.5.4
PrefabricatedModularWall
Prefabricatedmodularwalls,suchasDoublewalshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesign
optionasdescribedin5.1.2.3.GDOTStandardSpecification602coverstheuseofDoublewal,
meanwhileaSpecialProvisionshallberequiredinthecontractdocumentsforothersuppliers.
5.5.5
ModularBlockWall
Modularblockwalls,suchasKeystoneshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionas
describedin5.3.2,andwillrequireSpecialProvision630tobeincludedwiththecontract
documents.Modularblockwallsshouldnotbeusedtosupportroadwayorinothersituations
requiringabarrieratthetopofthewall.
5.5.6
SoldierPileWall
Soldierpilewallsupto15feetinheightmaybeusedwhentemporaryshoringisundesirabledue
tocostorrightofwayrestrictions.Thesewallscanbebuiltfromthetopandwoodlaggingactsas
thenecessaryshoringpriortotheinstallationofaconcretefacing.
SoldierPilewallsshallbedesignedusingtheCoulombsmethodtodetermineactiveearth
pressure.Aminimumof2feetofsoilinfrontofthewallshallbeneglectedinthecalculationof
passiveresistanceagainstthediscretesupportelements.Thisdepthmayneedtobeincreasedif
thegroundlineinfrontofthewallslopesdownfromtheface.
DiscretesupportelementsconsistofrolledsteelWorHPsectionsembeddedinpilotholesfilled
withconcrete.Pilotholesectiontobeembeddedundertheproposedgroundline(fromthe
bottomoftheholetothebottomofthefacing)shallbefilledwithclassAconcreteandreinforced
with8#6longitudinalbarsconfinedby#4stirrupsspacedat12.Theremainderofthepilothole
(fromthebottomoffacingtotheexistinggroundline)shallbefilledwithflowablefillwithout
reinforcement.
A12inchthickcastinplaceconcretefacingshallbeattachedtotherolledsteelsectionswith
shearstuds.Theamountoffrontandbackfacereinforcementinthefacingshallbedetermined
neglectinganysupportresistanceprovidedbythetemporarywoodlagging.Wallfacingshall
extend2feetbelowtheproposedgroundlineatthefaceofthewall.
Ifasoldierpilewallisusedastemporaryshoring,thecontractorisresponsibleforthedesignand
detailing.
5.5.7
TieBackWall
Tiebackwallsshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionasdescribedin5.1.2.3.GDOT
StandardSpecification617coverstheuseoftiebackwalls.Permanentfacingfortiebackwalls
shallbecastinplaceconcrete.Pneumaticallyappliedconcrete(shotcrete)willnotbepermitted.
5.5.8
SoilNailWalls
Soilnailwallsshallbeprocuredusingthecontractordesignoptionasdescribedin5.1.2.3andwill
requireSpecialProvision628tobeincludedinthecontractdocuments.
Soilnailwallsaresubjecttosettlement,sotheyshouldnotbeusedtosupportpavementsor
structures.Theshotcretethatisusedtostabilizethesoilfaceduringtheconstructionofasoilnail
wallisnotanacceptablefinalfinishforapermanentinstallation.Anadditionalsurfacetreatment
shallbespecifiedonthefinalplans.
510
Chapter6:CULVERTS
61
Chapter6 CULVERTS
6.1
GENERAL
CulvertsforGDOTprojectsarenormallysizedbyroadway/hydraulicdesignersandselectedfrom
theGDOTRoadwayStandards,sotheyareconsideredroadwayitems.Whenunusual
circumstancesprecludetheuseofastandardculvert,aculvertshallbedesignedinaccordance
withLRFD12.11.
6.2
CULVERTSIZING
CulvertsizesshallbedeterminedfollowingthemethodsasspecifiedintheGDOTDrainage
Manual.
6.3
STANDARDCULVERTDESIGN
Wheneverpossible,thedesignershouldusethepredesignedconcreteculvertsectionsfoundin
theGDOTRoadwayStandards,aslistedinTable6.31.
Table6.31
Standard
Number
2312
2317
2318
2319A
2319B
2320A
2320B
2320C
2320D
2321
2321
GDOTStandardCulverts
Description
DetailsForExtendingCulverts(RaisingParapetsorLengtheningCulverts2'or
less)
DetailsforExtendingConcreteBoxCulverts
DetailsforExtendingConcreteBoxCulvertsWithSkewsbelow75
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsQuadruple10'x10'forDepthsofFillUpto50
Feet
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsQuadruple10'x10'forDepthsofFillUpto50
Feet
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',and10'x10'for
DepthsofFillUpto50Feet.
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',and10'x10'for
DepthsofFillUpto50Feet.
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',10'x10'for45,60and
75DegSkews
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x8',10'x9',10'x10'for45,60and
75DegSkews
StandardReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertSingle3FTx2FTtoSingle6FTx6FT
ForDepthsofFillUpTo20FT
StandardReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertSingle3FTx2FTtoSingle6FTx6FT
Chapter6:CULVERTS
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2530P
2535P
6.4
ForDepthsofFillUpTo20FT(Sheet2)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle4'x6',Single5'x6'forDepthsofFillUp
to20Feet.
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle7'x4'ToSingle9'x10'forDepthsofFill
Upto20Feet.(2sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle10'x4'ThruSingle10'x12'forDepths
ofFillUpto20Feet.(2sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble3'x2'6''ToTriple6'x6'forDepthsof
FillUpto20Feet.(2sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble7'x4'ToTriple9'x10'forDepthsof
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsDouble10'x4'ToTriple10'x12'forDepthsof
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle3'x2'ToTriple6'x6'for75,60and45
Skews(3sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle7'x4'ToTriple9'x10'For75,60,and
45Skews(4sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertsSingle10'x4'ToTriple10'x12'for75,60,and
45Skews(4sheets)
ReinforcedConcreteBoxCulvertWingwallsandParapetsQuantitiesSingle3'x2'
ToTriple10'x12'For75,60,and45Skews
ConcreteBoxCulvertAprons,BafflesandInletBevelingDetailandAdjacentBox
CulvertJointDetail(2sheets)
PrecastBoxCulvertBarrels4x3Thru10x10SingleandMultipleLines
PrecastBoxCulvertEndsWingwalls,ParapetsToewallsandAprons
REQUIREDNOTESFORCULVERTPLANS
Thenotespresentedbelowshallbeincludedinallprojectplanscontainingculvertsinorderto
minimizeconcretecrackingthattendstooccurwhenculvertssettle.Theminimumearthcover
andlocationofconstructionjointspresentedinthesenotesarenotspecifieduniformlyinthe
GDOTStandardSpecificationsorpredesignedconcreteculvertsectionsfoundintheGDOT
RoadwayStandards.
WithconcurrencebetweentheOfficeofConstructionandtheBridgeOffice,thesenotesshouldbe
placedinaprominentpositiononplansheetscontainingboxculvertdetails.Therecommended
locationforthefollowingnotesisoneachdrainagecrosssectionsheetwhereaboxculvertis
included:
BOXCULVERTREQUIREMENTS:
MINIMUMFILLHEIGHTFROMTOPOFCULVERTTOBOTTOMOFBASEWITHINTRAVELWAY
SHALLBE12INCHES.
MAXIMUMPOURLENGTHSHALLNOTEXCEED30FEETALONGTHELENGTHOFTHECULVERT.
62
Chapter6:CULVERTS
TRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSSHALLBEPLACEDINTHEBARREL,NORMALTOTHE
CENTERLINEOFCULVERT,ATTHEOUTSIDESHOULDERBREAKPOINTS.LONGITUDINALBARREL
REINFORCINGSTEELSHALLNOTBECONTINUOUSTHROUGHTHESEJOINTS,PROVIDEDTHAT
THEJOINTSAREMORETHAN15FEETFROMTHEBARRELENDS.
WHENTRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSOCCURWITHIN15FEETOFTHEBARRELENDSOR
WITHINTHELIMITSOFTHEPAVEMENT,THELONGITUDINALBARRELREINFORCINGSHALL
THENBECONTINUOUSTHROUGHSUCHJOINTS.THEMINIMUMLENGTHOFLAPSPLICEFOR
LONGITUDINALREINFORCINGSHALLBE24INCHES.
TRANSVERSECONSTRUCTIONJOINTSPLACEDATANYOTHERLOCATIONNOTSPECIFIEDABOVE
SHALLBEFORMEDWITHNOLONGITUDINALREINFORCINGSTEELPASSINGTHROUGHTHE
JOINTS.
6.5
THREESIDEDORBOTTOMLESSCULVERTS
Abottomlessculvertisallowedonlywhennootherpracticalsolution,suchasabridgeorstandard
box,willsatisfytheprojectrequirements.Thismayoccurwhentheonlywaytoobtainan
environmentalclearanceisthroughtheuseofabottomlessculvert.Inthiscase,thedetailedplans
forthebottomlessculvertmustbeincludedinthecontractdocuments.Theprovisionsforthe
sizingofbottomlessculvertsareoutlinedintheGDOTdrainagemanual.
Thefoundationdesignforthebottomlessculvertmustbeincludedinculvertdetailsandstamped
byaregisteredGeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.Inaddition,thefoundationdesignmustdetailhow
thebottomlessculvertfoundationwillbeprotectedfromscour.Riprapisnotconsidered
satisfactoryforprotectingaspreadfootingfromscour.Footingsmustbekeyedintosolidrockor
foundedonpilingembeddedwellbelowthescourline.
63
Chapter7:MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES
Chapter7 MISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURES
7.1
TemporaryDetourBridges
Temporarydetourbridgesareusedtofacilitatetheconstructionofaprojectandareintendedto
beremoveduponeithercompletionoftheentireprojectorataparticularprojectstage.
Temporarydetourbridgesaregenerallyusedforstreamcrossings,buttheymightbeutilizedfor
gradeseparationsorrailroadcrossings.GDOTStandardSpecification541addressesthematerials,
design,construction,maintenance,removalandpaymentfordetourbridges.
Sitespecifichydraulicstudiesplayanimportantroleindesignofdetourbridgesatstream
crossings.SeeGDOTDrainageManualChapter14fordesigncriteriagoverningdetour
bridges.
7.1.1
TemporaryDetourBridgeLength
1) Comparethestreamvelocitiesbetweenthenatural(unconstricted)streamandthe
existingbridgeopening.Iftheexistingbridgevelocitiesarelessthanapproximately
2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)velocitiesandtherearenovisiblesignsof
scourattheexistingbridge,thenconsiderationcanbegiventohavingatemporary
detourbridgelengthlessthantheexistingbridge.Thedetourbridgelengthshould
beminimized.Atemporarydetourbridgelengthapproximately2/3thelengthof
theexistingbridgelength(typicallyagoodfirstiteration)shouldbeconsidered
thoughthismustbeanalyzed,verifiedandrefinedifnecessary.Atemporarydetour
bridgelengthlessthantheexistingbridgewillactasaconstrictionandwilltendto
increasebackwaterupstreamofthebridge.Thetemporarydetourbridgelength
shouldremainlargeenoughsothatitwillnotinduce:
a. Designyearvelocitiesthroughthetemporarydetourbridgeopeningwhich
aremorethanapproximately2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)stream
velocitiesunless:
i. Thetemporarydetourbridgelengthmatchestheexistingbridgelength,
or
ii. Thestreambediscomprisedofascourresistantmaterial
b. Anincreaseinthedesignyearbackwatermorethan1.0ftabovethe
existingbridgeconditions
2) Iftheexistingbridgevelocitiesaregreaterthanapproximately2.0timesthenatural
(unconstricted)streamvelocitiesortherearevisiblesignsofcontractionorlocal
scourattheexistingbridge,thenthetemporarydetourbridgeshallbethesame
length*astheexistingbridge.*Seenote5below.
71
3) Thelengthofthetemporarydetourbridgeshallbelongenoughtoensurethatthe
toeofslopesofthebridgebeaminimum10.0ftfromthetopofbanksofthemain
channel.Thisbufferzoneisneededforerosioncontrolmeasures.
4) Temporarybridgesshouldbestudiedinincrementallengthsdivisibleevenlyby20.0
ft.
5) Whileunlikely,itispossiblethatatemporarydetourbridgecanbelongerthanthe
existingbridge.Thisscenariocouldariseasaresultofextremeorunusualhydraulic
circumstances.ThedesignerandtheDepartmentshouldbeinagreementbefore
specifyingadetourbridgelongerthantheexistingbridge.
7.1.2
TemporaryDetourBridgeElevations
1) Ifthetemporarydetourbridgelengthistobethesameastheexistingbridgelength,
thenthelowmemberofthetemporarydetourbridgeshallclearthedesignyear
(10yearor2year)floodstageelevationoftheexistingbridge(constricted)
conditionbyapproximately1.0ft.
2) Ifthetemporarydetourbridgeistobeshorterthantheexistingbridge,additional
backwatermaybegenerated.Inthissituation,thereareseveralfactorswhich
shouldbeconsidered:
a. Thedesignyear(10yearor2year)floodstageupstreamofthebridgeshould
notbeincreasedbymorethan1.0foot.Examinetheareajustupstreamofthe
bridge.Iftherearehomes,businesses,property,etc.whichwouldbeimpacted
byraisingthefloodstageupstreamofthetemporarybridge,thenthe
temporarydetourbridgelengthshouldbeaslongastheexistingbridge.
b. Iftherearenopropertiesupstreamofthetemporarydetourbridgewhichcould
beimpactedbyariseinthedesignyearfloodstage,thenthesuperstructure
(lowsteel)ofthetemporarydetourbridgeelevationshallbesettoclearthe
designyear(10yearor2year)floodstageelevationinducedbythetemporary
detourbridgeconstrictionbyapproximately1.0ft.Thisriseshouldnotexceed
1.0ft.Thisriseshouldbelimitedsothatitdoesnotgeneratevelocitiesmore
thanapproximately2.0timesthenatural(unconstricted)streamvelocities
unlessstreambedgeologypermits.
3) Streambedgeologyshouldbeconsidered.Ifthestreambediscomprisedofascour
resistantmaterial,velocityincreasesgreaterthanapproximately2.0timesthe
natural(unconstricted)conditionsmightbeinconsequential.Therefore,inthese
geologicconditions,thebridgelengthcouldpossiblybereducedmorethanwitha
sandystreambed.However,themaximum1.0ftincreaseinbackwatershouldstill
beobserved.
72
4) Temporarydetourroadwaygeometricsspecificallyprofilesshouldbeconsidered
whensettingtheelevationofthetemporarydetourbridge.
7.1.3
TemporaryDetourBridgeLocation
1) Itisrecommendedthatunlessotherconsiderationsexist(environmental,rightof
way,buildings(orotherstructures),utilities,roadwaygeometry,channelgeometry,
etc.),thetemporarydetourbridgebelocateddownstreamoftheexistingbridge.
Thisshouldensurethat,intheeventthatthetemporarydetourbridgeisbreached
duringadesignflood,itsfailurewillnotresultinthelossoftheexistingbridgeor
theproposedbridge.
2) For2lanebridges,thecenterlinetocenterlinedistanceofthetemporarydetour
bridgetotheexistingbridgeshouldbeaminimumof50ft.Thisoffsetshouldensure
theconstructabilityofthetemporaryandpermanentbridgeaswellasthe
temporaryandpermanentroadway.Attheengineersdiscretioninspatially
constrainedsituations,thisoffsetdistancecanbereducedtoaslittleas42ft.
3) Itshouldbeassumedthatthetemporarydetourbridgebecenteredaboutthe
streamchanneland/oralignedwiththeexistingbridge.
7.1.4
TemporaryDetourBridgeWidth
Thedetourbridgewidthshallaccommodatethenumberandwidthoflanesshownintheroadway
detourplans.Theminimumlanewidthsfordetourbridgesaretypically11feetforinterstate
detoursand10feetfornoninterstatedetours.Theminimumclearancefromedgeoftravelway
totrafficbarrieris2feet.
7.2
PedestrianBridges
Pedestrianbridgesarestructureswhichprimarilycarrypedestrianand/orbicycletraffic.
PedestrianstructuresshouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeAASHTOLRFDGuide
SpecificationsforDesignofPedestrianBridges.TheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct(ADA)requires
thatnogradebesteeperthan1:12(8.33%)forstructuresthatcarrypedestriantraffic.
Projectscontainingpedestrianbridgesmayhaveveryspecificarchitecturalrequirements.
CoordinationwiththeGDOTProjectManagerisnecessarypriortocommencingworkonthis
structuretype.
7.3
SupportStructuresforSigns,SignalsandLights
7.3.1
StandardSupports
73
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseGDOTstandardsupportsaslistedinTable
7.3.11.Structuresnotaddressedbythesestandardsaredesignedbythecontractorin
accordancewiththeAASHTOStandardSpecificationsforStructuralSupportsforHighwaySigns,
LuminairesandTrafficSignals.Thecontractorisrequiredtosubmitshopdrawingsforapprovalby
theBridgeOffice.
Table7.3.11
GDOTStandardSupports
Standard/Detail
Description
Number
4030
DetailsofGalvanizedMetalCircularGuardrailforProtectionofR.R.Signs
9023A
RailroadGradeCrossingSignsandMarkings
RailroadGradeCrossingRailroadSigningandMarkingatCrossingwithRR
9024A
Signalsand/orGates
AssemblyDetailsonAluminumBoltedExtrudedPanelsforSpecial
9041
RoadsideSigns
AluminumBoltedExtrudedPanelsAssemblyComponentDetails(For
9042
SpecialRoadsideSigns)
ErectionandFoundationDetailsforSpecialRoadsideSignsBreakaway
9054A
TypePosts
9054B
TypePosts
9054C
TypePosts
9055
TypePosts(Wood)(Tobeusedonlywherespecified)
T03c
DetailsofStrainPoleErectionforOverheadSigns
T03d
DetailsofTimberPoleErectionforOverheadSigns
TS04
DetailsofMetalTrafficSignalSupportStructures
TS05
DetailsofConcreteTrafficSignalStrainPoles
TS06
DetailsofStrainPolesandMastArmPoleFoundations
TS07
GroundingDetailsforOverheadSpanWireSignsandTrafficSignals
7.3.2
StrainPolesonBridges
Overheadlanesignsaresometimesneededoverbridgeswithturnlanes.Thesesignsareattached
totensionedwiressupportedbyTypeI,IIorIIIstrainpoles,asspecifiedintheGDOTStandard
Specification639.Wheneverpossible,thesestrainpolesshallbestandalonestructureswiththeir
ownfoundation.However,insomeurbanareasthereisnotanappropriateplacetolocatea
strainpoleonthegroundandthereforeastrainpolemustbemountedonthebridge.Whenthis
situationoccurs,onlysteelstrainpolesshallbeusedandsupportedonthebridgesubstructure,
notthesuperstructure.Bothofthepolesinthepairshallbelocatedatthesamebentandthe
cablesattachedtothepolesshallbeparalleltothebent,inordertokeepallloadsintheplaneof
thebent.Sinceanchorboltsforstrainpolesaretypically54incheslong,throughboltsare
necessaryoncapslessthan57inchesdeep.
74
TypeIVstrainpolessupportingcableormastarmmountedtrafficsignalsaregenerallynot
allowedonbridges.
7.4
SoundBarriers
Asoundbarrierisastructureerectedtoattenuatenoisecreatedbytraffic.Itconsistsofrolled
steelsectionpostssupportingwallpanelsmadeofvariousmaterials.Thepostsareembeddedina
concreteshaftormountedwithboltedbaseplatestofootings,trafficbarriersorretainingwalls.
Wheneverpossible,theroadwaydesignershoulduseGDOTstandardsoundbarriersaslistedin
Table7.41.Structuresnotaddressedbythesestandardsaredesignedbythecontractorin
accordancewithChapter15oftheAASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifications.Vehicularcollision
forcesdefinedinLRFD15.8.4maybeignored.Thecontractorisrequiredtosubmitshopdrawings
forapprovalbytheBridgeOffice.
Table7.41
GDOTStandardSoundBarrierDetails
DetailNumber
N1A
N1B
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
Description
FoundationandPostDetails
FoundationandPostDetails
DetailsatConcreteSideBarrier
SpreadFootingAlternateforSoundBarrierWall
SoundBarrier,TypeB,InterlockingSteelPanels
SoundBarrier,TypeC,PrecastConcretePanels
SoundBarrier,TypeF,GlassReinforcedThermoCompositePanelsFilled
withRecycledTireRubber
SoundBarrier,TypeG,PrecastAutoclavedAeratedConcretePanels
75
Chapter8:FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS
Chapter8 FINALPLANREVISIONS,SHOPDRAWINGS,ANDASBUILTS
8.1
FinalPlanRevisionsandReDesigns
8.1.1
RevisionsandAmendments
8.1.1.1
RevisionsPriorToLetting
Usethefollowingprocedurewhenrevisingplansafterfinalplans(includingrevisionsresulting
fromtheFinalFieldPlanReview)havebeentransmittedtotheProjectManager:
a) CheckwiththeProjectManagertofindoutwhethertheplanscanberevised.Iftheycan,
revisetheplansandtransmitthemtotheProjectManager.
b) Iftheplanscannotberevised,thedesigner,inconsultationwiththeAssistantStateBridge
Engineershallprepareanamendmentlistingtherequiredchanges.Thisamendmentwillbe
providedtotheOfficeofBiddingAdministrationbytheAssistantStateBridgeEngineer.
Revisedquantitiescanbechangedpriortotheadvertisement(4weekspriortotheletting),but
aftertheplansareinthehandsofthepublic,theoriginalquantitycanonlybelinedthroughwith
thenewquantitywritteninadjacently.
8.1.1.2
8.1.1.2.1
Amendments
General
Onceaprojecthasbeenlet,amendmentstothecontractmustbepostedtotheplans.
Amendmentsshouldnotbeposteduntiltheprojecthasbeenawardedorrejected.
8.1.1.2.2
ForRejectedProjects
Iftheprojectisrejected,theamendmentsshouldbemadeassoonaspossiblesothattheywillbe
intheplanswhentheprojectisrebid.Theamendmentsshouldbemarkedasrevisions,andany
otherrevisionsshouldbemadeatthistime.TheGroupLeadershouldmakesurethattherevisions
arepostedbeforetheplansarereadvertised.
8.1.1.2.3
ForAwardedProjects
Iftheprojectisawarded,allchangestotheplanswhichareincludedintheamendmentsshould
bemadewhenacopyoftheamendmentsisreceivedfromtheOfficeofBiddingAdministration.
Changesshouldbemadeexactlyasshownintheamendment.Thesechangesshouldbemarkedas
revisions,withthenotationPeramendmentintheRevisionbox.Nootherchangesshouldbe
transmittedwiththeserevisions.Ifanyotherchangestotheplansareneeded,thechangesdueto
theamendmentsshouldbetransmitted,then,atalaterdate,anyotherrevisionsshouldbe
processed.Inthetransmittalletterfortheamendments,includethecommentAsper
amendmentsandattachacopyofthecorrespondingamendmentstothetransmittal.Thisisto
ensurethateveryoneunderstandsthatthechangestoplansareactuallyalreadypartofthe
contractsincetheywereissuedasanamendment.
Whentransmittingcontractdrawings,thedesignershouldfillinthesheetnumberandtotal
numberofsheetslocatedinthetoprighthandcornerofeachrevisedsheet.
8.1.1.3
RevisionsafterLetting(UseonConstructionRevisions)
Usethefollowingprocedurewhenrevisingplansonprojectslettocontract:
a) RevisequantitiesintheSummaryofQuantitiesordetailsheetsbyliningthroughthe
previousquantityandplacingthenewquantityadjacenttothat.
b) Identifytherevisionbyasymbol,typicallyatrianglewiththerevisionnumberinside.
c) Denotetherevisiondateandcommentintherevisionbox.
d) Fillinthesheetnumberandtotalnumberofsheetslocatedinthetoprighthandcornerof
eachrevisedsheet.
e) RevisionsonmajorInterstateProjectsmustbeclearedbytheFHWAbeforebeingfinalized.
Itshouldbenotedinthetransmittalletterthattherevisionhasbeendiscussedwiththe
FHWA.
f)
DonotchangethecharacteroftheworkwithoutconsultingwiththeOfficeofConstruction
concerningaSupplementalAgreement.
g) Thetransmittallettershouldcontainbriefstatementsofthechanges.Thetransmittal
shouldindicateanypayitemsforwhichthequantitieschanged.
h) Revisionsmadetoagreewithshopdrawingsshouldbestatedassuchonthetransmittal
letter.
8.1.2
8.1.2.1
PlanChangesandRevisionsDuringConstruction
General
OnceaContracthasbeenawarded,anybridgeplanchangesorrevisionsshallbecoordinatedwith
theOfficeofConstructionortheGDOTfieldengineerinchargeoftheproject.Thispolicymustbe
carefullyfollowedtominimizeconflictsamongmaterialsuppliers,contractors,GDOTpersonnel
andotherinterestedparties.SincetheDistrictsareresponsibleforadministeringconstruction
contracts,anyrevisionsorchangesaffectingthecontractmustbecoordinatedwiththeDistrict
ConstructionOffice.
WhentheContractorsredesignisapproved,fullsizeprintsshallbeobtained.TheContractor
shouldputatitleblockintheupperrightcorneroftheplansandusesheetnumbersasshownin
theroadwayplans,whenpractical.IfthePlanandElevation(P&E)sheetforthebridgewas
roadwaysheet64of135,thentheredesignsheetswouldbe64A,64B,etc.Ifonlythebeam
designischanging,thenusethesheetnumberofthebeams.Therevisedsheetsshallbesentto
theOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.
8.1.2.2
ContractorRedesignbySpecifications
ContractorredesignsinaccordancewiththeGDOTStandardSpecifications,asdescribedinthe
followingsections,donotrequiretheapprovaloftheOfficeofConstruction
8.1.2.2.1
ReinforcedConcreteDeckGirders
WhenthecontractplansfeatureRCDGs,contractorsmaysubmitaredesignutilizingeitherpre
stressedconcretestemsorTypeIModbeamsinaccordancewithGDOTStandardSpecification
542.TheGDOTengineershallverifythestructuraladequacyoftheredesignandthatall
hydraulicrequirementsoftheinitialdesignaremetbeforeapprovingthesubmittal.
8.1.2.2.2
WeldedWireFabric
GDOTStandardSpecification865allowsthesubstitutionofweldedwirefabric(WWF)forrebarin
PSCbeams,butdoesnotaddresssubstitutionsinotherstructuralelements.Itisthepolicyofthe
BridgeOfficetoallowsuchsubstitutionsaslongastheWWFwillprovideanareaofsteelequalto
theplanvalueineachdirection.Noreductioninareawillbeallowedbasedonhigherstrengthof
WWF.
8.1.2.3
OtherContractorRedesigns
ProposalsbytheContractortorevisetheprojectforefficiency,costsavingsorother
considerationsaresubjecttoapprovalbytheOfficeofConstructionwithareviewperformedby
theBridgeOfficeasnecessary.InallcommunicationswiththeContractorduringthereview
process,thedesignershallkeeptheGDOTfieldengineersinformedandcoordinatewiththe
liaisonsoftheOfficeofConstruction.Allproposedchangesoriginatingwithmaterialsuppliersor
fabricatorsmustbesubmittedbytheContractor.
8.1.2.4
RevisionsforErrorsandFieldConditions
Whenthecontractplansneedtobemodified,thefollowingactionsshallbetakendependingon
thecauseoftheerror:
a) ConstructionErrors:WhentheContractormakesanerrorduringconstruction,the
ContractorshallproposeasolutiontobeapprovedbytheDepartment.Department
personnelshouldnotoffersolutionstotheContractor.Anydamagesorreductionin
paymentarenegotiatedbytheOfficeofConstruction.
b) DesignErrors:Whenthereisanerrorontheplans,theDepartmentwilltypicallypropose
corrections.
c) FieldConditions:Whenunexpectedconditionsareencounteredthatforceachangetothe
design,thesolutionshouldbefoundthroughcooperationwithallparties.
AnyrevisionsmadefortheaboveconditionsshallbecoordinatedwiththeStateBridge
ConstructionEngineerortheGDOTfieldengineerinchargeoftheproject.Therevisionofthe
plansshallbemadeasspecifiedinSection8.1.1.3.TherevisedsheetsshallbesenttotheProject
ManagerfordistributionasaUseOnConstructionrevision.
8.2
ShopDrawings
ShopdrawingsarerequiredasspecifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification105.02.Itemsrequiring
shopdrawingsincludemetaldeckforms,bearingpads,PSCbeams,steelbeams,detourbridges,
cofferdams,fencing,handrail,othertypesofbearings,etc.Theshopdrawingsshouldbe
submittedbytheContractor,notdirectlyfromthefabricator.Ifthedesignerreceivesdrawings
fromthefabricator,theContractormustbenotifiedandareviewwillnotcommenceuntilaletter
coveringthedrawingsisreceivedfromtheContractor.
8.2.1
8.2.1.1
ShopDrawingReview
TimelinessofReview
Becausethefabricatormusthavetheplansapprovedbeforestartingfabrication,shopdrawing
approvalsaretimecritical,soreviewsshouldbeprompt(typicallywithintwoweeks).The
designershallkeepashopdrawinglogshowingthedateofthesubmittaltotheBridgeOffice,date
ofreturntotheContractorandanindicationofapprovalorexceptionstotheshopdrawings.
8.2.1.2
ProfessionalEngineersStampforDesignChanges
ShopdrawingsshallbestampedandsignedbyaGeorgiaProfessionalEngineerwhenadesign
changeismadefromthecontractplans.
8.2.1.3
ShopDrawingCompatibility
Inadditiontoevaluatingthecomplianceofeachshopdrawingsubmittal,thedesignershould
ensurethatnoconflictsoccurwithothershopdrawingsorthecontractdrawings.Potentialareas
ofconflictincludethefollowing:
beamsanddeckforms
beamsanddiaphragmholes
handrailpostspacingontheshopdrawingsandtheinsetsforpostonthebridgeplans
8.2.1.4
ConditionalApproval
ThereviewershallnotprovideconditionalapprovalforshopdrawingsormarkthemApprovedas
Noted.Ifchangesareminorthereviewermayallowcorrectedsheetstobesubstitutedsothat
theentiresetcanthenbeapproved.
8.2.1.5
StampingofDrawings
Thereviewershallstampeverypageofeachcopyofapprovedshopdrawings.Whenshop
drawingsaretoberevised,thereviewermaystamponlythosesheetsrequiringrevision.Onlythe
firstsheetofdesigncalculationsneedstobestamped.
8.2.1.6
Distribution
SeeSection1.6.9.2.4fordistributionofshopdrawingsthathavebeenreviewed.
8.2.1.7
ShopDrawingLog
ThedesignershallkeepashopdrawinglogshowingthedateofthesubmittaltotheBridgeOffice,
dateofreturntotheContractorandanindicationofapprovalorrejection.
8.2.1.8
RecordKeeping
Alloriginalshopdrawingtransmittalletters,bothinandoutshallbesenttotheGeneralFiles.
Thisshouldbedonebyincludingtheoriginalletterwiththesetsofdrawingsprovidedtotheoffice
clerkfortransmittal.Allotherpartiesshallgetphotocopiesoftheseletters.
8.2.1.9
ConsultantReview
ShopdrawingsreviewedbyconsultantsmustbesentthroughtheBridgeOfficewhichwillalso
stampthemaftertheconsultantsreview.FabricationisnotallowedtoproceedwithoutaBridge
Officeapprovalstamp.
8.2.2
8.2.2.1
MetalDeckForms
ProfessionalEngineersStamp
MetaldeckformshopdrawingsmustincludethestampoftheregisteredGeorgiaP.E.responsible
forthedesign.
8.2.2.2
KeyReviewItems
Metaldeckformshopdrawingsindicatingintermediatesupportsbetweenbeamsshallnotbe
approved.
Metaldeckformsshallhaveaminimumof1ofbearingonthesupportangleateachend,as
specifiedinGDOTStandardSpecification500.08.E.10.
Thereviewershallensurethatthegaugeofsteelshownontheshopdrawingsmatchesthedesign
calculationsandthatthecalculateddeflectiondoesnotexceedtheallowablelimits.
Forcontinuoussteelbeams,thereshallbenoweldingbetweenthehangersandtheflangeatthe
locationswherethetopflangeisintensionunderanyloadingcondition.Therefore,theshop
drawingshallindicatethatstrapsconnectingthesehangersacrossthetopflangeareprovidedat
theselocationswhichshouldbeclearlyindicatedontheplans.
8.2.2.3
SubmittaltotheOfficeofMaterials
ApprovedshopdrawingsformetaldeckformsarenotrequiredtobeforwardedtotheOfficeof
Materials.
8.2.3
BearingPads
Bearingpadslocatedfartherthan40feetfromafixedbentshallberedesignedwhenthe
contractorreplacesRCDGswithTypeIModPSCbeams.Thereviewershallensuretheshop
drawingsmatchwiththebearingsintheredesignedbridgeplans.
ApprovedshopdrawingsforbearingpadsshallbeforwardedtotheInspectionBranchChiefatthe
OfficeofMaterials.
8.2.4
8.2.4.1
PSCBeams
PEsStamponModifiedBeamDrawings
PSCbeamshopdrawingsmaycontainslightmodificationsfromthecontractdrawingstoaidinthe
fabricationprocess.Aslongasthesemodificationsdonotchangethestressdistributioninthe
PSCbeamfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractordoesnotneedtosubmitcalculationsandnoPE
stampisrequired.
SometimesPSCbeamsinshopdrawingsaremodifiedfromoneholddowntotwotoreducethe
holddownforce.Iftherearenootherchangesinthebeamdesign,theContractorwillnotbe
requiredtosubmitredesigncalculationsprovidedthatthenewholddownsarenomorethan3
0fromthemidpointofthebeam.
Whenthemodificationschangethestressdistributionfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractor
shallsubmitdesigncalculationsalongwithasetofbeamdrawings,stampedbyaregistered
GeorgiaPE,tobeincludedintherecordsetofplans.
8.2.4.2
FabricationLength
Thereviewershallverifythefabricationlengthswhichmaybeslightlydifferentfromtheplan
lengths.Thefabricationlengthaccommodateselasticshortening,gradeadjustments,concrete
shrinkage,epoxycoatingendtreatments,etc.
8.2.4.3
StrandsandStirrups
Thearrangementofstraightanddrapedstrandsshallbeverifiedtoensurenoconflictwitheither
diaphragmholesordowelbarchases.Themiddlestrandsinthetopflangemaybeshiftedtobe
locatedbetweenthestirrups.
Stirrupsshallbedetailedoutsidethestrandsintheweb.
8.2.4.4
EmbeddedElements
PSCbeamshopdrawingsshallcorrespondwiththemetaldeckformshopdrawingssincetheclips
mustbelocatedcorrectlyonthebeamsinorderforthedeckformstobeinstalled.Inclusionof
overhangbracketsshallbeverifiedonexteriorbeams.
Forsafetyrailsupports,itisacceptabletouseareinforcingbarembeddedinthebeamattherail
postlocations.Thisbarshouldbecutofforbentintothedecksteelafterthesafetyrailisno
longerneeded.ItisnotacceptabletodetailpipesinthetopofaPSCbeamtosupportsafety
railingposts.Thisisnotacceptablesincethesepipesmayholdwaterwhichfreezesandcauses
splitsinthebeam.
Liftingloopsshallbeadequatelyembeddednearthegirderends.Theliftingloopsshallextend
throughthegirdertowithin4ofthebottomsothattheweightofthegirderwillnotcause
tensionstressesatthejunctionofwebandtopflange.Thelocationoftheliftingloopsshall
complywiththecontractdrawings.
8.2.4.5
MinimumReleaseTime
PSCbeamshopdrawingsshallspecifyastrandreleasetimeofnolessthan18hourstocomply
withtheGDOTStandardSpecifications.
8.2.4.6
SubmittaltotheOfficeofMaterials
ApprovedshopdrawingsforPSCbeamsshouldbeforwardedtotheConcreteBranchChiefatthe
OfficeofMaterials.
8.2.5
DetourBridges
ThedetourbridgeshallbedesignedbytheContractorandtheshopdrawingsshallbestampedby
aregisteredGeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.WhentheContractorsubmitsanewdetourbridge
design,theBridgeOfficeencouragesthatthedesignbeinaccordancewithAASHTOLRFD
Specificationstoensureitslongtermviability.However,thecurrentGDOTpolicyallowsfor
designsinaccordancewiththeAASHTOStandardSpecifications.
Thereviewershallverifythedesignofthedetourbridgeincludingcompliancewiththeplansfor
length,widthandminimumbottomofbeamelevation.
Therearepreapproveddetourbridgedesignsownedbysomebridgecontractors.Sincetheshop
drawingsforthesebridgeshavebeenpreviouslyreviewedandacceptedbytheBridgeOffice,the
Contractorisnotrequiredtosubmittheshopdrawingsbutthereviewermayrequestthem.The
reviewershallstillverifywhethertheoverallsizeofthebridgematchesthecontractplansandif
thepiletypesandswaybracingcomplywiththeheightrequirementsonthepreapproved
drawings.
ApproveddetourbridgeshopdrawingsarenotrequiredtobeforwardedtotheOfficeof
Materials.
8.2.6
SteelBeams
WhenasteelbeamdesignismodifiedbytheContractorfromtheoriginaldesign,theContractor
shallsubmitdesigncalculationsalongwithasetofbeamdrawings,stampedbyaregistered
GeorgiaProfessionalEngineer.
Approvedshopdrawingsforallsteelstructuresincludingplategirders,weldedcontinuousrolled
beamsandpotbearingsshallbeforwardedtotheInspectionBranchChiefattheOfficeof
MaterialsandtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.
8.2.7
PostTensionedMembers
ApprovedshopdrawingsforposttensionedmembersshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesign
PolicyandSupportforinclusionintherecordsetofplans.Designcalculationsforthepost
tensioningoperationshallberetainedinthebridgedesignfiles.
8.2.8
ContractorDesignedWalls
ContractordesignedwallshopdrawingsshallbestampedbyaregisteredGeorgiaProfessional
Engineer.Thereviewershallensuretheshopdrawingscomplywithplanrequirementsincluding
finishandgraffitiproofcoating.Priortoapprovingthecalculationsandplans,thereviewershall
havealetterfromthecontractorstatingthatthewallhasbeenstakedoutandthatitfitsthesite.
SeeSection149.3.03.DoftheStandardSpecifications.
ApprovedshopdrawingsshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportfor
inclusionintherecordsetofplans.Itisnotnecessarytoforwardapprovedwallshopdrawingsto
theOfficeofMaterials.
8.2.9
ContractorDesignedSignSupports
ContractordesignedsignsupportshopdrawingsshallbestampedbyaregisteredGeorgia
ProfessionalEngineer.Thereviewershallensuretheshopdrawingscomplywithplan
requirements.
ApprovedshopdrawingsshallbeforwardedtotheOfficeofDesignPolicyandSupportfor
inclusionintherecordsetofplans.Itisrequiredtoforwardapprovedsignsupportshopdrawings
totheInspectionBranchoftheOfficeofMaterials.
8.2.10 MiscellaneousShopDrawings
Shopdrawingsformiscellaneousitemssuchasfencing,shoring,andcofferdamsarenotrequired,
butwillbereviewedifsubmitted.
8.3
AsBuiltFoundationInformationSheet
EachsetofbridgeplansshallincludeanAsBuiltFoundationInformationsheet.Thissheetwill
includespacesforfieldpersonneltorecordthetipelevationsofallpiles,topandtipofcaisson
elevations,thebottomoffootingelevationsandthebottomofsealelevations.Forpilefootings,a
schematicshouldbeincluded,withthepilesnumberedlefttoright,thenbacktoahead.
AsBuiltFoundationInformationsheetsshallbecompletedbytheGDOTProjectEngineerand
returnedtotheBridgeOffice.Thisinformationshallbeincorporatedinthedesignfilesanda
revisedsheetwillbetransmittedasspecifiedinSection1.6.9.2.4.Thisinformationisimportant
forlongtermevaluationofthestructure.
InformationcollectedduringdatapiledrivingmaybesenttotheBridgeOfficebymistake.It
shouldbeforwardedtotheGeotechnicalBureauoftheOfficeofMaterials.
Chapter9:SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES
Chapter9 SEISMICDESIGNGUIDELINES
9.1
GENERAL
SeismicdesignofbridgesshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththeLRFD3.10,LRFD4.7.4and
LRFD5.10.11.Basedonthedesignearthquakeandsubsurfacesoilconditionatthebridgesite,
theseismicperformancezoneandsubsequentlythedesignprocedureshallbedetermined.
Seismichazardatabridgesitecouldbecharacterizedbythedesignresponsespectrumthatis
establishedusingthegeneralprocedureorsitespecificprocedure,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.
9.1.1
SiteClass
Siteclass,fromAtoF,atthebridgelocationshallbedeterminedbasedonthesoiltypeand
propertiesoftheupper100feetofthesoilprofile,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.3.1.Itwillbe
determinedbytheGeotechnicalBureauandprovidedontheBridgeFoundationInvestigation(BFI)
report.
ForsiteclassAthroughE,theseismicperformancezoneanddesignresponsespectrumcanbe
determinedusingthegeneralprocedureasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.1.SiteclassFrequiresthe
sitespecificprocedure,asspecifiedinLRFD3.10.2.2,todetermineseismicperformancezoneand
toestablishdesignresponsespectrum.
9.1.2
DesignEarthquakeParameters
TheLRFDSpecificationsprovidethedesignearthquakeparametersinthemapsinLRFD3.10.2.1,
whichwillbeusedtodeterminetheseismicperformancezoneandthedesignresponsespectrum
ofthebridgesite.Usingthegeographicalinformationofthebridgelocation,thefollowingthree
accelerationcoefficientsshouldbereadfromthemaps:
Horizontalpeakgroundaccelerationcoefficient,PGA
Horizontalresponsespectralaccelerationcoefficientatperiodof0.2second,SS
Horizontalresponsespectralaccelerationcoefficientatperiodof1.0second,S1
9.1.3
SeismicPerformanceZone
Seismicperformancezone,from1to4,ofthebridgesiteshallbedeterminedusingthelong
periodaccelerationcoefficient,SD1,inaccordancewithLRFD3.10.6,exceptforthebridgesinthe
siteclassF.SD1shallbecalculatedbymultiplyingS1andthecorrespondingsitefactorforlong
periodspectrumrange,Fv,asdeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD3.10.3.2.Seismicperformance
zoneforthesiteclassFshallbedeterminedusingthevalueofSD1fromthesitespecificresponse
analysis.
91
ThestateofGeorgiaislocatedinarelativelylowseismichazardzoneandthegeneralguidelines
regardingtheseismicperformancezonesinGeorgiaarepresentedasfollows:
a) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassA,BorC,allbridgesitesinGeorgiawillbeclassifiedas
seismicperformancezone1.
b) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassD,thebridgesitesinnorthernandeasternGeorgia
withS1of0.0625orabovewillbeclassifiedasseismiczone2andothersiteswillbe
classifiedasseismiczone1.
c) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassE,onlythebridgesitesinsouthernGeorgiawithS1
below0.0429willbeclassifiedasseismiczone1andothersiteswillbeclassifiedasseismic
zone2.
d) IfthesiteclassisdeterminedasclassF,theseismicperformancezonewillbedeterminedby
asitespecificresponseanalysis.
9.1.4
DesignResponseSpectrum
ForthebridgesinsiteclassAthroughE,designresponsespectrumshallbeestablishedas
specifiedinLRFD3.10.4.1,usingtheaccelerationcoefficientsreadfromthemapsinLRFD3.10.2.1
andthesitefactorsspecifiedinLRFD3.10.3.2.
ForthebridgesinsiteclassF,thedesignresponsespectrumshallbeestablishedfromasite
responseanalysisinaccordancewithLRFD3.10.2.2andprovidedintheBridgeFoundation
Investigation(BFI)report.Thelongperiodaccelerationcoefficient,SD1,shallbedeterminedfrom
thesiteresponseanalysisandusedtodeterminetheseismicperformancezoneinaccordance
withLRFD3.10.6.
Thisspectrumshouldbeusedtodeterminethelateralforcebythedesignearthquake.Thislateral
forcewillbeappliedtothesubstructureandconnectionsasspecifiedinSection9.2.
9.2
SESIMICDESIGNPROCEDURES
Seismicanalysismethodstodeterminethedesignearthquakeloadsonthesubstructureshallbe
selectedasspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.Theanalysis
methodisselectedbasedontheseismiczone,operationalclassandregularityofthebridge.All
bridgesaredesignatedasOtherBridgesfortheoperationalclassasdefinedinLRFD3.10.5,
unlessdesignatedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
Therequirementforminimumsupportlengthatexpansionbearings,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.4,
shallbesatisfiedforallbridges.
TheseismicdesignflowchartpresentedinLRFDAPPENDIXA3maybeusedasanaidfordesignof
bridgesindifferentseismiczones.
92
9.2.1
SingleSpanBridges
Singlespanbridgesdonotrequireaseismicanalysisregardlessoftheseismiczone,asspecifiedin
LRFD4.7.4.2.Theconnectiondesignforcesinrestraineddirectionsshallbedeterminedin
accordancewithLRFD3.10.9.1.
9.2.2
MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
Multispanbridgesinseismiczone1donotrequireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.
TheconnectiondesignforcesinrestraineddirectionsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithLRFD
3.10.9.2,usingtheloadfactorforliveloadsof0.5.
9.2.3
MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
Multispanbridgesinseismiczone2requireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.Oneof
threeelasticanalysismethods,i.e.,uniformloadmethod,singlemodemethod,ormultimode
method,shouldbeusedfortheseismicanalysis.
Horizontalstaticearthquakeloadingsinlongitudinalandtransversedirectionsshouldbe
calculatedfromoneoftheanalysismethodsspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.1,thencombinedand
modifiedtodeterminetheseismicdesignloadcasesasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.9.3.Theseload
casesshallbecombinedwithotherloadsfortheExtremeEventILimitState,asspecifiedinLRFD
3.4.1.
FortheExtremeEventILimitState,theloadfactorsfordeadloads,p,shallbe1.0forsteelpile
bentsinaccordancewithLRFD6.5.5.Forallothersubstructuretypes,theloadfactorsfordead
loadsshallbeinaccordancewithLRFD3.4.1.
TheloadfactorforliveloadsintheExtremeEventILimitState,EQ,shallbe0.5forallsubstructure
types,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
TheresistancefactorsintheExtremeEventILimitStateshallbe1.0forsteelpilebentsin
accordancewithLRFD6.5.5and0.9forothersubstructuretypesinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1b.
9.2.4
MultiSpanBridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
Multispanbridgesinseismiczones3and4requireaseismicanalysis,asspecifiedinLRFD4.7.4.3.
Anelasticmethodortimehistorymethodshouldbeusedfortheseismicanalysis.
Horizontalloadingsshouldbetakenasthelesserofthemodifieddesignforcescalculatedin
accordancewithLRFD3.10.9.4.2ortheinelastichingingforcesdeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD3.10.9.4.3.Thesehorizontalloadingsshouldbecombinedandmodifiedtodeterminethe
93
seismicdesignloadcasesasspecifiedinLRFD3.10.9.4.Theseloadcasesshallbecombinedwith
otherloadsfortheExtremeEventILimitState,asspecifiedinLRFD3.4.1.
FortheExtremeEventILimitState,theloadfactorsfordeadloads,p,shallbe1.0forsteelpile
bentsinaccordancewithLRFD6.5.5.Forallothersubstructuretypes,theloadfactorsfordead
loadsshallbeinaccordancewithLRFD3.4.1.
TheloadfactorforliveloadsintheExtremeEventILimitState,EQ,shallbe0.5forallsubstructure
types,unlessspecifiedotherwisebytheBridgeOffice.
TheresistancefactorsintheExtremeEventILimitStateshallbe1.0forsteelpilebentsin
accordancewithLRFD6.5.5and0.9forothersubstructuretypesinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1b.
9.3
SESIMICDETAILINGREQUIREMENTS
BridgesubstructuresshallbedetailedasrequiredinLRFD5.10.11.Theseismicdetailing
requirementsfortheamountandspacingofreinforcementshallalwaysbecheckedafterthe
generaldetailingrequirementsaremet,andmorereinforcementshallbeaddedasnecessary.
Seismichooksoflateralreinforcement,asspecifiedinLRFD5.10.2.2,shallbeusedintheplastic
hingeregions,typicallylocatedattopandbottomofcolumnsandpilebents.
9.3.1
BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone1
Thebridgesinseismiczone1withthelongperiodaccelerationcoefficient,SD1,of0.10orgreater
shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirements,asspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.2.Intheplastichinge
regionsofcolumnsandpilebents,theminimumamountandthemaximumspacingoftransverse
reinforcementshallmeettherequirementsspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.4.1dandLRFD5.10.11.4.1e,
respectively.
9.3.2
BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZone2
Thebridgesinseismiczone2shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirementsspecifiedinLRFD
5.10.11.3.Columns/pilebentsandwalltypepiersshallbedetailedinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1andLRFD5.10.11.4.2,respectively.
Theamountoflongitudinalreinforcementinacolumnshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD5.10.11.4.1awithanexceptionforthemaximumamountbeingspecifiedinLRFD5.10.11.3.
Thisrequirementforlongitudinalreinforcementshallapplytotheentireheightofthecolumn.
Theamountoftransversereinforcementinacolumnorpileshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredin
LRFD5.10.11.4.1corLRFD5.10.11.4.1d.Thespacingoftransversereinforcementshallnotbe
94
largerthanthatrequiredin5.10.11.4.1e.Theserequirementsfortransversereinforcementshall
applytotheplastichingeregions.Thetransversereinforcementshallextendintotheadjoining
membersinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.11.4.3.
SplicingoflongitudinalreinforcementshallconformtotheprovisionsinLRFD5.10.11.4.1f.
Longitudinalandtransversereinforcementsinconcretepilesshallconformtotheprovisionsin
LRFD5.13.4.6.2.
9.3.3
BridgesinSeismicPerformanceZones3and4
Thebridgesinseismiczone3or4shallmeettheseismicdetailingrequirementsspecifiedinLRFD
5.10.11.4.Columns/pilebentsandwalltypepiersshallbedetailedinaccordancewithLRFD
5.10.11.4.1andLRFD5.10.11.4.2,respectively.
Theamountoflongitudinalreinforcementinacolumnshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith
LRFD5.10.11.4.1a.Thisrequirementforlongitudinalreinforcementshallapplytotheentire
heightofthecolumn.
Theamountoftransversereinforcementinacolumnorpileshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredin
LRFD5.10.11.4.1corLRFD5.10.11.4.1d.Thespacingoftransversereinforcementshallnotbe
largerthanthatrequiredin5.10.11.4.1e.Theserequirementsfortransversereinforcementshall
applytotheplastichingeregions.Thetransversereinforcementshallextendintotheadjoining
membersinaccordancewithLRFD5.10.11.4.3.
SplicingoflongitudinalreinforcementshallconformtotheprovisionsinLRFD5.10.11.4.1f.
Longitudinalandtransversereinforcementsinconcretepilesshallconformtotheprovisionsin
LRFD5.13.4.6.3.
95
96
APPENDIX9ATYPICALSEISMICDETAILINGS
4" MIN.
#11 BARS, TYP.
#5 BARS, TYP.
NOTE: ALL HOOKS 135o OR GREATER
Figure9A1
TypicalSectionofColumninPlasticHingeRegionsforSeismicZones2,3and4
97
MINIMUM DISTANCE
A - MAXIMUM OF D/2 AND 15"
B - MAXIMUM OF D, L/6, AND 18"
MAXIMUM SPACING
X - MINIMUM OF D/4 AND 4"
Y - MINMUM OF D AND 12"
Z - MINIMUM OF D/4 AND 4"
D
Figure9A2
ColumnDetailingGuidanceforSeismicZones2,3,and4
98
24" M
IN.
Figure9A3
HPileConnectionDetailforSeismicZones2,3,and4

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Georgia Department of Transportation

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

LRFD BRIDGE AND STRUCTURE DESIGN MANUAL

BENJAMIN F. RABUN, III, P.E.

The latest version of this document is available at:

Other helpful links:

Design Committee for Original Document

Contributing Authors to Original Document

BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer

James K. Magnus, State Construction Engineer

COFFERDAM DETERMINATION REQUEST

STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY

Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer

Southern Concrete, Inc.

PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS

Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin

Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks

STP00-0000-00(000_ FULTON COUNTY

Benjamin F. Rabun III, P.E., State Bridge and Structural Engineer

Southern Concrete, Inc.

PSC BEAM SHOP DRAWINGS

Bill DuVall, attn: Ted Cashin

Georgene Geary, attn: Myron Banks

BRST-030-1(25), Stewart County

October 26, 2010

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer

David B. Millen, District Engineer, Thomaston

BRIDGE SITE INSPECTION AND STAKE OUT REQUEST

BRST0-0030-01(025) Stewart County

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer

Mike Clements, P.E., State Bridge Maintenance Engineer

October 26, 2010

BRST0-0030-01(025), Stewart County

October 26, 2010

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E., State Bridge Engineer

Brent A. Story, P.E., State Design Policy and Support Engineer

AS-BUILT BRIDGE FOUNDATION PLANS

Geotechnical Bureau (half-size)

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

2. Distance from nearest Milepost to Centerline of Bridge: _______________________

B. Existing (if applicable): _____________

8. Minimum Vertical Clearance above top of high rail:

B. Existing (if applicable): _____________

NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION

10. Describe how drainage from approach roadway is handled:

Keith Golden, P.E., Commissioner

One Georgia Center, 600 West Peachtree Street, NW

March 15, 2013

BRST-0000-00(0) Appling County

Benjamin F. Rabun, III, P.E.

cc: Assistant State Bridge Engineer,

Approved and agreed to this ____ day of _____________, 20__

CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.

CSX OVERHEAD BRIDGE CROSSING DATA

2. Railroad Division: ____________________________________________________

Distance from centerline of track:

11. Describe how drainage from bridge is handled:

REQUIRED BRIDGE OPENING SHOTS, SEE SECTION II.E OF THE

TYPICAL SECTION PROFILE OF BRIDGE OPENING

28-day strength of slab concrete: 4.0 ksi

Type I-MOD Beam

Maximum Design Span (ft)

Approved and agreed to this day of _______, 20