Nama : Fauzi Syamsi (151244016)

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THE CHEMICHAL BOND
The atoms of a compound are held together by chemical bonds formed by the
interaction of electrons from each atom. According to the octet rules, atoms bond
together to form molecules in such a way that each atom participating in a chemical
bond acquires an electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest it
in the periodic table. Thus the outer shell of each bonded atom will contain eight
electrons (or two electrons for hydrogen and lithium). The simplest chemical bond is
that formed between two hydrogens atoms. Each hydrogen atom has one electron.
As the two atoms approach each other, the nucleus of one atoms attracts the
electron of the other. Eventually the two orbitals overlap, becoming a single orbital
containing two electrons. The two extereme cases of chemical bonds are :

Covalent bond : bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by

two atoms
Ionic bonds : bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are
removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative
ions which attrach each other.

Other typers of bonds include metallic bonds and hydrogen bonding. The attractive
forces between molecules in a liquid can be characterized as van der waals bonds
A. Covalent Bonds
Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence
electrons by two atoms, in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds.
Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as
to create a noble gas configurating for each atom.
Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic
hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as chlorine also exist as diatomic
gases by forming covalent bonds. The nitrogen and oxygen which make up
the bulk of the atmosphere also exbiths covalent bonding in forming diatomic
molecules
B. Polar covalent bonds
Covalent bond in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal, with
the electrons spending more time around the more nonmetallic atom, are
called polar covalent bonds. In such a bond there is a charge separation with
one atom being slighthly more positive and the other more negative, the

bond will produce a dipole moment. The ability of an atom to attract electrons
in the presense of another atom is a measurable property called
electronegativity.
C. Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonding is involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic
compounds. The ionic are atoms that have lost one or more electrons (know
as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (know as
anions). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to
covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is metal atom and the anion is a
nonmetal atom, but thesi ion can be of a more complex nature. In simpler
words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal
in order for boths atoms to obtain a full valence shell.
D. Metallic Bonding
Metals engage in a unique type of bonding that provides them with a
unique set of properties. Unlike most other non-metallic substance, metals
are malleable and ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity.
Malleable means a substance can be shaped. Humans have been taking
advantage of this quality for millennia to make jewelry, coins, weapons, and
other related materials. Metals are also ductile, which means they can be
strectched into thin wires, such as those used for electricity
Metal Properties
The general properties of metals include malleability and ductility and
most are strong and durable. They are good conductors of heat and
electricity. Their strength indicates that the atoms are difficult to
separate, but malleability and ductility suggest that the atoms are
relativity easy to move electrons any direction in these materials. The
thermal conductivity also involves the motion of electrons. All these
properties suggest the nature of the metallic bonds between atoms
E. Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding differs from other uses of the word bond since it is
a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a small
atom of high electronegativity in another molecule. That is, it is an
intermolecular force, not an intramolecular force as in the common use of the
word bond.
Hydrogen bonding has a very important effect on the properties of water and
ice. Hydrogen bonding is also very important in proteins and nucleic acids

and therefore in life processes. The unzipping of DNA is a breaking of

hydrogen bonds which help hold the two strands of the double helix together.