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9Identities
10Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
11Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
12Seealso
13References
14Externallinks

Standardanalyticexpressions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsare:
Hyperbolicsine:
.
Hyperboliccosine:
.

sinh,coshandtanh

Hyperbolictangent:

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.
Hyperboliccotangent:

.
Hyperbolicsecant:

csch,sechandcoth

Hyperboliccosecant:

.
Hyperbolicfunctionscanbeintroducedviaimaginarycircularangles:
Hyperbolicsine:
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.
Hyperboliccosine:
.
Hyperbolictangent:
.
Hyperboliccotangent:
.
Hyperbolicsecant:
.
Hyperboliccosecant:
.
whereiistheimaginaryunitwiththepropertythati2=1.
ThecomplexformsinthedefinitionsabovederivefromEuler'sformula.

Usefulrelations
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(a)cosh(x)istheaverageof
exandex
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Oddandevenfunctions:

Hence:

Itcanbeseenthatcoshxandsechxareevenfunctionstheothersare
oddfunctions.
(b)sinh(x)ishalfthe
differenceofexandex

Hyperbolicsineandcosinesatisfytheidentity

whichissimilartothePythagoreantrigonometricidentity.Onealsohas
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fortheotherfunctions.
Thehyperbolictangentisthesolutiontothedifferentialequation

withf(0)=0andthe

nonlinearboundaryvalueproblem:[12]

Itcanbeshownthattheareaunderthecurveofcosh(x)overafiniteintervalisalwaysequaltothearc
lengthcorrespondingtothatinterval:[13]

Sumsofarguments:

particularly

Sumanddifferenceofcoshandsinh:
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Inversefunctionsaslogarithms
Mainarticle:Inversehyperbolicfunction

Derivatives

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Secondderivatives
Thesecondderivativesofsinhandcosharethesamefunction:

Allfunctionswiththispropertyarelinearcombinationsofsinhandcosh,notablytheexponential
functions and ,andthezerofunction
.

Standardintegrals
Forafulllist,seelistofintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions.

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Thefollowingintegralscanbeprovedusinghyperbolicsubstitution.

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whereCistheconstantofintegration.

Taylorseriesexpressions
ItispossibletoexpresstheabovefunctionsasTaylorseries:

ThefunctionsinhxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyoddexponentsforx.Thusitisanodd
function,thatis,sinhx=sinh(x),andsinh0=0.

ThefunctioncoshxhasaTaylorseriesexpressionwithonlyevenexponentsforx.Thusitisaneven
function,thatis,symmetricwithrespecttotheyaxis.Thesumofthesinhandcoshseriesistheinfinite
seriesexpressionoftheexponentialfunction.

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where
isthenthBernoullinumber
isthenthEulernumber

Comparisonwithcircularfunctions
Thehyperbolicfunctionsrepresentanexpansionoftrigonometrybeyondthecircularfunctions.Both
typesdependonanargument,eithercircularangleorhyperbolicangle.
Sincetheareaofacircularsectoris

itwillbeequaltouwhenr=squarerootof2.Inthediagram

suchacircleistangenttothehyperbolaxy=1at(1,1).Theyellowsectordepictsanareaandangle
magnitude.Similarly,theredaugmentationdepictsanareaandmagnitudeashyperbolicangle.

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Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareoflength2times

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Thelegsofthetworighttriangleswithhypotenuseontheraydefiningtheanglesareoflength2times
thecircularandhyperbolicfunctions.
MellonHaskellofUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleydescribedthebasisofhyperbolicfunctionsin
areasofhyperbolicsectorsinan1895articleinBulletinoftheAmericanMathematicalSociety(see
Externallinks).Hereferstothehyperbolicangleasaninvariantmeasurewithrespecttothesqueeze
mappingjustascircularangleisinvariantunderrotation.

Identities
Thehyperbolicfunctionssatisfymanyidentities,allofthemsimilarin
formtothetrigonometricidentities.Infact,Osborn'srule[14]states
thatonecanconvertanytrigonometricidentityintoahyperbolic
identitybyexpandingitcompletelyintermsofintegralpowersof
sinesandcosines,changingsinetosinhandcosinetocosh,and
switchingthesignofeverytermwhichcontainsaproductof2,6,10,
14,...sinhs.Thisyieldsforexampletheadditiontheorems

the"doubleargumentformulas"

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Circleandhyperbolatangentat
(1,1)displaygeometryof
circularfunctionsintermsof
circularsectorareauand
hyperbolicfunctions
dependingonhyperbolicsector
areau.
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andthe"halfargumentformulas"[15]
Note:Thisisequivalenttoitscircularcounterpartmultipliedby1.
Note:Thiscorrespondstoitscircularcounterpart.

Thederivativeofsinhxiscoshxandthederivativeofcoshxissinhxthisissimilartotrigonometric
functions,albeitthesignisdifferent(i.e.,thederivativeofcosxissinx).
TheGudermannianfunctiongivesadirectrelationshipbetweenthecircularfunctionsandthe
hyperboliconesthatdoesnotinvolvecomplexnumbers.
Thegraphofthefunctionacosh(x/a)isthecatenary,thecurveformedbyauniformflexiblechain
hangingfreelybetweentwofixedpointsunderuniformgravity.
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Relationshiptotheexponentialfunction
Fromthedefinitionsofthehyperbolicsineandcosine,wecanderivethefollowingidentities:

and

Theseexpressionsareanalogoustotheexpressionsforsineandcosine,basedonEuler'sformula,as
sumsofcomplexexponentials.

Hyperbolicfunctionsforcomplexnumbers
Sincetheexponentialfunctioncanbedefinedforanycomplexargument,wecanextendthedefinitions
ofthehyperbolicfunctionsalsotocomplexarguments.Thefunctionssinhzandcoshzarethen
holomorphic.
RelationshipstoordinarytrigonometricfunctionsaregivenbyEuler'sformulaforcomplexnumbers:

so:
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Thus,hyperbolicfunctionsareperiodicwithrespecttotheimaginarycomponent,withperiod
forhyperbolictangentandcotangent).

Hyperbolicfunctionsinthecomplexplane

Seealso
e(mathematicalconstant)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function

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