VISCOUS FLUID FLOW

Third Edition

Frank M. White
University of Rhode Island

Me
Graw
Hill
Higher Education
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York
San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
 CONTENTS

Preface xiii
List of Symbols xvii

1 Preliminary Concepts 1
1-1 Historical Outline 1
1-2 Some Examples of Viscous-Flow Phenomena 4
1-3 Properties of a Fluid 15
1-4 Boundary Conditions for Viscous-Flow Problems 45
Summary 54
Problems 55

2 Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow 59

2-1 Introduction 59
2-2 Classification of The Fundamental Equations 59
2-3 Conservation of Mass: The Equation of Continuity 60
2-4 Conservation of Momentum: The Navier-Stokes Equations 62
2-5 The Energy Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics) 69
2-6 Boundary Conditions for Viscous Heat-Conducting Flow 74
2-7 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 75
2-8 Mathematical Character of The Basic Equations 77
2-9 Dimensionless Parameters in Viscous Flow 81
2-10 Vorticity Considerations in Incompressible Viscous Flow 84
2-11 Two-Dimensional Considerations: The Stream Function 86
2-12 Noninertial Coordinate Systems 88
2-13 Control-Volume Formulations 89
Summary 92
Problems 92

ix
X CONTENTS

3 Solutions of The Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations 96

3-1 Introduction and Classification of Solutions 96
3-2 Couette Flows Due to Moving Surfaces 98
3-3 Poiseuille Flow through Ducts 106
3-4 Unsteady Duct Flows 125
3-5 Unsteady Flows with Moving Boundaries 129
3-6 Asymptotic Suction Flows 135
3-7 Wind-Driven Flows: The Ekman Drift 141
3-8 Similarity Solutions 144
3-9 Low Reynolds Number: Linearized Creeping Motion 165
3-10 Computational Fluid Dynamics 183
Summary 205
Problems 205

4 Laminar Boundary Layers 215

4-1 Introduction 215
4-2 Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations 225
4-3 Similarity Solutions for Steady Two-Dimensional Flow ..230
4-4 Free-Shear Flows 251
4-5 Other Analytic Two-Dimensional Solutions 257
4-6 Approximate Integral Methods 261
4-7 Digital-Computer Solutions 271
4-8 Thermal-Boundary-Layer Calculations 278
4-9 Flow in the Inlet of Ducts 287
4-10 Rotationally Symmetric Boundary Layers 290
4-11 Asymptotic Expansions and Triple-Deck Theory 300
4-12 Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers 307
4-13 Unsteady Boundary Layers: Separation Anxiety 318
4-14 Free-Convection Boundary Layers 321
Summary 328
Problems 328

5 The Stability of Laminar Flows 337

5-1 Introduction: The Concept of Small-Disturbance Stability 337
5-2 Linearized Stability of Parallel Viscous Flows 344
5-3 Parametric Effects in the Linear Stability Theory 357
5-4 Transition to Turbulence 370
5-5 Engineering Prediction of Transition 378
Summary 394
Problems 394
CONTENTS XI

6 Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow 398

6-1 Physical and Mathematical Description of Turbulence 398
6-2 The Reynolds Equations of Turbulent Motion 406
6-3 The Two-Dimensional Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations 411
6-4 Velocity Profiles: The Inner, Outer, and Overlap Layers 414
6-5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Channels 425
6-6 The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 433
6-7 Turbulence Modeling 440
6-8 Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layers with a Pressure Gradient 454
6-9 Free Turbulence: Jets, Wakes, and Mixing Layers 473
6-10 Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer 485
Summary 498
Problems 498

7 Compressible-Boundary-Layer Flow 505

7-1 Introduction: The Compressible-Boundary-Layer Equations 505
7-2 Similarity Solutions for Compressible Laminar Flow 511
7-3 Solutions for Laminar Flat-Plate and Stagnation-Point Flow 514
7-4 Compressible Laminar Boundary Layers under Arbitrary Conditions 525
7-5 Special Topics in Compressible Laminar Flow 539
7-6 The Compressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations 544
7-7 Wall and Wake Laws for Turbulent Compressible Flow 547
7.8 Compressible Turbulent Flow Past a Flat Plate ....553
7-9 Compressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Calculation with a Pressure Gradient 561
Summary 566
Problems 566

Appendices 571
A Transport Properties of Various Newtonian Fluids 571
B Equations of Motion of Incompressible Newtonian Fluids in
Cylindrical and Spherical Polar Coordinates 581
C A Runge-Kutta Subroutine for N Simultaneous Differential Equations 585

Bibliography 590
Index xxx