Turning

G00 Positioning in Rapid

G01
Linear Interpolation
G02
Circular Interpolation (CW)
G03
Circular Interpolation (CCW)
G04
Dwell
G07
Feedrate sine curve control.
.
G10
Data setting
G11
Data setting cancel.
G17
XY Plane
G18
XZ Plane
G19
YZ Plane
G20
Inch Units
G21
Metric Units
G22
Stored stroke check function ON
G23
Stored stroke check function OFF
.
..

.
G27
Reference point return check
G28
Automatic Zero Return
G29
Return from Zero Return Position
G30
2nd reference point return
G31
Skip function
.
.
G32
Thread cutting
.
.
G34
Variable lead thread cutting.
.
G36
Automatic tool compensation
G40
Tool Nose Radius Compensation Cancel
G41
Tool Nose Radius Compensation Left
G42
Tool Nose Radius Compensation Right.
..
..
.
G46
Automatic Tool Nose Radius Compensation
.
...
.

G50
Coordinate system setting and maximum rpm.
.
G52
Local coordinate system setting
G53
Machine coordinate system setting
G54
Work piece Coordinate System
G55
Work piece Coordinate System 2
G56
Work piece Coordinate System 3
G57
Work piece Coordinate System 4
G58
Work piece Coordinate System 5
G59
Work piece Coordinate System 6
.
.
G61
Exact stop check mode
G62
Automatic corner override
G63
Tapping mode
G64
Cutting mode
G65
User macro simple call
G66
User macro modal call
G67
User macro modal call cancel
G68
Mirror image for double turrets ON
G69
Mirror image for double turrets OFF
G70
Finishing Cycle

G71
Turning Cycle
G72
Facing Cycle
G73
Pattern repeating
G74
Peck Drilling Cycle
G75
Grooving Cycle
G76
Threading Cycle
.
.
.
.
.
.
G80
Canned cycle for drilling cancel
.
.
.
.
G83
Face Drilling Cycle
G84
Face Tapping Cycle
.
.
G86
Face Boring Cycle
G87
Side Drilling Cycle
G88
Side Tapping Cycle
G89
Side Boring Cycle
G90

Absolute Programming
G91
Incremental Programming
G92
Thread Cutting Cycle
.
.
G94
Endface Turning Cycle
.
.
G96
Constant surface speed control
G97
Constant surface speed control cancel
G98
Linear Feedrate Per Time
G99
Feedrate Per Revolution
.
.
G107
Cylindrical Interpolation
.
.
G112
Polar coordinate interpolation mode
.
.
G113
Polar coordinate interpolation mode cancel
.
.
G250
Polygonal turning mode cancel
.
.
G251
Polygonal turning mode
Turning M00
Program Stop
M01

Optional Program Stop

M02
Program End
M03
Spindle On Clockwise
M04
Spindle On Counterclockwise
M05
Spindle Stop
. M06
Tool Change
.
.
.
M07
Coolant 1 On
M08
Coolant On
M08
Coolant 2 On
M09
Coolant Off M09
Coolant Off
M10
Clamps On
.
.
M11
Clamps Off .
.
M30
End of Program, Reset to Start
M98 Subprogram call
M99 Return from subprogram
Numerical control (NC) refers to the automation of machine tools that
are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage
medium, as opposed to manually controlled via handwheels or levers, or
mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were
built in the 1940s and '50s, based on existing tools that were
modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points fed into
the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly
augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern
computer numerical controlled (CNC) machine tools that have
revolutionized the manufacturing process.
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated
using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is
interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular
machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for
production. Since any particular component might require the use of a
number of different tools-drills, saws, etc.-modern machines often

combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other cases, a number

of different machines are used with an external controller and human
or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine.
In either case, the complex series of steps needed to produce any part
is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the
original CAD
A milling machine (also see synonyms below) is a machine tool used to
machine solid materials. Milling machines are often classed in two
basic forms, horizontal and vertical, which refers to the orientation
of the main spindle. Both types range in size from small,
bench-mounted devices to room-sized machines. Unlike a drill press,
which holds the workpiece stationary as the drill moves axially to
penetrate the material, milling machines also move the workpiece
radially against the rotating milling cutter, which cuts on its sides
as well as its tip. Workpiece and cutter movement are precisely
controlled to less than 0.001 in (0.025 mm), usually by means of
precision ground slides and leadscrews or analogous technology.
Milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or
digitally automated via computer numerical control (CNC).
Milling machines can perform a vast number of operations, from simple
(e.g., slot and keyway cutting, planing, drilling) to complex (e.g.,
contouring, diesinking). Cutting fluid is often pumped to the cutting
site to cool and lubricate the cut and to wash away the resulting
swarf
Basic nomenclature
A milling machine is often called a mill by machinists. The term
miller also used to be common (19th and early 20th centuries),
although it is typically not used today in reference to modern
machines. (The term "miller" is one that people today are still
familiar with from historical usage, but they generally don't use it
anymore unless they are referring to machines built during the term's
heyday, which is similar to the way that people today treat terms such
as "motor car", "horseless carriage", or "phonograph".)
Since the 1960s there has developed an overlap of usage between the
terms milling machine and machining center. NC/CNC machining centers
evolved from milling machines, which is why the terminology evolved
gradually with considerable overlap that still persists. The
distinction, when one is made, is that a machining center is a mill
with features that pre-CNC mills never had, especially an automatic
tool changer (ATC) that includes a tool magazine (carousel), and
sometimes an automatic pallet changer (APC). In typical usage, all
machining centers are mills, but not all mills are machining centers;
only mills with ATCs are machining centers.
Computer numerical control

Thin wall milling of aluminum using a water based cutting fluid on the
milling cutter
Most CNC milling machines (also called machining centers) are computer
controlled vertical mills with the ability to move the spindle
vertically along the Z-axis. This extra degree of freedom permits
their use in diesinking, engraving applications, and 2.5D surfaces
such as relief sculptures. When combined with the use of conical tools
or a ball nose cutter, it also significantly improves milling
precision without impacting speed, providing a cost-efficient
alternative to most flat-surface hand-engraving work.
Five-axis machining center with rotating table and computer interface
CNC machines can exist in virtually any of the forms of manual
machinery, like horizontal mills. The most advanced CNC
milling-machines, the multiaxis machine, add two more axes in addition
to the three normal axes (XYZ). Horizontal milling machines also have
a C or Q axis, allowing the horizontally mounted workpiece to be
rotated, essentially allowing asymmetric and eccentric turning. The
fifth axis (B axis) controls the tilt of the tool itself. When all of
these axes are used in conjunction with each other, extremely
complicated geometries, even organic geometries such as a human head
can be made with relative ease with these machines. But the skill to
program such geometries is beyond that of most operators. Therefore,
5-axis milling machines are practically always programmed with CAM.
With the declining price of computers and open source CNC software,
the entry price of CNC machines has plummeted.
High speed steel with cobalt endmills used for cutting operations in a
milling machine.
[edit] Tooling
The accessories and cutting tools used on machine tools (including
milling machines) are referred to in aggregate by the mass noun
"tooling". There is a high degree of standardization of the tooling
used with CNC milling machines, and a lesser degree with manual
milling machines.
Milling cutters for specific applications are held in various tooling
configurations.
CNC milling machines nearly always use SK (or ISO), CAT, BT or HSK
tooling. SK tooling is the most common in Europe, while CAT tooling,
sometimes called V-Flange Tooling, is the oldest and probably most
common type in the USA. CAT tooling was invented by Caterpillar Inc.
of Peoria, Illinois, in order to standardize the tooling used on their
machinery. CAT tooling comes in a range of sizes designated as CAT-30,
CAT-40, CAT-50, etc. The number refers to the Association for

Manufacturing Technology (formerly the National Machine Tool Builders

Association (NMTB)) Taper size of the tool.
A CAT-40 toolholder.
A boring head on a Morse taper shank.
An improvement on CAT Tooling is BT Tooling, which looks similar and
can easily be confused with CAT tooling. Like CAT Tooling, BT Tooling
comes in a range of sizes and uses the same NMTB body taper. However,
BT tooling is symmetrical about the spindle axis, which CAT tooling is
not. This gives BT tooling greater stability and balance at high
speeds. One other subtle difference between these two toolholders is
the thread used to hold the pull stud. CAT Tooling is all Imperial
thread and BT Tooling is all Metric thread. Note that this affects the
pull stud only, it does not affect the tool that they can hold, both
types of tooling are sold to accept both Imperial and metric sized
tools.
SK and HSK tooling, sometimes called "Hollow Shank Tooling", is much
more common in Europe where it was invented than it is in the United
States. It is claimed that HSK tooling is even better than BT Tooling
at high speeds. The holding mechanism for HSK tooling is placed within
the (hollow) body of the tool and, as spindle speed increases, it
expands, gripping the tool more tightly with increasing spindle speed.
There is no pull stud with this type of tooling.
For manual milling machines, there is less standardization, because a
greater plurality of formerly competing standards exist. Newer and
larger manual machines usually use NMTB tooling. This tooling is
somewhat similar to CAT tooling but requires a drawbar within the
milling machine. Furthermore, there are a number of variations with
NMTB tooling that make interchangeability troublesome. The older a
machine, the greater the plurality of standards that may apply (e.g.,
Morse, Jarno, Brown & Sharpe, Van Norman, and other less common
builder-specific tapers). However, two standards that have seen
especially wide usage are the Morse #2 and the R8, whose prevalence
was driven by the popularity of the mills built by Bridgeport Machines
of Bridgeport, Connecticut. These mills so dominated the market for
such a long time that "Bridgeport" is virtually synonymous with
"manual milling machine". Most of the machines that Bridgeport made
between 1938 and 1965 used a Morse taper #2, and from about 1965
onward most used an R8 taper.
What is a CNC lathe?
A lathe onto which a system of computer numeric control (CNC) is
attached is a computerized lathe. You'll have an input source for
instructions, be it a tape or in the more usable form of programming.

The program tells the machine where to cut, and how much, and all the
other things it must know to complete the job it is assigned to do.
Thare are also multipule tools which can be "bolted on" to increase
the speed and versatility of the machine. The CNC lathe can use pretty
cool to see in operation.