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BY DAVID WHITE
grew up in a small church in Mississippi, where Sunday school
was conducted in the church basement by a company of earnest
teachers wielding flannel boards and picture books. In those
classrooms I learned much of what I know about the Bible, and
I will forever insist that this is an important element of forma-
tion, not simply for the information transmitted, but also for what it
teaches informally about being part of a community of faith. There I
learned to share, to treat others with respect, to let guests go first in the
pot luck line, and to not hit girls (apologies to Becky Sweeney, wher-
ever you are!). Also, in those days, we prayed in schools, observed blue
laws, attended services on Sunday and Wednesday evenings, got out of
school in the early fall to attend community revivals. It seemed one
might absorb Christian faith as easily as breathing the air.
Of course, one has only to scratch the surface of Southern religious
culture to find deep-seated racism and all sorts of things we should not
be proud of. Yet, despite the risk of over romanticizing the past, we
must acknowledge that support for the Christian faith has grown weak-
er at the same time that cultural forces counter to such gospel values as
community, altruism, peace-making, and truth-telling have only grown
stronger. Children and adults do not come to us as blank slates, much
less, as they once did, predisposed toward Christian formation. They
come to our churches already formed by myths, habits, and sensibili-
ties, many contrary to Christian thought. For those concerned about
how we make disciples, or how we form and deepen people in
Christian Education
Christian faith, these current times represent something of a crisis—an
opportunity to review previous assumptions and practices while envi-
sioning more faithful and vital ways of fostering Christian formation.
David White is the C. Ellis and Nancy Gribble Nelson Associate Professor of
Christian Education at Austin Seminary. The author of Awakening Youth
Discipleship in a Consumer Culture (Cascade, 2007, coauthored with Brian
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Worship as the heart of Christian formation
of Sunday school and its role in the health of the church ments the liturgical life of the community. Dorothy Bass, director of the Valparaiso project,
through the last few centuries. It is fair to say that the Debra Dean Murphy relates a compelling story of insists that the church represents a source of wisdom that
church owes much of its vitality, if not its very life, to the ore recently, Christian educators have begun to her own church in which a group gathered to study responds to the spiritual hunger of our age. Specifically,
faithfulness, creativity, and ingenuity of countless Sunday reflect theologically on what is distinctive about the Christian response to the war in Iraq. The temptation when we join others in such practices as honoring the
school teachers and administrators. Sunday schools, espe- Christian education context. They have concluded that was for participants to express opinions downloaded body, forming ourselves as community, household economics,
cially as embraced by American churches, became con- religious knowledge is not neutral, abstract, or universal, from their favorite political party or news outlet, but saying yes and saying no, forgiveness, healing, dying well,
gregations-within-congregations, creating opportunities but is highly defined by the particularity of its context these were not adequate perspectives for considering the welcoming the stranger into our midst, keeping the Sabbath,
for members to care for one another, to reach out in mis- and practice—especially that of Christian worship. question of war in light of the Christian faith. Murphy giving our testimony, or discerning God’s will for our lives,
sion, and to assimilate newcomers into the wisdom, prac- Christian educator Debra Dean Murphy concludes that requested that participants refrain from expressing their we engage “patterns of communal action that create
tices, and perspectives of the community. Today, despite the “illusion of objectivism” is, in the end, a “strategy for opinions for several weeks while they explored the litur- openings in our lives where the grace, mercy, and pres-
the postmodern tendency to deconstruct nearly every- avoiding our own conversion,” while the knowledge that gy and rites of baptism and Eucharist, especially for their ence of God may be made known to us. They are places
thing, most thriving churches continue to experiment Christians aspire to is knowledge of God and self, dis- relevance to the topic of war. Only when they reminded where the power of God is experienced. In the end, these
with various forms of Sunday school programs. closed only in and through the doxological—the praise themselves of their own liturgical concepts and practices are not ultimately our practices but forms of participa-
However, the Sunday school model of Christian edu- and adoration of God. In other words, learning the dates did they have the language and context for discussing tion in the practice of God.”
cation is not without its problems in this postmodern of the kingdoms or tracing Paul’s missionary journeys do war. In this way, one congregation was able to consider Reclaiming an emphasis on Christian practices rep-
era. Specifically, many educators have adopted theories not, in themselves, transform us, apart from grasping how their response to war might be an extension of their resents a revolutionary prospect for Christian education.
from modern secular disciplines—education, psychology, these facts in the context of God’s mighty acts of salva- worship, or “the liturgy beyond the liturgy.” Such an emphasis does not ignore the more rational
sociology, philosophy, etc.—often at the expense of the- tion and our gratitude. This emphasis represents an attempt on behalf of dimensions of faith that Christian education has tradi-
ology. Among the assumptions they appropriated were Knowing a fact neither challenges nor saves us. Christian educators to move beyond an unreflective tionally embraced, yet, participating in and refining such
Western scientific appeals to objectivity—the idea that Parker J. Palmer asserts that knowing in the embrace of social science categories to reclaim theological Christian practices opens qualitatively rich spaces for
individuals are capable of interpreting the facts and sig- Christian tradition cannot be reduced to grasping distant reflection, not only toward the end of Christian educa- children, youth, and adults to study and reflect on the
nificance of the world without regard for such influences objective facts, but, following the analogy of the incarna- tion but also through its approaches. stories and doctrines of Christian faith. Christian prac-
as social context or tradition. Unfortunately, Christian tion of Jesus, is best understood in personal and relation- tices (and perhaps only Christian practices) make our
in Christian Formation
eration after generation. According to Dorothy Bass and the Bible in the other and seeks to form students in the
Craig Dykstra: spiritual habits of listening to the world’s cries, under-
The practice of hospitality is instructed by the standing their social contexts, and discerning, in com-
glad surprise that came when Abraham welcomed munity, forms of faithful response in the world. In other
three strangers to his tent … It is empowered by words, the practical-theological approach to teaching
seeing the practice in the life of Jesus, who engages the heart, mind, soul, and strength of the learn-
accepted the hospitality of sinners and preached ers in community.
about a banquet to which people would come This approach seeks to make Christian theology BY RODGER NISHIOKA
from east and west, from north and south. It con- more than inert ideas but brings theology into the serv-
tinues within a centuries-long process of forma- ice of faithful life. People often find themselves needing
tion and reformation, as successive generations of to make sense of their contexts. For example, a group of
Christians seek, in ever new contexts, to shape teenagers in South Central Los Angeles needs to make
ways of life that show forth the love of God and sense of the violence in their communities and how God
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the love of neighbor in the very concrete practice is calling them to respond. Others wonder how God is
of hospitality to strangers. calling them to respond to the fact that much of their
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Christian education as practical theology
clothing is made in Indonesian sweatshops. Still others
yearn for systematic means of reflecting on such things as
ontemporary approaches to teaching acknowledge the abortion, homosexuality, or health care. These are diffi-
importance of context for discerning God’s direction cult conversations that Christians must participate in
while also acknowledging historic and normative sources using the resources of Christian theology in community hat does the pastor need to know about Christian education?
of theology. Thus a third important trend in contempo- with other believers. 1. That it is all about you.
rary Christian formation is “practical theology.” This I have a deep appreciation for my childhood Sunday Educator Parker Palmer writes in The Courage to Teach that “good
approach recognizes the difficulty of taking principles school experience and especially for my teachers. teaching cannot be reduced to technique; good teaching comes
taught in one historical era and imposing them upon However, the world is experiencing a cultural sea change from the identity and integrity of the teacher.” When Palmer talks about
another. It also acknowledges the church’s need to teach that has in many ways grown hostile to my young “identity,” he means the intersection of all those inner and outer forces that
practices that help people make sense of their particular Christian hopes, and it is tempting to imagine that the make up who we are (e.g. faith, family, culture, relationships, values). And
daily lives. most the church can do is support the status quo: after when Palmer talks about “integrity,” he means bringing all of those forces into
Typically, such practical-theological teaching meth- all, what can the church do? Like so many, I yearn for a some coherent whole so that our lives are not merely compartments but rather
ods involve some version of the following tasks: descrip- life in community with others, as gathered church, reflect authenticity and health in the whole of our life.
tive-empirical, interpretive, normative, and pragmatic. The reflecting the life of God. I return to Palmer’s definition time and again. When people ask for help
descriptive-empirical task of practical theology asks: Christian education at its best has always affirmed in Christian education, more often than not I worry they are asking for the
What is going on? The interpretive task asks: Why is this the fullness of Christian vocation, including the priestly latest technique or gimmick. I understand that. Techniques and gimmicks are
going on? The normative task asks: What forms of role of comforting the afflicted and the prophetic role of novel and attractive and fun. I am not dismissing the role of technique or
Christian praxis take place in this particular social con- afflicting the comfortable for the sake of justice. method. But even the best technique means little if the teacher lacks a sense
text? Finally, the pragmatic task asks: How might this Christian education in the second decade of this new of his or her own identity as a follower of Jesus and integrity in that journey
area of praxis be shaped to more fully embody the com- century must not merely conform to traditional roles but of following.
mitments of the Christian tradition within a particular must diligently re-imagine the possibility for Christian Rodger Nishioka holds the Benton Family Chair in Christian Education at
context of experience? Columbia Theological Seminary in Decatur, Georgia. He was Austin Seminary’s
The goal of these tasks is to determine a more fitting Continued on page 10 2010 Jones Lecturer.
6 WINDOWS / Spring 2010 7
a christian education
primer
In my research with young adults, persons in their 20s and 30s, many of
whom we baptized and confirmed and the vast majority of whom are no
longer in our churches or any church for that matter, I asked about the role
of the pastor. Focusing on technique, I asked if the pastor is more approach-
able if s/he is not wearing a robe. The question didn’t make sense to these
young adults. The vast majority said they really didn’t care. Instead, they said
that if the pastor was real, s/he was going to be real whatever s/he was wear-
Educator
did.
In this sense, it is all about you. It is about your identity and integrity.
in Christian
I am the son of a Presbyterian pastor and evidence that you can be a pas-
tor’s kid and still love Jesus. One of my earliest abiding memories is waking
Formation
up and going to use the bathroom in the early morning hours and seeing my
father sitting in the living room reading his Bible by the light of a solitary
lamp. He always greeted me and smiled. As I headed back to
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integrity in that journey of following.
What else should you know?
2. That it is all about Jesus.
I understand incarnational theology. I understand that at
its core, incarnational theology understands that the Word was
made flesh in Jesus—that God became human and walked
among us and in so doing, closed the gap between God and humankind. I hen the primary goal of Christian education is the formation of
understand the ongoing tension inherent in this between the more inclusive disciples, then the role of educator becomes companion on the
view of the incarnation and the more exclusive view given the religiously plu- journey toward Christ. The educator, whether volunteer, staff, or
ralistic world in which we increasingly find ourselves. clergy, shares both knowledge about the living God and discovery
Here is where I get nervous. I get nervous when we transfer our theology of the living God.
of incarnation too easily to ourselves—that just as God was revealed in Jesus This is a privilege and a challenge. It is a privilege to share in the forma-
Christ, God is now only revealed through us. I, too, love 16th-century mys- tion of disciples; to be present when someone discovers the life-giving grace
tic Teresa of Avila’s prayer that “Christ has no body now on earth but yours, of Jesus Christ, to help instill and form habits of life-long discipleship. It is a
no hands but yours, no feet but yours…” but here is where it starts to get challenge to speak of God and God’s Word in ways that invite relationship
creepy and make me nervous. I worry that especially for us who are pastors, with the living God; to speak of God and not only about God. It is easier, and
this incarnational theology encourages us to take on the messianic mantle— perhaps our nature as fallen people, to distance ourselves and to only speak
the idea that the only way children, youth, and adults are going to learn about words about God instead of to recognize and embrace the very presence of
God is through us. That is a problem. God as we speak, teach, and learn.
Several years ago when I was running at a frightening pace, one of my best Our faith teaches us that Christ is indeed present whenever we gather.
friends, also a pastor, insisted on taking me out to lunch. At lunch, she told The goal of Christian education is not solely biblical literacy or knowledge of
me she had good news for me. When I asked her what the news was, she said, doctrine, but the cultivation of Christ-like habits and practices that grow us
“The messiah has come.” I looked at her puzzled and said, “Okay ...” Then as disciples. To live as a disciple is to live in recognition and in response to
she said, “I have even better news.” I asked her, “Well, what is it?” Then she God’s presence in one’s life and the world. The life of a disciple begins with
leaned over to me, smiled, and said, “You are not him!” practice. And, it is the educator—the pre-K teacher, the VBS leader, the youth
Lately, I have been telling my students that while we strive to be Christ-
like, we are not the messiah. And that while God is at work in us through the Sarah Demarest Allen is a 2007 graduate of Austin Seminary and serves as
Associate Pastor for Children, Youth, and Families at First Presbyterian Church
Continued on page 13 in Austin.
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preschool class that habitually lights a candle and says together “Christ is here”
to the high schoolers who share their lives with God and one another in com-
munal prayer Sunday after Sunday. These first steps, when practiced over and
over again, become habits and practices that shape the very fabric of one’s life.
Debra Dean Murphy has said that, “prayer is a skill we cultivate and practice
in the midst of our fumbling toward faith, in our halting, hesitating steps ost Christian congregations assume that the way to encourage chil-
toward mature discipleship.” Perhaps the whole of Christian life is one of dren and teenagers to become disciples of Jesus is to enroll them in
“fumbling toward faith,” with the educator’s role to lead that Sunday schools and encourage them to attend worship services.
grow us as disciples.
Congregation
all come equally to God’s stories, and we all come equally before
God as well. Those of us who guide others must be willing to be
guided by Christ, for we as Christians are on a life-long journey of disciple-
in Christian
ship. We are forever students of Christ, our great teacher. When we believe
that we have “completed” our Christian education, we fall into trouble
Formation
because we lose sight of our Guide. Even the guide needs to keep his or her
eyes open, for we follow a living Lord, and he continues to teach and to guide
us.
Those charged with educational ministries in the church have a privilege
and a challenge; to guide others in “fumbling toward faith.” We have the priv-
ilege of witnessing first steps, and often of seeing those clumsy first steps
BY C. ELLIS NELSON
become a well-practiced dance with the Triune God. We have the challenge of
guiding disciples toward faith and not simply teaching them about faith. We
have the challenge of practicing prayer, worship, hospitality, and social justice
together because we know that in practicing our faith, we deepen it. We take
on this privilege and challenge of guiding disciples firmly believing that we are
all guided by God in Jesus Christ. L
Christian Education
Continued from page 6
formation to engage in God’s prophetic work. The church is called to be the
outpost of God’s Kingdom and provide teaching that equips members for life
in the Kingdom. Attending to such formation is not merely the responsibili- C. Ellis Nelson (MDiv’40) is Research Professor in Christian Education at Austin
ty of Christian education professors or Sunday school teachers in dimly lit Seminary. This essay is adapted from his most recent book, Growing Up
basements. It is the responsibility of all who seek to give leadership in the Christian: A Congregational Strategy for Nurturing Disciples (Smyth &
church. L Helwys, 2008).
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Strategies for Christian nurture today
iven the gradual secularizing of American society and, to some extent, the
family, what can congregations do to more effectively nurture children and
teenagers to become disciples of Jesus? There is no easy answer, but there are
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Permit No. 2473
Commencement Speaker
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Preaching and Presiding at Table
All Are Invited! Spring 2010