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Hentai
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v t e
Hentai illustration
The word "hentai" written in kanji
Hentai (?? or ?????) About this sound listen (helpinfo) English /'h?nta?/ is a wo
rd of Japanese origin which is short for (?????, hentai seiyoku); a perverse sex
ual desire. The original meaning of Hentai in Japanese Language is a transformat
ion or a metamorphosis. A meaning of the perversion or the paraphilia was derive
d from there. Both meanings can be distinguished in the context easily.
In Japanese, the term describes any type of perverse or bizarre sexual desire or
act; it does not represent a genre of work. Internationally, hentai is a catchall term to describe a genre of anime and manga pornography. English adopts and
uses hentai as a genre of pornography by the commercial sale and marketing of ex
plicit works under this label.
The word's narrow Japanese-language usage and broad international usage are ofte
n incompatible. Weather Report Girl is considered yuri hentai in English usage f
or its depiction of lesbian sex, but in Japan it is just yuri. The definition cl
ash also appears with the Japanese definition of yuri as any lesbian relationshi
p, as opposed to its sexually explicit definition in English usage.
Contents
1 Term
2 Etymology
3 History
3.1 Origin of erotic manga
3.2 Origin of erotic anime
3.3 Origin of erotic games
4 Censorship
5 Demographics
6 Classification
6.1 Genres
7 See also
8 References

9 Further reading
Term
Hentai (?? or ?????) About this sound listen (helpinfo) is a kanji compound of ?
(hen; "change", "weird", or "strange") and ? (tai; "appearance" or "condition").
It also means "perversion" or "abnormality", especially when used as an adjecti
ve.[1]:99 It is the shortened form of the phrase (?????, hentai seiyoku) which m
eans "sexual perversion".[2] The character hen is catch-all for queerness as a p
eculiarity it does not carry an explicit sexual reference.[1]:99 While the term ha
s expanded in use to cover a range of publications including homosexual publicat
ions,[1]:107 it remains primarily a heterosexual term, as terms indicating homos
exuality entered Japan as foreign words.[1]:100[2] Japanese pornographic works a
re often simply tagged as 18-kin (18??, "18-prohibited"), meaning "prohibited to
those not yet 18 years old", and seijin manga (?????, "adult manga").[2] Less o
fficial terms also in use include ero anime (??????), ero manga (?????), and the
English acronym AV (for "adult video"). Usage of the term hentai does not defin
e a genre in Japan.
Hentai is defined differently in English. The Oxford Dictionary Online defines h
entai as "a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by
overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots."[3] The o
rigin of the word in English is unknown, but AnimeNation's John Oppliger points
to the early 1990s, when a Dirty Pair erotic doujinshi (self-published work) tit
led H-Bomb was released, and when many websites sold access to images culled fro
m Japanese erotic visual novels and games.[4] The earliest English use of the te
rm traces back to the rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post concerning Happosa
i of Ranma and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991.[5][6] A 1995 Glossar
y on the rec.arts.anime boards contained reference to the Japanese usage and the
evolving definition of hentai as "pervert" or "perverted sex".[7] The Anime Mov
ie Guide, published in 1997, defines "ecchi" (??? etchi?) as the initial sound o
f hentai (i.e., the name of the letter H, as pronounced in Japanese); it include
d that ecchi was "milder than hentai".[8] A year later it was defined as a genre
in Good Vibrations Guide to Sex.[9] At the beginning of 2000, "hentai" was list
ed as the 41st most popular search term of the internet, while "anime" ranked 99
th.[10] The attribution has been applied retroactively to works such as Urotsuki
doji, La Blue Girl, and Cool Devices. Urotsukidoji had previously been described
with terms such as "Japornimation",[11] and "erotic grotesque",[12] prior to be
ing identified as hentai.[13][14]
Etymology
The history of word "hentai" has its origins in science and psychology.[2] By th
e middle of the Meiji era, the term appeared in publications to describe unusual
or abnormal traits, including paranormal abilities and psychological disorders.
[2] A translation of German sexologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing's text Psychopat
hia Sexualis originated the concept of "hentai seiyoku", as a "perverse or abnor
mal sexual desire".[2] Though it was popularized outside psychology, as in the c
ase of Mori Ogai's 1909 novel Vita Sexualis.[2] Continued interest in "hentai se
iyoku", resulted in numerous journals and publications on sexual advice which ci
rculated in the public, served to establish the sexual connotation of 'hentai' a
s perverse.[2] Any perverse or abnormal act could be hentai, such as committing
shinju (love suicide).[2] It was Nakamura Kokyo's journal Abnormal Psychology wh
ich started the popular sexology boom in Japan which would see the rise of other
popular journals like Sexuality and Human Nature, Sex Research and Sex.[15] Ori
ginally, Tanaka Kogai wrote articles for Abnormal Psychology, but it would be Ta
naka's own journal Modern Sexuality which would become one of the most popular s
ources of scholarly information about erotic and neurotic expression.[15] Modern
Sexuality was created to promote fetishism, S&M, and necrophilia as a facet of
modern life.[15] The ero-guro movement and depiction of perverse, abnormal and o
ften erotic undertones were a response to interest in hentai seiyoku.[2]

Following the end of World War II, Japan took a new interest in sexualization an
d public sexuality.[2] Mark McLelland puts forth the observation that the term "
hentai" found itself shortened to "H" and that the English pronunciation was "et
chi", referring to lewdness and which did not carry the stronger connotation of
abnormality or perversion.[2] By the 1950s, the "hentai seiyoku" publications be
came their own genre and included fetish and homosexual topics.[2] By the 1960s,
the homosexual content was dropped in favor of subjects like sadomasochism and
stories of lesbianism targeted to male readers.[2] The late 1960s brought a sexu
al revolution which expanded and solidified the normalizing the terms identity i
n Japan that continues to exist today through publications such as Bessatsu Taka
rajima's Hentai-san ga iku series.[2]
History
With the usage of hentai as any erotic depiction, the history of these depiction
s are split into its media. Japanese artwork and comics serve as the first examp
le of hentai material, coming to represent the iconic style after the publicatio
n of Azuma Hideo's Cybele in 1979. Japanese animation (anime) had its first hent
ai, in both definitions, with the 1984 release of Wonderkid's Lolita Anime, over
looking the erotic and sexual depictions in 1969's One Thousand and One Arabian
Nights and the bare breasted Cleopatra in 1970's Cleopatra film. Erotic games, a
nother area of contention, has the iconic art style first depicted in sexual act
s in 1985's Tenshitachi no Gogo. The history of each medium itself, complicated
based on the broad definition and usage.
Origin of erotic manga
Gratuitous illustrations of panties are a typical form of fanservice
The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife (1814) is a classic of Japanese erotic art (sh
unga)
Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predatin
g the term "hentai". Shunga (???), a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to
have and existed in some form since Heian period. From the 16th to the 19th cen
tury, Shunga works were suppressed by shoguns.[16] A well-known example is The D
ream of the Fisherman's Wife which depicts a woman being pleasured by two octopi
. Shunga production fell with the rise of pornographic photographs in the late 1
9th century.
To define erotic manga, a definition for manga is needed. While the Hokusai Mang
a uses the term "manga" in its title, it does not depict the story-telling aspec
t common to modern manga, as the images are unrelated. Osamu Tezuka, sometimes r
eferred to as the "God of Manga", helped define the look and form of manga itsel
f.[17] His debut work New Treasure Island was released in 1947 as a comic book t
hrough Ikuei Publishing and sold 400,000 copies,[17] though it was the popularit
y of Tezuka's Astro Boy, Metropolis, and Jungle Emperor manga that would come to
define the media. This story-driven manga style is distinctly unique from comic
strips like Sazae-san, and story-driven works are now dominating shoujo and sho
nen magazines.[17]
Mature themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but these depictions were m
ore realistic than the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka.[18] Early
well-known "ero-gekiga" releases were Ero Mangatropa (1973), Erogenica (1975), a
nd Alice (1977).[19]:135 The distinct shift in the style of Japanese pornographi
c comics from realistic to cartoon-cute characters is accredited to Azuma Hideo,
"The Father of Lolicon".[18] In 1979, he penned Cybele which offered the first
commentary on unrealistic depictions of sexual acts between Tezuka-style charact
ers. This would start a pornographic manga movement.[18] The lolicon boom of the
1980s saw the rise of magazines such as the Lemon People and Petit Apple Pie an
thologies.
The publication of erotic materials in America can be traced back to at least 19

90, when IANVS Publications printed its first Anime Shower Special.[20] In March
1994, Antarctic Press released Bondage Fairies, an English translation of Insec
t Hunter.[20]
Origin of erotic anime
Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactive
ly tagged as hentai since the coining of the term in English. Hentai is typicall
y defined as consisting of excessive nudity, and graphic sexual intercourse whet
her or not it is perverse. The term "ecchi" is typically related to fanservice,
with no sexual intercourse being depicted.
Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This
is likely due to the obscurity and unfamiliarity of the works, arriving in Ameri
ca and fading from public focus a full twenty years before importation and surgi
ng interests coined the Americanized term of hentai. The first is the 1969 film
One Thousand and One Arabian Nights which faithfully includes erotic elements of
the original story.[21]:27 In 1970, Cleopatra: Queen of Sex, was the first anim
ated film to carry an X rating, but it was mislabeled as erotica in America.[21]
:104
The term typically identifies the Lolita Anime series as the first erotic anime
and original video animation (OVA); it was released in 1984 by Wonder Kids. Cont
aining 8 episodes, the series focused on underage sex and rape and included one
episode containing BDSM bondage.[21]:376 Several sub-series were released in res
ponse, including a second Lolita Anime series released by Nikkatsu.[21]:376 It h
as not been officially licensed or distributed outside of its original release.
Lolicon
The Cream Lemon franchise of works ran from 1984 to 2005, with a number of them
entering the American market in various forms.[22] The The Brothers Grime series
released by Excalibur Films contained Cream Lemon works as early as 1986.[23] H
owever, they were not billed as anime and were introduced during the same time t
hat the first underground distribution of erotic works began.[20]
The American release of licensed erotic anime was first attempted in 1991 by Cen
tral Park Media, with I Give My All, but it never occurred.[20] In December 1992
, Devil Hunter Yohko was the first risque (ecchi) title was released by A.D. Vis
ion.[20] While it contains no sexual intercourse it pushes the limits of the ecc
hi category with sexual dialogue, nudity and one scene in which the heroine is a
bout to be raped.
It was Central Park Media's 1993 release of Urotsukidoji which brought the first
hentai film to American viewers.[20] Often cited for creating the hentai and te
ntacle rape genres, it contains extreme depictions of violence and monster sex.[
24] It is notable for being the first depiction of tentacle sex on screen.[12] W
hen the movie premiered in America it was described as being "drenched in graphi
c scenes of perverse sex and ultra-violence".[25]
Following this release, a wealth of pornographic content began to arrive in Amer
ica, with companies such as A.D. Vision, Central Park Media and Media Blasters r
eleasing licensed titles under various labels.[23] A.D. Vision's label Soft Cel
Pictures released 19 titles in 1995 alone.[23] Another label, Critical Mass, was
created in 1996 to release an unedited edition of Violence Jack.[23] When A.D.
Vision's hentai label Soft Cel Pictures shut down in 2005, most of its titles we
re acquired by Critical Mass. Following the bankruptcy of Central Park Media in
2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred
to Critical Mass.[26]
Origin of erotic games
Hentai illustration typical for eroge

The term eroge (erotic game) literally defines any erotic game, but has become s
ynonymous with video games depicting the artistic styles of anime and manga. The
origins of eroge began in the early 1980s, while the computer industry in Japan
was struggling to define a computer standard with makers like NEC, Sharp, and F
ujitsu competing against one another.[27] The PC98 series, despite lacking in pr
ocessing power, CD drives and limited graphics, came to dominate the market, wit
h the popularity of eroge games contributing to their success.[27][28]
Due to the vague definitions of any erotic game, depending on its classification
, citing the first erotic game is a subjective one. If the definition applies to
adult themes, the first game was Softporn Adventure. Released in America in 198
1 for the Apple II, this was a text-based comedic game from On-Line Systems. If
eroge is defined as the first graphical depictions and/or Japanese adult themes,
it would be Koei's 1982 release of Night Life.[28][29] Sexual intercourse is de
picted through simple graphic outlines. Notably, Night Life was not intended to
be erotic so much as an instructional guide "to support married life". A series
of "undressing" games appeared as early as 1983, such as "Strip Mahjong". The fi
rst anime-styled erotic game was Tenshitachi no Gogo, released in 1985 by JAST.
In 1988, ASCII released the first erotic role-playing game, Chaos Angel.[27] In
1989, AliceSoft released the turn-based RPG Rance and ELF released Dragon Knight
.[27]
In the late 1980s, eroge began to stagnate under high prices and the majority of
games containing uninteresting plots and mindless sex.[27] ELF's 1992 release o
f Dokyusei came as customer frustration with eroge was mounting and spawned a ne
w genre of games called dating sims.[27] Dokyusei was unique because it had no d
efined plot and required the player to build a relationship with different girls
in order to advance the story.[27] Each girl had her own story, but the prospec
t of consummating a relationship required the girl growing to love the player; t
here was no easy sex.[27]
The term "visual novel" is vague, with Japanese and English definitions classify
ing the genre as a type of interactive fiction game driven by narration and limi
ted player interaction. While the term is often retroactively applied to many ga
mes, it was Leaf that coined the term with their "Leaf Visual Novel Series" (LVN
S) with the 1996 release of Shizuku and Kizuato.[27] The success of these two da
rk eroge games would be followed by the third and final installment of the LVNS,
the 1997 romantic eroge To Heart.[27] Eroge visual novels took a new emotional
turn with Tactics' 1998 release One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e.[27] Key's 1999 release
of Kanon proved to be a major success and would go on to have numerous console p
orts, two manga series and two anime series.
Censorship
See also: Cartoon pornography
Japanese laws have impacted depictions of works since the Meiji Restoration, but
these predate the common definition of hentai material. Since becoming law in 1
907, Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan forbids the publication of obscen
e materials. Specifically, depictions of male-female sexual intercourse and pubi
c hair are considered obscene, but bare genitalia is not. As censorship is requi
red for published works, the most common representations are the blurring dots o
n pornographic videos and "bars" or "lights" on still images. In 1986, Toshio Ma
eda sought to get past censorship on depictions of sexual intercourse, by creati
ng tentacle sex.[30] This led to the large number of works containing sexual int
ercourse with monsters, demons, robots, and aliens, whose genitals look differen
t from men's. While western views attribute hentai to any explicit work, it was
the products of this censorship which became not only the first titles legally i
mported to America and Europe, but the first successful ones. While uncut for Am
erican release, the United Kingdom's release of Urotsukidoji removed many scenes
of the violence and tentacle rape scenes.[31]

It was also because of this law that the artists began to depict the characters
with a minimum of anatomical details and without pubic hair, by law, prior to 19
91. Part of the ban was lifted when Nagisa Oshima prevailed over the obscenity c
harges at his trial for his film In the Realm of the Senses.[32] Though not enfo
rced, the lifting of this ban did not apply to anime and manga as they were not
deemed artistic exceptions.[18]
However, alterations of material or censorship and even banning of works are com
mon. The U.S. release of the La Blue Girl altered the age of the heroine from 16
to 18 and removed sex scenes with a dwarf ninja named Nin-nin, and removed the
Japanese censoring blurring dots.[21] La Blue Girl was outright rejected by UK c
ensors who refused to classify it and prohibited its distribution.[21][33] In 20
11 the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan sought a ban on the subgenre lolicon.[3
4][35]
Demographics
Hentai is often age-restricted
The most prolific consumers of hentai are men. Eroge games in particular combine
three favored media, cartoons, pornography and gaming, into an experience. The
hentai genre engages a wide audience that expands yearly, and desires better qua
lity and storylines, or works which push the creative envelope.[36] The unusual
and extreme depictions in hentai are not about perversion so much as they are an
example of the profit-oriented industry.[37] Anime depicting normal sexual situ
ations enjoy less market success than those that break social norms, such as sex
at schools or bondage.[37]
According to Dr. Megha Hazuria Gorem, a clinical psychologist, "Because toons ar
e a kind of final fantasy, you can make the person look the way you want him or
her to look. Every fetish can be fulfilled."[38] Dr. Narayan Reddy, a sexologist
, commented on the eroge games, "Animators make new games because there is a dem
and for them, and because they depict things that the gamers do not have the cou
rage to do in real life, or that might just be illegal, these games are an outle
t for suppressed desire."[38]
Classification
Yuri
Yaoi artwork depicting a seme (left) and uke (right) couple
The hentai genre can be divided into numerous subgenres, the broadest of which e
ncompasses heterosexual and homosexual acts. Hentai that features mainly heteros
exual interactions occur in both male-targeted (ero) and female-targeted ("ladie
s' comics") form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known as
yaoi (male-male) and yuri (female-female). Both yaoi and, to a lesser extent, y
uri, are generally aimed at members of the opposite sex from the persons depicte
d. While yaoi and yuri are not always explicit, their pornographic history and a
ssociation remain.[39] Yaoi's pornographic usage has remained strong in textual
form through fanfiction.[40] The definition of yuri has begun to be replaced by
the broader definitions of "lesbian-themed animation or comics".[41]
Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" on sexual fetishes.[42] These include dozens o
f fetish and paraphilia related subgenres, which can be further classified with
additional terms, such as heterosexual or homosexual types.
Many works are focused on depicting the mundane and the impossible across every
conceivable act and situation no matter how fantastical. The largest subgenre of
hentai is futanari (hermaphroditism), which most often features a female with a
penis or penis-like appendage in place of, or in addition to normal female geni
tals.[43] Futanari characters are primarily depicted as having sex with other wo
men and will almost always be submissive with a male; exceptions include Yonekur
a Kengo's work, which features female empowerment and domination over males.[43]
Genres

Gender and age based genres Common English terms

Common Japanese terms
Type
Description
Bara / Men's Love
?? or ?????
Gender Homosexual hyper-masculine men w
ith varying degrees of muscle, body fat, and body hair[44]
Yaoi / shonen-ai /Boy's Love
???
Gender Male homosexuality
Yuri / shojo-ai / Girl's Love ??
Gender Female homosexuality
Lolicon
????
Gender+Age
Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or
post-pubescent underage girls, whether homosexual or heterosexual.
Shotacon
????? Gender+Age
Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or
post-pubescent underage boys, whether homosexual or heterosexual.
Fetish and paraphila based genres Common English terms Common Japanese terms
Type
Description
Bakunyu
??
Fetish Bakunyu is a genre of pornographic media focusin
g on the depiction of women with large breasts.[45] The word can be literally tr
anslated to "exploding breasts".[46] Bakunyu is a subgenre within the genre of h
entai anime.[47]
Futanari
????
Fetish Depictions of hermaphrodites or transsexuals tha
t have both phallic genitalia (penis with scrotum, only a penile shaft, or an en
larged clitoris) with or without vaginal genitalia.
Incest
Fetish Sexual activity with legal family members
Netorare
Fetish A form of cuckolding
Omorashi
???? / ????
Fetish A form of urolagnia
Tentacle erotica
????
Paraphilia
Depictions of tentacled creature
s and sometimes monsters (fictional imaginative or otherwise) engaging in sex or
rape with girls and, less often, men.
See also
Portal icon
Pornography portal
Portal icon
Anime and Manga portal
Dojinshi
List of hentai anime
List of hentai authors (groups, studios, production companies, circles)
List of hentai manga
List of pornographic subgenres
Panchira
Uniform fetishism
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Bara (genre)
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Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hentai.
Look up hentai in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aquila, Meredith (2007). "Ranma 1/2 Fan Fiction Writers: New Narrative Theme
s or the Same Old Story?" Mechademia 2.
Buckley, Sandra (1991). "'Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Co
mic Books", pp. 163 196, In Technoculture. C. Penley and A. Ross, eds. Minneapolis
: University of Minnesota. ISBN 0-8166-1932-8.
McCarthy, Helen, and Jonathan Clements (1998). The Erotic Anime Movie Guide.
London: Titan. ISBN 1-85286-946-1.
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