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OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
Figure 1
MATERIALS
Data Collection Mechanism
pH Sensor
ring stand
250 mL beaker
250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
50 mL and 100 mL graduated cylinders
magnetic stirrer and stirring bar
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Figure 2
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
DATA TABLE
Equivalence point
(mL)
Trial
1
2
0.00
5.00
10.00
12.50
15.00
20.00
24.00
24.90
25.00
26.00
30.00
pH
2.88
4.15
5.58
4.76
4.93
5.36
6.14
7.15
8.73
11.29
11.96
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Acid-Base Titration
A titration is a process used to determine the volume of a solution that is needed to react with a given amount
of another substance. In this experiment, your goal is to determine the molar concentration of two acid
solutions by conducting titrations with the standardized NaOH solution you mixed in the previous lab
exercise. You will be testing a strong acid, HCl, solution and a weak acid, HC2H3O2, solution. The reaction
equations are shown below in net ionic form.
H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l)
HC2H3O2(aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l) + C2H3O2 (aq)
The stoichiometry of the two reactions is identical; thus, your calculations will be straightforward. However,
you will observe a significant difference in how the two acid solutions react with NaOH.
In this experiment, you will monitor pH as you titrate. The region of most rapid pH change will then be used
to determine the equivalence point. The volume of NaOH titrant used at the equivalence point will be used to
determine the molarity of the HCl solution.
OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
MATERIALS
Data Collection Mechanism
pH Sensor
ring stand
250 mL beaker
magnetic stirrer and stirring bar
25 mL graduated cylinder
50 mL graduated cylinder
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Volume
HCl
(mL)
Equivalence
point
(mL)
CH3COOH
Trial
Volume
CH3COOH
(mL)
Equivalence
point
(mL)
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
TEACHER INFORMATION
1. This experiment conforms to the guidelines for the fifth and sixth laboratory experiments listed in the
College Board AP Chemistry guide (the Acorn book).
2. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), commonly used to standardize NaOH solutions, has the
chemical formula, KHC8H4O4, and an accepted molar mass of 204.22 g/mol. This solid should be
dried in an oven prior to having students mass their sample. If you must dry it ahead of time, then
store it in a desiccator prior to use.
3. If you are pressed for time, you can make a larger batch of the 0.100 M solution for standardization
ahead of time by adding 4 grams of solid NaOH to 1.0 L of DI water.
4. Prepare the 0.1M HCl by adding 8.6 mL of concentrated HCl to sufficient water to make 1 L of
solution.
5. Prepare the 0.1M CH3COOH solution by adding 5.7 mL of glacial acetic acid to sufficient water to
make 1 L of solution. You may substitute store bought vinegar as well.
6. The stored calibration information for the pH sensor works well for this experiment. However, you
should examine your probes for mold growth and consult the directions that came with your model
for proper storage solutions. If they are Vernier sensors, then sensor information can be found at
http://www2.vernier.com/booklets/ph-bta.pdf
7. If using Drop Counters, for best results, instruct your students to perform a new calibration on their
Drop Counters. If time does not permit a new calibration, a substitute value of 28 drops/mL may be
used. This value will provide good results. If students will not be calibrating their Drop Counters,
instruct them to follow the procedure of manually entering a calibration value and to enter a value of
28 for the drops/mL ratio.
8. If using LoggerPro software, it is possible to zoom in on the equivalence point in the 2nd derivative
vs. volume plot, and then perform a linear fit on the data near the equivalence point. Once a linear fit
is established, it is possible to interpolate along that fit until the 2nd derivative value is approximately
0, corresponding to the equivalence point volume of NaOH titrant.
HAZARD ALERTS
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
40.0 g
0.400 g NaOH required
mol
2. Calculate the mass of KHP needed to react completely with 25 mL of a 0.100 M NaOH solution.
Consider the reaction equation to be as shown below.
HP (aq) + OH (aq) H2O() + P2 (aq)
There is a 1:1 molar ratio of NaOH : KHP
# moles NaOH = # moles KPH = MV(liters ) 0.100 M 0.025 L 0.0025 moles KHP required
0.0025 mol KPH
204.22 g
0.5106 g KHP required
mol
3. Calculate the molarity of a solution of sodium hydroxide if 23.64 mL of this solution is needed to
neutralize 0.5632 g of KHP.
There is a 1:1 molar ratio of NaOH : KHP
1 mol
# moles KPH = 0.5632 g KPH
0.002758 mol KHP = # moles NaOH
204.22 g
mol 0.002758 mol NaOH
M
0.1167 M
L
.02364 L
4. It is found that 24.68 mL of 0.1165 M NaOH is needed to titrate 0.2931 g of an unknown monoprotic
acid to the equivalence point. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Molar mass =
# moles NaOH
0.00
5.00
10.00
12.50
15.00
20.00
24.00
24.90
25.00
26.00
30.00
pH
2.88
4.15
5.58
4.76
4.93
5.36
6.14
7.15
8.73
11.29
11.96
(b) Analyze your graph. What is volume of NaOH required to reach the equivalence point?
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
(e) Give the Ka and pKa value of the acid. Justify your answer.
Answers will vary based on student interpretations of data from the graph.
For weak acids, the pH = pKa at the half-equivalence point. The graph shows an equivalence
point when 25mL of NaOH has been added, therefore the half-equivalence point volume
is, wellhalf of that, so 12.5 mL. Students should draw a straight vertical line that intersects
the titration curves x-axis at 12.5 mL and then draw a straight horizontal line at that
intersection point so that they can easily read the pH from the y-axis. Therefore, the pH at the
half-equivalence point is approximately equal to 4.75. From that we estimate that the Ka value
is in the neighborhood of 105. Students need practice with estimation skills! The actual
calculation follows:
pH pK a at half-equivalence point
4.75 pK a 104.75 K a 1.8 10 5
Trial
Equivalence point
(mL)
25.80 mL
25.60 mL
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
204.22 g
0.5106 g KHP required
mol
3. Calculate the molar concentration of the NaOH solution that you prepared.
Answers will vary. If a student accurately measured the 0.5106 g KHP calculated above then:
Trial 1: NaOH =
0.0025 mol
= 0.09690 M
0.02580 L
Trial 2: NaOH =
0.0025 mol
= 0.09766 M
0.02560 L
4. Compare the actual molarity of your NaOH solution with your goal of 0.10 M.
Answers will vary depending upon the accuracy of your balance and the storage conditions and age of
your solid NaOH. Point out to students that since NaOH is hygroscopic, the mass they initially
measured contained water, therefore less actual NaOH is in solution than the mass recorded, thus it is
not uncommon for students to have molarities less than 0.10 M.
5. A student fails to rinse the weighing paper into the beaker when transferring the KHP sample.
What effect does this error have on the calculated molarity of the NaOH solution? Mathematically
justify your answer.
The mass of the KHP is reported as too high since some residue did not make it into the beaker.
Therefore, the number of moles of KHP is too high, thus the number of moles of NaOH in the
numerator of the molarity calculation makes the reported molar concentration of NaOH too high.
6. A student failed to notice an air bubble that passes through the tip of the buret during their experiment.
What effect does this error have on the calculated molarity of the NaOH solution? Mathematically
justify your answer.
The volume of the NaOH is reported as too low since some of the volume passing through the buret
was air. Since the volume term is in the denominator of the molarity calculation, the molarity is
reported as too high.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Volume
HCl
(mL)
Equivalence
point
(mL)
CH3COOH
Trial
Volume
CH3COOH
(mL)
Equivalence
point
(mL)
5.00
0.0941
5.00
0.0941
5.00
0.0941
5.00
0.0941
2. Calculate the molar concentration (molarity) of the HCl solution and the HC2H3O2 solution.
HCl Molarities:
5.22 104 mol
Trial 1:
0.104 M HCl
0.00500 L
HC2H3O2 Molarities:
5.31 104 mol
Trial 1:
0.106 M CH 3COOH
0.00500 L
3. Compare the actual molar concentrations of your two acid solutions with your calculated molarities.
Were the calculated molarities of your acid solutions within a reasonable range (about 5%) of the actual
values? If not, suggest reasons for the inaccuracy.
All of the trials agreed nicely with the calculated molarities. This is mostly due to the use of either a
pH meter, pH probe or drop counter which eliminates the need for an indicator. It also eliminates
students over titrating the equivalence point by missing the end point (color change).
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.
Adapted from Advanced Chemistry with Vernier & Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry by Sally Ann Vonderbrink, Ph. D.