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Abstract
Background: Heavy metals are major environmental pollutant when they present in high
concentration in soil and have toxic effects on growth and development of plants. Industrial
activities result in heavy metal pollution of large areas of land, which greatly affects natural
vegetation. Understanding the mechanism of how plants combat heavy metals adverse effects is
hence of great importance.
Materials and Methods: Two different localities were chosen; one locality was in the vicinity of
gypsum factory and the other one was 25 km away from the factory. Two Zygophyllum species (Z.
album and Z. coccineum) were naturally grown in the studied areas. The effects of soil heavy metal
stress on shoot heavy metal concentrations, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and
the root plasma membrane (PM) lipid composition were analyzed.
Results: Heavy metal concentrations and Lipid peroxidation increased in the shoot of both species
grown in the polluted area. The activities of ascorbate oxidase (ASO), guaiacal peroxidase (GPX),
ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased whereas these of
catalase (CAT) were decreased in both species under the polluted conditions. PM total lipids,
phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols were decreased in Z. album and Z. coccineum as a result of the
polluted soil. Heavy metal stress increased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased
phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phophatidylglycerol (PG), with no significant change in
phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the root PM of both species. Phosphatidylserine (PS) decreased in the
PM of Z. album whereas it increased in the PM of Z. coccineum under the pollution conditions. Heavy
metal stress changed the composition and concentration of fatty acids of the root PM, resulting in
increased sat/unsat ratio of both species.
Conclusion: the results suggest that efficient antioxidant machinery and favorable PM lipid
homeostasis are important to enable Zygophyllum species to withstand the prevailing heavy metal
stress.
Keywords: Antioxidant enzyme, fatty acid, heavy metal, lipid peroxidation, plasma membrane lipid,
Zygophyllum sp.
Morsy AA, Salama HHA, Kamel HA, Mansour MMF (2012) Effect of heavy metals on plasma
membrane lipids and antioxidant enzymes of Zygophyllum species. Eurasia J Biosci 6: 1-10.
DOI:10.5053/ejobios.2012.6.0.1
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals are defined as group of elements
that have specific weights higher than about 5
g/cm3. Iron, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn and Cu are essential
micronutrients that required for normal growth and
metabolic processes in plants (Vangronsveld and
Clijsters 1994). Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg are nonessential
and highly toxic for plants (Devi and Prasad 1998,
Sebastiani et al. 2004, Rai et al. 2004). Heavy metals
inhibit physiological processes such as respiration,
photosynthesis, cell elongation and affect plant
water relationship as well as mineral nutrition
(Vangronsveld and Clijsters 1994, Zornoza et al.
2002). Large areas of land are contaminated with
heavy metals resulting from urban activities,
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with samples.
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Table 1. Minerals and heavy metal concentrations of Ras Malaab (polluted) and Wadi Thal (unpolluted) soils.
Table 2. Shoot minerals and heavy metal concentrations of two Zygophyllum species grown in Ras Malaab (polluted) and
Wadi Thall (unpolluted).
Table 3. Effect of heavy metal pollution on anitioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation (MDA concentration) of
two Zygophyllum species grown in Ras Malaab (polluted) and Wadi Thall (unpolluted).
Morsy et al.
Table 4. Effect of heavy metal pollution on the root PM total lipids, total sterols, total glycolipids and total phospholipids
of two Zygophyllum species grown in Ras Malaab (polluted) and Wadi Thall (unpolluted).
Table 5. Effect of heavy metal pollution on the root PM phospholipid composition (nmol g-1) and PC/PE ratio of two
Zygophyllum species grown in Ras Malaab (polluted) and Wadi Thall (unpolluted).
Table 6. Effect of heavy metal pollution on the root PM fatty acid composition (mol %) and saturated/unsaturated ratio of
two Zygophyllum species grown in Ras Malaab (polluted) and Wadi Thall (unpolluted).
Morsy et al.
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