Energy Modeling

1.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is basic input of every kind of activities associated with economic growth. Nowa-days rising industrialization, growing population and vast improvement in living standard
promotes more need of energy. Indias electricity demand increases by 4.8% of total generation
since 2010. But still India faces large energy deficit in total and peak power demand of 2.1% and
3.2 % respectively. [1] In India almost 80 % of power generation done by conventional sources
gives adverse environmental impact. In India, 65% of population is living in rural region and
engaged in agriculture and local activities. For productive improvement in agriculture sector
needs utilization of advance technology and surety of electricity for it. Big initiatives by
government through social schemes such as RGGVY, PMGY, KJP, AREP etc. which improve
percentage of electrification although 3.32 % of villages are unelectrified due to high cost in grid
expansion for low electricity demand. [1]
Day-by-day rise in energy requirement increases dependability of fossil fuels which
arises issues like global warming, loss in biodiversity, pollution and threat of diminishing energy
sources. Still India is fighting lack in energy demand for peak hours. Demand at load side varies
accordingly daily, monthly and also seasonally which indirectly affect generation output
efficiency.
Transmission system plays major role in terms of power system stability and
reliability in power delivery. Electricity act 2003 opens window for private players in era of
generation, transmission and distribution of power through grid interconnectivity. It provides
competitive environment in terms of profit and efficiency measures. But still in India occurs
23.04 % transmission and distribution loss. [1]
Only increment in generation capacities never fulfill energy demand. It requires proper
sizing of generation sources, maximum efficiency, low losses and stability of power system,
reliability in transmission, precise load side-demand side management and most important
environment sustainability. To overcome all circumstances of electricity demand and surety of 24
7 uninterrupted supply needs proper planning and management from load side to generation
systems. For that purpose require simple, user-friendly tool of energy planning which helps to
get optimum usage of available energy by lowering system losses with economic dispatch of
generated power to equalize required demand of load centre.
M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur
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2. POWER SCENARIO OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT & KARVEER

Kolhapur is thickly populated, industrialized and urbanized district of Maharashtra. Its
having 4 lakh of population in which 77% lies in rural region. Due to geographical advantage of
ambient climate, sufficient rainfall, infrastructure, transportation facility and manpower pushes
large investment in secondary sector. Majority of people engaged in Agriculture and allied
industries as sugar, milk and milk products, textile, food processing industries etc. It contributes
3.7% of share in Indias Total export.
Karveer is one of the well-known taluka regarding agricultural and industrial expansion.
Now-a-days large amount of population diverted towards urban Karveer for the reason of
employment, education and other services facility. It also boost overall local market demand and
services. In todays world every single product created in advance technology for productive and
time-saving approach. It also leads increase in domestic, industrial, commercial and agricultural
electricity demand which further imbalance in available and actual required power. Now biggest
problem of power deficitation arises in front of state owned electricity companies.
MAHATRANSCO plays major role in transmission of power in Kolhapur District.
Kolhapur region comes under Karad Zone get power from from Karad (220 kV) substation to
Mudshingi 220kV (Kolhapur). [2] Average monthly demand of Kolhapur District is 758 MW
which is increased 11% from 2011-12. The maximum demand in peak hours is 364 MW. Still it
experiences 7.1% deficit in average demand and peak demand. Following table no. 1 and fig. no.
1 shows power scenario and monthly load curve in 2013-14 of Kolhapur District.
Table No. 1: Power Scenario of Kolhapur District
Year
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Average Demand
Availability
Peak
(MW)
(MW)
Shortfall(-)
344.8
409.9
500.6
628.7
689.4
/Surplus(+) MW
76.2
72.1
69.4
61.3
55.6
421
482
570
690
745
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MONTHLY LOAD CURVE

900
800
700
600
500
Average Demand(MW)
Average Demand (MW)
400
Maximum Demand (MW)
300
200
100
0
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
Time
Fig. 1: Monthly Load curve of Kolhapur District in 2014-15 year

Table 1 shows monthly average power demand and maximum demand of Kolhapur
District in 2014-15 year. It shows Average demand of Kolhapur district increased 2.25 % and
deficit gap also reduced 0.27% from 2010-11 i.e. generation capacity also increased to meet
available power demand. From fig.1 get that march, April, May, June months are peak demand
months. But still Kolhapur faces 0.34% shortage in available and required demand in 2014-15.
So to fulfill average demand require proper planning and scheduling of available sources of
generation and also required to strengthening transmission network to ensure uninterrupted
power supply with reducing aggregate transmission and distribution losses.
For proposed project Karveer taluka has chosen for study and analysis because it
comprises various sectoral power usages such as agricultural, residential, industrial, commercial
etc. which satisfy multi-purpose objectivity for urban as well as rural perspectives. The
interconnected 110 kV grid of MAHATRANSCO in Karveer taluka has taken as study part.
Collection of real-time secondary data in year of 2014-15 has been considered in model
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OCT
NOV
development and detail information of SLD, load buses, transformers, shunt reactors etc.
mentioned as follows.
Table 2: HV Transmission substation and Cogeneration plant of Karveer Taluka
Substation Name
Mudshingi
Rated Voltage (kV)
110
Maximum Load
Grid Interconnected
(MW)
Generation (COGEN)
Jawahar
193.669
Renuka
Gokulshirgaon
110
66.72
Shahu
Puikhadi
110
83.089
Kumbhi
Kale
110
41.58
Bapat Camp
110
88.23
Shiroli
110
101.07
Chambukhadi
110
44.07
Asurle-Porle
The power transmitted inside Kolhapur from one station to another shown by SLD. It
also gives basic information about no. of buses, voltage rating, transformer, shunt reactor etc. It
uses in power flow analysis and computation of individual feeder and total power loss. The
following diagram shows SLD of Karveer Taluka. It consist 22 buses in which all cogeneration
plants connected to 110 kV grid. Among them 11 buses are load buses of voltage rating 33kV or
11 kV fed to distribution substation. In table 3 gives loading details of study area.
Fig. 2: Map of Kolhapur

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Fig. 3 Single Line Diagram of Grid

Transmission Network of Karveer Taluka
Table 3: Bus Data of Grid Transmission
Network of Karveer Taluka in 2014-15
Bu
Substation
s
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Chambukhadi
Shiroli
Mudshingi
Bapat Camp
Puikhadi
Gokulshirgaon
Kale
Bus Voltage
Active Power
Reactive Power
Apparent
(kV)
(P)
(Q)
Power (S)
114
111
32
109
33
33
11
11
114
111
33
33
11
11
111
113
33
11
111
33
33
109
33
33
11
VIcos (MW)
115.06
48.67
16.83
105.47
27.1
17.6
9.32
8.27
195.869
92.33
36.05
37.03
7.79
8.54
87.989
13
29.29
25.689
70.32
28.76
40.00
46.28
19.735
17.535
7.12
VIsin (MVAr)
92.1956
51.068
16.6876
110.98
27.6389
18.599
9.6688
8.154
188.796
96.606
32.46
33.773
10.555
7.745
87.245
12.5305
26.373
22.705
70.716
26.908
37.586
46.012
18.78
16.359
5.151
VI (MVA)
147.513
70.536
23.704
153.0769
38.71
25.6186
13.429
11.6152
272.04
133.618
48.52
50.108
7.125
11.525
123.928
18.055
39.421
34.297
99.042
39.397
54.87
65.275
27.258
23.988
8.79
Table 4: Power Loading Data of Substations of

Karveer Taluka in 2014-15
Substation
Mudshingi
Sending End
MW
MVAr
195.869
188.796
Receiving End
MW
MVAr
193.669
187.6
Loss (MW)
2.2
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Gokulshirgaon
Puikhadi
Kale
Bapat Camp
Shiroli
Chambukhadi
70.32
87.989
46.28
92.33
105.47
48.67
70.716
87.245
46.018
96.606
110.98
51.068
66.72
83.089
41.58
88.23
101.07
44.07
69.48
86.23
44.38
94.39
108.24
49.09
3.6
4.9
4.7
4.1
4.4
4.6
Significance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Total available Power = 310.929 MW

Total Average Demand = load buses = 319. 469 MW
Total Transmission Loss = 28.5 MW
Average Transmission efficiency= 95%
Active Power ( P)
5. Average Transmission Power Factor (cos) = Apparant Power(S)
6. Average Voltage Regulation =
VsVr
Vr
= 0.7 lag
100 = 4.2 %
In 2014-15 Karveer experiences 2.74 % power deficit from total available power i.e. it
can reducible by upgrading additional generation capacity. Lagging (0.7) power factor consumes
more reactive power which leads to grater conductor size, increment in KVA rating, transmission
loss etc. It can be improved upto 0.85 to 0.9 by providing FACTS devices or tap changer in
between lines. It also beneficial for improvisation in quality of power
and getting pure
sinusoidal voltage and current input by reducing harmonics in system as well as excessive
reactive power. Here one more thing notified that average voltage regulation is more which
affects different magnitude in sending and receiving end at load center. It can obtain by placing
additional power transformer with facilitation of on-load tap setting in between transmission line.
Following fig. 4 shows monthly load curve of proposed study area (Karveer).
MONTHLY LOAD CURVE

JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Average Demand (MW)
Page 6
Fig. 4: Monthly Average load curve of study area concern in 2014-15

Significance:
1. Average Demand = 291.833 MW
2. Maximum Demand = 358 MW
Average Demand
3. Load Factor = Maximum Demand
= 0.815
4. Units generated/annum = Load Factor Maximum Demand 365 24 = 2556 MWh.

In 2014-15, recorded base load i.e. particular amount of load available in each month is
239 MW and peak load i.e. maximum average power available above base load on load curve is
296.6 MW. Here obtained load factor is enough good but if it is possible to make towards unity
then uniformity comes in both average and maximum demand which leads reduction in overall
cost of generation as well as great efficiency in transmission system. Interconnected Grid
Transmission System allows following advantage
1. Exchange of peak load: Peak demand is available for only some period so rated capacity
of plants can share peak load in interconnected grid system.
2. Ensure economical operation: Due to sharing of load gives efficient work continuously
throughout the year at high load factor which reduce overall cost of generation.
3. Reduce plant reserve capacity: Due to variation in load demand, generating units must
keep standby capacity during emergency. Due several units running parallel reduces
reserve capacity and increase efficiency of system.
4. Increase reliability of supply: It gives uninterrupted supply even any faults or forced shut
down for maintenance purpose.
3. GENERATION SOURCES INTERCONNECTED TO GRID SYSTEM

Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is the simultaneous
production of electricity and heat from a single fuel source, such as: natural gas, biomass, biogas,
coal, waste heat, or oil. It is the concept of producing two forms of energy from one fuel. One of
the forms of energy must always be heat and the other may be electrical or mechanical energy. In
a conventional power plant, fuel is burnt in a boiler to generate high-pressure steam which is
used to drive a turbine, which in turn drives an alternator through a steam turbine to produce
electrical power. The exhaust steam is generally condensed to water which goes back to the
boiler. As the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of heat which is lost in the process of
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condensing, the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around 35%. But in a
cogeneration plant, very high efficiency levels, in the range of 75%90%, can be reached. [3]
This is so, because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of the turbine is not condensed,
but used for heating purposes in factories or houses. Following fig.5 shows operational layout of
cogeneration.
Fig. 5: Block Functional Diagram of CHP Plant

CHP Applications
1. Industrial manufacturers - chemical, refining, ethanol, pulp and paper, food processing,
glass manufacturing
2. Institutions - colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, military bases
3. Commercial buildings - hotels and casinos, airports, high-tech campuses, large office
buildings, nursing homes
4. Municipal - district energy systems, wastewater treatment facilities, K-12 schools
5. Residential - multi-family housing, planned communities
Benefits of CHP
CHP plays an important role in meeting the energy needs as well as in reducing the
environmental impact of power generation, including:
1. Efficiency Benefits: CHP requires less fuel to produce a given energy output, and avoids
transmission and distribution losses that occur when electricity travels over power lines.
Combined heat and power (CHP) is an efficient and clean approach to generating power
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and thermal energy from a single fuel source. By using waste heat recovery technology to
capture a significant proportion of this wasted heat, CHP systems typically achieve total
system efficiencies of 60 to 80 percent for producing electricity and thermal energy.
Because CHP is more efficient, less fuel is required to produce a given energy output than
with separate heat and power. Higher efficiency translates into:

Lower operating costs
Reduced emissions of all pollutants
Increased reliability and power quality
Reduced grid congestion and avoided distribution losses
2. Environmental Benefits: CHP systems offer considerable environmental benefits when

compared with purchased electricity and onsite-generated heat. By capturing and utilizing
heat that would otherwise be wasted from the production of electricity, CHP systems
require less fuel than equivalent separate heat and power systems to produce the same
amount of energy. Because less fuel is combusted, greenhouse gas emissions, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as criteria air pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NO x) and
sulfur dioxide (SO2), are reduced.
3. Economic Benefits: CHP can save facilities considerable money on their energy bills due
to its high efficiency. Combined heat and power (CHP) can offer a variety of economic
benefits for large energy users. The economic benefits of CHP can include:
Reduced energy costs: The high efficiency of CHP technology can result in energy
savings when compared to conventional, separately purchased power and onsite thermal
energy systems.
Earning money to sell grid.
In Karveer, Cogeneration in sugar industry to produce excess power and exported to the
Maharashtra State Electricity Board grid has gained momentum and is the order of the day. In
fact, the profitability of a sugar plant is centered on the revenue from export of power. The
encouragement being given by the central and state government for promoting the use of biomass / non-conventional, Eco-friendly energy further encourages the implementation of
cogeneration plants in sugar industries. Today the catch word in the industry is to "to maximize
the export of power". In Maharashtra biomass fired cogeneration plants are existed 982.9 MW of
capacity. It provides around 636 MW power to Maharashtra.
Table No. :
Page 9
Co-generation
Sugar Industry
Substation
Installed
Plant
Renuka
Deshbakta
Name
Mudshingi
Capacity (MW)
30
Jawahar
Kumbhi-Kasari
Ratnnappanna Kumbhar SSK.

Jawahar Shetkari SSK
Kumbhi Kasari Sahakari SSK Ltd
Mudshingi
Puikhadi and
27
17.5
Shree Chhatrapati Shahu SSK Ltd.

Shri Datta Sakhar Karkhana Ltd
Kale
Gokulshirgaon
Chambukhadi
12.5
23
Shahu
Asurle-Porle
In Kolhapur district 10 biomass fired

cogeneration plants are existed of 204.5
MW installed capacity. It provides
around
172.4
MW
power
to
MAHATRANSCO grid of Kolhapur.

Following table shows annual power
sold to grid. From it get that average
output of cogeneration plant is 68.209
MW i.e. almost 23 % of available
generation get from cogeneration plants.
Generally cost of generated energy
around 3. 87 INR and they sold to
MSEB at 4. 91 INR i.e. nearby profit to
cogeneration operator get a rupee per
unit. So biomass operated cogeneration
plants beneficial for energy usage as
well as firms commercial aspect of
earning money.
Table 6: Power outlay of Biomass CHP Plants existed in Karveer in 2014-15
4. ARCHITECTURE OF OPTIMAL DISPATCH MODEL
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Modeling is formulated system purposely created for acquisition of particular output

from set of input provided to it. Energy modeling is way to demonstrate present situation of
energy scenario, future demand and related macroeconomic activities in context of energy usage,
peak demand and environmental impact. Modeling of grid interconnected energy system
intentionally created to analyze present demand of power, performance of energy system as well
as transmission network and achieve better efficiency with cost economy in existed condition.[4]
It is essential part of simulation engineer for Schedulement of total and peak power demand with
maintaining efficiency by reducing loss of transmission system. To develop model require
supporting hardware which can simulation packages like MATLAB, PYTHON etc. and digital
advance technology for measurement of input quantity such as PLC, SCADA etc. Proposed
model does optimization of cogeneration plants interconnected to grid for fulfillment of power
demand and also reduce total cost of generation system for economic dispatch of generated
power.
Advantages:
1. For planning and scheduling of available power to fulfill demand.
2. Mathematical model help to demonstrate results in quantitative and precise number.
3. Complex and tedious arithmetic calculations can do accurate within short interval of
time.
4. It can also accessible from remote location without any direct interaction. But it needs
automation in data measurement system.
Block Diagram:
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Fig. 6: Process Flow diagram of Optimal Dispatch Model
SCADA Database Management System:
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Now-a-days data recording of power stations done with the help of digital instruments
equipped with PLC automation. It gives accurate and precise measurement in specified range.
The advantage of such instrument is large reduction in unskilled manpower and recording error
of analog instruments. SCADA system provides remote access for control and supervision. But it
require skilled technician to handle during operation and backup power supply for blackout
operation.
Input Model:
Large number of data recorded in mainframe (server) computer. For model only specific
inputs are required in unified nature i.e. per unit system. Inputs provided for proposed model are
bus data in which total number, real and reactive power loadings and bus voltage and shunt
compensation etc. , line data in which resistance and reactance of transmission line etc. One
thing is more important that entry of data should co-ordinate manner because if any mistake
happened then model shows wrong results or may error will form during programme execution.
Network Model:
Network model is used to calculate admittance matrix (Y bus) from individual feeder
resistance and reactance. It has done with node-voltage method applying KCL at each bus. The
network equations are complex non-linear algebraic equations in terms of node current. Network
model uses linedata from input model for computation of Ybus which further utilized in power
flow analysis. For n-bus network model demonstrated as follows;
Where Vbus = Vector of bus voltages
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Ibus = Vector of the injected currents (the current is positive when flowing into the bus
and negative when flowing out of the bus)
Ybus = Admittance matrix.
Diagonal elements of Ybus matrix is known as self admittance or driving point admittance
Off-diagonal element of Ybus matrix is known as transfer admittance or mutual admittance,
hence Vbus becomes;

Power Flow Model:
Power flow model is used to determine current, voltage, active power and reactive voltampere at various points in a power system operating under normal-steady or static condition.
Load flow studies are made to plan the best operation and control of existing system as well as to
plan the future expansion to keep pace with load growth. Such studies help in asserting the
effects of new load new generation stations, new lines and new interconnections before they
installed. The prior information serves to minimize system losses and to provide a check on
system stability. The following methods are used in power flow analysis.
Table 7: Power Flow Models
S.
POWER FLOW REFERENCE
LIMITATION
N
1.
TECHNIQUE
MODEL
Static Load flow Ritu
Parasher In most cases applicable for DC or radial AC
2.
Method
Guass-Seidal
(2013)
transmission network analysis
Raed Alqadi M. Large number of iteration required for complex
3.
Method
Newton-
Khamesh (2007) network which depends on acceleration factor ()

Dharamjit
& Require enough storage capability to save all
4.
Raphson Method D.K.Tanti (2012)

Fast Decoupled Prechanon
variables and time for simulation.

Only applicable for long transmission line which
Page 13
Method
Kumkratug(2010
having high X/R ratio.
Fig. 7: Bus i connected n number of feeder in radial power network

In fig. shows simple radial network, current Ii entering bus i given by following equation
Hence the equation can be written in terms of bus admittance matrix,
In the above equation j includes bus i , expressing equation in polar form, we have
The complex power at bus i
By putting Ii we get
Separating real and imaginary part
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Above active and reactive power equations constitute a set of non linear algebraic equation in
terms of independent variable, voltage magnitude per unit and phase angle in radians.
By expanding using Taylor Series, and neglecting higher order term, get
Here bus 1 assumed as slack bus, Jacobian matrix gives linearized relationship between small
changes in voltage angle i(k) and voltage magnitude |Vi(k)| with small changes in real and
reactive power Pi(k) and Qi(k).
Iteration solution of Jacobian elements of J1, J2, J3, J4 as follows
The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J1 are
Page 15
The terms of Pi(k) and Qi(k) are difference between scheduled and calculated values, known as
power residuals, given by
The new estimates of bus voltages are
From analysis get that Newton- Raphson method is best suited [9] for proposed study because
1. It usable for wide complex transmission network.
2. It is having high accuracy and not depends on type of bus.
3. It is programmable using simulation software.
Transmission Loss Model:
Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost to resistance,
which varies depending on the specific conductors, the current flowing, and the length of the
transmission line. For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the
resistive losses in the conductor. Even if the conductor size (cross-sectional area) is reduced the
I2R losses are also reduced. At extremely high voltages, more than 2,000 kV exists between
conductor and ground; corona discharge losses are so large that they can offset the lower
resistive losses in the line conductors. Measures to reduce corona losses include conductors
having larger diameters; often hollow to save weight or bundles of two or more conductors.
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To evaluate exact transmission losses of complex network uses Kron technique but it
requires all the entities associated with transmission network which can be obtained from power
flow model. It expresses system losses in terms of interconnected generators real power output.
It also called B-coefficient method. Total injected complex power at bus I, denoted by S i, is given
by Si= Pi + jQi= Vi Ii*.
The summation of power over all buses gives the total system loss
Where PL and QL are real and reactive power loss of system but
Substituting above functions we get

But Zbus is symmetrical matrix; therefore
and total system loss becomes;
But active power loss plays major role in loss component hence it becomes;
If Sgi is the complex power at bus I, the generator current is;
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All above results are put in active power loss equation gives resultant equation;
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So above formula can be written in general form as follows;
Optimization Model:
Optimization model of grid interconnected energy system is better way to fulfill power
demand of proposed study area because its having ability to expand output at certain limit and
also it operated at full capacity gives performance improvisation and better efficiency. The
objective function of optimization model is fulfill demand using local generation system with
their real power limit which reduces transmission losses due to overcapacity and long distance
transmission of power. In optimization model some constrained are put in terms of limit due to
grid require synchronous input from feeder such as frequency, voltage, reactive power so it
maintain efficiency of network and quality of delivered power. Generally following techniques
are preferred in optimization problem such as;
Table 8: Optimization Model
S.N
METHOD
REFERENCE
LIMITATION
Page 19
.
1.
2.
Lagranges Multiplier
Gradient Method
3.
Golden Search Method
4.
Linear Programming
5.
Dynamic Programming
Huijuan Li (2008) Applicable for only mathematical

Marcos Raydan
model in which non linear algebraic
(1997)
equations are formulated in system
A. Yalcin, A. Kaw Applicable for only graphical (Minima
(2012)
& Maxima) kind of problem. Large coJohn
Chinneck
ordinate equations are difficult to
(2001)
compute.
John
Chinneck More suitable for continuous variation
(2014)
6.
Sahu,
in input with time but require large time

for convergence.
K. More suitable for periodically repeated
Genetic Algorithm
G.
7.
Swarm Intelligence
Swarnkar (2014) data as input function.

V. Puri & Y. More suitable for collective behavior of
8.
FUZZY Model
Chauhan (2012)
decentralize and self organized system.
A. Chaibakhsh, It require special software (algorithm)
9.
ANN Model
(2011)
and compatible hardware
M. Chakraborty
(2012)
From above conclusion for proposed model calculus (Lagranges Multiplier) is employed due to
1. Power flow model gives non-linear algebraic equation can be solved only calculus
method.
2. Required model doesnt have dynamic behavior of input function i.e. inputs are steady
state condition.
3. Model is developed in MATLAB which able to formulate Lagranges Method easily
without any supporting package and posses transferable characteristic for user.
Economic Dispatch Model:
The tariff rate at which user purchase electricity from service provider accounts 2/3
rd
cost for generation. For gaining economic cost of operation need to reduce overwhelmed
generation charges. It also gives scope for earning profit to generation companies as well as
betterment in operating efficiency of generation system. The total generation cost consist capital
cost, fuel cost, labour cost, operation and maintenance cost etc. It used to get characteristic
Page 20
equation from fuel-cost curve which further put in optimization constrain for minimization of
total cost and earn profit. In general fuel-cost curve of thermal generation as follows.
Fig. 8: Characteristics of Thermal Generation System

The standard characteristic equation of thermal power plant is obtained by slope of curve. It is
Ci = i + i Pi + i Pi2
Where as i i and i are constant and Pi is generated power in (MW)
Incremental fuel-cost curve is a measure of how costly it will be to produce to the next increment
of power. It can be obtained by taking derivative characteristic equation of fuel-cost curve.
dCi
= i+2 i Pi
dPi
Formulation of Economic Dispatch model considered transmission losses so obtained equations
are non-linear so it can be solved using gradient iterative method. From Kron loss formula,
The objective function is to minimize overall generating cost Ci which is function of plant output
subject to the constraint that generation should equal to demand plus losses i.e.
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But generator provided minimum and maximum output power limit expressed as follows
Using Lagranges constrained function, get following equation,
Now for minimization cost take derivative of Lagranges multiplier equal to zero.
So condition for optimum dispatch can get from following equation
PL
Pi is the incremental transmission loss is a measure of what rate it will be to occur at next
increment of power.
where Li is penalty factor of ith plant

Hence the effect of transmission loss is to introduce a penalty factor with value that depends on
location of plant. So from above equation get that minimum cost is obtained when incremental
cost of each plant multiplied by its penalty factor is the same for all plants.
Page 22
From iterative process by gradient method get ;
Expanding the left hand side of above equation in Taylors series about an operating point (k)
and neglecting higher order terms result in
Page 23
The process in continued until P(k) is less than specified accuracy.

Network model, Power Flow model, Loss model, Economic Dispatch model are sub model of
grid interconnected energy system. It should be organized in sequential manner to get precise
results as notified from objective function i.e. optimum and cost economy of generation. All submodels are formulated in MATLAB software which is having user-friendly approach with ease
of modification facility. Simulation programme made in terms of calculus arithmetic functions
with allocation of workspace in memory for saving data and output during programme execution.
Also it will show output results obtained from model in numerical as well as graphical mode for
better understanding. The planned algorithm for creation of model described as follows.
Fig. 9: Algorithm Flow Chart of Optimal Economic Dispatch Model
START
INPUT (DATABASE)
MODEL
NETWORK
ADMITTANCE
POWER FLOW
MODEL
TRANSMISSION
LOSS MODEL
GENERATION
DATA MODEL
Page 24
FULFILL POWER
DEMAND?
OPTIMIZE
GENERATION?
ECONOMIC DISPATCH?
END
Page 25
5. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF MUDSHINGI 110 KV GRID CONNECTED

COGENERATION
Mudshingi substation is epicenter of Transmission grid of Kolhapur i.e. power comes
from Karad zone distributed from it.

Almost all the power get in Karveer taluka and MAHADISCOM substations from here.
Two cogeneration plants named Jawahar and Renuka connected to grid.
Single Line Diagram of Mudshingi transmission network as follows
Fig. 10: SLD of Mudshingi 110 kV Grid

1. INPUT MODEL:
It is input to whole formulate system. It is provided by MAHATRANSCO (Testing Division).
For uniformity in calculation all the inputs are taken in per unit form of base MVA= 100.
Table 9: Bus Data of Mudshingi 110 kV Grid
Bus No
Voltage Mag.
Angle Deg
Load
Generation
MW
MVAR
MW
MVAR
1.06
0.0
1.045
0.0
20
10
40
30
1.03
0.0
20
15
30
10
1.0
0.0
50
30
1.0
0.0
60
40
Table 10: Line Data of Mudshingi 110 kV Grid

Page 26
Bus to
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
Bus from
2
3
3
4
5
4
5
Resistance ()
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.08
Reactance ()
0.06
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.03
0.24
Cap. Suceptance
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.025
Bus 1 Slack Bus, Bus 2 & 3 Generator Bus, Bus 4 & 5 Load bus.
Step 1: Computation of Network Model
Off-diagonal element
1. Y12=Y21=
1
=
-5 + j 15 = 15.82 L 108.4
0.02+ j 0.06
2. Y13=Y31 =
1
=
-1.25 + 3.75j = 3.95 L 108
0.08+ j 0.24
3. Y14=Y41 = 0
4. Y15=Y51= 0
5. Y23=Y32=
1
=
-1.67 + j 5 = 5.27 L 108.4
0.06+ j 0.18
6. Y24=Y42=
1
=
-1.67 + j 5 = 5.27 L 108.4
0.06+ j 0.18
7. Y25=Y52=
1
=
-2.5 + j7. 5 = 7.9 L 108.4
0.04+ j0.12
8. Y34=Y43 =
1
=
-10 + j 30 = 31.62 L 108.4
0.01+ j 0.13
9. Y35=Y53 = 0
10. Y45=Y54=
1
=
0.08+ j 0.24
-1.25 + j3.75 = 3.95 L 108
11. Diagonal Elements

12. Y11= -Y13-Y12+ j0.025 + j0.03 = 6.25 j18.69= 19.71 L -71.51
13. Y22= -Y21-Y23-Y24-Y25+j0.03+j0.02+j0.02+j0.015 = 10.83-j 32.415 = 34.17 L -71.52
14. Y33= -Y31-Y32-Y34+ j 0.025+ j0.02+ j0.025 = 12.916 j 38.695 = 40.79 L -71.54
15. Y44= -Y43-Y42-Y45+ j0.01 +j0.02+ j0.025 = 12.916 j 38.695 = 40.79 L -71.54
Page 27
16. Y55 = -Y52-Y54 + j 0.015 + j0.025 = 3.75 j 11.21 = 11.8 L -71.5

17. Ybus =
18.
19.
Y 11
Y 21
Y 31
Y 41
Y 51
Y 12
Y 22
Y 32
Y 42
Y 52
Y 13
Y 23
Y 33
Y 43
Y 53
Y 14
Y 24
Y 34
Y 44
Y 54
Y 15
Y 25
Y 35
Y 45
Y 55
6.2518.69 j
5+ j 15
1.25+ j 3.75
0+ j0
0+ j0
5+ j5
10.8 j32.4 1.67+ j 5
1.67+ j5
2.5+ j7.5
1.25+ j3.75 1.67+ j5 12.91 j 38.7
10+ j 30
0+ j0
0+ j0
1.67+ j5
10+ j 30
12.91 j38.7 1.25+ j3.75
0+ j0
Y 52
0+ j 0
1.25+ j 3.75 3.75 j 11.2
20. Ybus in polar form but angle in radian
21.
19.71 L1.24
15.81 L1.8
3.95 L 1.89
0L0
0 L0
15.81 L1.8
34.17 L1.24
5.27 L 1.89
5.27 L1.89
7.98 L 1.89
3.95 L 1.89
5.27 L 1.89
40.79 L1.24 31.25 L 1.89
0 L0
0 L0
5.27 L 1.89
Y 43
40.79 L1.24 3.95 L 1.89
0 L0
Y 52
0 L0
3.95 L 1.89
11.8 L1.24
22.
23. Step 2: Power Flow Model
24. By using Newton Raphson Method
25. From SLD known quantity P2, P3, P4, P5, Q4 and Q5
26. Unknown qty get in power flow 2, 3, 4, 5, V4, V5
27. Given input V1= 1.06 pu, V2= 1.045 pu, V3= 1.03 pu, |V4|=|V5|= 1pu, 1= 2= 3=
4= 5=0
28. P2(0) = |V2| |V1| |Y21| cos (21- 2+ 1) + |V2| |V3| |Y23| cos (23- 2+ 3)+ |V2| |V4| |
Y24| cos (24- 2+ 4) + |V2| |V5| |Y25| cos (25- 2+ 5) + |V22| |Y22| cos (22).
29.
= 0.1436
Page 28
30.
P2
2
= |V2| |V1| |Y21| sin (21- 2+ 1) + |V2| |V3| |Y23| sin (23- 2+ 3)+ |V2| |
V4| |Y24|
sin (24- 2+ 4) + |V2| |V5| |Y25| sin (25- 2+ 5) + |V22| |Y22|
sin(22).
31.
= 35.059
32.
P2
=
33. 3
- |V2| |V3| |Y23| sin (23- 2+ 3) = - 5.3817
34.
P2
=
- |V2| |V4| |Y24| sin (24- 2+ 4) = - 5.225
4
35.
P2
=
- |V2| |V5| |Y25| sin (25- 2+ 5) = - 7.837
5
v 4=
P2
36.
- |V2| |Y24| cos (24- 2+ 4) = - 1.7417
v 4=
P2
37.
- |V2| |Y25| cos (25- 2+ 5) = - 2.6125
38.
Y34| cos (34- 3+ 4) + |V32| |Y33| cos (33).
40.
= 0.245
41.
P3
=
42. 2
- |V3| |V2| |Y32| sin (32- 3+ 2) = - 5.3817
43.
P3
3
= |V3| |V1| |Y31| sin (31- 3+ 1) + |V3| |V2| |Y32| sin (32- 3+ 2)+ |V3| |
V4| |Y34|
sin (34- 3+ 4)
44.
= 40.376
45.
P3
=
46. 4
- |V3| |V4| |Y34| sin (34- 3+ 4) = - 30.9
Page 29
47.
P3
=
0
5
V 4=
P3
48.
- |V3| |Y34| cos (34- 3+ 4) = - 10.3
v 5=
P3
49.
0
50.
Y45| cos (45- 4+ 5) + |V42| |Y44| cos (44).
52.
= -0.375
53.
P4
=
54. 2
- |V4| |V2| |Y42| sin (42- 4+ 2) = - 5.23
55.
P4
=
- |V4| |V3| |Y43| sin (43- 4+ 3) = - 30.9
3
56.
P4
=
|V4| |V3| |Y43| sin (43- 4+ 3) + |V4| |V2| |Y42| sin (42- 4+ 2)+ |V4| |
4
V5| |Y45|
sin (45- 4+ 5) + |V42| |Y44| sin (44).
57.
= 39.87
58.
P4
=
59. 5
- |V4| |V5| |Y45| sin (45- 4+ 5) = - 3.75
V 4=
P4
60.
|V3| |V4| |Y34| cos (34- 3+ 4) + |V2| |Y42| cos (42- 4+ 2)+ |V3| |
Y45| cos (4561.

= 12.54
62.
V 5=
P4
63.
4+ 5) + 2|V4| |Y44| cos (44).
|V4| |V5| |Y45| cos (45- 4+ 5) = -1.25
Page 30
64.
65. P5(0)= |V5| |V2| |Y52| cos (52- 5+ 2) + |V5| |V4| |Y54| cos (54- 5+ 4)+ |V52| |Y55|
cos
(55).
66.
= -0.113
67.
P5
=
68. 2
- |V5| |V2| |Y52| sin (52- 5+ 2) = - 7.84
69.
P5
=
0
3
70.
P5
=
- |V5| |V4| |Y54| sin (54- 5+ 4) = -3.75
4
71.
P5
=
2
72.
|V5| |V2| |Y52| sin (52- 5+ 2) + |V5| |V4| |Y54| sin (54- 5+ 4)
= 11.59
V 4=
P5
73.
|V5| |Y54| cos (54- 5+ 4) = -1.25
V 5=
P5
74.
|V2| |Y52| cos (52- 5+ 2) + |V5| |V4| |Y54| cos (54- 5+ 4)+ 2|V5| |
Y55| cos (55)

75.
= 3.64
76. Q4 (0) = -|V4| |V3| |Y43| sin (43- 4+ 3) + |V4| |V2| |Y42| sin (42- 4+ 2)+ |V4| |V5| |
Y45| sin (45- 4+ 5)+ |V42| |Y44| sin (44).
77.
Q 4
=
- |V4| |V2| |Y42| cos(42- 4+ 2) = 1.74
2
78.
Q 4
=
- |V4| |V3| |Y43| cos(43- 4+ 3) = 10.3
3
Page 31
79.
Q 4
=
-|V4| |V3| |Y43| cos (43- 4+ 3) + |V4| |V2| |Y42| cos (42- 4+ 2)+ |V4| |
4
V5| |Y45| cos (45- 4+ 5)+ |V42| |Y44| cos (44).

80.
= -13.29
81.
Q 4
=
82. 5
- |V4| |V5| |Y45| cos(45- 4+ 5) = 1.25
v 4=
Q 4
83.
-|V3| |Y43| sin (43- 4+ 3) + |V4| |V2| |Y42| sin (42- 4+ 2)+ |V5| |
Y45| sin (45- 4+ 5)+ 2|V4| |Y44| sin(44).

84.
= 37.515
85.
V 5=
Q4
86.
- |V4| |V5| |Y42| sin (45- 4+ 5) = - 3.75
87.
88. Q5 (0) = -|V5| |V2| |Y52| sin (52- 5+ 2) + |V5| |V4| |Y54| sin (54- 5+ 4)+ |V52| |
Y55| sin
(55).
89.
= - 0.38
90.
Q 5
=
91. 2
- |V5| |V2| |Y52| cos(52- 5+ 2) = 2.612
92.
Q 5
=
0
3
93.
Q 5
=
- |V5| |V4| |Y54| cos(54- 5+ 4) = 1.25
4
94.
Q 4
=
|V5| |V2| |Y52| cos(52- 4+ 2) + |V5| |V4| |Y54| cos(54- 5+ 4) = -3.862
2
95. Angle in
Radian
Degree
96. 2(1) = 2(0) + 2(0)
= -0.0127
= -0.729
Page 32
97. 3(1) = 3(0) + 3(0)
= -0.0197
= -1.128
98. 4(1) = 4(0) + 4(0)
= -0.0313
= - 1.79
99. 5(1) = 5(0) + 5(0)
= - 0.053
= -3.006
100.
|V4|(1) = V4(0) + V4(0)
= 1.018
101.
|V5|(1) = V5(0) + V5(0)
= 0.98
102.
1=0
103.
By taking 2nd iteration we get,
[ ]
2(1)
3(1)
4 (1)
5(1)
V 4(1)
V 5(1)
104.
0.051
0.038
0.0412 0.0492 0.00075 0.00079
0.03784 0.09197 0.0822 0.0527 0.0014
0.0013
0.0405
0.0811
0.0974 0.0604 0.063 0.00116
0.0477
0.052
0.0595
0.132 0.001 0.023
0.0001 0.0004 0.0085 0.0032 0.025
0.0084
0.0004 0.00018 0.0032 0.0317 0.0085
0.0085
105.
][ ]
0.0015
0.186
0.251
0.099
0.75
0.1598
[ ]
0.00039
0.00043
0.00058
0.000418
0.01904
0.00955
106.
107.
Angle in
Radian
Degree
108.
2(2) = 2(1) + 2(1)
= -0.013
= -0.75
109.
3(2) = 3(1) + 3(1)
= -0.02
= -1.152
Page 33
110.
4(2) = 4(1) + 4(1)
= -0.032
= - 1.83
111.
5(2) = 5(1) + 5(1)
= - 0.056
= -3.245
112.
|V4|(2) = V4(1) + V4(1)
= 1.037
113.
|V5|(2) = V5(1) + V5(1)
= 0.97
114.
1=0
115.
By taking 3rd iteration we get,
116.
[ ]
2(2)
3(2)
4 (2)
5(2)
V 4(2)
V 5(2)
117.
0.05
0.038
0.041
0.049
0.0007 0.0007
0.03785 0.09197 0.082
0.054
0.0014 0.0012
0.04
0.081
0.097
0.06
0.06 0.001
0.048
0.052
0.06
0.132 0.001 0.023
0.0001 0.0005 0.008 0.0035
0.025
0.008
0.0004 0.00017 0.0032 0.03206 0.0085 0.0085
118.
][ ]
0.006
0.189
0.243
0.056
0.75
0.176
[ ]
0.00017
0.00011
0.00013
0.00014
0.01903
0.00956
119.
120.
Angle in
Radian
Degree
121.
2(3) = 2(2) + 2(2)
= -0.013
= -0.74
122.
3(3) = 3(2) + 3(2)
= -0.02
= -1.142
Page 34
123.
4(3) = 4(2) + 4(2)
= -0.032
= - 1.82
124.
5(3) = 5(2) + 5(2)
= - 0.056
= -3.23
125.
|V4|(3) = V4(2) + V4(2)
= 1.056
126.
|V5|(3) = V5(2) + V5(2)
= 0.96
127.
1=0
128.
129.
v 4=
Q 4
-|V5| |Y54| sin (54- 5+ 4) = 3.75
130.
V 5=
Q4
- |V2| |Y52| sin (52- 5+ 2) - |V4| |Y54| sin (54- 5+ 4) - 2|
V5| |Y55| sin (55)
= 10.83
131.
The power residuals are computed at 100 MVA base
132.
P2 sch =
40
100
133.
S4 sch =
50+ j30
100
= - 0.5 - j 0.3 pu
134.
S5 sch =
60+ j 40
100
= - 0.6 - j 0.4 pu
135.
So power residuals are
136.
P2(0) = P2 sch- P2(0) = 0.4 0.144 = 0.256
137.
P3(0) = P3 sch- P3 (0) = 0.3- 0.244 = 0.055
138.
P4(0) = P4 sch- P4 (0) = -0.5- (- 0.375) = - 0.125
139.
P5(0) = P5 sch- P5 (0) = -0.6 (- 0.112) = - 0.48
140.
Q4(0) = Q4 sch- Q4(0) = - 0.3 (- 1.18) = 0.88
141.
Q5(0) = Q5 sch- Q5 (0) = - 0.4 (- 0.377) = - 0.022
= 0.4 pu
P3 sch =
30
100
= 0.3 pu
Page 35
142.
143.
Step 3: Transmission loss calculation
144.
Load bus current in PU are
145.
I4 = P4-J4/V4* = -0.5+j0.3/ 1.05614 L0.03176
146.
= 0.058310 L 2.60110/ 1.05614 L 0.03176
147.
= 0.5521 L 2. 569
148.
= - 0.464 + j 0.298
149.
I5 = P5-J5/V5* = -0.6+j0.4/0.96035 L 0.05651
150.
= 0.72111 L 2.555359/0.96053 L 0.05651
151.
= 0.7507 L 2.49
152.
= - 0.60 + j 0.45
153.
154.
Coefficient of load buses as follows,
155.
K4 = I4/I4+I5 = 0.55210 L 2.56941/-1.06430+j0.74999
156.
= 0.42404 L 0.04168
157.
=0.42367+j001763
158.
K5 = I5/I4+I5 = 0.57633-j0.01767
159.
M coefficient of generator buses are given by
160.
M1 = Z11/K4Z14+K5Z15
161.
= (0.0113-j3.418) / [(0.42404 L 3.46381)*(3.46381 L -1.56748)]+[(0.57660 L
0.03065)
(3.46371 L -1.57262)]
162.
=3.41082 L -1.57262/0.0639-j3.46375
163.
=0.98472 L 0.00515
164.
M2 = Z12/K4Z14+K5Z15 =0.99920 L 0.00163
165.
M3 = Z13/K4Z14+K5Z15 = 0.99920 L 0.00027
Page 36
166.
167.
168.
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
K 4 M 1 K 4 M 2 K 4 M 3 K 4 M 1
K 5 M 1 K 5 M 2 K 5 M 3 K 5 M 1
= - 0.0007 - j3.4470
169.
170.
-K4M1 = -{0.42404 L 0.04168}{0.98472 L 0.00515} = {0.41756 L 0.04683} =
-0.41710-j
0.01955
171.
172.
K4M2 = -0.42159-j0.01827
175.
-K5M2 = -0.57357+j0.01665
173.
-K4M3 = -0.42333-j0.01777
176.
-K5M3 = -0.57587+j0.01750
174.
-K5M1 = -0.56761+j0.01448
177.
ZBUS = [ YBUS]-1
[
178.
0.0113 j3.0184 0.0007 j 3.4470 0.0054 j3.4610

0.007 j 3.447
0.0041 j 3.4325 0.0049 j3.4593
0.0054 j 3.4610 0.0049 j 3.4593 0.0077 j3.4217
0.0064 j 3.4638 0.005 j 3.4597
0.0033 j3.4339
0.0008 j 3.4637 0.0026 3.4526 0.0059 j3.4623
0.0064 j3.4638 00063 j3.463

0.005 j3.4597
0.0026 3.452
0.0033 j 3.4349 00059 j3.462
0.0078 j 3.4215 0.0044 j3.458
0.0044 j 3.4580 0.0199 j3.3853
RBUS = Real [ YBUS]-1
0.0113
0.007
0.0054
0.0064
0.0064
0.0007
0.0041
0.0049
0.0050
0.0020
179.
180.
CT RBUS C* = E*C*F
0.0054
0.0049
0.0077
0.0033
0.0059
0.0064 0. .0064
0.0050 0.0026
0..0033 0.0059
0.0078
0.0044
0.0044
0.0199
181.
Page 37
182.
C=
1
0
0
1
0
0
0.4171 j 0.01955 0.42159 j0.01827
0.56761+ j 0.01448 0.57357+ j0.01665
0
0
0
0
1
0
0.42333 0.0177 0.4171 j 0.01955
0.5758+ j 0.01750 0.56761 j 0.01448
0
0
0
0
1
0
0.42333 0.0177 0.4171 j 0.01955
0.5758+ j 0.01750 0.56761 j 0.01448
183.
184.
C* =
1
0
0
1
0
0
0.4171 j 0.01955 0.42159 j0.01827
0.56761+ j 0.01448 0.57357+ j0.01665
185.
186.
CT =
187.
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0.4171 j 0.01955
0.42159 j 0.01827
0.42333 0.0177
0.4171 j 0.01955
0.56761+ j 0.01448
0.57357+ j 0.01665
0.5758+ j 0.01750
0.56761 j 0.01448
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
CT RBUS C* =
0.0296 j 0
0.0149 j 0.001 0.0086 j 0.0001 0.0118 + j 0.0001
0.0149 j 0.0001
0.0171+ j 0
0.0065 j 0.0002
0.0092+ j 0
0.0086 j 0.0001 0.0065+ j 0.0002
0.0175+ j 0
0.0078+ j 0.0001
0.0119+ j 0
0.0093+ j 0.0001 0.6077 j 0.0001
0. .0056+ j 0
Now In0 =
V /Z
1
11
= -1.06+j0/0.0113-j3.4108
= 1.06 L 3.14159/3.41082 L -1.56748
= 0.31078 L 1.57411
= - 0.00103+ j031078 PU
Page 38
195.
196.
197.
V1 = 1.06
202.
1 = 0
198.
V2 = 1.045
203.
2 = -0.03110 rad
199.
V3 = 1.03
204.
3 = -0.04650 rad
200.
V4 = 1.0514
205.
4 = -0.05660 rad
201.
V5 = 0.96003
206.
5 = -0.07688 rad
207.
208.
P1 = |V12||Y11|cos11+|V1||V2||Y12| cos(12-1+2)+|V1||V3||Y13|cos(13-1+3)
209.
= 22.14848*(0.31708)+17.51428*(0.28658)+4.31572*(-0.27179)
210.
= 0.83041
211.
212.
Q1 =- |V12||Y11|sin11-|V1||V2||Y12|sin(12-1+2)-|V1||V3||Y13|sin(13-1+3)
213.
= -22.14848*(-0.94840)-17.51428*(0.95806)-4.31572*(0.96236)
214.
= 0.07261
215.
Q2 = 0.34985
216.
Q3 = 0.24148
217.
218.
S1 = Q1/ P1 = -0.08722
219.
S2 = Q2/ P2 = 0.87463
220.
S3= Q3/ P3 = 1.29781
221.
222.
1= 1-jS1 /V* = 0.9434 j0.08249
223.
2= 1-jS2 /V* = 0.93010 j0.86596
224.
3= 1-jS3 /V* = 0.9335 j0.82577
Page 39
225.
[
226.
0.9434 j0.08249
0
0
0
0
0.9301 j 0.86596
0
0
0
0
0.9335 j 0.82577
0
0
0
0
0.00103 j 0.31078
* =
0.9434+ j 0.08249
0
0
0
0
0.9301+ j 0.86596
0
0
0
0
0.9335+ j 0.82577
0
0
0
0
0.00103+ j 0.31078
227.
228.
[CTRBUSC*][ ] =
229.
0.0265+ j 0
0.0141+ j 0.011 0.0083+ j 0.0059 0.0003+ j 0. .0035
0.0141+ j0.011
0.0276+ j0
0.0103 j 0.0006 0.0025+ j 0.00027
0.0083 j0.0059 0.0103+ j0.0006
0.0272+ j0
0.0019+ j 0. .0023
0.0003 j0.0035 0.0025 j0.0027 0.0019 j 0.0023
0.0005+ j 0
230.
231.
232.
Bloss = Real {[ ][CT RBUS C*][ *]}
0.0265
0.0141
0.0063
0.0003
0.0141
0.0276
0.0103
0.0025
0.0083 0. .0003
0.0103 00025
0.0272 0.0019
0.0019 0.0005
0.0265 0.0141 0.0083

00141 0.0276 0.0103
0.0063 0.0103 0.0272
233.
B=
234.
B0 = [0.00030.0025 0.0019]
235.
B00 = [0.0005]
Page 40
236.
Step 4: Optimization and Economic Dispatch calculation using gradient
method
237.
Given input
1. Generator model :a. Real power limit of generator

238.
MAHAGENCO 10MW P1 150MW
239.
RENUKA COGEN 10MW P2 40MW
240.
JAWAHAR COGEN 10MW P3 30MW
241.
b. Annual cost account of generator [Total generation cost]
242.
Table 11: Annual Generation cost ($/hour) of cogeneration plant
connected to
Mudshingi 110 kV grid
243.
P;
244.
245. RENUKA
246.
(MW)
MAHAGENCO
247. 10
248. 242..5
249. 203.72
250.
251. 20
252. 296.6
253. 248.88
254.
255. 30
256. 351.85
257. 295.48
258.
259. 40
260. 408.4
261. 343.52
262.
263. 50
264. 466.25
265. 393
266.
267. 60
268. 525.4
269. 443.92
270.
271. 70
272. 585.85
273. 496.28
274.
275. 80
276. 647.6
277. 550.08
278.
279. 90
280. 710.65
281. 605.32
282.
283. 100
284. 775
285. 662
286.
287.
288.
From MATLAB we get cost equations
289.
290.
MAHAGENCO
190+5.2P1+0.0065P12
291.
RENUKA COGEN 160+4.3P2+0.0072P22
292.
JAWAHAR COGEN 125+4.8P3+0.0058P32
293.
294.
From Bloss Model
0.0265 0.0141 0.0083 P 1
0.0003
[
P1
P2
P3
]
+
[
P
1
P
2
P
3
]
0.0141 0.0276 0.0103 P 2
0.0025
295. =
0.0083 0.0103 0.0019 P 3
0..0019
][ ]
JAWAHAR
173.58
223.322
274.22
326.28
379.5
433.88
489.92
546.12
603.98
663
[ ]
296.
297.
= 0.0265 P12 +0.0141 P1 P2 +0.0083 P1 P3 +0.0141P1 P2+0..0276 P22
+0.0103 P2 P3+0.0083P1 P3 +
0.0103P2P3+0.0019P32+0.0003P1+0.0025P2+0.0019P3+0.0005
298.
299.
By making loss in MW form
Page 41
300.
301.
= 0.000265 P12 +0.000141 P1 P2 +0.000083 P1 P3 +0.000141P1
P2+0.000276 P22 +0.000103 P2 P3+0.000083P1 P3
+0.000103P2P3+0.000019P32+0.03P1+0.25P2+0.19P3+0.05
302.
303.
From above we get Bloss coefficient
304.
305.
0.0002651
306.
0.000141
307.
0.000083
308.
0.000141
309.
0.000276
318.
319.
B11 =
B12 =
B13 =
B21 =
B22 =
310.
0.000103
311.
0.000083
312.
0.000103
313.
0.000019
314.
315.
316.
317.
B23 =
B31 =
B32 =
B33 =
B01 = 0.031
B02 = 0.25
B03 = 0.19
B00 = 0.05
Total load demand = 150 MW

Using gradient method, obtain optimized generation of 3 generation sources
which fulfill demand.
Assume initial value (1) =7
(1)
P1 =
(1)(1B 01) 12 (1)[ B 12 P 2(1)+B 13 P 3(1)]

2( 1+ ( 1 ) B 11)
320.
= {7(1-0.03)-5.2-2*7[0.000141 P2(1) +0.000083
P3(1)]}/2(0.0065+7*0.000265)
321.
=(1590 -1.974 P2 (1)-1.162 P3(1))/16.71
322.
323.
16.71P1(1)+1.974 P2 (1)+1.162 P3(1) = 1590
324.
(1)
P2 =
(1)(1B 02) 22 (1)[ B 21 P 1(1)+B 23 P 3(1)]

2( 2+ ( 1 ) B 22)
325.
= {7(1-0.25)-4.3-2*7[0.000141 P1(1) +0.000103
P3(1)]}/2(0.0072+7*0.000276)
Page 42
= 1.974 P1(1)+18.264 P2 (1)+1.442 P3(1) = 950
326.
327.
(1)(1B 03) 32 (1)[ B31 P 1(1)+ B 32 P 2(1)]

2( 3+ ( 1 ) B 33)
(1)
328.
P3 =
329.
= {7(1-0.19)-4.8-2*7[0.000083 P1(1) +0.000103
P2(1)]}/2(0.0058+7*0.000019)
= 1.162 P1(1)+1.442 P2 (1)+1.426 P3(1) = 870
330.
331.
332.
333.
][ ] [ ]
16.71 1.974 1.162 P1(1) 1590

1.974 18.264 1.442 P 2(1) = 950
1.162 1.442 11.866 P3 (1)
870
334.
335.
336.
X=A-1 B
337.
MW
P1(1) =92.32
338. P2(1) =56.73

MW
339. P3(1) = 43.54

MW
340.
341.
PL(1) = 0.000265 P12 +0.000282 P1 P2 +0.000166 P1 P3 +0.000276 P22 +0.000206 P2
P3+0.0019P32+0.03P1+0.25P2+0.19P3+0.05 =6.9932 MW
342.
Since PD = 150 MW
343.
Error, P(1) =150+6.9932-(92.32+56.73+43.54)
344.
= -35.4368
345.
ng
346.
(
i=1
Pi
)
ng
i ( Boi )+ Biii2 i Pjk
i=1
2(i+ (k ) Bii)
j 0
2
ng
347.
( Pi )=
i=1
{(0.0065(1-0.03)+0.00065*5.2-2* (0.0065) [0.00014 *56.73
+0.000083 *43.54]/ 2(00065+7*0.000265)}+{ 0.0072(1-0.25)+0.000276*4.3-2*0.0072

[0.000141 *92.32 +0.000103* 43.54 ]/2 (0.0072+ 7*0.000276)}+{0.0058(1-
Page 43
0.19)+0.000019*4.8 2* 0.0058 [0.000083*93.32 +0..000103 * 56.73 /2 (0.0058 + 7 *

0.0000198)]}
348.
=128.508
349.
350.
35.5968
= 128.508
351.
Therefore now value of
352.
(2) = 7.0-0.277 =6.723
353.
Hence continuing process for second iteration
(1)
= -0.277
354.
P1(2) = 6.723(1-0.03)-5.2-2*6.723[0.000141 P2(2) +0.000083 P3(2)] /2(0.0065
+6.723*
0.000265)
355.
= 16.563 P1(2) + 1.896 P2(2 ) +1.116 P3(2 ) = 1321.31
356.
357.
P2(2) = 6.723(1-0.25)-4.3-2*6.723[0.000141 P1(2) +0.000103 P3(1) ] /2(0.0072 +6.723
*
0.000276)
358.
= 1.896 P1(2) + 18.11 P2(2 ) +1.385 P3(2 ) = 742.25
359.
360.
P2(2) = 6.723(1-0.19)-4.8-2*6.723[0.000083 P1(3) +0.000103 P2(2) ] /2 (0.0058
+6.723 *
0.000019)
(2)
361.
= 1.116 P1 + 1.385 P2(2 ) +11.855 P3(2 ) = 645.63
362.
363.
][ ] [ ]
16.563 1.896 1.116 P 1(2) 1321.31

1.896 18.11 1.385 P 2(2) = 742.25
1.116 1.385 11.855 P 3(2)
645..63
364.
P1(2 ) =
84.284 MW
367.
365.
P2(2 ) =
40.569 MW
366.
MW
P3(2 ) = 30.46
From loss equation,
368.
PL(2)= 0.000265(84.284)2 +0.000282 (84.284*40.569)+ 0.000166(84.284*30.46)+
0.000276
(40.569)2 +0.000206 (40.569*3046) +0.000019 (30.46)2 +0.03*84.284
+0.25*40.569 +0.19*30.46+0.05 = 4.590 MW
369.
Since PD = 150MW
370.
Error, P(2) =150+4.590-(82.284+40.569+30.46) = -0.723
Page 44
371.
ng
( Pi )
372.
i=1
373.
X(2) =-0.723/5.648 =-0.128

New value of
(3) =6.723-0.128 =6.595
376.
377.
Set by point P1(2) , P2(2), P3(2)

=5.648
374.
375.
(2)
Again same procedure done we get
378.
MW
P1(3 ) = 84.43
381.
Real power loss
382.
PL(3) =4.4277 MW
383.
P(3) =150 + 4.4277-(84.49+40+30)
384.
379.
MW
P2(3) = 40
380.
MW
P3(3 ) = 30
= -0.0623
ng
385.
386.
( Pi )
i=1
(3)
= 214.82
(3) =-0.0623/214.82 =-0.00029
387.
Since (3) is very small hence equality constraints met in three iteration and
optimized dispatch incremented by
388.
= 6.595 $/MWh
389.
Total fuel cost = 190+5.2*84.49+0.0065*(84.49)2 +160 +4.3*40 +0.0072* (40)2
+125 +4.8*30
+0.0058*(30)2 =1293.1 $/h
Page 45
390.
391.
6. CONCLUSION
The efficient and optimum economic operation and planning of electric
power generation systems have occupied an important role in the generation companies.
The efficient use of the available generation is growing in importance, because to demand
increment issue cant be solved only installing or upgrading new capacity plants. A
savings in the operation of generating systems of a small percent represents a significant
reduction in operating cost which gives profit to generation companies as well as grows
the performance of generation system. From present study and analysis following
observations are obtained such as
1. Grid interconnected energy system model able to ensure delivery of maximum power as
per actual demand and available generation.
2. Optimized operation of existed generation push towards fulfillment of energy need and
boost overall efficiency of generation system due to generator operated at full rated
capacity.
3. Optimal Dispatch Model ensures equalization of deficit margin between actual demand
and available generation, economic cost of operation and consideration of transmission
losses while scheduling of load.
4. Proposed model is developed by focusing especially Karveer taluka due to multidimensional approach in context of rural and urban region as well as various sectoral
demand considerations i.e. agricultural, domestic, industrial, commercial etc. for planning
scheduling and management of power at demand side.
392.
The optimum operation of the system involves the economy of operation,
system security, reliable and ensures power supply and most important fulfillment in load
demand. Another factor that influence the power generation at minimum cost is
transmission losses. The most efficient generator in the system does not guarantee
minimum cost as it may be located in an area where fuel cost is high. Also, if the plant is
located far from the load center, transmission loss may be higher and hence the plant may
be uneconomical.
Therefore, the basic objective is to determine the generation of
different plants such that total operating cost is minimum. The operating cost plays an
important role in the economic scheduling.
393.
394.
7. REFERENCES:
[1].
Central Electricity Authority New Delhi (2014-15), "Report on Executive Summary
[2].
[3].
Power Sector".
MAHATRANSCO LTD. (2014-15), State Transmission Utility Plan.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2007), Biomass Combined Heat and
[4].
Power Catalog of Technologies.

Emiliano DallAnese (2013), "Distributed Optimal Power Flow for Smart Micro grids",
[5].
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, pp 1-11.

Ahmed Farag (1995), "Economic Load Dispatch Multi-objective Optimization
Procedures Using Linear Programming Techniques", IEEE Transactions On Power
[6].
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 731-739.

Carvalho, M.F. (1988), "Optimal Active Power Dispatch By Network Flow
[7].
Approach",IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 3, No. 4,pp. 1640-1648.

David I. Sun (1984), "Optimal Power Flow By Newton Approach" IEEE Transaction on
[8].
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 10, pp. 2864-2881.
Albert M. Sasson (1974),"Some Applications of Optimization Techniques to Power
[9].
Systems Problems", IEEE, Vol. 62, No. 7, pp.-959-973.

Hermann W. Dommel (1968),"Optimal Power Flow Solutions", IEEE Transactions on
[10].
[11].
[12].
[13].
Power Apparatus And Systems, Vol. Pas-87, NO. 10, pp. 1866-1877.
Modern Power System Analysis, D. P. Kothari, McGraw Hill Pub. New Delhi.
Power System Analysis, Prof. Hadi Saddat, McGraw Hill Pub. New Delhi.
www.wikipedia.com.
www.nptel.com/electrical engineering/powersytem.
395.
396.

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1.

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

2. POWER SCENARIO OF KOLHAPUR DISTRICT & KARVEER

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

MONTHLY LOAD CURVE

Maximum Demand (MW)

Fig. 1: Monthly Load curve of Kolhapur District in 2014-15 year

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Rated Voltage (kV)

Fig. 2: Map of Kolhapur

Fig. 3 Single Line Diagram of Grid

Table 4: Power Loading Data of Substations of

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Total available Power = 310.929 MW

and getting pure

MONTHLY LOAD CURVE

Average Demand (MW)

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Fig. 4: Monthly Average load curve of study area concern in 2014-15

4. Units generated/annum = Load Factor Maximum Demand 365 24 = 2556 MWh.

3. GENERATION SOURCES INTERCONNECTED TO GRID SYSTEM

Fig. 5: Block Functional Diagram of CHP Plant

with separate heat and power. Higher efficiency translates into:

2. Environmental Benefits: CHP systems offer considerable environmental benefits when

Ratnnappanna Kumbhar SSK.

Shree Chhatrapati Shahu SSK Ltd.

In Kolhapur district 10 biomass fired

MAHATRANSCO grid of Kolhapur.

4. ARCHITECTURE OF OPTIMAL DISPATCH MODEL

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Modeling is formulated system purposely created for acquisition of particular output

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Where Vbus = Vector of bus voltages

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Off-diagonal element of Ybus matrix is known as transfer admittance or mutual admittance,

hence Vbus becomes;

POWER FLOW REFERENCE

Khamesh (2007) network which depends on acceleration factor ()

Raphson Method D.K.Tanti (2012)

variables and time for simulation.

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

having high X/R ratio.

Fig. 7: Bus i connected n number of feeder in radial power network

Hence the equation can be written in terms of bus admittance matrix,

The complex power at bus i

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Iteration solution of Jacobian elements of J1, J2, J3, J4 as follows

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J1 are

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2 are

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J3 are

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J4 are

The new estimates of bus voltages are

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Substituting above functions we get

and total system loss becomes;

If Sgi is the complex power at bus I, the generator current is;

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

So above formula can be written in general form as follows;

M. Tech-II (Rural Technology), YCSRD, Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Golden Search Method

Huijuan Li (2008) Applicable for only mathematical