Mobile Communications

2015-2016
Dijlah University College
Department of Computer Techniques Engineering

Tutorial of Chapter 3

Dr. Eng. Hussein Jamaluddin Khaleel

Email: hussein.khaleel@duc.edu.iq

Problem 3.2
(a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the 2-ray ground
reflection model in the analysis of path loss.
(b) In the following cases, tell whether the 2-ray model could be applied,
and explain why or why not:
ht = 35 m, hr = 3 m, d = 250 m
ht = 30 m, hr = 1.5 m, d = 450 m

(c) What insight does the 2-ray model provide about large-scale path loss
that was disregarded when cellular systems used very large cells?

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Problem 3.2 Solution

(a) Advantage: The 2-ray ground reflection model considers both the direct path
and a ground reflected propagation path between transmitter and receiver and
therefore it provides more accurate estimation of the signal power compared to
free space model.
Disadvantage: The 2-ray ground reflection model does not account for terrain,
vegetation and buildings.
(b) The 2-ray ground reflection model can be applied when

For ht = 35 m, hr = 3 m, d = 250 m:
= 10.25 >> 250 and therefore the model can be applied.
= 6.71 >> 450 and therefore the model can be applied.
(c) The 2-ray model shows that at large d, Pr decreases with d4, and Pr and the path
loss become independent of the frequency f.

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Problem 3.6*
Find the received power using the approximated 2-ray ground reflection
model. Assume the height of the transmitter is 40 m and the height of the
receiver is 3 m. The frequency is 1800 MHz, and unity gain antennas are
used. Calculate the received power at distances 1 km, 10 km and 20 km.
Assuming the ground reflection coefficient of -1. The E-field at 1 km from
the transmitter is measured to be 10-3 V/m.

*This problem has been modified

from the one in the textbook

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Problem 3.6 Solution

Given: ht = 40 m, hr = 3 m, f = 1800 MHz, Gt = Gr = 1, d = 1 km, d = 10 km, d = 20 km, = -1,
d0 = 1 km, E0 = 10-3 V/m

Pr = ?
Solution:
||2
=

120

20 0 2
=

2
=
4

= c / f = 3x108 / 1800x106 = 0.167 m

Ae = 1 x 0.1672 / 4 = 0.0022 m2
For d = 1 km:
||2
(1 103 )2
=
=
0.0022 = 5.8x1012 W = 112.34 dB
120
120

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Problem 3.6 Solution Cont.

For d = 10 km:
20 0 2 2 103 103 2 40 3
=
=
= 90 106 /
3
3

10 10
0.167 10 10
||2
(90 106 )2
=
=
0.0022 = 4.76 1014 W = 133.22 dB
120
120
For d = 20 km:
20 0 2 2 103 103 2 40 3
=
=
= 45 106 /
3
3

20 10
0.167 10 10
||2
(45 106 )2
=
=
0.0022 = 1.19 1014 W = 139.24 dB
120
120

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Problem 3.10
If Pt = 10 W, G = 10 dB, Gr = 3 dB, and L = 1 dB at 900 MHz, compute the
received power for the knife-edge geometry shown in the figure. Compare
this value with the theoretical free space received power if an obstruction
did not exist. What is the path loss due to diffraction in this case?

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Problem 3.10 Solution

Given: Pt = 10 W, G = 10 dB, Gr = 3 dB, L = 1 dB, f = 900 MHz
Pr (knife-edge) = ?

Pr (free space) = ?
Gd = ?
Solution:
= c / f = 3x108 / 900x106 = 1/3 m
Subtract all heights by the minimum height hr = 5 m
39555
3000
395
tan1
=
2000

= tan1

= 0.11285 radians

=
0.195 radians
= + = 0.30785 radians
=

21 2
1 +2

= 0.30785

230002000
(1/3) 3000+2000

= 26.12

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Problem 3.10 Solution Cont.

Using the numerical method to calculate diffraction gain:

Gd(dB) = 20log

0.225

= 20log

0.225
26.12

= -41.3 dB

So, the loss due to diffraction = 41.3 dB

For free space:
Gt = 10 dB = 10 (linear), Gr = 3 dB = 100.3 = 2 (linear), L = 1 dB = 1.26 (linear)
=

2
(4)2 2

10102 1 3 2
(4)2 50001.26

= 4.47 109 W = -83.5 dB

The power received with the knife-edge diffraction:

Pr (diffraction) = Pr (free-space) + Gd = -83.5 41.3 = -124.8 dB = -94.8 dBm

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Problem 3.11

Homework

If the geometry and all other system parameters remain exactly the same
in problem 3.10, but the frequency is changed, redo Problem 3.10 for the
case of (a) f = 50 MHz and (b) f = 1900 MHz.

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Problem 3.13*
If the received power at a reference distance d0 = 1 km is equal to 1 micro
watt, find the received powers at distances of 2 km, 5 km, 10 km, and 20
km from the same transmitter for the following path loss models: (a) Free
space; (b) n = 3; (c) n = 4; (d) 2-ray ground reflection using the
approximate expression. Assume f = 1800 MHz, ht = 40 m, hr = 3 m, Gt = Gr
= 0 dB.

*This problem has been modified

from the one in the textbook

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Problem 3.13 Solution

Given: d0 = 1 km, P0 = 10-6 W
Pr = ? for d = 2 km, 5 km, 10 km, 20 km

(a) Free space model, Pr = ?

= 0

0 2

For d = 2 km: =
For d = 5 km: =

2
6 1000
10
2000
2
6 1000
10
5000

For d = 10 km: = 106

For d = 20 km: = 106

= 0.25 106 W = 66 dB = 36 dBm

= 0.04 106 W = 74 dB = 44 dBm

1000 2
10000
1000 2
20000

= 0.01 106 W = 80 dB = 50 dBm

= 0.0025 106 W = 86 dB = 56 dBm

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Problem 3.13 Solution Cont.

(b) n = 3, Pr = ?
=

0 3
0

For d = 2 km: =
For d = 5 km: =

3
6 1000
10
2000
1000 3
106
5000

For d = 10 km: = 10

For d = 20 km: = 106

= 0.125 106 W = 69 dB = 39 dBm

= 0.008 106 W = 81 dB = 51 dBm

1000 3
10000
1000 3

20000

= 0.001 106 W = 90 dB = 60 dBm

= 0.0025 106 W = 99 dB = 69 dBm

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Problem 3.13 Solution Cont.

(c) n = 4, Pr = ?
=

0 4
0

For d = 2 km: =
For d = 5 km: =

4
6 1000
10
2000
1000 4
106
5000

For d = 10 km: = 106

For d = 20 km: = 106

= 0.0625 106 W = 72 dB = 42 dBm

= 0.0016 106 W = 88 dB = 58 dBm

1000 4
10000
1000 4

20000

= 0.0001 106 W = 110 dB = 70 dBm

= 0.00000625 106 W = 112 dB = 82 dBm

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Problem 3.13 Solution Cont.

(d) 2-ray ground reflection model, Pr = ?, f = 1800 MHz, ht = 40 m, hr = 3 m, Gt = Gr = 0 dB
At the reference point d0 = 1 km, Pr = 10-6 W; Gt = Gr = 0 dB = 1 (linear)

= c/f = 3x108/1800x106 = 0.1667 m

=
=

2
4 2 2

0 =

0 4 2 02
2

2
4 2 02

106 4 2 10002
110.16672

= 5682.6 W the transmitted power

Using the 2-ray ground reflected approximated expression: =

For d =
For d =
For d =
For d =

2 2
4

40232
2 km: = 5682.6
= 5.11 106 W = 52.9 dB = 32.9 dBm
4
2000
40232
5 km: = 5682.6
= 0.13 106 W = 68.82 dB = 38.82 dBm
4
5000
40232
10 km: = 5682.6
= 0.0082 106 W = 80.86 dB = 50.86 dBm
4
10000
40232
20 km: = 5682.6
= 0.000511 106 W = 92.9 dB = 62.9 dBm
4
20000

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Problem 6

Homework

Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter, the carrier

frequency is 1900 MHz, and the antenna gains are 1 and 2 for the
transmitter and receiver respectively. Find (a) the power at the receiver
assuming free space propagation, (b) the magnitude of the E-field at the
receiver antenna (c) the rms voltage applied to the receiver input
assuming that the receiver antenna has purely real impedance of 50 and
is matched to the receiver, (e) the received power assuming the 2-ray
ground reflection model (approximated model).

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