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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN
DEVELOPING INDIA
SUBMITTED BY
CHOUDHARY VARSHA SOHANLAL
T.Y.B.M.S. [Semester V]
PADMASHRI ANNASAHEB JADHAV
BHARTIYA SAMAJ UNNATI MANDALS
B.N.N COLLEGE
DHAMANKAR NAKA, BHIWANDI, 421302
SUBMITTED TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 - 2014
PROJECT GUIDE
PROF. SHAFI ANSARI
PROJECT REPORT ON
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN
DEVELOPING INDIA
SUBMITTED BY
CHOUDHARY VARSHA SOHANLAL
T.Y.B.M.S. [Semester V]
B.N.N COLLEGE
DHAMANKAR NAKA, BHIWANDI, 421302
SUBMITTED TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
ACADEMIC YEAR
2013 2014
NAME OF PROJECT GUIDE
PROF. SHAFI ANSARI
DATE OF SUBMISSION
25th OCTOBER 2013
DECLARATION
I CHOUDHARY VARSHA SOHANLAL of PADMASHRI ANNASAHEB JADHAVS B.N.N
COLLEGE of TYBMS [Semester V] hereby declare that I have compiled this project on WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING INDIA
CERTIFICATE
I, PROF. SHAFI ANSARI hereby certify that CHOUDHARY VARSHA SOHANLAL of PADMASHRI
ANNASAHEB JADHAVS B.N.N COLLEGE of TYBMS [Semester V] has completed project on
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING INDIA in the academic year 2013-2014. The
information submitted is true and original to the best of my knowledge.
U. D. KADAM
(Principal)
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted to my project guide PROF. SHAFI ANSARI for helping me out in the successful
completion of my Project Report on, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING INDIA.
I am thankful to my other teachers for providing me the information as and when required. I am
extremely thankful to my family members for their constant support.
Last, but not the least, are my friends who discussed with me the various issues in my project. Finally,
I want to thank one and all who helped me directly or indirectly through the project work.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In India, entrepreneurship among women is of recent origin. Socio-economic background is an
important factor that influences the women to start their business. Money is not the sole objective among
women entrepreneurs to enter into the business. The studies relating to women entrepreneurs in rural areas
further reveal that training and awareness regarding women entrepreneurs in building confidence. Since
entrepreneurship development involves provision of additional channels of funds in the form of working
capital and credit, training, management skills etc. the intervention aims at not only raising the income of
rural women of poor households, but also enabling organized participation of groups in the programmer of
credit, skill training and infrastructure support for self-employment in groups who cannot take up economic
activities, individually as their own.
In this dynamic world women entrepreneurs are significant part of the global expedition for sustained
economic development and social progress. Due to the growth of industrialization, urbanization, social
legislation and along with the spread of higher education, awareness, the emergence of women owned
business are increasing in the economies of almost all countries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. No.
Title
Page No.
1.
Introduction.
1 - 65
2.
Literature of Review.
66 - 72
3.
Research Method.
73 - 81
4.
82 - 93
5.
94 - 97
6.
References.
98
7.
Appendix.
99 - 103
1. Introduction
In the era of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization along with ongoing IT revolution,
todays world is changing at a surprising pace. Political and Economic Transformations appear to be taking
place everywhereas countries convert from command to demand economies, dictatorships move toward
democratic system, and Monarchies build new civil institutions. These changes have created economic
opportunities for women who want to own and operate businesses. Today, women entrepreneurs represent a
group of women who have broken away from the beaten track and are exploring new avenues of economic
participation. Among the reasons for women to run organized enterprises are their skill and knowledge, their
talents, abilities and creativity in business and a compelling desire of wanting to do something positive. It is
high time that countries should rise to the challenge and create more support systems for encouraging more
entrepreneurship amongst women. At the same time, it is up to women to break away from stereotyped mindsets.
In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are a significant part of the global expedition for
sustained economic development and social progress. Due to the growing industrialization, urbanization,
social legislation and along with the spread of higher education and awareness, the emergence of Women
owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries.
In former days, for Women there were 3 Ks- Kitchen, Kids, Knitting, then came 3 PsPowder,Pappad, Pickles and now at present there are 4 Es- Electricity, Electronics, Energy, Engineering .
Indian women had undergone a long way and are becoming increasingly visible and successful in all spheres
and have shifted from kitchen to higher level of professional activities.
Todays women are taking more and more professional and technical degrees to cope up with market
need and are flourishing as de signers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and
still exploring new avenues of economic participation. It is perhaps for these reasons that Government
Bodies, NGOs, Social Scientists, Researchers and International Agencies have started showing interest in
the issues related to entrepreneurship among women in India.
Women entrepreneurs explore the prospects of starting a new enterprise; undertake risks,
introduction of new innovations, coordinate administration & control of business & providing effective
leadership in all aspects of business and have proved their footage in the male dominated business arena.
This report focuses on the concept of woman entrepreneurs in India; their traits in business, the
problems faced by them when they set up and make some suggestions for future prospects for development
of Women Entrepreneurs.
History of Entrepreneur:
The word Entrepreneur is derived from the French word Entrepreneur. It means to
undertake. Thus entrepreneur is a person who undertakes the risk of new enterprise. In the early 16th century,
the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as Entrepreneurs.
Around 1700 A.D Thomas C. Cochran expanded the scope and applied the term to civil
engineering activities, such as constructions, architecture and works. Bernard Belidor applied it to the
functions of buying labour and material at uncertain prices and selling the restaurant product at a contracted
price. Quesnay regarded the rich farmer as an entrepreneur who manages and makes his business profitable
by his intelligence, skill and wealth.
In the 18th century, Richard Cantillon an Irishman living in France, was the first person to use
the term entrepreneur to economic activities. He defined entrepreneur as a person who buys a factor
services at certain prices. With a view to sell its product at uncertain prices in the future. He conceived of an
entrepreneur as a bearer of non-insurable risk. According to him, entrepreneurs carry on production and
exchange of goods at some risk, facing the possibility of bankruptcy, when the demand for their products is
depressed. He distinguished between the owner and an entrepreneur. Writers in the 17thand 18th centuries were
of the opinion that the essential characteristic of an entrepreneur was to take risks and creates innovations.
Entrepreneurship has gained currency across the sphere and female- entrepreneurship has become an
important module. India is one of the fastest emerging economies and the importance of entrepreneurship is
realized across the gamut.
Women Entrepreneurship means an act of business ownership and business creation that empowers
women economically increases their economic strength as well as position in society. Women-entrepreneurs
have been making a considerable impact in all most all the segments of the economy.
Women Entrepreneur is a person who denies the role of their personal needs to participate and be
accepted economically independent. Strong desire to do something positive is a high-quality women
entrepreneur who contributes to the position values of family and social life.
Many women have these traits but they never got a platform to showcase their talents and for
this reason they don't know their real abilities. Matching the basic qualities required for entrepreneurs and the
basic characters of Indian women reveal that, much potential is available among the Indian women on their
entrepreneurial ability. This potential is to be documented, brought out and exposed for utilization in
productive and service sectors for the progress of the nation.
An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of
capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated by the enterprise to women. - Government of
India
According to Kamala Singh," A women entrepreneur is a confident, innovative and creative woman
capable of achieving economic independence individually or in collaboration generates employment
opportunities for others through initiating establishing and running an enterprise by keeping pace with her
personal, family and social life.
According to Medha Dubhanshi Vinze, a women entrepreneur is a person who is an
enterprising individual with an eye for opportunities and an uncanny vision, Commercial acumen, with
tremendous perseverance and above all a person who is willing to take risk with the unknown because of the
adventures spirit she possesses.
In the words of Former President APJ Abdul Kalam "Empowering women is a prerequisite for
creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of
women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good
society and ultimately a good nation."
Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru has remarked When women move forward, the family moves, the
village moves and the Nation moves.
Women Entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of economy of of the
world. Their willingness for the future is apparent in their growing confidence, in their strengths and in their
desire to seek different forms of work in order to achieve a new balance between work and home. Thus a
women entrepreneur is one who starts business and manages it independently and tactfully takes all the risks,
accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire
to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable contributing values in
both family and social life and is one who faces the challenges boldly with an iron, will to succeed.
Concept of Entrepreneur:
Majority of people are reluctant to undertake risk and uncertainty involved in organizing the
factors of production. Only some people are able and willing to bear risk and uncertainty. These people are
not mere dreamers. They are doers as well. They create wealth and employment. They work hard to achieve
success. They have a high need of achievement. They are entrepreneur.
Entrepreneur is a person who undertakes the risk of new enterprise. Entrepreneur is one who
recognizes and seizes opportunities; convert these opportunities into marketable ideas; add value through
time, effort, money, or skills assumes the risk to implement these ideas and realize the rewards from these
efforts. Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking and assumes the risk
involve in it for the sake of profit. An entrepreneur is highly achievement oriented and motivated.
Definitions of an Entrepreneur:
Oxford Dictionary:
An entrepreneur is one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a contractoracting as intermediary between capital and labour.
Adam Smith:
Entrepreneur is a person who only provides capital without taking active part
in the leading role in enterprise.
Peter Drucker:
An entrepreneur is one who always searches for change, responds to it and
exploits it as an opportunity.
Entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurship.
Is a person.
Is an organizer.
Is a risk taker.
Is an innovator.
Is a good Planner.
Is a leader.
Is a decision-Maker.
Is a vizualizer.
Is an administrator.
Is an initiator.
Characteristics of Entrepreneur:
Is a process.
organize form of initiative.
Is risk-making activity.
Is the process of innovation .
planning for performance.
Is the crux of leadership.
Is
the
decision-making
activity.
Is the vision.
Is the administrtion.
Is taking an initiative.
i. Need to Achieve:
Entrepreneurs have got strong desire to achieve higher goals. Their inner self
motivates their behaviour towards high achievement. Most of the people dream of success but do not take
any action in achieving these dreams. For entrepreneurs winning is achievement.
ii. Independence:
Most of the entrepreneurs start on their own because they dislikes to work for
others. They prefer to be their own boss and want to be responsible for their own decision.
iii. Risk Bearing:
Entrepreneurs are the persons who take decisions under uncertainty and thus
they are willing to take risk, but they never gamble with the results.
iv. Flexibility:
Most of the successful entrepreneurs measure the pros and cons of a decision
and tend to change if the situation demands. They never feel reluctant to revise their decisions. They are the
person with open mind without rigidity.
v. Self Confidence:
Entrepreneurs must have self-confidence to accomplish the task effectively and
efficiently. They must take decision on their own in uncertain and risky situation and should stick to it
confidently even if there are occurs initial setback.
vi. Decision Making:
Decision making skills implies the function of choosing a particular course of
action out of several alternative courses, for the purpose of achieving specified goals.
vii. Technical Knowledge:
An entrepreneur must have a reasonable level of technical knowledge.
Technical knowledge is an ability that most people are able to acquire if they try hard enough.
Qualities of Entrepreneur:
Entrepreneurs have an ability to find and explore opportunity.
Successful entrepreneurs are highly optimistic. They are not disturbed by the present problems
faced by them.
Successful Entrepreneurs are goal oriented.
Successful entrepreneur generally has strong leadership qualities.
The entrepreneurs should have a good foresight to know about the future business
environment.
In the course of his career an entrepreneur, will be required in many situations to influence
people and make them think in his way and act accordingly. He motivates people to act.
Types of Entrepreneurs:
There are various types of Entrepreneurs which can be classified under different heads, they
are as follows:
3. Professional Entrepreneurs:
Professional entrepreneur is a person who is interested in establishing a
business but does not have interest in managing or operating it once it is established. A professional sells out
the running business and starts another venture with the sales proceeds. Such an entrepreneur is dynamic and
he conceives new ideas to develop alternative project.
C. On the basis of Motivation:
On the basis of Motivation an Entrepreneurs can be as follows:
1. Pure Entrepreneur:
A pure entrepreneur is an individual who is motivated by psychological and
economic reward. He undertakes an entrepreneurial activity for his personal satisfaction in work, ego or
status. For example Dhirubhai Ambani of Reliance group.
2. Induced Entrepreneurs:
Induced entrepreneur is one who is induce to take up an entrepreneurial task
due to policy measures of the government that provide assistance, incentives, concessions, and necessary
overheads facilities to start a venture.
3. Motivated Entrepreneur:
These entrepreneurs are motivated by their desire to make use of their technical
and professional expertise and skills. New entrepreneurs are motivated by the desire for self-fulfillment.
4. Spontaneous Entrepreneurs:
These entrepreneurs start their own enterprise spontaneously. They are selfconfident and positive in their approach. Their inner urge and inborn talent drive them to establish their own
venture.
D. On the basis of Stages of Development:
On the Stages of Development an Entrepreneurs are as follows:
1. First Generation Entrepreneurs:
He is one who starts an industrial unit by means of his innovative skill. He is
essentially an innovator, combining different technologies to produce a marketable product or service.
2. Modern Entrepreneurs:
He is one who undertakes those ventures which go well along with the
changing demand in market. They undertake those ventures which suit the current or modern marketing
needs.
3. Classical Entrepreneurs:
He is one who is concerned with the customers and marketing needs through
the development of a self-supporting venture. He is a stereo type entrepreneur whose aim is to maximize his
economic returns at a level consistence with the survival of the firm with or without the element of growth.
These entrepreneurs are traditional and do not undertake any innovation.
E. On the basis of Growth:
On the basis of Growth an Entrepreneurs can be classified as follows:
1. Growth Entrepreneurs:
Growth Entrepreneursare those who necessarily take up a high growth industry
which has substantial growth prospects.
2. Super-Growth Entrepreneurs:
Super-Growth entrepreneurs are those who have shown enormous growth of
performance in their venture. The growth performance is identified by the liquidity of funds, profitability and
gearing.
F. On the basis of Gender:
On basis of gender an Entrepreneur can be:
1. Men Entrepreneurs.
2. Women Entrepreneurs.
Women Entrepreneurs:
In this dynamic world women entrepreneurs are significant part of the global
expedition for sustained economic development and social progress. Due to the growth of industrialization,
urbanization, social legislation and along with the spread of higher education, awareness, the emergence of
women owned business are increasing in the economies of almost all countries.
In the former days for women there were 3ks-Kitchen, Kids, Kitting, then came
3Ps-Powder, Pappad, Pickles and now at present there are 4Es Electricity, Electronics, Energy, Engineering.
Indian women have gone a long way and are becoming increasingly visible and successful in all sphere of
life and have shifted from kitchen to higher level of professional activities.
Women entrepreneurs are fast becoming a force to reckon with in the business
world and are not only involved in business for survival but to justify their inner urge of creativity and to
prove their capabilities. Educated women is contributing to a great extent to the social transformation and in
the future will be seen that more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men.
Todays women are taking more and more professional and technical degrees to cope up with
market need and are flourishing as designer, interior, decorator, exporters, publishers, garments,
manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. Therefore, Government bodies,
NGOs, Social Scientist, Researchers and International Agencies have started showing their interest in the
issue relating to entrepreneurship among women in India.
In the words of Former President of India APJ Abdul Kalam empowering women is a
prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability Is assured.
Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of
good family, good society and ultimately a good nation.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru has remarket When women move forward the family moves, the
village moves and the nation moves.
A. Government of India:
An enterprise owned and control by a women having a minimum financial
interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to
women.
However this definition is subject to criticism mainly on the condition of
employing more than 51% women workers in the enterprise owned and run by the women.
With the effect from 7th February 1992, the definition of women entrepreneurs
are as follows:
A small scale industrial unit/industry related service or business enterprise
manage bye one or more women entrepreneurs in proprietary concern in which she/they will individually or
jointly have share capital of not less than 51% as a partners/shareholders/directors of private limited
company, members of co-operative society.
B. Fredrick Harrison:
Any women or group of women which innovates, initiates or adapts an
economic activity may be called women entrepreneurs.
high energy levels motivate her to contribute immensely towards building, establishing and maintaining a
prosperous business.
Women is open and willing to learn
A successful woman entrepreneur keeps side by side of changes, as she is fully conscious of the
importance of evolving changes. She is ahead of her competitors and thrives on changes. She adapts her
business to changes in technology or service prospect of her patrons. She is inquisitive, concerned to learn
and accommodative to innovations.
Women are cost conscious
A successful woman entrepreneur prepares pragmatic budget estimates. She provides cost effective
quality services to her clients. With minimized cost of operations, she is able to force her team to capitalize
on profits and gather its benefits.
A. Imagination:
It refers to the imaginary approach or original ideas with competitive market.
Well planned approach is needed to examine the existing situation and to identify the entrepreneurial
opportunities.
B. Attribute to Work Hard:
Enterprising women have further ability to work hard. The imaginative ideas
have to come to a fair play. Hard work is needed to build up an enterprise.
C. Persistence:
Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have
to make a dream translated into an enterprise. Studies show that successful women have worked hard. They
persisted in getting loans from financial institutions and other inputs. They have persisted in adverse
circumstances and in adversity.
J. Economy Reforms:
Today, economic reforms in any country are being made very fast. Hence there
is a change in the prevailing condition of women. Socio-cultural environment is also changing. With the
march of economic reforms-liberalization, privatization, globalization- the entrepreneurial opportunities for
women have tremendously increased.
K. Women Empowerment:
Today, women are attracted to make use of business opportunities. Thus they
have joined the mainstream of the nation. They are also contributing to the shift from welfare approach to
empowerment. Women empowerment has created conditions for enabling the women to start enterprise
effectively. Women empowerment provides access to resources and markets, actual ownership and effective
control, thus the desire for women power has driven the women to start entrepreneurship.
L. Breaking Glass Ceiling:
Increasing numbers of women are discovering that the best way to break the
glass ceiling that prevents them from rising to the top of many organizations is to start their own companies.
In traditional society women were confined to the four walls of houses performing household activities. In
recent year women have taken a bold step to come out of their traditional domestic occupation to start their
business unit.
M. Generating Sale Revenue:
Profits earned by women entrepreneurs are inspiring. Their sales revenue is not
falling far short of those realized by their male counterparts. However for lower sales level for women stems
from, among other things, their concentration in the service and retail industries and the newness of their
business.
N. Women Labour:
The one major reason for the emergence of women as founders of their own
business has been the large influx of women entering the labour force, who later launch their own business.
O. Business-education Women:
The number of business institutes providing entrepreneurial education and
training is increasing very fast. Clearly with the explosive growth of business-educated women, it follows
that, more than ever before, women are aspiring to start their own venture.
P. Government Support:
State Government, Central Government Agencies, Commercial Banks and
other Financial Institutions have come forward to introduce different schemes for women entrepreneurs. This
has promoted women to start their own business.
All these functions appear to be somewhat uneven in character. Moreover, these functions are
not always of equal importance. For instance risk taking and innovations are paramount for establishing and
diversifying an enterprise. Co-ordination and supervision become an increasingly important in improving the
efficiency and assuming smooth, balanced operation of the undertaking. In women enterprises, usually the
same lady performs all these functions. Most likely she is also the owner of the enterprises. In nutshell,
women entrepreneur are those women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine
the factors of production, operate the enterprise, undertake risk and handle economic uncertainties involved
in running a business enterprise.
A Woman entrepreneur has also to perform all the functions involved in establishing an
enterprise:
Functions for establishment of an enterprise
Idea generation and screening
Determination of objectives
Undertaking a risk and handling of economic uncertainties involved in business.
project preparation
Product analysis
Introduction of innovations, imitations of innovations.
Form of business
Co-ordination, administration and control.
Raising funds
Supervision and leadership.
identified, considering the socio-economic, cultural and educational status and motivational level of women
entrepreneurs, particularly projects with low investment, low technical know-how and assured market are
suggested for them such as production of soaps, detergents, ready- made instant food products including
pickles, spices, papad, manufacturing of woollen goods, beauty parlour business, typing centre, job contracts
for packaging of goods and distribution and household provision etc.
At present they are:
Creative: It refers to the creative approach or innovative ideas with competitive market. Well-planned
approach is needed to examine the existing situation and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities.
It further implies that women entrepreneurs have alliance with clued-up people and constricting the
right organization offering support and service.
Quality to working hard: Innovative women have further ability to work hard. The creative ideas
have to come to a fair play. Hard work is required to build up an enterprise.
Determination: Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have to
make a dream transferred into an idea enterprise.
Ability and desire to take risk: the desire refers to the willingness to take risk and ability to the
proficiency in planning making forecast estimates and calculations.
Profit earning capacity: she has a capability to get maximum return out of invested capital.
Types.
Chance Entrepreneurs.
Forced Entrepreneurs.
Created Entrepreneurs.
Natural Entrepreneurs..
A. Chance Entrepreneurs:
Those who started business without any preparation, clear goals or plans, they
were lucky to come across opportunities which they grabbed.
B. Forced Entrepreneurs:
Those who were compelled by circumstances such as death of husband or
father with responsibilities falling on them to take over the existing business such entrepreneurs called forced
entrepreneurs.
C. Created Entrepreneurs:
These are the ones who were properly identified, motivate, encouraged. They
are the ones for whom the various schemes are being designed by the financial institutions and commercial
banks.
D. Natural Entrepreneurs:
The entrepreneurs take business as a profession on their own by self planning
or motivated through profit factor and also keeping themselves busy.
building and also for development better business orientation and skills.
Gender discrimination is encountered at every stage of business development.
Women entrepreneurs are security oriented rather than growth oriented.
Women prefer diversification to specialization.
Women prefer stabilization of income and minimization of risk over maximization of
income.
Though the trend is changing, it id uncommon to find enterprise owned by women and run
by men.
know-how and assured market are suggested for them. Important opportunities identified for semi-urban
women are enlisted below:
Production of liquid soap, soap powder, detergents etc.
Child care centers and cultural center for children.
Nursery classes.
Manufacturing of leather goods.
Garments.
Different types of training and coaching classes.
Convenience, readymade, instant food products including pickles, papads,
spices etc.
C. Opportunities for women rural areas:
There are some umpteen problems faced by women at various stages beginning from their initial
commencement of enterprise, in running their enterprise. Their various problems are as follows:
A. No Independence:
The first problem of women entrepreneurs is that of her being women. She is considered subordinate
to male in all walks of life. The basic ingredients such as independence and authority required for
successful entrepreneurs are not adequate in India.
B. Lack of Self-Confidence:
Women do not have self-confidence in their own abilities which is partly due to
cultural environment. This is because of familys reluctance to provide them funds for their venture. Banks
are reluctance to their project due to no collateral securities on their name and very few development
agencies come forward to give them help.
C. Low Risk Bearing Capability:
Generally women in India are confined to the four walls of the house. They are
less educated and thus economically backward. This reduces their risk bearing capability in running an
enterprise.
D. Male Dominated Society:
An important barrier to empowerment of women through enterprise is the male
dominated society. Prevalent socio-cultural attitudes and beliefs are not conducive to the blossoming of
women as entrepreneurs. Male child is still preferred to the female child right from the birth. The constitution
of India speaks about sex equality but till today women are considered as abala i.e. weak, passive and home
oriented an as a result less capable than men.
E. Lack of Family Encouragements:
Very few women get encouragements from the family to start a business. In
India it is mainly a womens duty to look after the children and other member in the family.
F. Low Mobility:
Women in general are less mobile due to social cultural barriers. The duel
responsibility that women entrepreneurs have to cope up with is making a success of their enterprise and
looking after the home and cooking restricts their mobility.
G. Lack of Education:
In India around 60% of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of
socio-economic problems. Due to lack of education and that too qualitative education, women are not aware
of business, technology and market knowledge.
H. Social Recognition:
Society does not give due recognition to women entrepreneurs. They are
looked down as small and weak.
I. Stiff Competition:
Women enterprises face stiff competition from organized industries and due to
the absence of any kind of organisational set-up by women entrepreneurs. As a result of this, such a
competition leads to the closure of women enterprises.
J. Low Need for Achievements:
For success in business, there is need for achievement. Generally women will not have strong need
for achievement. Every women suffer from the painful feeling that she is forced to depend on others in her
life. Till marriage she is dependent on her parent, after marriage she is dependent on her husband, on the old
age she is dependent on her son. Her pre-conceived notions about her role in life inhibit achievements and
independence.
K. Arrangement of Finance:
For every business undertaking Finance is said to be the life blood, whether it is large,medium or
small enterprise. Women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of finance on two important bases.
Firstly, women do not in general have property on their own names to use that as collateral securities for
obtaining loans/funds from banks and other financial institutions. Thus their access to external sources is very
limited .Secondly, obtaining the support of bankers, managing the working capital, lack of credit resources
are the problems which still remain in the males domain.
L. Shortage of raw-materials:
Women entrepreneurs encounter the problems of shortage of raw-materials and necessary inputs. On
the pinnacle of this, is the high prices of raw materials, on one hand and getting raw materials at minimum
discount rates are the other.
M. Cut-throat Competition:
Lot of the women entrepreneurs have imperfect organizational set up to drive in a lot of money for
canvassing and advertisements. They have to face severe competition from organized industries. They have
also to face a stiff competition with the men entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and
development area and carry out easy marketing of their products with both the organized sector and their
male counterparts. Such a competition ultimately results in the insolvency of women entrepreneurs.
N. Lack of education and prevalent levels of illiteracy amongst women:
In India, around (40%) of women are still illiterate. Illiteracy is the root cause of socioeconomic
barriers or hurdles. Due to lack of Knowledge of latest technological change, know-how and education
creates problems before women to set up competitive enterprises.
O. Family Conflicts:
Women also countenance the conflict of performing of home role as they are not available to spend
enough time with their families. Because in India, mainly a womans duty is to look after her children and
manage the other members of the family. In business they have to spend long hours and as a result, they find
it difficult to meet the demands of their family members and society as well. Their incapability to attend to
domestic work, time for education of children, personal hobbies, and entertainment adds to their conflicts.
P. Marketing Problems:
Women entrepreneurs incessantly face the problems in marketing their products. It is one of the core
problems as this area is mainly dominated by males and even women with adequate experience fail to make a
dent. For marketing the products women entrepreneurs have to be at the mercy of middlemen who pocket the
hunk of profit. Although the middlemen exploit the women entrepreneurs, the purging of middlemen is
tricky, because it involves a lot of running about. Women entrepreneurs also find it difficult to capture the
market and make their products popular.
To present the problems of women entrepreneurs before the concerned authorities for
license, if necessary.
To establish separate industrial estates for women entrepreneurs or get reserved space in already
Indira Mahila Yojana (IMY) was launched in 1995 in over 200 blocks of India,
for the holistic empowerment of women. IMY is being implemented in 238 blocks and till now, 40,000
women's groups have been formed under the scheme. Of these, 3,000 groups were formed in 1999-2000.
b. Swa-Shakti Project:
It was earlier known as Rural Women's Development and Empowerment
Project It was sanctioned on 16 October 1998 as a centrally sponsored project for a period of five years. With
an objective of establishment of self-reliant women's Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Sensitising and
strengthening the institutional capacity of support agencies to proactively address women's needs, developing
linkages between SHGs and credit-lending institutions, Enhancing Women's access to resources for better
quality of life; and Increased control of women, particularly poor women, over income and spending, through
their involvement income-generation activities. The Project was launched in 1998, initially introduced in six
states (Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, M.P, and U.P) through the establishment of self-help groups the
project is jointly supported by International Funds for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
institutions. To tackle this situation and to ensure adequate financial support to women enterprises the RBI
took several initiatives. The RBI in its action plan for 2001 provided special programmes and strategies for
facilitating assistance to women in the entrepreneurial sector and to attract more to this sector. For
strengthening credit delivery to women particularly in the Tiny and SS1 sector, RBI issued directions and an
action plan to all the public sector banks.
For strengthening credit delivery to women particularly in the Tiny and SS1
sector, RBI issued directions and an action plan to all the public sector banks. The action plan consists of the
following points:
A. Redefining Of Banks' Policies / Long Term Plans:
Banks should redefine its policies by taking into account women's requirements
in a focused and integrated manner, Banks should have a Charter for women, who must be published, and
Banks must ensure that the benefits under various poverty alleviation and employment promotion schemes
go to the women in the prescribed ratio.
B. Setting Up Women Cells:
Women's cells should be set up at the banks' head office as well as in their
regional offices where information, counseling/ guidance and other credit related circumstances for women
entrepreneurs are readily available, At the branch level, or clusters of branches in rural areas, the bank should
have a desk visibly placed in order to provide women with relevant information and guide assist them in
making loan applications etc. as far as possible a well-trained lady staff member particularly in rural areas
should handle the desk, Special attention should be given to women in every branch. One officer in each
branch should be designated exclusively for dealing with cases of flow of credit to women. Banks should
have a target for covering at least 20 women per branch for lending and 20 for training.
C. Simplification Of Procedural Formalities:
The application forms, appraisal standards and other procedural requirements
for extending finance to women entrepreneurs should be simplifies & as far as possible. Banks should ensure
that the managerial staffs assist women entrepreneurs in understanding the banks' procedural formalities in a
simple manner. They should also give assistance in the preparation of project reports and completion of other
paper work.
D. Orientation Of Bank Officers Staff On Gender:
Concern credit requirements of women Banks should take appropriate
measures to ensure that the branch level functionaries do not have traditional bias of preferring men to
women in financing. For this purpose the bank staff should be oriented through short term training
programmes in which a special component on gender concerns can be incorporated. Banks should also invite
members of Non- Government Organisations (NGOs) or women social workers to these workshops for active
interaction so that the problems were being faced by the women entrepreneurs could be better understood by
bank staff in an informal manner.
E. Publicity Campaign For Creating Awareness About Credit Facilities:
Banks should launch Awareness Programmes/Publicity Campaigns about
schemes available for women. Attractive publicity material such as posters, charts, can be specially designed
in a simple manner so that women are able to understand it easily. The publicity material should be available
in different languages and should be widely distributed particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Gender
concerns should also be addressed through publicity material viz. slogans on hoardings shelters etc. For the
large numbers of illiterate and semi-literate women, particularly in the rural and semi-urban areas, the banks
should make efforts to inform them through audio-visual methods/slides and charts about the different
schemes under which finance is available. Banks should establish contact with the. Village Panchayats to
seek their assistance in dissemination/distribution of information material to women in the village and for
delivery of credit to identified women. Banks can also explore the possibility of using the local radio and the
television network for disseminating information to women in the farthest corners of the country. Banks
should interact with schools/colleges/universities for publicising schemes and programmes for women. In the
present computer age, banks should make use of creating web- sites through which wider publicity could be
given about various scheme credit facilities available with the bank for women entrepreneurs. This would
help all sections of the society to have easy access to such information particularly the young, educated urban
women who are using computers.
When
the ladder
getters
wrong by achieving success through sheer hard work and dedication.
Indra Nooyi
Strong-willed, with an acute acumen for financial strategizing, Nooyi is the
CFO and President of PepsiCo. Her strong acumen for business has helped the company garner as much as
30 billion dollars worth of crucial deals within the last couple of years. With a Masters Degree in Public
Management from Yale University and Masters in Finance and Marketing from IIM, Kolkata, Nooyi held
several senior positions at Motorola and Asea Brown Boveri before joining PepsiCo.
Chanda Kochhar
Chanda Kochhar holds a Masters Degree in Management Studies from
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies. She joined ICICI as a Management trainee after her Master
in the year 1984. Later she was appointed as part of core team to set the ICICI bank. She became Deputy
General Manager in 1996. In 2001, she was promoted as Executive Director, heading the retail business in
ICICI Bank. In 2006, she was appointed as the Deputy Managing Director of ICICI bank. She holds many
prestigious awards and honors to her credit. She won the Retail Banker of the Year 2004 by the Asian Banker,
Business Women of the Year 2005 by The Economic Times and Rising Star Award for Global Awards 2006
by Retail Banker International. She is also been featured in Fortune's list of Most Powerful Women in
Business.
investment of Rs 10000. Three issues biotechnology was nascent at the time in India, she was a woman and
her organization had almost nil assets made financial institutions turn down her loan application. However,
with hard work and commitment, Shaw transformed Biocon into one of the leading biopharmaceutical firms
in India.
Indu Jain
This multi-faceted lady used to be the Chairman of The Times Group the
most powerful and the largest media house India has known. Indu Jain is known by many different identities
such as that of a spiritualist, humanist, entrepreneur, an aficionado of culture and the arts, an educationalist
but her most prominent and eminent role has been that of Chairman Times Group.
Priya Paul
Armed with a Bachelors degree specializing in Economics from the Wellesley
College in US, Priya Paul entered the family business and is currently Chairperson, Apeejay Park Hotels. The
Apeejay Surrendra Group has many different subsidiaries such as hotel, tea, retail, shipping, financial
services and real estate. Her contributions in the segments of commerce and industry and her efforts have
been recognized through various citations and awards Young Entrepreneur of the Year award from the
Federation of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India, Businessperson of the Year, Economic Times
Awards and the Park Hotel being rated as one amongst the best 101 Hotels Worldwide by Tatler magazine
in the UK.
Jessie Paul
With many awards and recognitions in her kitty, such as Chairman's Award,
Infosys-1998, Data Quest's list of most powerful women in IT in India, 2005, Business Today's List of
Women Achievers in India, 2007, IT People's Award for Women in Leadership-2008, Jessie Paul is currently
the CEO of Paul Writer Strategic Advisory, which is a marketing advisory firm and the author of the book No
Money Marketing. She has been part of Wipro for four and half years where she created the sharedmarketing unit for Wipro Technologies and Wipro Info tech. Her own company, Paul Writer Strategic
Advisory, is a marketing platform for B2B early-stage companies in the traditional and new media space like
social blogging. She is considered as an expert in brand globalization.
SimoneTata
Holding the coveted title of being the cosmetics czarina of India Simone Tata
has been instrumental in changing a small subsidiary of Tata Oil Mills into the largest cosmetic brand in India
Lakme, synonymous today with Indian fashion. She became part of Lakme during 1961 and has been
responsible for the metamorphosis of the company into the biggest brands of fashion in India. She became
Chairperson of the company during 1982 and is now the Chairperson of Trent Limited, a subsidiary of the
Tata group.
Neelam Dhawan
Neelam Dhawan, the Managing Director of Microsoft India and is the head of
marketing and sales operations of the company throughout India. At the start of her career she yearned to be a
part of major players in the FMCG space such as Asian Paints and Hindustan Lever. Unfortunately, these
organizations did not want a woman to be a part of their marketing and sales efforts and hence she was
rejected at the time. Before joining Microsoft, Neelam has been part of many prominent companies such as
IBM, HP as well as HCL.
Ekta Kapoor
Women who single-handedly founded and made Balaji Telefilms the household
name it is today. This baby-faced teenager, who once dreamed of marrying and settling down just like any
other woman in India, is the creative head of Balaji Telefilms and counted as one of the top 10 women
entrepreneurs of today. Her production house has many hit serials to its credit Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi
Bahu Thi, Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki and many others, making her the Queen Bee of the Indian soap opera
scene. She has won the Hall of Fame award at the 6th Indian Telly Awards during 2006 for her contribution
to the Indian television industry. Known to be fiercely protective of her company and brand, Ekta is also very
professional and has strong business acumen.
Mallika Srinivasan
Mallika Srinivasan, currently the Director TAFE India, was honored with the
title of Businesswoman of the Year during 2006 by the Economic Times. She joined the company in 1986
and has since been responsible for accelerating turnover from 85 crores to 2900 crores within a span of two
decades. Mallika has an MBA from Wharton School of Business, Pennsylvania.
2.
Review of Literature
Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent concern. Women have become aware of their existence
their rights and their work situation. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in
fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities.
This paper focuses on women entrepreneur. Any understanding of Indian
women, of their identity, and especially of their role taking and breaking new paths, will be incomplete
without a walk down the corridors of Indian history where women have lived and internalized various role
models. The paper talks about the status of women entrepreneurs and the problems faced by them when they
ventured out to carve their own niche in the competitive world of business environment.
India Is Great For Women Entrepreneurs, Bad For Women. How Is This
Possible?
India is a great place for women entrepreneurs, business polling and studies tell
you. Yet India is the worst place to be a woman, human rights studies inform you. How can this be?
A June 2012 Women Global Entrepreneurship study by Dell
showed optimism from women entrepreneurs in India who expect median business growth of 90%,
eliciting this response on Indias Economic Times from Amit Midha, Dells Chairman For Global Emerging
Markets, We have found the ideal country for a woman starting a business in 2012 could well be India.
3. Research Method
Current Scenario of Women Entrepreneurship in India:
Nearly 6 out of 10 respondents said that their businesses were in the areas of
Professional Services, IT, Apparels or F&B. The rest tail ended into other sectors including Travel, Media,
Health and Manufacturing. Statistics also showed that most women entrepreneurs from this survey had small
to medium sized businesses and more than 70% had less than 5 employees working for them.
So why did these women take up entrepreneurship as opposed to the
traditionally accepted pathway to success Get a degree, get a job and work your way to the top?
The survey points out two major reasons which had lured the respondents to join the entrepreneurship
bandwagon. 75% of them believed that they had a creative idea that needed to be taken to the market place
and 60% felt the need to be their own boss.
Last but definitely the most inspirational finding for budding young to-be
entrepreneurs is the fact that 60% of these respondents started with a capital of less than 1 lakh. Personal
savings, loans from friends and family and loans from external parties emerged as the top 3 sources of
funding. Not surprisingly, finance was the most important challenge and roadblock these women
entrepreneurs faced.
Recently, Dell Womens Global Entrepreneurship Study interviewed 450
women entrepreneurs in US, UK and India. It reported that India was one of the most favorable places for
women entrepreneurs to set up shop. The study pegged businesses owned by women entrepreneurs to grow
up to 90% in the next 5 years. In comparison, similar businesses in US and UK were expected to grow by
50% and 24% in US and UK in the same time period.
Research Methodology:
For this project I have used Historical Research, historical research is the objective evaluation
and synthesis of evidence and facts helping the researcher to draw conclusion relating to the past. Historical
research is commonly used in both business research and social research. Many a time to understand the
present happenings explanations from the past happenings are derived.
In this project I have collected past data, I have also mentioned the current scenario of Women
Entrepreneur in Developing India. And conclusion has also been derived from the above collected data.
For methodology, an extensive literature review of secondary data from various sources i.e.
newspapers, reference books, magazines, websites has been held as related to the stated objectives of the
study on internet survey basis and also primary data from face-to-face interview, telephone interview,
questionnaires with options and online surveys.
Case Study:
There are not many women in the position of leadership in corporate India. The
growth of women in the corporate world has been slow, probably due to the glass ceiling and role
stereotypes. Baring a few females made it to the top, others have only reached till the middle/senior level of
management. Family and social support and education level are important factors leadership in the business
world. Besides, family has priority over career for women in India. Thus, few women cut through all the
barriers and reach the top. One such example is Naina Lal Kidwai, Chairperson and Managing Directors, the
HSBC investment banking and securities business in India. According to her, in India, there is an extent
family of mothers, sisters and mother-in-law ready to step in along with the easily available domestic help.
However, despite these advantages in the urban middle class in India, women are only now entering the
corporate world.
A graduate from HBS, Naina joined ANZ Grindlays bank in India 1982.
Having done her stints in a variety of jobs in merchants, retails and investment banking, she moves to
Morgan and Stanely in 1994 to manage its operation in India. She has been a higher achiever throughout.
Naina was ranked 3rd by fortune magazine in their maiden list of the worlds top women in business in Asia
(2000), and later it placed her among the top 50 women in business in three successive years. Time magazine
selected her as one of 2002, fifteen emerging Global Influential. She is a chairperson of various committees
of industry associations.
Naina is not only successful in professional life, but in her personal life too she
is married with two children.
Limitations of Study:
During doing this research I found out that Women entrepreneurs face following limitations:
1. The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal male
dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members
think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women.
2. The financial institutions are sceptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. The bankers consider
women loonies as higher risk than men loonies. The bankers put unrealistic and unreasonable securities to get
loan to women entrepreneurs. According to a report by the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization , "despite evidence that women's loan repayment rates are higher than men's, women still face
more difficulties in obtaining credit," often due to discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending
groups.
3. Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance of some kind to launch their ventures - be it a formal
bank loan or money from a savings account. Women in developing nations have little access to funds, due to
the fact that they are concentrated in poor rural communities with few opportunities to borrow money. The
women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women
entrepreneurs lack access to external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few
women have the tangible property in hand.
4. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and
developing nations. "Having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members,
few women can devote all their time and energies to their business" .The financial institutions discourage
women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become housewives
again. The result is that they are forced to rely on their own savings, and loan from relatives and family
friends.
5. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to make a fine
balance between business and home. More over the business success is depends on the support the family
members extended to women in the business process and management. The interest of the family members is
a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations.
6. Another argument is that women entrepreneurs have low-level management skills. They have to depend on
office staffs and intermediaries, to get things done, especially, the marketing and sales side of business. Here
there is more probability for business fallacies like the intermediaries take major part of the surplus or profit.
Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which women have
been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Even when they are otherwise in control of an
enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area.
7. The male - female competition is another factor, which develop hurdles to women entrepreneurs in the
business management process. Despite the fact that women entrepreneurs are good in keeping their service
prompt and delivery in time, due to lack of organisational skills compared to male entrepreneurs women have
to face constraints from competition. The confidence to travel across day and night and even different regions
and states are less found in women compared to male entrepreneurs. This shows the low level freedom of
expression and freedom of mobility of the women entrepreneurs.
8. Knowledge of alternative source of raw materials availability and high negotiation skills are the basic
requirement to run a business. Getting the raw materials from different souse with discount prices is the
factor that determines the profit margin. Lack of knowledge of availability of the raw materials and low-level
negotiation and bargaining skills are the factors, which affect women entrepreneur's business adventures.
9. Knowledge of latest technological changes, know how, and education level of the person are significant
factor that affect business. The literacy rate of women in India is found at low level compared to male
population. Many women in developing nations lack the education needed to spur successful
entrepreneurship. They are ignorant of new technologies or unskilled in their use, and often unable to do
research and gain the necessary training . Although great advances are being made in technology, many
women's illiteracy, strucutural difficulties, and lack of access to technical training prevent the technology
from being beneficial or even available to females.
10. Low-level risk taking attitude is another factor affecting women folk decision to get into business. Lowlevel education provides low-level self-confidence and self-reliance to the women folk to engage in business,
which is continuous risk taking and strategic cession making profession. Investing money, maintaining the
operations and ploughing back money for surplus generation requires high risk taking attitude, courage and
confidence.
11. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members. The low level of
education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement motivation among women folk to
engage in business operations and running a business concern.
12. Finally high production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of women
entrepreneurs. The installation of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity and like
similar factors dissuades the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas. Primary data has collected
from particular area. Analysis of data has made on that particular sample size which cant be applied on the
females presents all over the India.
In research project analysis and interpretation of data are two major concluding
steps. Analysis of data is the process of re-arranging the collected data in a systematic manner for
interpretation purpose.
A. Primary Data:
Primary data constitutes first hand information which is collected for the first
time. It is data collected from primary source which is original sources. The researcher himself/herself
collects primary data.
In this project i.e. Women Entrepreneurs in Developing India I have
collected primary data by way of questionnaire. I have met various undergraduate and post graduate girls, by
this meetings I come to know what is their thinking to start their own business, different opinion have came
which I have interpreted in graphs.
Sample Size:
Sampling relates to data collection which is one important step in research
process. Normally the primary data is not collected form each and every individual. Such large scale data
collection is costly and time consuming. The better alternative is to select a representative sample and to
collect data from such sample. Sample size can be Probability (Random Sampling) and Non Probability (Non
Random Sampling).
For this project I have used Random Sampling method and sample size is 30.
Analysis and Interpretation of data are as follows:
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
An Entrerpeneur.
An Employee.
A House Wife.
Data collected from sample size, when I analyzed that data I come to know that
63.33% of girls who is studying and who has completed their study want to be an entrepreneur in their future.
And 23.33% of girls want to be an employee. Remaining % of girls i.e. 16.67% want to be a house wife.
It means that majority of girls nowadays want to be an entrepreneur, instead of
the fact that they have to face various problems to be an entrepreneur.
30
25
20
15
10
0
Yes.
No.
Can't Say.
Yes.
No.
Can't Say.
This chart reveals that how many families will support girls to be an
entrepreneur in their future.90% girls families will support them, 3.33% of girls wont get any support from
their family, and 6.67% of girls cant say anything whether their family will support them or not.
Here I can say that if girls want to be entrepreneurs in their future then one of
the major obstacles in their business career can b reduced i.e. family problem.
4. If yes, then at what level you would like to start your business?
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Small.
Medium.
Large.
The previous chart disclose that 90% of girls family will support them, out of
them 33.33% will start their business on small scale and 66.67% will start on medium scale.
Majority of them will go for medium scale because it may be beneficial for
them, and remaining will start on small scale. According to the survey I come to know that no one wants to
establish large scale business at their initial stage, reason may be that to start large scale business risk will be
very high.
25
20
15
10
0
Extreme .
Medium.
Low.
From the above graph we can see that majority of girls thinks that the
contribution of women entrepreneurs in developing India is medium i.e. 73.33% and 16.67% thinks that its
extreme. Just 10% thinks that their contribution is very low.
It means very least % of girls thinks that the contribution of women
entrepreneurs in developing India is very less, but from graph we can see that majority of girls believe that
the contribution of women entrepreneurs is medium in India, some of them thinks it is extreme.
Yes.
No.
Can't Say.
From the above pie-chart it is clear that major proportion of girls i.e. 80%
thinks that changing role of women is favorable to Indian culture and 16.67% cant say anything whether it is
favorable or unfavorable, and only 3% says that it is not favorable to Indian culture.
As we know Indian culture very well and we also know the fact that India is
developing country and to make it developed the contribution from men and women must be equal. It was the
traditional concept that women must be bound to the four walls of house but now this concept is nowhere in
urban areas. That may be the reason why majority of girls thinks that it is favorable to Indian culture.
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Yes
No.
Can't Say
As per the 60% of girls, personal life getting affected due to their professional
life and 33.33% of girls says their personal life wont get affected, remaining % of girls i.e. 2% cant say
anything regarding this.
Major proportion of girls thinks that their personal life getting affected, but
some says its doesnt get affected. Difference in girls opinion may be because they have to face difference
situation.
8. What
you
think,
entrepreneurs?
are
the
government
supporting
women
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Yes.
No.
Can't Say.
12
10
0
Yes.
No.
Not Much.
From the above graph we can see that 36.67% girls are aware of the
government policies, 23.33% of girls dont know anything regarding government policies. And 40% of girls
know about the policies and schemes of government but not up to the mark, they are not much aware of the
government schemes and policies.
Government of India must make the women aware regarding various schemes
and policies so that they will take an advantage of it.
10.
12
10
0
Yes.
No.
Can't Say.
From the previous graph we have seen that 36.67% of girls are aware of the
government policies out of that only 16.67% of girls says government policies are sufficient for women
entrepreneurs, 33.33% says government policies are not sufficient for women entrepreneurs, and 40% cant
say anything regarding government policies.
As per their thinking the schemes and policies are not sufficient so the
government must take an appropriate action to make that schemes and policies best suits to their need.
B. Secondary Data:
Secondary data are next to primary data. This data has already collected and
complied for some other purposes by someone other than the researcher himself/herself. Secondary data are
available easily, quickly and economically.
For this project I have collected secondary data by using books and websites.
Secondary data from various sources i.e. newspapers, reference books, magazines, websites etc.
Promoting entrepreneurship among women is especially important to tackle the problems of under
employment and unemployment in the society.
Education has been instrumental in increasing the participation of women in entrepreneurial activities.
The formal education not only helps in acquisition of requires knowledge for a job, which demands
non-traditional skills but also imparts knowledge about the different occupational opportunities. Good
academic background makes women confident in dealing with problems in business in an effective
manner. Although it is a fact that entrepreneurship is not a special preserve for the educated but in the
case of women already burdened with many social pressures, education is a powerful tool in breaking
down the barriers to successful Entrepreneurship. Thus education is a liberating force and barriers of
caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances.
There should be an incessant attempt to motivate, give confidence, inspire and assist women
entrepreneurs.
Government should provide better educational facilities and schemes to women folk.
There should be continuous monitoring, improvement of training programmers, practical experience
and personality development programmes to improvise their over-all personality standards.
Establishment of proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risktaking abilities, enhancing their capabilities. Training Centers should provide training to prospective
women entrepreneurs free of cost and Entrepreneurship Development Programme should be much
more practical oriented. Inculcation of self-confidence amongst women that they can also run a
business should be one of the prime motives of these programmes.
Potential women entrepreneurs should be exposed to different types of emerging opportunities.
Housewives should be motivated to learn additional income.
A women entrepreneur should herself set up an example by being successful and should act as a role
model. Since children have a tendency to emulate their parents, the resultant effect would be
automatic.
Establishment of proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risktaking abilities, enhancing their capabilities.
Finance is sine-qua-non for any enterprise. The banking system is not sufficiently responsive to social
banking needs and has not been able to deal with barriers that hinder women from using or gaining
access to credit. Adequate arrangements must be made for the supply of credit facility at concession
rate for the women entrepreneurs in view of their growing needs.
Creating provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at
local level.
A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell should be set up to handle the various problems of women
entrepreneurs all over the state.
Positive attitudinal change in the society recognizing the role of women as entrepreneur may lead to
the development of appropriate environment in which women will be able to exploit their
entrepreneurial talents.
Offering seed capital, up-liftmen schemes, women entrepreneurs fund etc. To encourage them
economically.
To extend confessional rates facilities and schemes for women entrepreneurs to prosper in the field of
enterprise.
India is a male dominated society and women are assumed to be economically as well as socially
dependent on male members. The absolute dependence seems to be diluted among the high and middle class
women as they are becoming more aware of personal needs and demanding greater equality.
Women entrepreneurs faced lots of problems at start-up as well as operating stage like, nonavailability of finance, restricted mobility freedom and having to perform dual role one at home and other at
work. Technological advancement and information technology explosion have reduced the problem of
women entrepreneurs. Along with technological revolution, mental revolution of society is needed to change
the attitude of the society and provide women with democratic and entrepreneurial platform.
More-over with increasing Government and Non-Government and other financial institutions
assistance for various women entrepreneurs within the economy there can be significant increase brought
about in the growth of women entrepreneurship process. Still efforts are being made to coordinate with the
enterprise activities of women and providing them utmost financial, morale, psychological support by various
institutions working within the economy and world-wide.
Thus, Women have the potential and the determination to set up, uphold and supervise their own
enterprises in a very systematic manner. Appropriate support and encouragement from the Society in general
and family members in particular is required to help these women scale new heights in their business
ventures. The right kind of assistance from family, society and Government can make these Women
Entrepreneurs a part of the mainstream of national economy and they can contribute to the economic
progress of India.
6. Reference
1.1.
Webiliography:
WWW.Google.Com
WWW.Wikipidia.Com
WWW.Womenweb.Com
1.2.
Bibliography:
7. Appendix
States
No of Units
Registered
No. of Women
Entrepreneurs
Percentage
%
Tamil Nadu
9618
2930
30.36
Uttar Pradesh
7980
3180
39.84
Kerala
5487
2135
38.91
Punjab
4791
1618
33.77
Maharashtra
4339
1394
32.12
Gujarat
3872
1538
39.72
Karnataka
3822
1026
26.84
Madhya Pradesh
2967
842
28.38
14576
4185
28.71
Sr. No
Industry
Percentage of Women
Corporate
15.1%
14.6%
14.0%
13.5%
Manufacturing
13.3%
Management of Companies
12.4%
11.8%
10.0%
Questionnaire
Women Entrepreneurs in Developing India
Name
: ____________________________________________
Age
: ____________
Qualification
: _____________________________
1.
What you want to be in your future?
a) An Entrepreneur.
b) An Employee.
c) A House wife.
2.
If you get an opportunity to start business, would you like to go for that?
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) Cant say.
3.
If you want to be an entrepreneur, will your family members support you?
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) Cant say.
4.
If yes, then at what level you would like to start your business?
a) Small.
b) Medium.
c) Large.
5.
What is the contribution of women entrepreneurs in developing India?
a) Extreme.
b) Medium.
c) Low.
6.
What do you think is the changing role of women favorable to Indian culture?
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) Cant say.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) Cant say.
According to you what can be the problems of women to start their own business?
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