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Pain Management
The 20th century saw a need to address infant mortality rates and preterm births (Wegman, 2001). The need to
decrease infant mortality rates and pre-term births was met
with the need to meet changed expectations of the pregnant
woman. These expectations included more information and
less labor discomfort. With hospital delivery came the expectation of pain management options that reduced mother
and infant complications. Women and childbirth facilities
expected childbirth educators to teach the pregnant woman
information regarding pain options, which included holistic
methods such as breathing and relaxation techniques to assist in labor comfort (Jones et al., 2012; Reidman, 2008).
continued on next page
Contraindications
Severe preeclampsia
Sensitivity to narcotics and analgesics
Coagulation disorders
Infection in the ischiorectal space or adjacent structures
Sensitivity to local anesthetics
Hemorrhage or shock
Pregnant woman is taking anti-coagulants
Infection is present in the back or blood
Pregnant woman unusual atomic condition or spinal abnormality
Hemorrhage or shock
Pregnant woman is taking anti-coagulants
Infection is present in the back or blood
Pregnant woman unusual atomic condition or spinal abnormality
Hemorrhage or shock
Pregnant woman is taking anti-coagulants
Infection is present in the back or blood
Pregnant woman unusual atomic condition or spinal abnormality
References
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