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Abstract
Twenty seven reinforced concrete beams were tested to study the effects of steel fibers, longitudinal tensile reinforcement ratio
and concrete compressive strength on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams.
Concrete compressive strengths of 49, 79 and 102 MPa and tensile reinforcement ratios of 1.18, 1.77 and 2.37% were used. The
fiber contents were 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% by volume. The results show that the additional moment strength provided by fibers was not
affected by the amount of tensile reinforcement ratio. However, the concrete compressive strength influenced the fiber contribution
significantly. The flexural rigidity increases as the concrete compressive strength and steel fiber content increases. The transition
of effective moment of inertia from uncracked to fully cracked sections depends strongly on the considered variables. A previously
proposed formula in the literature for the estimation of the effective moment of inertia is modified to consider the effect of reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength as well as fiber content. 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Beams (supports); Compressive strength; Cracking; Deflection; Flexural strength; Flexural rigidity; High-strength concrete; Moment of
inertia; Reinforced concrete; Steel fibers; Tensile reinforcement ratio
1. Introduction
The maximum potentiality of high-strength concrete
(HSC) cannot be realized fully in structures due to the
brittleness of the material and the serviceability problems associated with the resulting reduced cross-sectional dimension. Addition of fibers to high-strength concrete converts its brittleness into a more ductile behavior.
When concrete cracks, the randomly oriented fibers
arrest both microcracking and its propagation, thus
improving strength and ductility. Addition of fibers only
slightly influences the ascending portion of the stressstrain curve but leads to a noticeable increase in the peak
strain (strain at peak stress) and a significant increase in
ductility [1,2].
Researches conducted on the flexural behavior of fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) beams have been concen-
0141-0296/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 1 - 0 2 9 6 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 5 2 - 8
1134
Nomenclature
a
Shear span
Area of longitudinal tension reinforcement
As
b
Width of beam section
c
Neutral axis depth from the top surface of the beam
d
Effective depth
h
Thickness of beam section
Ec
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Modulus of elasticity of concrete (with steel fibers)
Ecf
Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement
Es
(Ec.Icr)exp Experimental flexural rigidity of the cracked section
Compressive strength of concrete (at 28 days)
fc
Modulus of ruputre of concrete
fr
fsp
Splitting tensile strength of concrete
Icr(exp) Experimental moment of inertia of cracked transformed section
Effective moment of inertia
Ie
Iexp
Experimental moment of inertia
Moment of inertia of gross concrete section ignoring reinforcement
Ig
Iut
Moment of inertia of untracked transformed section
l
Clear span of beam
m
Power in Bransons equation
Ma
Maximum bending moment in the span
Mcr(exp) Experimental cracking moment
My(exp) Experimental yield moment
Mu(exp) Experimental ultimate moment carried by the section
Steel fiber content
Vf
Distance from tensile fibers to neutral axis
yt
r
Tension reinforcement ratio=As/bd
Mcr 3
Mcr
Ig 1
Ma
Ma
Icr
(1)
Fig. 1.
1135
1136
Table 1
Concrete mix proportioning
Mix
Mix
Designation Proportion
C:FA:CA
(1)
(2)
W/C
Ratio
N
M
H
1:1:2
1:1.2:1.8
1:1:2
Silica
Fume
(%)
(5)
fc
(MPa)
(3)
Superplasticizer
(%)
(4)
0.37
0.24
0.23
2
6
6
0
0
20
49
79
102
(6)
Table 2
Experimental modulus of elasticity, Ec (MPa)
Vf(%)
Fig. 3.
0.0
(2)
0.5
(3)
1.0
(4)
N
M
H
24612
35443
38423
26823
37169
40241
30131
38247
41889
2. Experimental program
Fig. 2.
1137
Table 3
Mechanical properties of test beams
Beam (1)
As (2)
r (%) (3)
Vf (%) (4)
fc (MPa) (5)
fr (MPa) (6)
B-0.0-N2
B-0.5-N2
B-1.0-N2
B-0.0-N3
B-0.5-N3
B-1.0-N3
B-0.0-N4
B-0.5-N4
B-1.0-N4
B-0.0-M2
B-0.5-M2
B-1.0-M2
B-0.0-M3
B-0.5-M3
B-1.0-M3
B-0.0-M4
B-0.5-M4
B-1.0-M4
B-0.0-H2
B-0.5-H2
B-1.0-H2
B-0.0-H3
B-0.5-H3
B-1.0-H3
B-0.0-H4
B-0.5-H4
B-1.0-H4
218
218
218
318
318
318
418
418
418
218
218
218
318
318
318
418
418
418
218
218
218
318
318
318
418
418
418
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.77
1.77
1.77
2.37
2.37
2.37
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.77
1.77
1.77
2.37
2.37
2.37
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.77
1.77
1.77
2.37
2.37
2.37
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
48.61
55.82
65.16
48.61
55.82
65.16
48.61
55.82
65.16
78.50
81.99
87.37
78.50
81.99
87.37
78.50
81.99
87.37
102.40
106.93
111.44
102.40
106.91
111.44
102.40
106.93
111.44
5.64
5.88
7.95
5.64
5.88
7.95
5.64
5.88
7.95
7.04
7.24
9.75
7.04
7.24
9.75
7.04
7.24
9.75
9.36
10.13
11.23
9.36
10.13
11.23
9.36
10.13
11.23
3.69
4.67
6.72
3.69
4.67
6.72
3.69
4.67
6.72
5.05
6.01
7.69
5.05
6.01
7.69
5.05
6.01
7.69
5.59
6.53
8.13
5.59
6.53
8.13
5.59
6.53
8.13
1138
3. Experimental results
3.1. Compressive stress-strain diagram
Fig. 2 shows the stress-strain diagram of 150300
concrete cylinder tested in compression. The effect of
steel fibers is obvious on the stress-strain diagram
especially for the lower strength concrete (fc=49 MPa).
As the fiber content increases the maximum compressive
strength increases slightly, and the slope of the ascending portion increases accordingly. The ascending part of
the high-strength concrete (fc=102 MPa) is almost a
straight line up to the maximum compressive strength.
The concrete secant modulus, Ec, was evaluated at a
stress level of 0.5 fc and is given in Table 2 and Fig.
3. The secant modulus of concrete, Ec, is increased as
Vf and fc increase. The increase of the fiber contents
from 0.0 to 1.0% increases Ec by 22.4, 7.9 and 9.0% for
concrete with fc of 49, 79 and 102 MPa, respectively.
Table 3 and Fig. 4 present the mechanical properties
of the FRC used in the test beams. The increase of the
fiber contents from 0.0 to 1.0% increases the compressive strength by 34.0, 11.3 and 8.8%, increases the modulus of rupture by 41.0, 38.5 and 20.0%, and increases
the splitting tensile strength by 82.1, 52.3 and 45.4% for
concrete with 49, 79 and 102 MPa compressive
strengths, respectively.
3.2. Flexural behavior
Fig. 5.
1139
(2)
The use of the untracked transformed moment of inertia, Iut, instead of Ig in Eq. (2) will give a better prediction of Mcr(th), Fig. 7 shows the variation of Mcr(exp)/Mcr(th)
ratio as a function of fiber content and concrete com-
1140
Table 4
Experimental and theoretical results of test beams
Beam (1)
B-0.0-N2
B-0.5-N2
B-1.0-N2
B-0.0-N3
B-0.5-N3
B-1.0-N3
B-0.0-N4
B-0.5-N4
B-1.0-N4
B-0.0-M2
B-0.5-M2
B-1.0-M2
B-0.0-M3
B-0.5-M3
B-1.0-M3
B-0.0-M4
B-0.5-M4
B-1.0-M4
B-0.0-H2
B-0.5-H2
B-1.0-H2
B-0.0-H3
B-0.5-H3
B-1.0-H3
B-0.0-H4
B-0.5-H4
B-1.0-H4
8.02
9.39
9.61
8.64
9.92
11.51
9.82
11.29
11.51
8.97
9.82
11.51
9.81
10.97
11.82
10.56
12.56
13.67
9.18
10.77
11.82
10.35
11.54
13.20
11.82
12.77
14.78
50.29
54.47
60.27
74.40
74.85
86.35
94.06
101.22
105.04
49.51
56.58
65.13
75.16
80.97
86.77
97.44
109.36
113.48
48.56
58.27
68.93
77.48
84.35
91.31
100.91
107.78
113.38
58.17
60.17
64.50
77.08
83.8
87.72
98.37
103.98
105.77
55.27
63.34
69.88
80.86
89.62
92.05
103.77
113.59
115.70
55.89
62.60
69.25
82.76
89.84
95.64
108.10
114.96
120.61
103.14
94.84
98.22
126.78
117.67
119.38
153.08
135.30
96.48
77.09
76.38
78.90
86.91
98.85
105.22
108.81
114.80
104.79
75.21
70.75
73.49
82.71
91.00
85.67
100.31
108.84
107.81
Icr(th)
(mm4103)
(6)
(Ec.Icr)exp
(109Nmm2) (7)
m (8)
c/d(th) (9)
c/d(exp) (10)
110.81
104.14
95.34
147.51
139.07
128.25
178.28
168.67
135.16
84.23
81.09
79.40
114.15
110.30
108.73
138.94
135.54
132.74
82.48
77.08
73.96
109.12
104.01
100.96
132.31
128.07
124.48
2.54
2.54
2.96
3.12
3.16
3.60
3.77
3.63
2.91
2.73
2.84
3.02
3.08
3.67
4.02
3.86
4.27
4.01
2.89
2.85
3.08
3.18
3.66
3.59
3.85
4.38
4.52
1.96
1.97
1.49
1.55
1.56
1.10
1.19
1.34
0.88
2.36
2.37
1.61
2.14
2.03
1.34
1.72
1.52
1.19
3.23
2.5
1.96
2.13
2.43
1.84
1.85
1.52
1.91
0.355
0.343
0.328
0.415
0.402
0.385
0.460
0.447
0.428
0.307
0.301
0.298
0.361
0.355
0.351
0.403
0.396
0.392
0.297
0.292
0.287
0.350
0.344
0.338
0.391
0.385
0.379
0.290
0.331
0.326
0.359
0.392
0.390
0.384
0.423
0.441
0.246
0.247
0.355
0.312
0.348
0.380
0.362
0.385
0.402
0.226
0.259
0.292
0.308
0.348
0.333
0.344
0.356
0.338
Table 5
Moment enhancement due to fibers addition (%)
Concrete compression strength
r (%)
1.18
1.77
2.37
N
10.88
13.8
7.52
26.43
13.84
11.50
23.90
15.56
11.57
Fig. 6.
bc2
nAs(dc)20
2
(3)
1141
as a function of load level, therefore it is more appropriate to consider the effect of the fc, r and Vf on the flexural rigidity, (Ec.I)exp, of the beam rather than considering the experimental moment of inertia, Iexp, alone. Fig.
9 shows the variation of (Ec.I)exp obtained using Eq. (4)
as a function of level of loading, Ma/Mcr. In general, the
flexural rigidity increases with the increase of the fiber
content.
The effect of concrete strength on the experimental
flexural rigidity is shown in Fig. 10. For beams with no
fibers, fc has very little effect on (Ec.I)exp, however, for
beams with fibers, fc has a significant influence
especially for beams with high r, The test results show
that the higher the flexural reinforcement ratio, the
higher the flexural rigidity and the lesser the rate of transition of the flexural rigidity from the uncracked to fully
cracked section values. This suggests that the exponent
in Bransons equation Eq. (1) is inversely proportional
to r, which supports the conclusion by Al-Sheikh et al.
[26] that the exponent of 3 in Bransons equation should
be reduced as r increases.
3.6. Cracked moment of inertia
The value of Iexp is assumed to approach Icr(exp) when
the applied moment approaches My, which is a realistic
assumption [25]. At that level of loading, the Mcr/Ma
ratio is quite small and the contribution of Ig in Eq. (1)
is negligible. The calculation of deflection during the
service stage of a structure depends mainly on the
cracked moment of inertia, Icr. The experimental cracked
moment of inertia is obtained by considering:
Pya(3l24a2)
Icr(exp)
48Ecexp
(5)
Pa(3l24a2)
48Ecexp
(4)
Ie
Mcr m
Mcr
I 1
Ma g
Ma
where m=30.8r.
Icr
(6)
1142
Fig. 8.
m30.8r
33
(7)
IexpIcr(exp)
log
IutIcr(exp)
m
Mcr(exp)
log
Ma
(8)
33
c
1+0.4Vf
(9)
For beams with no fibers and with 33 MPa compressive strength, Eq. (9) is reduced to Eq. (6).
The deflection calculation requires the determination
of other factrors such as Mcr, Ec and Icr. The variations
of the secant modulus of concrete in terms of fc and Vf
are given in Fig. 12. Based on regression analysis, the
secant modulus of FRC, Ecf, in terms of the that of plain
concrete, Eco is given as:
Vf
EcfEco(1600( )2)
(10)
fc
Fig. 9.
Eco3200 fc6900
(11)
Eqs. (10) and (11) are presented in Fig. 12. The equations give good estimation of the experimental values,
however, the equations overestimate the value for normal strenth concrete. As discussed earlier and shown in
Fig. 7, the ratio of Mcr(exp)/Mcr(th) are about 55 to 85%.
Thus the use of fr to calculate the cracking moment Eq.
(2) overestimated the experimental values. Thus a
reduced value of fr should be used to predict with reasonable accuracy the beam deflection:
0.6frIg
Mcr(th)
Yt
(12)
Ashour [23] proposed an equation to predict the theoretical cracked moment of inertia and is given as:
Icr(th)Icr[1.1290.0011fc0.0133r]
(13)
1143
(14)
1144
Fig. 10.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
1145
1146
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