APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

2.4.1
Apparatus
1. 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask type of laboratory flask which features a flat
bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck.
2. Stirring rod
3. 600 ml beaker
4. Vacuum filtration apparatus which contains of :
Buchner funnel
Filter paper
Vacuum flask
Aspirator
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ethanol
6M NaOH solution
Vegetable oil
Boiling water bath
Ice bath
Saturated NaCl solution

2.4.2
Apparatus
1. Test tube
2. pH paper
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

prepared soap
synthetic detergent
mineral oil
distilled water
1% CaCl2 solution
1% MgCl2 solution
1% FeCl3 solution
1M HCl

2.4.3
Apparatus
1. Test tube
2. Piece of cloth
Materials
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stock of soap solution

Stock of detergent solution
Commercial liquid dynamo
Tomato sauce

RESULTS

2.5.1 SOAP PREPARATION

Mass of filter paper (g)
Mass of filter paper + soap (g)
Mass of soap recovered (g)

0.320
14.8869
14.567

2.5.2 COMPARISON OF SOAP AND DETERGENT PROPERTIES

Brand name of synthetics detergent
pH of soap solution
pH of synthetics detergent solution

Dynamo
9
8

System
Distilled water
Soap
detergent

Emulsification occurred
No
Yes
No

Hard and acidic

System
CaCl2
MgCl2
FeCl3
acidic

Precipitate
soap
detergent
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No

Oil emulsified
Soap
Detergent
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

2.5.3 CLEANSING COMPARISON OF A SOAP AND DETERGENTS

Detergent without water
second
*rate by cleanest

CONCLUSION

Detergent stock
first

Soap stock
third

Followed by the objectives of the experiment which are to prepared the soap
and used to compare the properties of soap and detergent which are precipitation,
emulsification and cleaning abilities. thus, the soap is succesfully prepared with
mass recovered was 14.567g and all the comparison of properties had been
observed and recorded.
For the test 1 which is to compare the pH value of soap prepared with the
detergent. The soap has a high value of pH reading if compare with the detergent
which the reading recorded is 9 while the pH value for synthetics detergent that had
been recorded is 8. Thus, it can be concluded that the soap is more alkaline than the
detergent.
Next for the second test, which is to compare the oil emulsification for the 3
kinds of samples which are distilled water, soap solution and also synthetic
detergent. From the observations, the distilled water and the synthetic detergent do
not emulsified the oil while the soap solution emulsified the oil which formed the
solution milky. Thus, this can be concluded that the soap is not the good cleaning
agent which has the properties of emulsification of oil.
In addition, for the test 3 and 4 which are to compare the soap and detergent
in the formed of precipitation and emulsification in the hard and acidic solution. From
the experiment conducted, it can be concluded that the soap and detergent do not
have the properties of emulsifying oil in the hard and acidic solution. Besides, the
soap solution seen clearly can be observed formed the precipitate when react with
the hard water and also the acidic solution whereas the detergent does not form any
precipitate in all tests that had been conducted in the experiment.
For the lastly test which is cleaning abilities between 3 types of samples which
are detergent without water, soap stock and detergent stock. From the result and
figure above, we can make a conclusion that the deergent stock is the best of
cleaning agent compare to the detergent without water and soap which do not clean
the cloth strips that contain tomato sources cleanly.
It can be concluded that soap has the properties of emulsifying oil whereas
detergent has not. The abilities of forming precipitates can be seen clearly in soap
solution whereas detergent forms no precipitates at all.