o REFERENCES

o
o Deepexcavationcom. (2016). Deepexcavationcom. Retri
o eved 5

January,
2016, from
http://www.deepexcavation.com/en/soil-nail-wall

Introduction, Advantages , Disadvantages: (Deepexcavationcom, 2016)

Moretrenchcom. (2016). Moretrench. Retrieved 5January,2016, from

http://www.moretrench.com
Application: (Moretrenchcom, 2016)

assistant professor, dept of civil engineering, iit guwahati, assam-781039,

india, . (2016). Issues and Aspects of Soil Nailing . Retrieved 5 January, 2016, from
Challenges and Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Research and Practices
IIT Guwahati

Soil nailing basic concept,description ,basic mechanism,elements of a soil nail

wall,potential modes of failure: ( assistant professor, dept of civil engineering, iit
guwahati, assam-781039, india, 2016)

Byrne (2016). Potential failure modes of soil. Retrieved 5 January, 2016, from
Potential failure modes of soil nail wall (Byrne et al., 1998)
o Fig. Potential failure modes of soil nail wall and Sequence of
Operations: (Byrne, 2016)

Porterfield, . (2016). Components of a soil nail (Porterfield et al, 1994). Retrieved 5

January, 2016, from Components of a soil nail (Porterfield et al., 1994)

o Fig Components of a soil nail Wall: (Porterfield, 2016)

REFERENCES

1. Deepexcavationcom. (2016). Deepexcavationcom. Retrieved 5 January, 2016, from

http://www.deepexcavation.com/en/soil-nail-wall
Introduction, Advantages , Disadvantages: (Deepexcavationcom, 2016

2. Moretrenchcom. (2016). Moretrench. Retrieved 5January,2016, from

http://www.moretrench.com
Application: (Moretrenchcom, 2016)

3. assistant professor, dept of civil engineering, iit guwahati, assam-781039,

india, . (2016). Issues and Aspects of Soil Nailing . Retrieved 5 January, 2016, from
Challenges and Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Research and Practices
IIT Guwahati
Soil nailing basic concept,description ,basic mechanism,elements of a soil nail
wall,potential modes of failure: ( assistant professor, dept of civil engineering, iit
guwahati, assam-781039, india, 2016)

4. Byrne (2016). Potential failure modes of soil. Retrieved 5 January, 2016, from
Potential failure modes of soil nail wall (Byrne et al., 1998)

Fig. Potential failure modes of soil nail wall and Sequence of Operations:
(Byrne, 2016)

5. Porterfield, . (2016). Components of a soil nail (Porterfield et al, 1994). Retrieved 5

January, 2016, from Components of a soil nail (Porterfield et al., 1994)
Fig Components of a soil nail Wall: (Porterfield, 2016)

THE SOIL NAILING CONCEPT

The function of soil nailing is to strengthen or stabilize the existing steep slopes and
excavations as construction proceeds from the top to bottom. Soil nails develops their
reinforcing action through soil-nail interaction due to the ground deformation which results in
development of tensile forces in soil nail. The major part of resistances comes from
development of axial force which is basically a tension force. Conventionally, shear and
bending have been assumed to provide little contribution in providing resistance. The effect
of soil nailing is to improve the stability of slope or excavation through a) Increasing the
normal force on shear plane and hence increase the shear resistance along slip plane in
friction soil. b) Reducing the driving force along slip plane both in friction and cohesive soil
In soil nailing, the reinforcement is installed horizontally or gently inclined parallel to the
direction of tensile strain so that it develops maximum tensile force develops.

Ground Condition Not Suited for Soil Nailing

The ground conditions which render the application of soil nailing
technique to be unsuitable are: a) Loose clean granular sand as they dont
have adequate stand-up time prior to nail installation b) Soils having
excessive moisture or wet pockets as they will create stability problems. c)
Soils having frost susceptibility and expansive properties results into
excessive facing load. d) Highly fractured rocks with open joints or voids
due to problem in grouting.

Behavior and Mechanism of Soil Nailing

Soil nails are passive inclusions, which improve shearing resistance of soil. The soil nail
system can be divided into active and passive region as shown in Figure 3. During the slope
failure, active region tends to deform which results in axial displacement along soil nails
which are placed across the slip plane. This results in the development of tensile forces in soil
nail in the passive zone which resists the deformation of active zone. This tension force
results in increment of the normal force coming on slip plane and reduces the driving shear
force. The soil nails are embedded in passive region through which it resists the pull-out of
nail from slope through friction between nails and soil. Based on the above two mechanisms,
the required amount of nail length should be placed in resistive zone. In addition, the
combined effect of nail head strength and tension force generated in active zone must be
adequate to provide the required nail tension at the slip surface.

Potential Failure modes of a Soil Nail wall

Generally, three distinct failure modes (Figure 4) have been observed for a soil nail system.
They are as follows:
a) Facing failure This type of failure develops in soil nail wall having long nails with high
tensile strength and modest facing strength facing. In facing failure, the head strength will not
contribute for stability of active zone.
b) Pull out failure This occurs when soil nail has limited penetration into the passive region
and possesses high tensile capacity and facing strength.
c) Nail Tendon failure Such failure occurs when sufficient length of nail is provided but with
modest tensile stress.

Advantage of Soil Nailing

Soil nailing provides the following advantages:

a) Eliminate cut and backfilling thus resulting in improved economy and lessened
environment impact. b) Temporary excavation support system is converted to permanent
support system.
c) Installation of nails is faster and it uses less construction materials.
d) It eliminates cramped excavations cluttered with internal bracing.
e) Easy adjustment of soil nails when encountered with underground structures and pile etc.
f) Due to their flexibility they can accommodate large differential settlement.
g) Shotcrete facing used in soil nailing is less costly than structural facing required for other
wall system.

Limitations of Soil Nailing

In spite of the advantages, in terms of its applicability, soil nailing technique has some
inherent disadvantages as enlisted:
a) This technique cant be used where strict deformation control is required as it mobilizes its
friction resistance with ground deformation.
b) A dewatered face is highly desirable for soil nailing otherwise it is impossible to establish a
satisfactory shotcrete skin.
c) Soil nailing is not well suited for clean sands and gravels.
d) In soft clays, due to lesser friction generated, high reinforcement density of considerable
length is required.
e) This technique is conventionally unsuitable for ground having high water table level due to
difficulty in drilling and excavation. f) Construction of soil nails require specialized worker.