Clinical

Mycology
(Guide Notes)

By: Aaron Jan Palmares, RMT, MSMT

Medically Significant
Fungi
A.
B.
C.
D.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
2. Hyaline versus Dematiaceous
3. Dimorphism and

Polymorphism
4. Reproduction

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
A. Yeast

Unicellular, reproduce by budding

Forms a bacterial-like colony
B. Molds

Multicellular
Woolly (Fuzzy) appearance in culture

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Made up of Mycelium
i. Mycelium

Intertwining structures
composed of hyphae

ii. Hyphae

Tubelike structures
Fundamental units of fungi

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Parts of Hyphae
i. Aerial (reproductive)

Above the surface

Produce conidia / spores

ii. Vegetative (thallus)

Extends downward into the medium

Absorbs water and nutrients

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Types of Hyphae
i. Septate

With frequent
crosswalls

ii. Sparsely septate

Aseptate
Few cross walls

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Structures associated to hyphae

i. Conidiophore / Sporangiophore

Stalks for conidia / sporangium

ii. Conidia / Sporangium

Asexual structures that form at the

hyphae or conidiophore /
sporangiophore

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Structures associated to
hyphae
iii. Phialide / Annellide

Secondary segments born

from conidio/sporangiophore

iv. Vesicle / Columella

Enlarged or dome shaped

structure at the tip of
conidio /
sporangiophore

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Other hyphal forms

i. Spirals

Coiled hyphae
T. Mentagrophytes

ii. Nodular bodies

Knot of twisted hyphae

M. canis
T. mentagrophytes

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Other hyphal forms

iii. Racquet

Club shaped
E. floccosum

iv. Pectinate body

Broken comb
M. audouinii

A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds

Other hyphal forms

v. Favic Chandelier

Antler hyphae
T. schoenleinii
T. violaceum

A. General
Characteristics
2. Hyaline versus Dematiaceous

hyphae
A. Hyaline (Moniliaceous)

Non- or lightly pigmented

B. Dematiaceous

Darkly pigmented (Melanin)

A. General
Characteristics
3. Dimorphism and Polymorphism
A. Dimorphism (Dimorphic Fungi)

Ability to exist in two forms:

i. Yeast or Spherule phase at 37C
ii. Mold phase at 25C
B. Polymorphism (Polymorphic

Fungi)
Have both yeast and mold
forms in the same culture

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Forms conidia from hyphae of 1
organism
B. Sexual
Forms spores by merging of cell and
nuclei

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Results in the formation of conidia
i. Conidia

Asexual spores that form on the

hyphae or
conidiophore

ii. Macroconidia
large and multicelled
iii. Microconidia

small and unicellular

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative mycelium
iv. Blastoconidia (blastospores)

Daughter cell that buds from mother

cell, hyphae or pseudohyphae
Blastomyces, Histoplasma,
Paracoccidioides, Sporothrix
C. albicans, G. candidum, T. beigelii
C. neoformans

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative mycelium
v. Chlamydoconidia (chlamydospores)

Formed from rounding up and

enlargement of hyphal segments
Terminal (tip)

Sessile (sides)
Intercalary (within)
P. brasiliensis, C. albicans

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative
mycelium
vi. Arthroconidia (arthrospores)

Fragmentation of the hyphae

into barrel- or
rectangular- shape spores
Coccidioides
Geotrichum
Trichosporon

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores contained in sacs
(sporangium)
vii.Sporangiospores

Produced at tip of sporangiophore

Glomerulomycetes
(Zygomycetes)

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
Merging of cells and nuclei of
two cells
Types of specialized spores
i. Ascospores
ii. Zygospores
iii. Basidiospore
iv. Oospore

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
i. Ascospores (Sac Fungi)

contained in a saclike ascus

Molds with septate hyphae

ii. Zygospores (Conjugation Fungi)

Large spore in a thick wall

Molds w/aseptate hyphae
Fusion of 2 identical cells

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
iii. Basidiospores (Club Fungi)

Spores produced on a
basidium
Septate hyphae

iv. Oospore

Fusion of 2 separate non

identical cells

A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
Phases of Reproduction
i. Teleomorph

Reproduce sexually

ii. Anamorph

When a teleomorph produce

asexually

iii. Synanamorphs

If >1 anamorph is present for the

same teleomorph

Outline
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis
Antifungal Susceptibility

B. Taxonomy
1. Zygomycota

(Glomerulomycota)
Aseptate
Presence of Sporangium
Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia

2. Ascomycota
Septate
Presence of Ascospores
Microsporum, Trichophyton and P.
boydii

B. Taxonomy
3. Basidiomycota
Septate w/ clamp connections
Presence of Basidiospores
Filobasidiella neoformans
4. Deuteromycota
Fungi Imperfecti
No mode of sexual reproduction
Largest number of species

Outline
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis
Antifungal Susceptibility

Outline
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis
Antifungal Susceptibility

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeast-like

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Affects the outermost
layer (stratum
corneum)
of
the skin or hair

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
i. Malassezia furfur
a. Clinical Manifestations
Tinea versicolor (pityriasis
versicolor)
Pale or fawn patches in skin
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
Cluster of Budding yeasts w/ hyphae
Spaghetti and meatballs

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
ii. Hortaea werneckii
a. Clinical Manifestations
Tinea nigra
brown to black macules in palms
& soles
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
Dark 1-2 (budding) cell

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
iii.Piedraia hortae
a. Clinical Manifestations
Black Piedra
Brown to black crusts / nodules on
hair
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
Dark hyphae with swelling (ascus)

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
iv. Trichosporon beigelii complex
a. Clinical Manifestations
White piedra
Dark hyphae with swelling
(ascus)
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
Hyaline hyphae

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Agents of
dermatophytoses
Keratinophilic
(hair, nails and skin)
Asexual reproductive cells
i. Macroconidium
ii. Microconidium

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
i. Scalp
Agent
1. Tinea favosa
T. schoenleinii
2. Tinea capitis
a. Gray-patch
Microsporum spp.
ringworm
b. Black-dot
Trichophyton spp.
ringworm

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
ii. Beard
Agent
Tinea barbae
Trychophyton spp.
iii. Body
Tinea corporis
iv. Groin
Tinea cruris

Trychophyton spp.
Microsporum spp.
Epidermophyton sp.

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
v. Feet
Agent
Tinea pedis
Trychophyton spp.
(Athletes,
Epidermophyton sp.
Moccasin)
vi. Nail
Tinea unguium
Trychophyton spp.
Epidermophyton sp.
(Onychomycosis)

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
Dermatomycosis (Keratinized tissues)
Ringworm
Tinea
capitis

Tinea
corporis

Site
Agent
Agent
Affected
Microsporum
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Head
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Trichophyton
(hair)
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Trichophyton
Body
Epidermophyt
Epidermophyto
(skin)
Trichophyton
on
n
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Nails
Epidermophyt

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species
E.
floccosum

Microconidi
a
Absent

Macroconidia
Singly or in
clusters
Broad and
spatulate
Contains 2-5 cells

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species

M. canis

M.
gypseum

Microconidi
Macroconidia
a
Sparse:
Spindle shape,
clavate,
echinulate 3-15 cells,
sessile
tapered ends
Cigar-shaped, with
Sparse:
spiny surface and
clavate,
rounded tips
sessile

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
Other Tests
Species
M.
audouinii
M. canis
M.
gypseum

Growth in
Fluorescence
Rice Grains in Woods Lamp
Poor

Positive

Good

Positive

Good

Negative

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species

Microconidia
Teardrop/globose
T.
Grapelike
mentagroph
ytes
clusters
Clavate- pegT. rubrum
tear- shaped:
Sessile
Abundant tearT.

Macroconidia
Rare: Cigarshaped; Coiled
spiral hyphae
Pencil-shaped
Cylindrical

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents

C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
Other Test
Species

T.
mentagrophyt
es
T. rubrum

Thiamin
e
Req.

Urease

Hair
Baiting

Neg

Pos (2 d)

Pos

Neg

Neg (7
d)

Neg

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Result from traumatic puncture of
thorns
or vegetation
contaminated with fungi
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Eumycotic Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
B. Chromoblastomycosis
Verrucous dermatitidis and
chromomycosis
Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Species
Phialophora
verrucosa
Cladophialophora
carrionii
Fonsecaea spp.

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
B. Chromoblastomycosis
Verrucous dermatitidis and
Specieschromomycosis
Microscopic Morphology
Phialoph
ora
verrucos
a

Flask-shaped phialides with

collarettes
Conidia occur in balls at tips of
phialides

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
C. Mycetomas
Granulomatous infection of tissue
Species

Microscopic Morphology
Anamorphic form of S.
Pseudallesch apiospernum
Cleistothecia containing
ria boydii
ascospores

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Chromoblastomyc
osis
Cladosporium
Fonsecaea
Phialophora
Eumycotic
Mycetomas
Exophiala

Other Species
Alternaria
Bipolaris
Curvularia

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
E. Sporotrichosis
Gardening, exposure to rose thorns
(rose-handlers disease)
moss Morphology
Speciesand sphagnum
Microscopic
Small, cigar shaped yeast
Sporothrix
Conidia in a rosette or sleeve
schenckii
pattern

C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Eumycotic Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics

Dimorphic: mould (22-30C) or

yeast (35-37C)
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Morphology

C. Agents of Mycoses
B.

Ecology and Disease

Species

Ecology
River
B.
dermatitid valleys and
is
basins, soil
Bird, bat
H.
capsulatu
guano
m
alkaline soil
C. immitis

Soil

Disease/Manifestations
Gilchrist
Chicago
Cave, Spelunkers
Darling
Desert bumps, Valley
fever
Desert rheumatism

C. Agents of Mycoses
C. Morphology
Species

22C (Mold)
Ovoid conidia on
Blastomyces
short
dermatitidis
coniophores
Coccidioides
immitis

Barrel-shaped
arthroconidia

Histoplasma
capsulatum

Round, large,
tuber-culate
macroconidia

37C (Yeast)
Large yeast
Broad-based
bud
Spherules
containing
endospores
Small, oval
yeast

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Zygomycetes
C. Septate and Hyaline Saprophytes
D. Septate and Dematiaceous

C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Saprophytes and Opportunistic
Aseptate
Zygomycetes

Septate
Hyaline

Absidia
Mucor
Rhizopus

Aspergillus

Septate
Dematicaeous
Alternaria
Cladosporiu
m
Curvularia

C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
B. Zygomycetes
Species
Absidia
Species
Mucor

Description
Sporangium, smooth and ovoid
Internodal Rhizoids
Description
Sporangia remain intact
Rhizoids are absent

C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
B. Zygomycetes with Aspegillus
Species

Rhizopus
Species
Aspergill
us

Description
Sporangiophores clusters in a
stolon
Rhizoids is at the base of
Description
sporangiophores
Conidiophore that expands to a
vesicle
Vesicle is covered w/ phialides

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
6. Yeast and Yeast-like

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Candidiasis
D. Cryptococcosis
E. Geotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
Unicellular, budding & round to oval
organisms

Species
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Geotrichum
candidum

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Infection
C. Candidiasis
D. Cryptococcosis
E. Geotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
B. Ecology and Infection

Species
Cryptoco
ccus
Species
neoforma
ns
Species

Ecology

Pigeon, bat
droppings
Ecology
Decaying
GI tract
vegetation
Mucus
Ecology

Geotrichu membranes
Soil
Candida
m
Decaying foods
albicans
a
Ecology
candidum
Geotrichu Soil
m
Decaying foods
candidum

Infection

Systemic
Infection
Meningitis
Thrush

Vulvovaginiti
Infection
s Oral, lung,
Diaper
skin, rash,
onychomyco
Infection
wound
sis
Oral, lung,
Paronychomy
skin, etc.
c.

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
C. Cryptococcosis (True Yeast)
Species

Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
Forms Round to oval yeast
w/ capsule & narrow-base
Cryptococc
budding
us
2. Colony (Niger Seed Agar)
neoformans
Forms Brown-black
colonies due to production
of phenol oxidase

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
C. Candidiasis (Yeast-like)
Species

Lab Test
1. Direct Examination
Blastoconidia
(budding
yeast / pseudohyphae)
Candida
2. Cornmeal (RT, 24-48 hrs)
albicans
Produces
Chlamydoconidia
3. Serum (35-37C, 1-3 hrs)

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
E. Geotrichosis (Yeast-like)
Species

Geotrichum
candidum

Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
Forms fragmented
hyphae
(rectangular
arthrospores w/ rounded
ends)

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
Other Characteristics
Species
Cryptococ
cus
neoforma
ns
Candida
albicans
Geotrichu

Capsul
es

Germ
Tubes

Chlamy
Blasto- Arthrodoconid
conidia conidia
ia

+
+

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
Other Characteristics
Species

Assimilatio Fermentati
n
on
Mal

C.
neoforma
ns
C.

Ino

Glu/ Mal/
Gal

+
+

Urease /
Phenol
Oxidase

+
+

C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Cryptococcosis
D. Candidiasis
E. Geotrichosis

C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi

Outline
A.
B.
C.
D.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Safety Issues
2. Specimen Collection
3. Direct Examination
4. Isolation Methods
5. Examination of Growth

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
Blood / BM /
CSF
Systemic

Respiratory
Opportunistic + Dimorphic
Subcutaneous Tissue
Subcutaneous + Dimorphic
Hair, Skin and Nails
Superficial + Cutaneous
Throat, Urine, Vaginal,
Cervical
Candida

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
A. Hair

Pulled or cut (forceps, scissors)

Woods Lamp
KOH & Culture (SDA/SDA-CC)
B. Skin & Nails
Cleansed with 70% alcohol
Scrap outer edge / discolored
KOH & Culture

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
C. Blood & Bone Marrow

Lysis centrifugation
Culture (SPS/BHI)
Wrights and Giemsa
D. CSF
Concentration
India Ink / Latex agglu.
Culture (BHI)

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
E. Abscess & Lesions

Biopsy or Needle Aspiration

Sulfur granules
Homogenized
Culture (SDA, SDA-CC, BHI)

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
F. Sputum (respiratory)

3 consecutive early morning

Deep coughed
Giemsa/India Ink/Culture (SDA,
BHI)
G. Urine
3 consecutive early morning
Clean-Catch Midstream

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
H. Throat

2 swabs
Culture (SDA, SDA-CC)
I. Vaginal & Cervical
2 swabs
KOH / Culture (SDA, SDA-CC)

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
A. Hair
F. Sputum
B. Skin & Nails
G. Urine
C. Blood & BM
H. Throat
D. CSF
I. Vaginal &
E. Abscess & Lesions Cervical

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
A. KOH

Dissolves keratin in skin, hair & nai

B. KOH w/ Calcofluor white
Bind chitin (Flouresce blue white)
C. India Ink / Nigrosin
Encapsulated yeast (C. neoformans
in CSF
D. Lactophenol Cotton Blue (Aman

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
E. Tissue Stains

i. PAS: polysaccharides (purplish-red)

ii. Fontana-Masson: melanin
iii.Grocott-Gomori methenaminesilver
iv. Gram Stain (Hucker)
v. Giemsa/Wrights Stain

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
A. KOH
B. KOH w/ Calcofluor white
C. India Ink
D. LCPB
E. Tissue Stains

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements

Nutrients and Moisture

i.

Nitrogen, carbon, vitamins &

minerals

ii.

Temperature

iii.

25C / 30C (mold) or 37C

(yeast)

Time

2-4 weeks (mold), 2-3 d (yeasts)

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B1.

Primary Isolation Media

Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (BHI)
Saborauds Dextrose Agar (SDA)

i.
ii.

iii.
.

Supports pathogenic & saprophytic

fungi

BHI-CC , Mycosel (SDA w/ CC) and

DTM (Dermatophyte Test Medium)
w/ Cycloheximide (inhibits
saprophyte)
and

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B. Fungal Culture Media

B1. Primary Isolation Media

B2. Differential Test Media

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2.

Differential Test Media

Birdseed (Niger seed) agar

i.

C. neoformans
Detects phenol oxidase
Black-brown colonies

Cornmeal agar

ii.

w/ Tween 80

Candida
Stimulates conidia &
chlamydospore production

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2.

Differential Test Media

Cottonseed agar

iii.

B. dermatitidis
Induces conversion of mold to
yeast

Potato dextrose agar

iv.

Induces pigment production of T.

rubrum
Stimulates conidia production

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2.

Differential Test Media

Rice Medium

v.

Differentiation of Microsporum
species

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B 2.

Differential Test Media

Urea Agar

vi.

Diff. of T. rubrum & T.

mentagrophytes

vii.

Yeast Test system

Yeast assimilation media

a.

Utilization of carbon and nitrogen

Yeast fermentation broth

b.

Fermentation of carbohydrates

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B. Fungal Culture Media

B1. Primary Isolation Media

B2. Differential Test Media

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination

D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods

Macroscopic Examination

C.
i.
ii.

iii.
iv.

Growth Rate
Topography
Texture
Pigmentation

E. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Safety Issues
2. Specimen Collection
3. Direct Examination
4. Isolation Methods
5. Examination of Growth

Outline
A.
B.
C.
D.

General Characteristics
Taxonomy
Agents of Mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis
Please read reference
books
(Suggested references)
Delost & Mahon