3.

0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Beams
Failure of beams due to bending, shear and deflection
Bending moments and shear force
Laws of bending
Bending moments and shear force diagrams

Jan - Nov 2016

TOPIC 3
STRUCTURAL THEORY RELATED TO
SIMPLE BEAMS

Members that are slender and support loading that are

applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. In
general , beams are long, straight bars having a constant
cross-section area. Often they are classified as to how
they are supported. Example :i) Simply supported beam
ii) Cantilever beam
iii) Overhanging beam
iv) Fixed end beam
v) Continuous beam
Support the slabs. Its major function is to resist the
bending moment and shear.

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3.0 BEAM

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Simply Supported Beam

A simply supported beam is supported at both ends with loads

applied between the supports.

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Cantilever Beam

A cantilever is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam carries the load
to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress.
Cantilever construction allows for overhanging structures without external
bracing. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs.

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Overhanging Beam

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Fixed End Beam

A fixed or a build in beam has both of its ends rigidly fixed.

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Continuous Beam

A continuous beam is a structural component that provides

resistance to bending when a load or force is applied. These beams
are commonly used in bridges. A beam of this type has more than
two points of support along its length.
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3. 1 FAILURE OF BEAMS DUE TO SHEAR

Jan - Nov 2016

SHEAR (V)
Actually, max shear force (V), occurs at a beam
supports.
A cracking happens near the support.
Shear failure

V max

Moment failure

V max

where

v = V / bvd,
v = shear stress in N/mm2.
V = shear force in N.
bv = width section of beam in mm.
d = effective depth in mm.
v

Jan - Nov 2016

3.1 SHEAR STRESS

link
bv

 Mechanisms of shear failure in concrete are very

complicated and complex to understand.
Effected by a ratio of shear [av/d] give three situated:
Case I : av/d > 6
Case II : 2< av/d < 6
Case III : av/d < 2
When av increased, av/d become bigger, bending
moment will increase, failure become closer to the
centre.

Jan - Nov 2016

MODE OF SHEAR FAILURE

However, if d is increased, av/d become smaller,

failure become closer to support.
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CASE I : av/d > 6

av

Bending moment (BM) > shear force (V)

Bending failure happened and stress tension steel close to
tensile limit.

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CASE II : 2 < av/d < 6

av

Cracking happened by bending.

The increasing of loads yield angular cracking and
horizontal cracking at tension reinforced cause by a bonding
failure between concrete and reinforced.

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CASE III : av/d < 2

av

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No bending cracking
crack by shear immediately happened at slope closed to 45
from horizontal axis.
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3.2 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

One unknown. The reaction is a

tension force which acts away
from the member in the
direction of the cable.

Jan - Nov 2016

Support Conditions - Cable

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3.2 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

The rocker/roller support for this bridge

girder allows horizontal movement so
the bridge is free to expand and
contract due to temperature.

One unknown. The reaction is a force

which acts perpendicular to the surface
at the point of contact.

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Support Conditions Rocker

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3.2 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Support Conditions- Roller

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This concrete girder rests on the ledge

that is assumed to act as a smooth
contacting surface.

One unknown. The reaction is a force

which acts perpendicular to the surface
at the point of contact.

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3.2 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Support Conditions - Pin

Jan - Nov 2016

This utility building is pin supported at the

top of the column.

Two unknowns. The reactions are two

components of force, or which acts
perpendicular and horizontal to the
surface at the point of contact.

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3.2 BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Support Conditions - Fixed

Jan - Nov 2016

The floor beam of this building are

welded together and thus form fixed
connections.

Three unknowns. The reactions are the

couple moment and the two force
components.

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Loaded beam has a bending tendency due to bending

moment (N.mm).
Cross-sectional shape measured in moment of Inertia, I
(mm4), contribute to bending resistance.
Materials strength, f (N/mm2), also effect bending.
fC = My/I

-ve
-y

Bending

n.a.

Cross-section

Jan - Nov 2016

3.3 Laws of bending

y
fT = My/I
Stress-diagram

+ve
Strain-diagram

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 Moment Resistance (Cracking Moment),

Mr = (I/ymax) =.Z
= permissible bending stress
M = bending moment
I = Moment of Inertia
y = distance from neutral axis (n.a.)
Section Modulus, Z = I/ymax

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3.3 Laws of bending

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Example

20 mm

60 mm

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A steel bar of 20 x 60 mm rectangular cross section is

subjected to two equal and opposite couples acting in
vertical plane of symmetry of the bar shown in Figure
below. Determine the value of the bending moment
which causes the bar to yield. Assume = 250 MPa

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SOLUTION
The value of the bending moment which causes the bar to
yield = Moment Resistance (Cracking Moment),

I = bh3/12 = 0.02 x 0.063/12 = 3.6 x 10-7

y = 0.03 m
Mr = (I/ymax)
= 250 x 106 x (3.6 x 10-7/0.03)
= 3000 Nm = 3 kNm

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= 250 x 106 N/m2

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3.4 Bending moments and shear

force diagram
Example 1
Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.

B
3.0 m

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40 kN

1.0 m

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Solution
40 kN

VA
MA = 0; VC(4) 40(3) =0
VC = 30 kN
FY = 0; VA +VC = 40
VA = 10 kN

1m
VC

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3m

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Solution

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SFD

BMD

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Example 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the cantilevered
beam.

B
1.5 m

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2 kN

1 kN

1.5 m

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Solution
2 kN

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1 kN

3 kN

SFD

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Jan - Nov 2016

Solution

BMD

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Example 3

Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.

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10 kN/m

5.0 m

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Solution
10 kN/m = 10(5) = 50 kN

VA
MA = 0; VB(5) 50(2.5) =0
VB = 25 kN
FY = 0; VA +VB = 50
VA = 25 kN

VB

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5m

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Solution
25 kN

31.25 kNm

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SFD
25 kN

BMD

By formula: Mmax = wl2/8

= 10x 52/8 = 31.25 kNm

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Example 4

Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.

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1.5 kN/m

2.0 m

3.0 m

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Solution
1.5 kN/m = 1.5(1) = 1.5 kN

VA
MA = 0; VC(3) 1.5(2.5) =0
VC = 1.25 kN
FY = 0; VA +VC = 1.5
VA = 1.5- 1.25
= 0.25 kN

1m
VC

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2m

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Solution
0.25 kN

0.17

0.83

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SFD

1.25 kN
0.521 kNm
0.5 kNm

BMD

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Exercise 1
Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.
20 kN

A
2.5 m

C
3.0 m

Jan - Nov 2016

40 kN

2.0 m

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Exercise 2

Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.
1.5 kN/m

D
B
1.8 m

C
0.9 m

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65 kN

1.8 m

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Exercise 3

Draw the shear and bending moment for the beam and
loading shown.

C
B
1.8 m

Jan - Nov 2016

1.0 kN/m

40 kN

2.5 m

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