4.6 Develop a histogram for the data listed in column 1.

Discuss each axis and describe the overall shape

of the histogram.
N=20 ; K = 1,87(N-1)0,4+1 -> K = 1,87(20-1)0,4+1=7 ; 2 x = (52.4 48.9) / 7 = 0,5

Histogram Column 1
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
Frekuensi 2.00
1.00
0.00

30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

P
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Interval Kelas

- Axis on left side is Frequency which is define how often the measured value occurred. In this Histogram vary
frequency occur in every Class Interval.
- Axis on the low side is Class Interval which is define the range between one class to another in series. In this
this Histogram the rane of the interval effected by x.
- Axis on the right sideis Percent of frequency which is define the percent of the frequency every Class Interval.
- The overall shape of this Histogram is Plateau. The plateau might be called a multimodal distribution.
Several processes with normal distributions are combined. Because there are many peaks close together, the top
of the distribution resembles a plateau.
4.7 Develop a frequency distribution for the data given in column 3. Discuss each axis and describe its overall
shape.
N=20 ; K = 1,87(N-1)0,4+1 -> K = 1,87(20-1)0,4+1=7 ; 2 x = (52.4 48.9) / 7 = 0,5 ; fj=nj/N -> fj
fj 48.9-49.4 -> 2/20 = 0.1
fj 49.5-50 -> 3/20 = 0.15
fj 50.1-50.6 ->5/20 = 0.25
fj 50.7-51.2 ->4/20=0.2
fj 51.3-51.8 ->4/20 = 0.2
fj 51.9-52.4-> 2/20 = 0.1

Histogram Column 3
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Frekuensi 1.0
0.0

30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

P
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n
Fr
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Interval Kelas

- Axis on left side is Frequency which is define how often the measured value occurred. In this Histogram vary
frequency occur in every Class Interval.
- Axis on the low side is Class Interval which is define the range between one class to another in series. In this
this Histogram the rane of the interval effected by x.
- Axis on the right sideis Percent of frequency which is define the percent of the frequency every Class Interval.
- The overall shape of this Hostogram is Normal. A common pattern is the bellshaped curve known as the
normal distribution. In a normal distribution, points are as likely to occur on one side of the average as on the
other. Be aware, however, that other distributions look similar to the normal distribution. Statistical calculations
must be used to prove a normal distribution.
4.8 Develop and compare the histograms of the three data sets represented under columns 1, 2, and 3. If these
are taken from the same process, why might the histograms vary? Do they appear to show a central tendency?

Histogram Column 2
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
Frekuensi 1.00
0.50
0.00

20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00

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Interval Kelas

- Because the measured value of each data is different to another. So it is imposibble to have same
Histograms even using the same process.
- Yes, they show their central tendency. Its Because the overall shape of their Histogram showing one
centre value of the data.

4.9 For the data in each column, determine the sample mean value, standard deviation, and standard deviation of
the means. State the degrees of freedom in each.
N

Sample Mean Value

1
X = Xi
N I=1

1
( X i X )2

Standard Deviation s x =
( N 1) i=1
Standard Deviation of the mean

sx / N

Degree of freedom v=N-1

Column 1
N

1
X = X 1 -> 50.355
20 I =1

1
sx =
( X i50.355)2 = 0.971

(201) i=1
sx

20

= 0.971/

= 0.217

v = 20-1=19
Column 2
N

1
X = X 2 -> 50.722
20 I =1

1
sx =
( X i50.722)2 = 1.176

(201) i=1
sx
= 1.176/
N

20

= 0.263

v = 20-1=19
Column 3
N

1
X = X 3 -> 50.65
20 I =1

1
sx =
( X i50.65)2 = 0.990

(201) i=1
sx

= 0.990/

20

= 0.221

v = 20-1=19
4.10 Explain the concept of central tendency by comparing the range of the measured values and the sample
mean values from each of the three data sets.
Column 1 -> Range = 52.4-48.9 = 3.5 ;

= 50.355

Column 2 -> Range = 52.6-48.8 = 3.8 ;

= 50.722

Column 3 -> Range = 52.4-48.9 = 3.5 ;

=50.65

Central tendency is the one centre value where all the measured value spread around it. In Column 1 the central
tendency is the value which is located in highest frequency in the Histogram. Compare to the range and Mean
Value, the central tendency is located near the mean value of the range. So does in Column 2 & 3. The
difference central tendency of these datas is the measured value in measurements.
4.11 From the data in column 1, estimate the range of values for which you would expect 95% of all
possible measured values for this operating condition to fall. Repeat for columns 2 and 3. Discuss
these outcomes in terms of what you might expect from finite statistics.

s / N
x x
Z=

; Z20,95 = 1.96

Column 1

0.971/ 20
x50.355
1.96=

0.971/ 20
x +50.355
1.96=

-> x = 52.260 (upper limit)

-> x = 48.450 (lower limit)

Column 2

1.176 / 20
x50.722
1.96=

-> x = 52.306 (upper limit)

1.176/ 20
x +50.722
1.96=

-> x = 48.415 (lower limit)

Column 3

0.990 / 20
x50.65
1.96=

1.176/ 20
x +50.722
1.96=

-> x = 52.591 (upper limit)

-> x = 48.708 (lower limit)

Finite Statics
x =

x t v , p s x ; 95% probability level -> x = x t (201 ),95 s x -> x = x 2.093 s x

Column 1
x =

50.355+2.093 ( 0.971 ) x' =50.81 (upper limit)

x =

50.3552.093 ( 0.971 ) x ' =49.90 (lower limit)

Column 2
'

x =

50.722+ 2.093 ( 1.176 ) x =51.272 (upper limit)

x =

50.7222.093 ( 1.176 ) x ' =48.415 (lower limit)

Column 3

x =

50.65+2.093 ( 0.990 ) x ' =52.591 (upper limit)

x =

50.65+2.093 ( 0.990 ) x =48.415 (lower limit)

'

The difference value of those intervals each column caused by the difference method that use to find the
interval for 95% probability level. First method using the normal distribution with their equation. The Second
method is using T distribution.
4.12 From the data in column 1, determine the best estimate of the mean value at a 95% probability level. How
does this estimate differ from the estimates made in problem 4.11? Repeat for columns 2 and 3. Whydo the
estimates vary for each data set? Discuss these outcomes in terms of what you might expect from finite statistics
if these are measuring the same measured variable during the same process.
Column 1

0.971/ 20
x50.355
1.96=

0.971/ 20
x +50.355
1.96=

-> x = 52.260 (upper limit)

-> x = 48.450 (lower limit)

Column 2

1.176 / 20
x50.722
1.96=

-> x = 52.306 (upper limit)

1.176/ 20
x +50.722
1.96=

-> x = 48.415 (lower limit)

Column 3

0.990 / 20
x50.65
1.96=

1.176/ 20
x +50.722
1.96=

-> x = 52.591 (upper limit)

-> x = 48.708 (lower limit)

Finite Statics
x =

x t v , p sx ; 95% probability level -> x = x t (201 ),95 sx -> x = x 2.093 sx

Column 1
x =

50.355+2.093 ( 0.217 ) x ' =50.809 (upper limit)

x =

50.3552.093 ( 0.217 ) x' =49.90 (lower limit)

Column 2
x =

50.722+ 2.093 ( 0.263 ) x' =51.272 (upper limit)

x =

50.7222.093 ( 0.263 ) x ' =50.172 (lower limit)

Column 3
x =

50.65+2.093 ( 0.219 ) x ' =51.108 (upper limit)

x =

50.652.093 ( 0.219 ) x ' =50.192 (lower limit)

This differences in method using also same with no 4.11only to find the mean value is using standard deviation
of the mean. So the location of the value of the mean in these statics is also different.
4.13 For the data in column 3, if one additional measurement were made, estimate the interval in which the
value of this measurement would fall with a 95% probability.
Assume one additional is
N

X3

1
X = X 3 -> 50.65
20 I =1

I=1

1
X =

20+1

+ ) ->

(50.65 x 20)+
21

(50.65 x 20)+
1
sx =
( X i
)

21
( (20+ 1 )1) i=1

(50.65 x 20)+
1
( X i
)

sx
21
( ( 20+1 )1) i=1
=
N
( 20+1)

x
s / N
x x
Z=

1.96=
; Z(20+1),95 = 1.96

(50.65 x 20)+
21
N

(50.65 x 20)+
1
( X i
)

21
( ( 20+ 1 )1) i=1
(20+ 1)

So the interval for column 3 if one add in measurement is

(50.65 x 20)+
1.96
21

(50.65 x 20)+
+ 1.96
21

(50.65 x 20)+
1
(X i
)

21
( ( 20+1 ) 1) i=1
(20+1)
N

(50.65 x 20)+
1
(X i
)

21
( ( 20+1 ) 1) i=1
(20+1)

So the additional data in measurements even one data is very give many effect to interval in statics. Because it
change the value of the mean, standar deviation and the standard deviation of the mean.

Feky Herman
43939
Muhammad Garin Ardhana
43946
Teknik Nuklir
Departemen Teknik Nuklir Teknik Fisika