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Eg: By what % is 60 more than 30?
Soln: % difference = (60-30)/30 X 100 = 100%.
(Here is 60 is compared with 30.)
Hint: To calculate percentage difference the value that occurs after the word than in the question can directly be used as
the denominator in the formula.
Important Points to Note:
1. When any value increases by
a. 10%, it becomes 1.1 times of itself. (since 100+10 = 110% = 1.1)
b. 20%, it becomes 1.2 times of itself.
c. 36%, it becomes 1.36 times of itself.
d. 4%, it becomes 1.04 times of itself.
Thus we can see the effects on the values due to various percentage increases.
2. When any value decreases by
a. 10%, it becomes 0.9 times of itself. (Since 100-10 = 90% = 0.9)
b. 20%, it becomes 0.8 times of itself
c. 36%, it becomes 0.64 times of itself
d. 4%, it becomes 0.96 times of itself.
Thus we can see the effects on a value due to various percentage decreases.
Note:
1. When a value is multiplied by a decimal more than 1 it will be increased and when multiplied by less than 1 it will be
decreased.
2. The percentage increase or decrease depends on the decimal multiplied.
Eg: 0.7 => 30% decrease, 0.67 => 33% decrease, 0. 956 => 4.4% decrease and so on.
Eg: When the actual value is x, find the value when it is 30% decreased.
Soln: 30% decrease => 0.7 x.
Eg: A value after an increase of 20% became 600. What is the value?
Soln: 1.2x = 600 (since 20% increase)
x = 500.
Eg: If 600 is decrease by 20%, what is the new value?
Soln: new value = 0.8 X 600 = 480. (Since 20% decrease)
Thus depending on the decimal we can decide the % change and vice versa.
Eg: When a value is increased by 20%, by what percent should it be reduced to get the actual value?
Soln: (It is equivalent to 1.2 reduced to 1 and we can use % decrease formula)
% decrease = (1.2 1)/1.2 X 100 = 16.66%.
3. When a value is subjected multiple changes, the overall effect of all the changes can be obtained by multiplying all
the individual factors of the changes.
Eg: The population of a town increased by 10%, 20% and then decreased by 30%. The new population is what % of the
original?
Soln: The overall effect = 1.1 X 1.2 X 0.7 (Since 10%, 20% increase and 30% decrease)
= 0.924 = 92.4%.
Eg: Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equal to a single discount of ___
Soln: Discount is same as decrease of price.
So, decrease = 0.9 X 0.8 = 0.72 => 28% decrease (Since only 72% is remaining).
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1.

If Srujana salary is 20% more than that of Deepa, then how much percent is Deepas salary less than that of
Srujana?
Sol: Here, x = 20.
Required answer

x
100 %
100 x

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2.

20
100 20

4
2
100
% = 16 % = 16 %.
3
6
6

100 %

If Anitas income is 30% less than that of Saritha, then how much percent is Sarithas income more than that of
Anitha?
Sol: Here, x = 30.
Required answer

=
=
=

3.

x
100 %
100 x
30
100 %
100 30
6
300
% = 42 %.
7
7

If A is 25% of C and B is 30% of C, then what percentage of A is B?

Sol: A = 25% of C and B = 30% of C
B
30
=
A
25
30
B=
x 100% of A
25

= 120% of A
4.

Two numbers are respectively 25% and 50% more than a third number. What percent is the first of the second?
Sol: Here, x = 25 and y = 50
So, First number

100 x
100 % of the second
100 y

100 25
100 % of the second
100 50

500
% of the second
6
2
1
= 83 % = 83 % of the second.
3
6

5.

Two numbers are respectively 20% and 32% less than a third number. What percent is the second of the first?
Sol: Here, x = 20 and y = 32
So, Second number

100
100

y
x

100 32
100 20

100 % of the first

100 % of the first

= 85% of the first.

6.

If the price of a commodity increases by 50%, find how much percent its consumption be reduced so as not
increase the expenditure.
Sol: Reduction in consumption

N
100 N

100 %

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7.

50
100 50

100 %

100
%=
3

1
33 %.
3

If the price of a commodity decreases by 50%, find how much percent its consumption be increased so as not
decrease the expenditure.
Sol: Increase in consumption =

N
100 N

100
50
100 %
100 50

= 100%.
8.

If the salary of Mr. Shashi is first increased by 18% and thereafter decreased by 15%, what is the net change in
his salary?
Sol:

Here, x = 18 and y = -15

= x

So, the net % change in the salary

xy
%
100

= 18 15

(18)(15)
%
100

= 18 15

(18)(15)
%
100

= 0.3%.
Since the sign is +ve, there is an increase in the salary of person by 0.3%.
9.

The population of a town is decreased by 20% and 40% in two successive years. What percent population is
decreased after two years?
Sol: Here, x = - 20 and y = - 40
So, the net % change in population

= x

xy
%
100
( 20)( 40)
%
100

20

40

60

800
%
100

= - 52%.
Since the sign is -ve, there is decrease in population after two years by 52%.
10. If the side of a square is increased by 10%, its area increased by k%. Find the value of k.
Sol: Area of square = side x side
So, net % change in area

= x

xy
%
100

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(10)(10)
% [Take x, y = 10]
100

= 10 10
= 21%
Hence, the area is increased by 21%.
Here, k = 21.

11. The radius of a circle is increased by 4%. Find the percentage increase in its area.
Sol: Area of circle = x radius x radius
So, net % change in area

= x

xy
%
100

= 4

(4)(4)
% [Take x, y = 4]
100

= 8

4
16
% = 8
%.
25
100

12. The tax on a commodity is diminished by 12% and its consumption increases by 10%. Find the effect on
revenue.
Sol: Revenue = tax x consumption
So, net % change in revenue = x

xy
%
100

12

( 12)(10)
% [Take x = - 12, y = 10]
100

10

120
% = - 3.2%.
100

So, the revenue decreases by 3.2%.

13. The population of a town increases by 4% annually. If its present population is 12500, what will it be in 2 years
time?
Sol: Here, P = 12500, r = 4 and n = 2.
n

Population after n years = P 1

r
.
100

Population after 2 years = 125001

4
100

1
25

= 12500 1
= 12500

= 12500

26
25
26
25

26
25

= 13520.
14. The population of a town increases by 10% annually. If its present population is 12100, what it was 2 years
ago?
Sol: Here, P = 12100, r = 10 and n = 2.

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P

Population n years ago =

r
100
12100

Population 2 years ago =

1

10
100

12100
11
10

12100
11 11
10 10

12100
10 10 = 10000.
11 11

15. The population of a town is 100000. It increases by 5% during the first year. During the second year, it
decreases by 10% and increases by 15% during the third year. What is the population after 3 years?
Sol: Here, P = 100000, x = 5, y = - 10 and z = 15
So, Population after 3 years = P 1

x
100

= 100000 1
=

y
100

z
100

5
100

10
100

100000 105 90 115

100 100 100

15
100

108675

16. In an examination, a student must get 50% marks to pass. If a student, who gets 110 marks, fails by 50 marks,
find the maximum marks.
Sol: It is clear, Minimum Marks = 110 + 50 = 160
Let the maximum marks = x
So, 50% of x = 160
x = 320
17. In an examination, 40% students failed in Mathematics and 51% failed in Science. If 16% failed in both the
subjects, find the percentage of those who passed in both the subjects.
Sol: Here, a = 40, b = 51 and c = 16
Percentage of students passing both the subjects
= (100 ( a + b - c ))%
= (100 (40+5116))%
= 25%.
Percentages Fractions Conversions:
The following is a table showing the conversions of percentages and decimals into fractions:
Percentage
Decimal
Fraction
10%
12.5%
16.66%
20%
25%
30%
33.33%
40%
50%
60%
62.5%
66.66%

0.1
0.125
0.1666
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.3333
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.625
0.6666

1/10
1/8
1/6
1/5
1/4
3/10
1/3
2/5
1/2
3/5
5/8
2/3

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