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Slums in India

A Statistical Compendium

2011

Government of India
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
National Buildings Organization
G-Wing, Nirman Bhavan
New Delhi-110008

CONTENTS
Title
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Boxes
List of Acronyms
Chapter 1
Introduction and Approach

Page No.
i
iii
iv
v
1

Chapter 2
Definitions of Slum

Chapter 3
Main Sources of Data on Slums in India

14

Chapter 4
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its Recommendations

17

Chapter 5
Salient Features of Slums in India Census-2001

21

Chapter 6
Slum Conditions National Sample Surveys Organisation (NSSO) Surveys

38

Chapter 7
Urban Housing, Poverty & Unemployment

57

Chapter 8
Approach to Urban Poverty and Slums

68

References

81

Data Appendices (1-30)


Demographic Profile of India-2001

83

Data Appendices (31-32)


Slum Population Estimates: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census

115

Data Appendices (33-60)


Slums in India Census 2001

119

Data Appendices (61-100)


Slum Condition in India

149

Data Appendices (101-120)


Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment

193

LIST OF TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions 2001 (at mid-year), by UN-HABITAT
National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India
Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources-India
India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001
India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017
Population & Slum Population Profiles of India -2001
Slum Population in Million-plus Cities in India-2001
Slum & Non Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
Percentage of Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001
Slum & Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others -2001
Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001
Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001
Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds
Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys-India
Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys -India
Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different
NSSO Surveys ( in Percentage) - India
Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructed
path -India.
Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage)
in Different NSSO Surveys-India
Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km.) from the
Nearest Motorable Road in Different NSSO Surveys-India (In Percentage)
Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection
in Different NSSO Surveys -India
Percentage Distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water
available in Slum -India.
Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Percentage Distribution of Slums by availability of Underground Drainage-India
Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different
NSSO Surveys-India

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

ii

Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal


in Different NSSO Surveys-India
Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different
NSSO Surveys-India
Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre
in different NSSO Surveys - India
Number of Houses: Rural & Urban 2001
Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban 2001 (in Million)
Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012
Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and
Rural Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) - Lakdawala
Methodology
Urban & Rural Poverty Lines: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee
Methodology
Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)
Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban
Households in Consumption Expenditure 1993-94 & 2004-05
Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates-1993-94
& 2004-05
Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 & 2004-05
Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
(MPCE) Quintiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)
Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male and Female
- 1977-78 to 2007-08
Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual Status
(Out of 1000) 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans
Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress

LIST OF
OF FIGURES
FIGURES
LIST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)


Slum and Non-slum Population in India-2001
Percentage of Slum and Non-slum Population in India-2001
State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India-2001
State/UT-wise Slum Population as per Census 2001
Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UTs-India
Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Towns in India 2001
Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities
Slum & Non-slum Population in Million-plus Cities.
Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001
Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs & Others to Urban
Population of Respective Categories-2001
Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million-plus Cities-2001
Sex Composition of Slum & Non-slum Population in States/UTs -2001
Sex Composition of Slum Population in Million-plus Cities -2001
Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001
Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001
Sex Ratio in Age Group 0-6 for Slum & Non-slum Population in State &UTs 2001
Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001
Status of Slum in Different NSSO Surveys
Status of Slum Households in NSSO Surveys in India
Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Slums by Type of Ownership of Land (in %) in different NSSO Survey - India
Slums by Type of Structure (in %) in different NSSO SurveysIndia
Slums by availability of Approach Roads in different NSSO Surveys in India
Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Slums by Status of Electricity Connection (in %) in different NSSO Surveys- India
Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -India.
Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slum in different NSSO Surveys - India
Slums by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys -India
Slums by availability of Sewerage System (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

iii

33
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India


Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Slums by distance from Health Centre (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India
Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural & Urban 2001
Number of Households: Rural & Urban 2001
Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural & Urban 1981-2001
Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 2004-05 (Lakdawala
Methodology)

LIST OF BOXES
1.
2.

iv

11th Plan: Objective for Urban Poverty Alleviation


11th Plan: Objective for Slum Development

LIST OF ACRONYMS
BPL
BSUP
CDS
CSC
CSO
EIUS
EWS
FAR
FHH
GIS
GDP
HCR
HFI
HH
HUDCO
IDSMT
IHSDP
IHSUP
ILCS
JNNURM
LIG
MHH
MIS
MPCE
MRP
NCU
NCUES
NHB
NHC
NHG
NPV
NRY
NSS

Below Poverty Line


Basic Services to the Urban Poor
Community Development Society
Central Statistical Commission
Central Statistical Organisation
Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums
Economically Weaker Sections
Floor Area Ratio
Female-headed Households
Geographic Information System
Gross Domestic Product
Head-Count Ratio
Housing Finance Institution
Household
Housing & Urban Development Corporation
Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns
Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
Integrated Low-Cost Sanitation Scheme
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Low Income Group
Male-headed Households
Management Information System
Monthly Per-capita Consumption Expenditure
Mixed Recall Period
National Commission on Urbanization
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector
National Housing Bank
Neighborhood Committees
Neighborhood Group
Net Present Value
Nehru Rozgar Yojana
National Sample Survey

NSSO
NUHHP
OG
PMIUPEP
PPP
RAY
RGI
SEZ
SDP
SJSRY
TDR
UA
UBS
UBSP
UCD
UCDN
UIDSSMT
UIG
URP
USEP
UTs
UWEP
UWSP
WPI

vi

National Sample Survey Organization


National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy
Urban Out-Growths
Prime Ministers Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme
Public-Private Partnership
Rajiv Awas Yojana
Registrar General of India
Special Economic Zone
State Domestic Product
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
Transferable Development Right
Urban Agglomeration
Urban Basic Services
Urban Basic Services for the Poor
Urban Community Development
Urban Community Development Network
Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns
Urban Infrastructure & Governance
Uniform Recall Period
Urban Self-Employment Programme
Union Territories
Urban Wage Employment Programme
Urban Women Self-help Programme
Wholesale Price Index

Slums in India

Introduction

Urbanising India
1.1
The 2001 Census of India reveals that the urban population of the country stood at 286 million or
27.8 per cent of the total population. This is estimated to have increased to 350 million by 2010, which is
about 30 per cent of the total population. It is projected that the urban population of India would grow to
about 470 million in 2021 and 700 million in 2041. The level of urbanization is expected to reach 50 per cent
mark in the next 3-4 decades.
1.2
Urbanisation and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Cities are the engines of economic growth.
They are the reservoirs of skill and capital. They are the sources of diverse formal and informal sector
employment opportunities. They are the hopes for millions in urban areas and the countryside. While Urban
India accommodates less than one-third of the countrys population at present, its contribution to GDP is far
larger. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimates indicate that this share increased from 38 per cent in
1970-71 to 52 per cent in 1999-00. The Mid-Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan estimates the
urban share of GDP at 62-63 per cent in 2009-10. The 11th Plan document projects it to increase to 75 per
cent in 2021. Since 2005-06 the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has gone up - above 9%
with some fluctuations. In 2008-09 it was 6.8%. It is 8.6% in 2010-11. As India moves ahead to a double
digit growth, obviously a key policy issue is emerging as to how to rejuvenate and strengthen Urban India,
which will significantly contribute and sustain the economic growth momentum through economies of
agglomeration and other productivity-enhancing factors.
2

Cities and Slums

2.1
While cities are the generators of the nations wealth and income, there are large sections of the poor
in cities, especially slum-dwellers, who are bypassed by the process of growth. An urban-urban divide is
emerging as revealed by the trends in Gini co-efficient of urban income distribution encompassing various
monthly expenditure classes. A critical issue of public policy is thus how to make cities inclusive in accordance
with the 11th Plan strategy of inclusive growth, and provide basic services and access to affordable shelter
and employment to the urban poor, including the dwellers of slums which manifest the worst form of
poverty. The backlog and current needs of the poor, including slum-dwellers will have to be addressed along
with those from future urban growth so as to prevent the conditions that led to mushrooming of slums and
haphazardly grown cities and towns in the past. A strategy of guided urbanization will recognize that the
urban poor, including slum-dwellers, numbering millions at the bottom of the pyramid, have a key role in the
development of cities. Their number is so large that even a small increase in their productivity through
intervention by governments will mean that the contribution to GDP will be huge. The urban poverty issues
1

National Buildings Organisation

need to be tackled from efficiency considerations apart from equity.


2.2
A striking feature of the trends in urbanization in India, as elsewhere in the developing world, is the
shift in the locus of poverty to cities and towns. The NSSO 61st Round data and estimation by the Planning
Commission using Lakdawala methodology reveal that about 81 million people lived below the poverty line
in 2004-05. As per this data, the number of poor in urban areas increased by 44 lakhs between 1993-94 and
2004-05. A large part of the increase in urban population occurred in slums due to natural increase factor
and inability of migrants to find space in cities other than slums. The slum population in the country is
estimated at 75 million in 2001, projected to increase to 93 million by 2011 (Report of the Committee on
Slum Statistics/Census under Dr. Pranob Sen, the then Chief Statistician & Secretary, Statistics & Programme
Implementation, 2010). The partial Slum Census conducted by the Registrar General of India in 640 towns
in 2001 revealed that about 23.5 per cent of the urban population lived in these cities in slums. Further, there
existed several cities with more than 25 per cent of population residing in slums. Mumbai topped the list with
54%, followed by Faridabad (46%), Aligarh (45%), Meerut (44%), Warangal (43%), Amravati (43%), Raipur
(37%), Nagpur (36%), Guntur (33%) and other cities. This is in spite of the restrictive definition of slum
adopted by the Census of India 2001. The Committee on Slum Statistics, referred to above, estimated the
slum population percentage in the country at a much larger figure than indicated by the partial census in 2001
by the Registrar General of India covering 1743 towns- 26% vs. 23.5% in 2001.
2.3
Slums manifest the worst form of deprivation that transcends income poverty. They are characterized
by acute over-crowding, insanitary, unhealthy and dehumanizing living conditions. They are subject to
precarious land tenure, lack of access to basic minimum civic services such as safe drinking water, sanitation,
storm drainage, solid waste management, internal and approach roads, street lighting, education and health
care, and poor quality of shelter. Many of these habitations are located in environmentally fragile and dangerous
zones prone to land slides, floods and other disasters that make the poor residents highly vulnerable. A
significant proportion of the slum dwellers also face social burdens and health problems worse than their
non-slum and rural counterparts. Many civic bodies do not provide the required municipal services in slums
on the plea that these are located on illegal space. Moreover, the scale of the problem is so colossal that it
is beyond the means of Urban Local Bodies most of whom lack a buoyant fiscal base and are subject to
severe fiscal stress.
3.

Slums and Public Policy

3.1
Recognising the plight of the slum-dwellers accounting for about 1/3rd of the urban population
globally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 recognizes the critical need for national governments
to focus on slums and urban poverty situation as part of their national development strategies. It articulates

Slums in India

the commitment of Member States to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year
2020. India is a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration covering the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). Some of the important MDGs in the context of addressing the issues of slums are:

Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger


Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day;
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse
the loss of environmental resources;
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water;
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

3.2. The need for inclusion of the poor and disadvantaged sections in the growth process is highlighted in
the 11th Five Year Plan Strategy of the Government of India, which envisages inclusive growth as the key
paradigm of development for the country. This calls for a reconsideration of the approaches towards urban
development and the need for adopting policies and programme to develop inclusive cities. A strategy of
inclusive and sustainable urban development planning which is aimed at creating socially equitable,
environmentally sustainable, economically productive and slum-free cities and towns is essential.
3.3. The major programmes started by the Government of India towards inclusive city development with
focus on slums, including the provision of basic services and affordable housing to the urban poor, are the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) compoments - launched in 2005, and
the two schemes entitled Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) and Affordable
Housing in Partnership, launched in 2009. Together, they address the supply side issues of affordable
housing and aim at enabling the construction of about 25 lakh houses with basic amenities for the Economically
Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) by the end of 11th Five Year Plan. About 15.7 lakh
houses have so far been taken up for execution, all under the flagship programme of JNNURM.
3.4.
As components of JNNURM, the BSUP and IHSDP have achieved a fair amount of success with the
overarching aims of focusing State attention on the problems of inequity in urban areas, and drawing budgetary
resources to the welfare of the urban poor. Cities have begun earmarking funds within their budgets for the
urban poor and an increasing number of State Governments have notified regulations for reservation of land
for housing the EWS/LIG sections in all new developments. There is now general awareness that encroachments
are the result of an unrealistic town planning model that saw cities as idylls of urbane living, without any
consideration of the economic profile of the country or the outcome on urban population statistics of
3

National Buildings Organisation

economic growth. There is an increasing assumption of responsibility towards the slum dweller, and his/her
entitlement to conditions conducive to a dignified quality of life. States have accepted as the strategy of
choice for land for social housing the in-situ development of slums wherever they are on municipal/
government, tenable and unreserved land, thereby avoiding the delay and expenditure inherent on acquiring
or developing new sites, and for the beneficiary, the distress of relocation. About 2/3rd of the JNNURM
housing is being provided by conferring entitlement in-situ and making provision for upgradation of
infrastructure of existing slums. Simultaneously, there is an acceptance at policy level, both in the State and
Municipality, that the emergence of new slums can be prevented only by increasing the availability of land
and affordable housing for the urban poor, which in turn requires that the market-distorting shortages of land
and housing be corrected.
4.

Moving to Rajiv Awas Yojana

4.1. Considering the need to intensify efforts and accord a new deal to slum-dwellers, the President of
India, in her address to both the Houses of Parliament on 4th June, 2009 declared the resolve of the Government
to usher in a Slum-free India through the launching of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). RAY would extend
support to States that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slum areas and pursue a Slumfree City Agenda. The most critical constraint to affordable housing and dignified living with access to basic
services for the poor in cities is the lack of availability of land at affordable prices. This is explained in terms
of factors such as lack of legal space or tenure security in the existing slums; absence of implementation of
reservation of land for EWS/LIG housing and informal sector activities in Master Plans of cities; and
spiraling land prices that have sky-rocketed on the adoption of land as a resource policy by states and
municipalities. Another key constraint to affordable housing to the urban poor is the lack of adequate credit
flow to the segment at affordable interest rates for the construction of low-income houses which is critically
important for the poor if they are not to be squeezed out of the formal housing market. A further constraint
is the availability of rental housing for new migrants from rural areas and small towns seeking jobs in cities.
Rajiv Awas Yojana is expected to adopt a holistic approach with a package of preventive and developmental
measures to address the issues of land for housing and facilitate the construction of affordable houses for
the urban poor, with focus on public-private-community partnerships.
4.2.
Preparatory activities in States to avail benefits under RAY are in progress. Cities are engaged in
preparing slum-free city plans. It is in this context that there is a critical need for building a strong data base
on slums, taking into account various sources such as Census of India, NSSO Surveys, expert group reports,
studies etc. Accordingly the National Buildings Organisation (NBO) has taken the initiative to put all the
available data on slums and urbanization-related matters together in this publication. NBO had earlier brought
out, with the first of its series of publications: Urban Poverty in India A Statistical Compendium,
consolidated data on various aspects of urban poverty in India. It was realized that an exclusive Compendium
4

Slums in India

on various aspects of data pertaining to Urban Slums has to be developed. In this direction, NBO has come
up with the present issue.
5.

Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium

5.1.
To have a good understanding of Urban Slums and to be able to appreciate the slum problem in its
entirety and launch appropriate, timely and corrective steps to mitigate the hardships to slum dwellers, it is
imperative to have a comprehensive database on various aspects of slums in the country. This is essential for
the formulation of effective and coordinated policies at national, state and local level for their improvement/
rehabilitation. Slums have not received due attention in the process of urban planning and have largely
remained an area of neglect till JNNURM was launched. With the Rajiv Awas Yojana, slums will receive
further attention from policy-makers and planners at national, state and city levels. The National Buildings
Organisation (NBO), being the nodal agency in the Government of India for the development of a statistical
system on Housing, Slums, Urban Poverty and Buildings Construction in the country, has made special effort
to create a data base on various aspects of living by slum dwellers including urban poverty. The outcome of
this effort is Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium 2011.

National Buildings Organisation

2
1.

Definition of Slum

Slum Characteristics

1.1
The economic disparity between the rural and urban population is a key factor pulling/inducing the
rural poor population towards cities in search of economic betterment. Cities grow by migration, natural
increase and reclassification of rural areas as urban. The migration and urbanisation process, with city
authorities not being able to provide space to the increasing number of poor that cities need, has led to the
mushrooming of slums. These poor quality human settlements extend to public lands or wherever else space
can be found without being subjected to deterrent action by various agencies, even on road margins and
vulnerable locations like river banks, drains, swamps, garbage dumping yards, etc. It would be appropriate to
be familiar with the various definitions used by data providers before going in depth into the details of slum
statistics in India. The word slum could be crudely defined as a compact settlement with a collection of
poorly-built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate basic services
and subject to unhygienic conditions. Various agencies including international organizations like UNHABITAT have defined slum in different ways, depending on the purpose and issues under consideration.
However, there are certain broad similarities in definitions adopted by countries across the world.
1.2
The Encyclopedia Britannica defines slum as ... residential areas that are physically and socially
deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions.
By bad housing is meant dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad
repair, dump and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire
hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use.
2

RGI & NSSO: Definition of Slum

2.1

Registrar General of India has adopted the following definition of slum in Census of India, 2001:

2.2
6

All specified areas in a town or city notified as Slum by State/Local Government and UT
Administration under any Act including a Slum Act.
All areas recognized as Slum by State/Local Government and UT Administration. Housing and
Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any Act.
A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper
sanitary and drinking water facilities.
National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), for the purpose of survey in 1976-77, categorized

Slums in India

slums as including declared and undeclared slums. The declared slums were areas, which had been formally
declared as slum by the respective municipalities, corporations, local bodies or the development authorities.
The undeclared slums were defined as an aerial unit having twenty five or more katcha structures mostly of
temporary nature, or inhabited by persons with practically no private latrine and inadequate public latrine
and water. For the purpose of survey in 1993 and 2002, NSSO adopted the definition of slum as a
compact area with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together
usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions. The undeclared
slums were defined as if 20 households lived in that area. In addition, certain areas, declared as slums by
local municipalities, corporations, local bodies and development authorities, were taken as declared slums.
3

International Definitions

3.1
Internationally, the term slum, has been defined variedly in different countries. However, it is generally
identified as a densely populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. The essential
characteristics of slums thus include high densities, low standards of housing (structure and services), and
squalor. Dwellings in such settlements vary from simple shacks to more permanent structures; access to
basic services and infrastructure tends to be deficient. First appearing during the 1820s in London, the term
slum was used to identify the poorest quality housing areas and living in the most unsanitary conditions.
Since then the term has undergone many transformations leading to many connotations and meanings. Terms
such as slum, shanty, squatter settlement, informal housing and low-income community are now used
somewhat interchangeably by agencies and authorities in countries. The term used in India include chawls
(Ahmedabad, Mumbai), katras/jhuggi-jhompdi colonies (Delhi), bustee (Kolkata), zopadpattis (Maharashtra, Gujarat),
murikiwadas (Andhra Pradesh) etc.
3.2
A UN-HABITAT review of the definitions used by national and local governments, offices, institutions
involved in slum issues and public perceptions reveals the following attributes of slums (see Global Report
on Human Settlements 2003)
Lack of Basic Services
3.3
Lack of basic services lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and improved water source,
supplemented sometimes, by the absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and
footpaths, street lighting and stormwater drainage.
Sub-standard Dwelling
3.4
High number of substandard housing structures often built with non-permanent materials unsuitable
for housing, given local conditions of location and climate, e.g. earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls, thatched
7

National Buildings Organisation

roofs, etc. often in violation of housing norms and standards locally applicable.
Over-crowding and High Density
3.5
Very low space per person, high occupancy rate, co-habitation by different families and a large number
of single-room units. Often five and more persons share a one-room unit for cooking, sleeping and living.
Unhealthy/Hazardous Conditions
3.6
Unhealthy living conditions due to lack of basic services - open sewers, lack of pathways, uncontrolled
dumping of waste, polluted environment, etc. Houses may be built on hazardous lands, unsuitable for
settlement, such as floodplains, drains, river beds, garbage dumps, and on areas prone to landslide.
Insecure Tenure/Informal Settlements
3.7
Lack of formal document entitling the occupant to inhabit the land or structure - illegality of living;
informal or unplanned settlements cropping up on public lands or lands reserved for non-residential purposes,
especially for conservation.
Poverty and Exclusion
3.8
Income poverty is sometimes considered a characteristic of slum-dwellers, but not always. Slum
conditions are physical and due to statutory and regulatory factors that create barriers to human and social
development.
Minimum Settlement Size
3.9
Many slum definitions also require some minimum settlement size. The municipal slum definition of
Kolkata requires a minimum of 700 square metres to be occupied by huts. Census of India 2001 requires at
least 300 people or 60-70 households living in a settlement cluster.
4.

Operational Definition of Slum

4.1
The operational definition of a slum, originally based on recommendations of a United Nations
Expert Group meeting held in 2002 and subsequently revised by UN-HABITAT in 2008, defines a slum
household as a household lacking one or more of the following:

Improved water;
Improved sanitation;
Sufficient living area;
Durable housing;
Secure tenure.

Slums in India

Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources:


4.2
A household has access to improved drinking water supply if it uses water from sources that include:
piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; public tap/stand pipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected
spring; or rain water collection.
Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities:
4.3
A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation if it uses flush or pour flush to
piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; pit latrine with slab; composting toilet; or ventilated improved
pit latrine. The excreta disposal system is considered improved if it is private or shared by a reasonable
number of households.
Sufficient Living Area:
4.4
A house has sufficient living area for the household members if not more than three members share
the same room. Otherwise, it will mean overcrowding.
Durable Housing:
4.5
A house is considered durable if it is built on a non-hazardous location and is of permanent materials.
Hazardous sites include: geologically unstable areas (landslide/earthquakes and flood-prone areas); garbage
dump sites; high industrial pollution areas; unprotected high risk zones (e.g. railroads, airports, power
transmission lines), etc. Permanency of a housing structure is determined by: quality of construction (materials
used for wall, floor and roof) and compliance with local building codes, standards and byelaws.
Security of Tenure:
4.6
Households have secure tenure when they have effective protection against forced evictions through:
evidence of proper documentation (formal title deed to either land or residence or both) or de facto or perceived
protection against eviction.
4.7
The absence of each of these components is categorized as shelter deprivations. A slum household is
classified based on the presence of one (or more) of the above five shelter-related deprivations. Four of
these five deprivation indicators (lack of improved water, lack of improved sanitation, overcrowded conditions
and non-durable housing structures) measure the physical manifestation of slum conditions. They focus
attention on the circumstances that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and casting poverty as an
attribute of the environments in which slum dwellers live. The fifth indicator security of tenure has to do
with legality, which is not easy to measure or to monitor, as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends

National Buildings Organisation

on the presence (or rather absence) of de facto or de jure rights.


5.

Slum Definition: UN-HABITAT

5.1
Following the Expert Group recommendation, UN-HABITAT has adopted a generic definition of
slum as a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and
basic services. A slum is often not recognised and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal
part of the city. For operational purposes, UN-HABITAT has defined a slum household as a group of
individuals living under the same roof that lack one or more of the conditions listed below

Insecure residential status;


Inadequate access to safe water;
Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure;

Poor structural quality of housing; and


Overcrowding.

5.2
The generic slum definition adopted by UN-HABITAT till recently has been very broad and
differs from the definition adopted in India. One can see the vast difference in the slum population for India
estimated by the UN agencies for the country along with world regions in the past as shown in a dated UN
Report 2001 (Table 1). According to this estimates, the Indian slum population (estimated by UN at more
than 50% of the urban population in 2001) is far more than what is revealed by the NSSO and RGI estimates.
The recent State of World Cities 2010/11 Report of the UN-HABITAT, however, has reported a much
smaller percentage of slum population in India. According to this latest report, India has lifted 59.7 million
people out of slums conditions since 2000 and slum prevalence has fallen from 41.5 percent in 1990 to 28.1
percent in 2010.
Table 1

Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different
Regions 2001 (at Mid-year), by UN-HABITA
(In Million)

Regions/Countries
World
Developed Regions
Developing Regions
Least Developed Countries
India

10

Total
population

Urban
population

% of urban
Population in Total

Urban Slum
population

6134.000
1194.000
4940.000
685.000
1025.096

2926.000
902.000
2022.000
179.000
285.608

47.7
75.5
40.9
26.2
27.9

924.000
54.000
870.000
140.000
158.418

Slums in India

Figure 1

Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects 2001.


6.

Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census: Slum Definition

6.1
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation constituted the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census under the chairmanship of Dr Pranob Sen, Principal Economic Advisor, Planning Commission, (the
then Chief Statistician & Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Pogramme Implementation) Government of
India to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the conduct of Slum
Census in 2011.
6.2
The Committee noted that there are significant differences in the various definitions of slums used
internationally and in India. After careful consideration of the various alternatives available and keeping in
mind the need to use a simple definition, which is suitable for the purpose of public policy interventions, the
Committee decided to adopt the following definition of slum:
A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements,
mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities
in unhygienic conditions.
6.3
The Government of India has accepted the Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and
the definition recommended by the Committee.
7.

Data Appendices

Appendix 1-30 provide salient demographic and urbanization-related statistics for States and Union
Territories in India
11

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

12

Subject Matter
Geographical Area of States and Union Territories: 2001
Total Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 2001
Rural Population of States & Union Territories: 1971- 2001
Urban Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 2001
Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural Population
Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population Density
in States & Union Territories: 2001
Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001
Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories: All
India 2001 (in 000)
Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories
2001 (in 000)
Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories
2001 (in 000)
Scheduled Castes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001
Scheduled Tribes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) 2001
Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (India) 1901 2001
Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Rural) 1901 2001
Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Urban) 1901 2001
India: Age Composition of Urban & Rural Population, 2001
Literacy Rate in States & Union Territories: 1971 2001
Rural-Urban Migrants in States & Union Territories 2001
Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India 2001
Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in States
& Union Territories: 2008 (Per 000)
Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005
Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (1971- 2001)
Number of Towns (Statutory + Census): 1971 -2001
Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/Sq
km) 1971 2001
Indices of Growth in Urban Population of State & Union Territories 1901-2001
(1901=100)

Slums in India

26
27
28
29
30

Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and Union
Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)
Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001
Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union Territories
Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban
Population 1981
Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)

13

National Buildings Organisation

3
1.

Main Sources of Data on Slums in India

Slum Statistics in India

The nodal agencies in Government of India for collection, collation and dissemination of statistics
relating to Slum Population and Slum Condition in India are:
i) Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) and
ii) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
2.

Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI)

2.1
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI) collects and publishes population
statistics as part of the Population Census being undertaken by them every ten years. For the first time the
RGI published the estimates of slum population in India based on 2001 Census. This primarily confined to
cities and towns having more than 50,000 populations. Subsequently, towns with population between 20,000
and 50,000 were also considered for slum population enumeration at the request of the Ministry of Housing
& Urban Poverty Alleviation. Census data relating to slums in the 2001 throw up some interesting light on
the slum population characteristics in India. It reflects the problems inherent in not having a uniform definition
of slums, lack of a proper listing of slum settlements with the urban bodies and district authorities concerned
and lact of proactive action by States/local authorities in declaring/notifying slums. The 2001 Census data
is partial due to exclusion of towns with less than 20,000 population, and slum clusters, which are not
formally or informally recognized if the population was less than 300. Census 2001 data therefore does not
provide all information on slums in 2001.
3.

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

3.1
The second most important data source on slums is NSSO. NSSO is the nodal authority in the
country to conduct major socio-economic surveys. So far NSSO has conducted four surveys on slums, which
provide data on estimated number of slums, households, basic amenities in slums, etc. The NSSO collects
data on slums as part of its survey on Housing Conditions and Slums.
3.2
The first Survey on Slum during 31st Round namely Conditions of Slum Areas in Cities was conducted
in 1977 and was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey Slums in India was conducted in1993; slum
data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey was conducted exclusively for urban
slum in 2002, namely Conditions of Urban Slum. The fourth and latest, i.e. the 65th Round Slum Survey
was conducted in 2008-09. Although four exclusive Slum Surveys have been conducted by NSSO, the 31st

14

Slums in India

round (1977) results cannot be compared with the rest of three survey results (1993, 2002 and 2008-09), as
it was restricted to Class-I cities only. Being sample survey, NSSO data have their own limitations. The latest
survey on Slums has been conducted in 2008-09 and the findings are restricted to ten major states in India.
Table 2
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4

National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India


Name of Report

Round No

Conditions of slum area in Cities


Slums in India
Conditions of Urban Slum
Some Characteristics of Urban
Slums 2008-09

31st Round
49th Round
58th Round
65th Round

4.

Other Sources of Slum Statistics

4.1

Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)

Period

Report No.

July 1976 to June 1977


Jan- June, 1993
July-Dec, 2002
July 2008 to June 2009

NA
417
486
534

Prior to the release of slum population Census results, the estimates on Slum population of India for
the year 2001 were released by the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) functioning under the
Ministry of Urban Development. TCPO estimated the urban population at 290.9 million and slum population
at 61.8 million for the year 2001. These estimates were widely used for implementing various national
programmes concerning the development of slums in the country.
Table 3

Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources - India


(In million)
Urban and Slum Population By
TCPO#

Country

India

Census -2001@

COS$

Urban

Slum

Urban

Slum

Urban

Slum

290.90

61.80

286.12

52.37

286.12

75.26

Note:
# Town and Country Planning Organisation has estimated 2001 slum population on the basis of
1991 Census data prior to the 2001 actual census results were declared by the Census Commissioner of
India.
@ 2001 Census has enumerated slum population in 1743 cities/towns having more than 20,000
population, spread across 26 States and Union Territories in India. The figure of 52.37 millon is for 1743
cities and towns
$. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has estimated Slums for 2001.

15

National Buildings Organisation

4.2
State Governments and Urban Local Bodies have been conducting slum surveys from time to time to
obatin data in rerspect of slums for the purpose of planning for national programmes like JNNURM. Currently,
under the Slum-free City Planning Scheme, initiated in the context of Rajiv Awas Yojana, States/UTs are
undertaking slum survey, slum MIS and GIS mapping of slums. NBO has released funds to States and UTs
for conduct of slum surveys in all towns with more than 1 lakh population.

16

Slums in India

1.

Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its


Recommendations

Committee on Slum Statistics/Census

1.1
Rapid urbanization in last two decades has seen accelerated proliferation of slums in all developing
countries, and India is no exception. Recognising the gravity of the issue, the Government of India has
launched major national programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
and recently announced Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the improvement of the lives of slum dwellers. However,
these programmes are constrained by the paucity of data, not only regarding the living conditions in Indian
slums, but indeed even the magnitude and dispersion of the slum population. A Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census was constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation under the chairmanship
of Dr. Pronab Sen, the then Chief Statistician of India and Secretary of the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the
conduct of Slum Census 2011. The Committee submitted its Report in August 2010 which has been accepted
by the Government of India.
2.

Estimation of Slum Population

2.1
The first priority of the Committee was to suggest suitable adjustments/corrections to arrive at the
State-wise urban slum population for 1743 cities/towns in the country based on suitable statistical techniques.
Further, in order to get overall estimates of slum population in the country, the Committee decided to
include rest of the 3427 small towns from various states in this study.
2.2
The Committee entrusted the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) with the task
of examining the city-wise slum population and develop State-wise and all India urban slum population
estimates, duly correcting the anomalies observed in the 2001 Census data by the use of appropriate statistical
tools. IASRI was assigned the following responsibilities:
(i)

Examine city-wise slum population figures arrived at by RGI in 2 spells first 640 towns, with
population less than 50,000 and then 1103 towns, with population between 20,000 and 50,000
(ii) Suggest adjustments required to arrive at State-wise urban slum population and for the country as a
whole;
(iii) Develop State-wise and all India urban slum population estimates statistically correcting the anomalies
observed; and
(iv) Project state-wise and all-India slum population as on 1.4.2010, based on the urban population
figures provided by RGI - Census 2001.

17

National Buildings Organisation

2.3
Based on the mandate given by the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, the estimation of slum
population in the country for the year 2001 was done by Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
(IASRI). The estimates for the slum population in India for the year 2001 and projected slum population up
to year 2017 are shown in Table 4 and 5 below:
Table 4

India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001


(In Million)

Country
India

Urban Population

Slum Population

% of Slum Population to
the total Urban Population

286.12

75.26

26.31

Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010


Table 5

India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017


(In Million)

Country

India

Projected Slum Population for the Years


2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

93.06

94.98

96.91

98.85

100.79

102.73

104.67

Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics /Census, 2010


2.4
Based on the Report of Estimation of Slum Population in the Country undertaken by IASRI, the
state-wise estimation of slum population in the country for 2001 and projections (2011-17) are given in
Appendix 31 and 32 respectively.
3.

Coverage for Slum Census 2011

3.1
The Slum Report based on population Census 2001 published by RGI covered 1743 cities/towns
having more than 20,000 populations in the country out of a total of 5161 cities/towns recorded at the
Census 2001. RGI covered all the notified slums during the census operations and the problem of underestimation occurred mainly in the case of under coverage of non-notified slums and non-enumeration of
slums with less than 60-70 households. The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census took the view that for
policy formulation purposes it is absolutely essential to count the slum population even in cities having
population of less than 20,000.
3.2
For the purpose of planning for Rajiv Awas Yojana and Slum-free India it was considered necessary
to count the population of slums in all statutory towns in the country in 2011.

18

Slums in India

4.

Definition to be Adopted

4.1
The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has suggested to adopt a normative definition based on
appropriate indicators/checklists for the purpose of identification of slum areas and enumeration of
population of areas with 20-25 HHs, having slum like characteristics in an Enumeration Block for census
2011.
4.2
Based on pilot studies carried out by the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI), the following
criteria have been identified:

5.

Predominant roof material: any material other than concrete (RBC/ RCC)
Availability of drinking water source: not within premises of the census house

Availability of latrine: not within premises of the census house


Drainage facility: no drainage or open drainage
Methodology/Road Map for Slum Census 2011

5.1
The Committee recommended a pilot study to estimate the slum population of one city in 2001 to be
taken up by RGI. This was to identify and mark out contiguous area of 20-25 HHs in the layout maps of
non-slum Enumeration Block (EB) as slum area using the definition suggested by the Committee, in order to
test and validate indicators/slum characteristics identified. If validated, the indicators of slums would then
be used for the 2011 Census to identify clusters of less than 60-70 households that may exist in a non-slum
EB on the layout maps. The contiguous areas having 20-25 HHs and having slum-like characteristics in the
EB of 600 populations may be identified as slum using the layout maps of the EBs released by RGI.
5.2
Once the layout maps are prepared after the identification of EB and house listing operation, a
contiguous area with 20-25 HHs having slum-like characteristics would be counted as slum. These households
and the households in slum EBs would together give the slum population in the country. By this method, the
data on total urban slum households including slum households in urban agglomerations as per Census
definition would be available in 2011 (latest 2012). This method would be employed in every Census so that
the Ministry would have periodic and comparable updates and growth trends. The RGI would share the
layout maps with the Ministry with marking of the contiguous areas having slum like characteristics; once
the layout maps are released before the General Census in 2011, for its use for planning purposes and as an
aid to slum surveys, the Ministry would undertake ground verification of slum clusters within the identified
EBs to finalise the Master Frame of slums in the country.

19

National Buildings Organisation

6.

Urban Information Management System on Slums

6.1
Every State Government which receives funds from the Ministry for slum development purposes
under any of its programmes, would require to indicate exactly which slum clusters would be addressed and
over what period of time. At the end of the stipulated period, the Ministry would re-evaluate the status of
the slum cluster in order to continue or drop the cluster from its list of slums.
6.2
Since the concept of census towns, by and large, captures most of the peri-urban areas, a combination
of information on the expansion of urban boundaries by the states and the Census data on Census towns
would cover most slums arising out of urban expansion. This would, however, require the development of
methodologies to geo-spatially match the expanded urban boundaries with the census information.
7.

Data Appendices

Appendix 31-32 provides slum population estimate from Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/
Census for States and Union Territories in India
Appendix

Subject Matter

31

State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001

32

State-wise Projected Urban Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017

20

Slums in India

5
1.

Salient Features of Slums in India Census 2001

Size and Distribution of Slum Population: Census-2001

1.1
A total of 52.4 million people living in 10.2 million households have been enumerated in slums of
1743 cities/towns spread across 26 States and Union Territories in the 2001 Census of India. The non-slum
population was 233.75 million. The slum population enumerated constitutes 5.1 per cent of the total population
of the country. The slum population constitutes 18.3 percent of the total urban population of all the States
and Union Territories; 81.7 percent of the urban population was non-slum population in 2001. The slum
population enumerated was 23.5 per cent of the total population of the 1743 cities/towns having above
20,000 population and reporting slums. Table 6 gives population profile of the country and Figures 2 and 3
provides slum, non-slum population as per census 2001 in India.
Table 6

Population & Slum Population Profiles of India-2001


Percentage In

Area

Population
(in Figures)

All India /Total


1,028,610,328
Rural
742,490,639
Urban
286,119,689
Total Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 222,957,784
Slum Population of 1743 Towns/Cities
52,371,589
Total Non- Slums - All Urban
233,748,100
Non-Slums : 1743 Cities/Towns
170,586,195

Total
Population
72.18
27.82
5.09
-

Total
Slum Reporting
Urban
City (1743)
Population
Population
18.30
81.70
-

23.5
76.5

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
Figure 2

Slum and Non-slum Population in India - 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
21

National Buildings Organisation

Figure 3

Percentage of Slum and Non-Slum Population in India, 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.2
The distribution of the 1743 slum-reporting cities/towns (having a population above 20,000) among
States and Union Territories is presented in Figure 4. Among the States, Tamil Nadu has the largest number
of cities and towns (242) reporting slum population, followed by Uttar Pradesh (238), Maharashtra (176),
Karnataka (154), Madhya Pradesh (142) and Andhra Pradesh (118). On the other hand, in eight States/
Union Territories, namely, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa, Haryana and Chhattisgarh,
slums have been reported from minimum of 34 cities/towns and maximum 93 cities/towns. In the remaining
States/UTs, the number ranges from 1 city in Chandigarh to 23 cities/towns in Jharkhand.
Figure 4

State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India - 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.3
Slums in the 176 towns of Maharashtra account for 11.98 million people, which is 22.9 percent of
the total slum population of the country. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh (6.3 million), Uttar Pradesh
(5.8 million), West Bengal (4.7 million) and Tamil Nadu (4.2 million). In fact, these 5 states namely Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu account for about two-thirds (62.8 per cent) of
the total slum population of the country. Other nine States/Union Territories namely Punjab, Haryana,
Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh have reported each more
than 1 million slum dwellers in its cities/towns in 2001. Bihar, one of the major states in India, has reported
22

Slums in India

just 0.82 million slum population. All North-Eastern states including hilly states reported less than half a
million slum population. Figure 5 shows total slum population enumerated by States and Union Territories in
the 2001 Census.
Figure 5

State/UT - wise Slum Population as per Census 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
1.4
The percentage distribution of the total 52.4 million slum population in all 1743 (640+1103) cities/
towns among States and Union Territories are presented in Figure 6. Among the states, Maharashtra alone
accommodates 22.9 percent the slum population of the country; followed by Andhra Pradesh with 12 percent,
and Uttar Pradesh with 11 percent of slum population in the country. In addition, cities/towns of West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh
and Orissa, each have reported slum population in the range of 2 to 10 percent.
Figure 6

Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UTs-India

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
23

National Buildings Organisation

1.5
As a percentage of the total urban population, Andhra Pradesh has the highest proportion of slum
population (30.1%) followed by Maharashtra (29.1%), Haryana (27.5%), Chhattisgarh (26.2%), Meghalaya
(24.1%), Madhya Pradesh (23.7%) and West Bengal (20.8). In thirteen States/Union Territories of Orissa,
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat 10-20 per cent of the urban population lives
in slums. Kerala has the lowest percentage of slum population in the urban areas at 0.9 %, while Assam
(2.6%) and Goa (2.7%)) have a very low proportion of the slum population.
1.6
Figure 7 shows the percentage of slum population to the total population of cities/towns reporting
slums in the state as per Census of India 2001. Meghalaya has the highest proportion (45.5%), followed by
Chhattisgarh (34.5%), Andhra Pradesh (34.4%), Haryana (32.2%) and Maharashtra (31.7%). In Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu more
than 20 per cent of the city population lives in slums. Kerala (2.1%) has the lowest proportion of city
population living in slums, with Assam (5.7 %) and Goa (8.5 %) being the only other states with less than 10
per cent of the city population living in slums.
Figure 7

Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Cities &


Towns in India 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
2.

Slum Population in Million-plus Cities

2.1
About 17.7 million people live in slums in the metropolitan cities with population more than one
million, which is about 33.8 per cent of the total slum population in the country reported at the 2001 Census.
In absolute numbers, Municipal Corporation area of Greater Mumbai has the highest slum population of
around 6.5 million, followed by Delhi (1.9 million) and Kolkata (1.5 million). The slum areas of Surat,
Hyderabad, Chennai and Nagpur have more than half a million population each. Except for Patna (3,592)
and Kalyan Dombivli (34,860), all million-plus cities reported considerable slum population in 2001. The
slum population in Patna and Kalyan Dombivili was based on what was reported by the authorities as
notified or declared. Patna represented a case of gross under-reporting.
24

Slums in India

Figure 8

Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
2.2

About 54.1 per cent of the population of Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation lives in slums,

which is the highest among all cities, followed by Faridabad (46.5%) and Meerut (44.1%). The slum population
is more than a quarter of the total population in Kolkata (32.5%), Nagpur (35.9%) and Thane (27.8%).
Ludhiana (22.5%) and Surat (20.9%) have more than 20 per cent of their population living in slums.
2.3
The concentration of slum population in the metropolitan cities is evident from the fact that 33.8 per
cent of the total slum population of the country resides in these cities. Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai alone accounts for about one eighth (12.4%) of the total slum population reported in the country
and more than one third (36.6%) of the total slum population of the million-plus cities (Table-7):
Table 7

Slum Population in Million Plus Cities in India-2001

Name of Major Slum


Reporting Million Plus City

Chennai
Delhi
Greater Mumbai
Kolkata
Hyderabad
Nagpur
All India Slum Population
Slum Population of Metro Cities

Slum Population
of City Municipal
Corporation
Area
819873
1851231
6475440
1485309
626849
737219
52371589
17696950

% of City Slum
Population to All
India Slum
Population
1.57
3.53
12.36
2.84
1.20
1.41

% of City
Slum Population
to All Million-plus
Cities Slum
Population
4.63
10.46
36.59
8.39
3.54
4.17

33.79

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
25

National Buildings Organisation

Four Municipal Corporations namely Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai together account for
20.0 per cent of the total slum population of the country and around 60 per cent of the total slum population
of the million plus cities as depicted in Table 7 above.
Figure 9

Slum & Non Slum Population in Million Plus Cities.

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population in the Slums
3.1
Tables 8 and 9 give total SC/ST population and their percentage in slum and non-slum areas in the
country in 2001. Out of the total 52.4 million people enumerated in the slum areas in the 1743 cities and
towns during 2001 Census reporting slum population, 9.7 million were Scheduled Castes (SC) and 1.5 million
were Scheduled Tribes (ST). Scheduled Castes constituted 18.5 per cent and Scheduled Tribes constituted
2.8 per cent of the total slum population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes was higher in the slum areas
(18.5%) compared to the population of Scheduled Castes in the non-slum areas (10.2%), and urban areas of
the country (11.8%).
Table 8
Population Group

Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India - 2001


SC/ST Slum Population of 1743 Cities/Towns reporting Slum in India -2001
Slum

Non Slum

Total

Scheduled Castes

9,673,817

23,951,005

33,624,822

Scheduled Tribes

1,460,290

5,527,353

6,987,643

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
26

Slums in India

Table 9
Area

All India

Percentage of Slum & non-Slum Population of SC/ST categories in India -2001


Percentage in slum areas
SC
ST
Population
population
18.5
2.8

% in Non Slum areas


SC
ST
10.2

2.4

% in urban areas
SC
ST
11.8

2.4

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.2
The concentration of Scheduled Caste population can be gauged in terms of their percentage to total
slum and urban population in States/Union Territories. The slum areas of Chandhigarh have the highest
percentage of Scheduled Castes (39.1%), followed by Punjab (31.7%). In the slums of Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Delhi and Puducherry, one-fourth of the population was Scheduled Castes. In all 25 States/Union
Territories where the Scheduled Castes are notified, the percentage of Scheduled Castes population living in
the slums is higher as compared to the non-slum urban areas. In slum areas of Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Assam, Karnataka, Bihar and Puducherry, the percentage of the Scheduled Castes population is
almost twice that of the percentage of Scheduled caste population in the total urban population of those
states. In Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Jharkhand the Scheduled Tribe
population in slums is more than 50,000. Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal State, has the highest percentage
(58 per cent) of tribal population among slum population followed by Jharkhand (16.4%), Orissa (14.6%)
and Chhattisgarh (8.4%). In the remaining States/Union Territories these percentages range from the lowest
of 0.1 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 5.9 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir (see Figure 10).
Figure 10

Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
27

National Buildings Organisation

3.3
Figure 11 gives state-wise population of the SCs and STs in the slums areas of States and UTs. In
absolute terms, Maharashtra has the largest number of Scheduled Castes living in slums at around 1.43
million followed by Uttar Pradesh (1.21 million), Tamil Nadu (1.17 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.93 million),
Madhya Pradesh (0.76 million) and West Bengal (0.71 million). In Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Haryana, Gujarat and Orissa, more than 2,00,000 Scheduled Castes population has been enumerated in the
slum areas in Census 2001.
3.4
Figure 11 shows that numerically Maharashtra has the highest number of Scheduled Tribes (3.4 lakh)
living in its slum areas followed by Madhya Pradesh (1.95 lakh), Orissa (1.59 lakh), Andhra Pradesh (1.53
lakh) and Karnataka (1.01 lakhs). For Punjab and Haryana, there was no Scheduled Tribe population reported
as per the 2001 Census.
Figure 11

Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.5
The distribution of slum and non-slum urban population among the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and other than Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes of 26 States and Union Territories brings out the
fact that percentage of Scheduled Castes population is notably higher in slums in comparison to the percentage
of Scheduled Tribes and other populations. Of the total Scheduled Castes in the urban areas, 28.8 per cent
resides in the slums. This percentage is 20.9 per cent for Scheduled Tribes and 16.9 per cent for population
other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the 26 States and Union Territories as seen from
Figure-12.

28

Slums in India

Table 10

Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001


(In Million)

Area/
Percentage
India

* Urban Population
All
286.12

SC

@Total Slum Population

ST Others

All

SC

ST

Others

33.62 6.99 245.51

52.4

9.7

1.46

41.24

18.30 28.8 20.9

16.7

Non-Slum population
All

SC ST

Others

233.7 23.9 5.5

204.3

% in Urban#
Population

* All India Total of 35 States & UTs


@ All, SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs
Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
# % in urban population of the respective social group
Figure 12

Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs &
Others to Urban Population of Respective Categories - 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
3.6
Figure 13 gives the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population residing in slums of Million
plus cities. Delhi, with 4.8 lakh Scheduled Castes slum dwellers, tops the list followed by Greater Mumbai
(3.9 lakh) and Chennai (2.7 lakh). In Bangalore, Pune, Nagpur and Meerut more than one lakh slum dwellers
have been reported as Scheduled Castes. In the slum areas of Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Kanpur,
Jaipur, Indore, Faridabad and Pimpri-Chinchwad more than 50,000 Scheduled Castes were enumerated in
slum areas. As regards Scheduled Tribes population, Nagpur Municipal Corporation accounts for more than
one lakh Scheduled Tribes in the slums, followed by Greater Mumbai (56,567) and Surat (36,236). Jaipur,
Vadodara, Thane and Nashik are the other cities where the slum areas have more than ten thousand Scheduled
Tribes population.

29

National Buildings Organisation

Table 11

Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001


(Per Thousands)
Group

All Age Group-India


0-6 Age Group-India
All Age Group-Million plus cities
0-6 Age Group -Million plus cities

*Sex Ratio
Slum
887
921
820
918

Non Slum
904
903
874
888

* Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs


Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
Figure 13

Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million plus Cities - 2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
4.

Sex Composition of Slum Population

4.1
Sex composition of slum population, i.e. the distribution of population among males and females,
can be better understood in terms of sex ratio. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand
males. There is preponderance of male population in the slum areas. The sex ratio in slums is 887 females per
1000 males, which is lower than that of the non-slum urban areas (904) of States/Union Territories reporting
slums.
4.2
The slum areas of Meghalaya, Puducherry and Kerala, however, have the distinction of having more
females than males. The lowest sex ratio in case of slum population has been recorded in the slums of Union
Territory of Chandigarh (707). In the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maharashtra, the sex
ratio in slum areas is less than 900 (see Figure 14).
30

Slums in India

Figure 14

Sex Composition of the Slum & Non Slum Population in States/UTs -2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
4.3
Among the million-plus cities, the sex ratio of the slum population stands at 820 females per thousand
males, against 874 recorded for non-slum population. A glance at the distribution of population by sex in the
slums of million plus cities (Municipal Corporations) reveals that Surat Municipal Corporation in Gujarat
has recorded the lowest sex ratio of 701 followed by Ludhiana (759) in Punjab, Greater Mumbai (778) in
Maharashtra, Haora (786) in West Bengal, Faridabad (795) in Haryana and Delhi (780) (see Figure. 15).
Figure 15

Sex Composition of the Slum Population in Million Plus Cities -2001

ource: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001

31

National Buildings Organisation

5.

Child Population in the Age Group 0-6

5.1
According to the figures reported in the 2001 Census, about 7.6 million children are living in slums in
India and they constitute 13.1 per cent of the total child population of the urban areas of the 26 States/
Union Territories reporting slums (Figure 16). In other words, every eighth urban child in the country in the
age group of 0-6 is a slum dweller.
Figure 16

Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
5.2
Figure 17 gives population aged 0-6 years in slums and in urban areas by States and Union Territories.
At the State/Union Territory level, around 1.7 million children (in the age group of 0-6) are residing in the
slum areas of Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh (0.97 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.83 million), Madhya
Pradesh (0.6 million), West Bengal (0.53 million) and Tamilnadu (0.51 million). Maharashtra has the highest
slum child population and Goa has the lowest child slum population.
Figure 17

Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
32

Slums in India

5.3
However, the highest proportion of population in this age group of 0-6 is in the slum areas of
Chandigarh (20.9%) followed by Bihar (18.7%), Rajasthan (17.8%), Uttar Pradesh (16.9), Delhi (16.5),
Uttarakhand (16.4), Madhya Pradesh (15.9), Gujarat (15.8), Haryana (15.5), Jharkhand (15.5), Chhattisgarh,
(15.4) and Goa (15.3). Besides these, in the other remaining 12 states, the percentage of child population in
the age group 0-6 is more than 10%..
5.4
Around 2.5 million children in the age group of 0-6 are living in the slum areas of million plus cities
in 2001; this constitutes 27.3 per cent of the total child population of these 27 cities. In Greater Mumbai
alone the number of children in the age group 0-6 is 0.86 million, followed by 0.3 million in Delhi and 0.15
million in Kolkata. These three cities alone account for more than half of the total child population in the
slums of the million plus cities.
6.

Child Sex Ratio in the Age Group 0-6

6.1
Slum children in the age group of 0-6 accounts for 14.5 per cent of the total population residing in
the slums. The child sex ratio at 921, in the slum areas of 26 States/Union Territories where slum population
has been reported, is higher than 903, recorded for non-slum urban areas of these States and Union Territories.
The highest child sex ratio in age group 0-6 is observed in the slums of Puducherry (988), followed by
Meghalaya (986) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (965).
Figure 18

Sex ratio in the Age group 0-6 for Slum & Non Slum Population in States & UTs
-2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
6.2
Figure 18 brings out differentials in the slum and non-slum child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 in
the States and Union Territories reporting slums in 2001. It is interesting to note that in 12 States and Union
Territories, child sex ratio in slums is above 943, a figure which is regarded as average natural sex ratio at
birth.

33

National Buildings Organisation

6.3
Child sex ratio in the slum areas of million-plus municipal corporations exhibits a similar pattern.
Chennai, Patna, Nagpur and Nashik have reported a high child sex ratio of above 950 in the slum areas.
Besides these Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Haora have a child sex ratio of slum areas above 940,
which is more or less equal to the natural sex ratio at birth. The lowest slum child sex ratio of 827 is reported
in Ludhiana, followed by Agra (860), Faridabad (867) and Meerut (868). It is further observed that the child
sex ratio is higher in the slum areas than the one recorded for the non-slum population in 22 million plus
cities. Indore (897) and Lucknow (909) have recorded identical child sex ratio for slums and non-slum
population.
7.

Literacy Rate in Slums

7.1
It is noteworthy that in absolute terms only 32.3 million slum dwellers are literate. Expectedly, in
slum areas, males are ahead of females in terms of literacy with 19.08 million male and 13.3 million female
literates being recorded among the slum dwellers in the Census 2001. Maharashtra has the highest number of
total literates (8.24 million) among slum population. The literacy rates are 72.2 per cent for all slum dwellers,
80.1 per cent for males and 63.2 percent for females. The gender inequality in the level of literacy is evident
from Table 12, which demonstrates comparatively higher literacy rates for males than females with a gap of
16.9 percentage points.
Table 12

Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender
Differential - India- 2001

Category
India (all persons)
Million Plus Cities

Literacy Rate in Slum Areas


Person
Male
Female
72.2
80.1
63.2
75.8
82.4
67.6

Gender Differential

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
Figure 19

Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001
34

16.9
14.8

Slums in India

7.2
Regional heterogeneity in literacy levels has been observed among slum dwellers. Overall the literacy
rate (male and female combined) in slum areas of the 26 States/Union Territories, which have reported
slums, varies from a low of 54.8 per cent in Chandigarh to 88.1 per cent in Meghalaya. All these 26 States/
Union Territories have registered higher literacy rates among males as compared to females. In case of males,
Meghalaya is again at the top spot with literacy rate of 90.9 per cent. Significantly besides Meghalaya, 13
States/Union Territories have recorded more than 80% male literacy rate among slum dwellers. In the slums
of Chandigarh male literacy rate is only 64.9 per cent, which is the lowest among these 26 States/Union
Territories. As far as females are concerned, only 3 states, viz., Meghalaya (85.3%), Tripura (81.8 %) and
Kerala (81%) have reported literacy rates of above 80 per cent among slum dwellers. Chandigarh is at the
other extreme with only 39.5 per cent of its females in slums being literates.
7.3
Among the core million plus cities, Nagpur is the only city, which has recorded a literacy rate above
85 per cent among the slum dwellers. Most of the cities fall in the range of 60 to 80 per cent of the literacy
rates of which four cities have registered literacy rate in the range 75-80 per cent. Comparatively Jaipur, Agra
and Meerut have low literacy rates among the slum dwellers. Male and female literates among the slum
dwellers in Nagpur have been recorded at 91.5 per cent and 78.9 per cent respectively, which are also the
highest male and female literacy rates among the million plus cities. Patna, which is at the bottom end of the
list with only 52.5 per cent of its slum dwellers being literate, also registers the lowest slum male literacy rate
of 56.9 per cent. Jaipur Municipal Corporation area in Rajasthan has female literacy rate of 47.0 per cent in
slums, which is the lowest of the million plus cities. As far as the differential between male and female
literacy rates in these million plus cities is concerned, Jaipur has registered the highest differential (26) while
the lowest (6.3) is registered by Ludhiana.
8.

Work Participation Rate of Slum Population (WPR)

8.1
The work participation rate among the slum dwellers in 2001 demonstrates that 33.1 percent of the
slum dwellers are workers, which is quite close to the urban WPR of 32.3 per cent. Sex wise pattern reveals
that every second male in the slums is a worker (51.1%) while female WPR is low at 12.8 per cent. In fifteen
States and Union Territories the male WPR is above 50 per cent. Chandigarh slums have recorded highest
WPR for total (39.6%) as well as for male workers (58.3%) in slums.Uttar Pradesh has reported the lowest
WPR for total (26.6 %) and males (44.1%). Meghalaya has reported the highest female WPR of 20.5 per cent
followed by Karnataka (19.4%) and Tamil Nadu (19.0 %). Uttar Pradesh has registered the lowest female
WPR at 6.7 per cent.
8.2
The main workers in slums form 89.3 per cent of the total workers. In 11 States/Union Territories,
main workers are above 90 per cent and in 14 states, it is between 80-90 per cent, while in only Goa, it is
below 80 per cent. Slum areas of Chandigarh seem to be economically more vibrant with 96.2 per cent main
35

National Buildings Organisation

workers followed by Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 95.3 per cent. Goa has the highest marginal workers at
27.1% followed by Bihar at 17.5 %.
8.3
Among the million plus cities, the total work participation rate varies between the highest in Surat
(42.1%) and the lowest in Agra (25.3%). Surat also has the highest male WPR at 63.8 per cent in slum areas
followed by Haora (58.0%), while Agra has the lowest male WPR of 42.1 per cent. Bangalore has the highest
female WPR of 23.1 per cent followed by Nashik 17.8 per cent and Pune 17.7 per cent. Patna has reported
the lowest female WPR of 4.0 per cent followed by Meerut at 4.3 per cent. The percentage of main workers
in the million plus cities range from the highest of 97.5 per cent in Surat to the lowest of 79.0 per cent in
Bhopal.
9.

Categories of Workers

9.1
Census 2001 presents distribution of working population in slums among four broad industrial
categories by State/Union Territories. As expected almost the entire work force in slum areas are engaged in
non-agricultural activities, with 87.4 per cent workers engaged in other work (OW) followed by household
industry (5.4%), agricultural labourers (5.4%) and cultivators (1.8%). At the State/Union Territory level,
except Bihar, which has the lowest proportion of other workers (64.4%), in eight states other workers are
more than 95.0 per cent.
9.2
The preponderance of workers in the category of OW in million plus cities is evidenced from the fact
that 95.3 per cent workers fall into this category. Among the million plus cities, the percentage of other
workers ranges from the highest in Kalyan-Dombivili (98.4 %) to the lowest in Varanasi (68.2%). Varanasi
has the highest percentage (29.6%) of household industry workers, followed by Patna (9.5%) and Agra
(8.2%). In the remaining cities the household industry workers ranges from 1.2 per cent in Surat to 7.5 per
cent in Lucknow. Agricultural labourers and cultivators constitute less than 5.0 per cent of the workforce in
all million plus cities.
Appendix 33-60 provide salient demographic and slum-related statistics for States and Union Territories in
India
Appendix
33
34
35

36

Subject Matter
Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non-slum Population Figures at a Glance
Census of India - 2001 - Slum Population Figures at a Glance: 1743 Cities/Towns (640
with > 50000 Population + 1103 with 20,000 50,000 Population)
Total Number of Cities/Towns, Slum reporting Cities/Towns and Total Number of
Households in Sums and Urban India -2001

Slums in India

36
37
38

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Percentage Distribution of Total, Urban, Slum Population in different States/UTs of


India 2001
Urban, Slum Population and their Household Size in India-2001
Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns reporting Slums and Slum Population
- India, States, Union Territories - (Cities/Towns having population 20,000 and above in
2001 Census)
Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations with
Population above one Million 2001
Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Cities having
Population Between 5 Lakhs and 10 Lakhs 2001
Sex-wise Distribution of SC and ST Slum Population in India-2001
Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Urban & Slum Areas in
India - 2001
Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Urban and
Slum Areas - 2001
Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in Slum,
Non-slum and Urban Areas - 2001
Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slums in
Million-plus Cities 2001
0-6 Age Group Population of Slums in India -2001
Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage of Slum
Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million-plus Cities - 2001
Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in States/UTs - 2001
Population in Age Group 0-6 in Urban and Slum Areas and Percentage of Child Population
in Slums to Total Urban Population and Total Population of Slums India.2001
Urban Population and Slum Population in 0-6 Age Group and Percentage of Slum Child
Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million-plus Cities - 2001
Sex Ratio of Population in Age Group 0-6 for Non-Slum Urban and Slum Population India by State/UTs 2001
Sex Ratio of Population in Age Group 0-6 for Urban Non-slum and Slum Population
Million-plus Municipal Corporations - 2001
Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender Differential
- India, States and Union Territories - 2001
Literacy Rate of Slum and Non-Slum Population in Million-plus Municipal Corporations
Work Participation Rate in Slum Population in India -2001
Main and Marginal Workers among Slum Population in India -2001
Population of Slum and Workers in Slums Million-plus Cities - 2001
Percentage of Total Workers to Total Population and Main Workers to Total Workers in
Slums in Million-plus Cities 2001
Percentage of Slum Working Population in Four Categories to the Total Working Slum
Population 2001
Percentage of Slum Working Population in Four Categories to Working Slum Population
in Million-plus Cities-2001
37

National Buildings Organisation

Slum Conditions National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)


Data

1. Conditions of Slum in India


1.1
Human well-being is broadly considered to include, not only consumption of goods and services but
also the access to basic necessities for a productive and socially meaningful life to all sections of the population,
especially the deprived slum dwellers and those who are living below poverty line. Such a concept of wellbeing also encompasses individual attainments in areas of education, health and longevity of life as well as
a security of tenure and healthy surroundings. In order to understand the magnitude of the problems in slum
settlements, the housing status of the slum dwellers and their living conditions have to be analysed in detail.
In this regard, the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) provides the basic data/information on
slums from various Sample Survey Rounds conducted at different points of time.
The first survey on slums (31st Round), namely Conditions of Slum Area in Cities was conducted
in 1977, which was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey (49th Round): Slums in India was conducted
in 1993; slum data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey (58th Round), namely
Conditions of Urban Slums 2002, was conducted exclusively for urban slums. The fourth and latest survey
(65th Round): Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09 was conducted for urban slums. These survey
findings show the actual conditions prevailing in slums. In particular, these results bring out the status of
slum dwellers, access to basic civic requirements like drinking water, sanitation, electricity, and availability
of other basic services in slums.
1.2

2.

Slums by Status in NSSO Surveys

2.1
The NSSO Surveys on Slums conducted between 1993-2009 presents evidence for decrease in the
number of slums. However, evidence is also found for increase in the number of slum households.
Table 13

Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds


Estimated

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey

NSS 417 ( 1993)


NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

Number of Slums
Notified

Non notified

Total

20364
26166
24781

35946
25522
24213

56311
51688
48994

Notified
slums
2606700
5358272
NA

Approximate Number
of Households in
Non
Total
notified slums
3327300
5934000
2871472
8229744
NA
NA

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534.
38

Slums in India

Figure 20

Status of Slums in NSSO Surveys in India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
Figure 21

Status of Slum Households in NSSO Surveys in India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486.
2.2
The total numbers of urban slums in the country were estimated as 56,311, 51,688 and 48,994
respectively in NSSO Slum surveys conducted in 1993, 2002 and 2009; thus number of slums has reportedly
decreased during 1993-2009. However, there was significant increase in the number of slum households
from 5.9 million in 1993 to 8.2 million in 2002 (Figure 21)
3.

Slum Surroundings, Land Tenure Status/Ownership and Structures

Housing status in slums is largely inadequate and problems include insecure tenure, overcrowding
and lack of basic services leading to deplorable living conditions. While it is empirically evident that it is
mainly the poor rural migrants who are forced into informal, even illegal land settlements; it is also true that
tenure insecurity itself powers the vicious cycle of poverty. The insecurity of tenure along with urban poverty
reinforces social exclusion and propagates squatter and slum settlements.
Slum Surroundings
The 49th Round NSSO survey on slums (1993) shows more than 89% of the urban slums in the
country as a whole, were surrounded by residential areas, with just 5% and 3% slums being in the industrial

3.1

39

National Buildings Organisation

and commercial areas respectively. However, in urban areas of states like Haryana (54.7%), Punjab (34.3%),
and Gujarat (12.6%), more slums were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 14.3% of the
slums in Punjab and 7.7% in Maharashtra were surrounded by commercial areas. More than 84% of urban
slums were surrounded by the residential areas in almost all the states excepting Haryana and Punjab.
3.2
The 58th Round (2002) slum survey reflects that 80% of the slums in the country were surrounded by
residential areas, whereas 8% and 6.5% of slums respectively were formed in industrial and commercial
areas respectively. However, in states like Orissa (32.6%), Karnataka (19.6%), and Delhi (12.0%) the slums
were surrounded by industrial areas. On the other hand, 72% of the slums in Rajasthan and 65 % of the
slums in Punjab were surrounded by commercial areas. Overall more than 50% of slums were located in
residential areas in all the states excepting Rajasthan and Punjab
3.3

Table- 14 shows the percentage distribution of slums by type of area surrounding the slum in the

three different Rounds of NSSO Slum Survey. As per the latest 65th Round survey (2009) an estimated 82%
of slums were surrounded by residential area. 8% of slums were surrounded by industries and about 6% of
slums were surrounded by commercial establishments.
Table 14

Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys - India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

Residential
98.4
79.9
81.7*

Type of Area surrounding the Slum


Industrial
Commercial
0.7
0.1
8.0
6.5
7.8
5.5

Others
0.8
5.7
4.9

* Slums surrounded by Residential area and Slum area.


Figure 22

Slums by Types of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO


Surveys-India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos. 417, 486, 534
40

Slums in India

3.4
Figure 22 demonstrates the type of area surrounding slums in different surveys, conducted by NSSO
at different period of time. In all surveys the data shows that majority of the slums are surrounded by
residential area. The number of slum settlements was negligible near the industrial and commercial areas in
1993. The same has changed in the subsequent survey periods of 2002 and 2009; survey results of these
periods show that 15% and 13% of slums were surrounded by industrial and commercial areas in 2002 and
2009 respectively.
Slum Land Tenure Status/Ownership
3.5
The NSSO 58th Round (2002) results give State/UT-wise and All India distribution of slums by type
of ownership of land on which the slums are located. At the All-India level, about 35 per cent of the slums
are on private land and 64 per cent on public land. Almost all the slums in urban Orissa, Delhi and Rajasthan
are built on public land.
Table 15

Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys


-India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)
Figure 23

Private

35.3
39.3

Public
Railway
4.9
4.4

Local Bodies
41.2
40.9

Not Known
Others
17.5
11.7

1.1
3.7

Slums by type of Ownership of Land (in %) in different NSSO Survey

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534
It is evident from the 2002 and 2009 NSSO Round survey results that new slums have come into
existence mainly on private lands and the percentage of slums on the lands owned by Railways and local
bodies has remained the same. The percentage of slums by ownership of land has come down under others
categories from 17.5 percent in 2002 to 11.7 percent in 2009.

41

National Buildings Organisation

Housing Structure in Slums


3.6
The housing structures in slums are classified into three categories, viz., pucca, semi-pucca and
katcha in the NSSO surveys. The 49th Round of NSSO survey (1993) highlights that at all-India level, the
dwelling units were distributed equally, i.e 1/3rd (approximately) under each category, viz. pucca, semi pucca
and katcha housing structure. More than 50% of slums had predominantly pucca houses in states like Haryana,
Maharashtra, and Delhi. On the other hand, more than 50% of slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh had semi-pucca houses. Katcha structures were mainly found in slums of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. The results given in Figure 24 reveal that pucca houses in the slums
have increased between the period of 1993 and 2009. The percentage of slums having pucca houses was
30.5% in 1993, which increased to 47.6% in 2002 and 56.9% in 2009. The variation in the distribution of
slums by its structure is quite significant across the states. In some states like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
and Maharashtra, the proportion of slums with majority of its houses built by pucca materials were very
high. On the other hand, slums of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jammu & Kashmir were far behind and
almost all houses of slums were either semi-pucca or katcha in these states.
Table 16

Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different NSSO Surveys


( in Percentage) - India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)
Figure 24

Pucca
30.5
47.6
56.9

Type of structure of the majority of houses


Semi Pucca
Serviceable katcha & Unserviceable katcha
33.7
35.4
34.5
17.9
29.3
13.8

Slums by type of Structure (in%) in different NSSO Surveys - India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Note: Pucca: those with both roof and walls made of pucca materials such as cement, Concrete, oven-burnt
bricks and other such building reinforcement materials.
Katcha: those with both roof and walls made of katcha (non-pucca) materials, such as mud, thatch, bamboo,
tents, etc.
42

Slums in India

Semi-pucca: those with either roof or walls, but not both, made of pucca materials.
3.7
There has been a noticeable change in the type of structure of houses in slums between the year
2002 and 2009. About 48% of slums were pucca; in 2002 and the same increased to 57% by 2009. Slums
with the majority of the households living in pucca structures constituted about 64 per cent of notified
slums and 50 per cent in the case of non-notified slums in 2009. Wide variation across the states was
observed in this respect. In some states like Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal and
Maharashtra, more than 72 percent of notified slums had the majority of their houses built with pucca
materials. On the other hand, the majority of the houses in the slums of Orissa, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
- both notified and non-notified were built of either semi-pucca or katcha material.
4

Roads & Electricity in Slums

Approach Road to Slums:


4.1
Since slums are generally parts of cities, approach roads to slums are reportedly quite good. In the
1993 NSSO (49th Round) survey at national level, 84 percent of the approach roads were cartable with 69%
pucca and 15% katcha. At the state level, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim and Delhi had above 80%
pucca cartable approach roads. The 58th Round NSSO survey result shows that the condition deteriorated
slightly in 2002, with the percentage of motorable approach roads to slum being 75 percent at the national
level. The 65th Round (2009) NSSO survey gives the same type trend as per type of approach road. The
percentage of pucca roads was 65 percent in slums in 2009 when compared to 69 percent in 1993. The
percentage of slums with katcha motarable roads in 2009 was 6.8 whereas that of non motarable pucca
roads was 18.4 % in 2009 as compared to 5.0% in 1993.
4.2
Figure 25 shows that the percentage cartable pucca roads was almost the same during all survey
periods whereas the cartable katcha roads have decreased by half from 15 percent in 1993 to 7 percent in
2009.
Table 17

Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructed path -India.

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

Pucca
68.6
64.0
65.4

Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path to the Slum


Motarable
Non motarable
Katcha
Total
Pucca
Katcha
Total
15.4
84.0
5.0
10.6
15.6
11.0
75.0
12.0
13.0
25.0
6.8
72.2
18.4
9.4
27.8

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
43

National Buildings Organisation

Figure 25

Slums by Availability of Approach Roads( in%) in different NSSO Surveys in


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Internal Roads in Slums
Structures of roads within slums are a useful indicator of inclusionary development. The NSS 49th

4.3

round (1993) slum survey results show that 47% of the slums had pucca roads and the remaining 53 percent
had katcha roads within the slums. More than 70% of urban slums had katcha roads within the slum area in
the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab and Rajasthan. (Appendix-76)
4.4
NSS 58th Round shows that 54 percent of the slums had pucca roads while 45 percent have katcha
road within the slum. Majority of slums in states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Orissa did not have the facility
of pucca roads. States like Jammu & Kashmir, Puducherry and Bihar have marginal presence of pucca roads.
The results of the 65th Round NSSO survey of 2009 show that around 68% of road structures within slums
were pucca. This clearly indicates that the conditions of roads within slums have improved significantly as
compared to 1993 NSS survey.
Table 18

Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage) in Different


NSSO Surveys-India

NSSO Report No./

Structure of Road within slum

Year of Survey

Pucca

Katcha

NSS 417 ( 1993)

46.5

53.1

NSS 486 (2002)

54.2

45.3

NSS 534 (2009)

67.3

32.4

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534

44

Slums in India

Figure 26

Slums by Structure of Road (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Distance from Nearest Motorable Road
4.5
The availability and distance of slum from the nearest motarable road were nearly the same
between 1993 and 2009. In 1993 49th Round NSSO survey, 98% of slums were near motarable road
within 1 km., which dropped by 0.07 % during 2002 and 2009.
Table 19

Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km) from the Nearest


Motarable Road in different NSSO Surveys-India( In Percentage)

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

Distance of Slums from the Nearest Motarable Road


< 1 Km
>1 Km
98.0
2.0
97.3
2.7
97.3
2.7

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Figure 27

Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO
Surveys-India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
45

National Buildings Organisation

Electricity Facility in Slums


4.6
According to NSSO 58th Round 2002 results, 8% slums had no access to electricity; electricity
connection for household use was available for 18 per cent of the slums and 69% slums had electricity for
both streetlights and household use. The 65th Round results shows that 65 percent of slums had electricity
connections for both household and street light purposes, while 20 percent of slums had electricity only for
household use. The distribution of slums in major states by usage for which electricity was available is given
in Appendices. The all-India 65th Round slum survey results are compared with 58th Round results in Figure
-28. The overall proportion of slums without electricity has come down from 8 per cent in 2002 to 4 per cent
in 2009.
Table 20

Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection in different


NSSO Surveys -India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)
Figure 28

Slum with
Electricity for
Both street light
Household
& household use
use only
NA
NA
69.1
17.8
64.6
20.9

No electricity
Street light
only
NA
4.9
10.8

Slums by status of Electricity connection ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No. 486, 534

46

NA
8.2
3.6

Slums in India

5.

Drinking Water & Sanitation Facilities in Slums

Drinking Water Facilities in Slums


5.1
Slums surveyed in the 58th round (2002) as well as in the 65th round (2008-09) of NSS were classified
according to major source of drinking water available to residents. Comparisons with 1993, 2002 and 2009
at all-India level are shown in Figure 29. At all India level in 2009, the distribution of notified and nonnotified slums considered together in respect of major source of drinking water was as follows: tap: 78%,
tube-well: 16-17%, well and other sources: 5-7%. During 1993, the proportion of slums using tube-wells as
major source of drinking water was 27 percent and that has come down to 17 percent in 2009.
Table 21

Percentage distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water available


in Slum -India.

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)
Figure 29

Tap
64.8
77.7
77.8

Major Source of Drinking water


Tube well/hand pump
Well
Others
26.7
4.4
4.0
15.7
2.4
4.3
17.0
1.9
3.1

not reported
0
0
0.2

Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results on the source of drinking water to slum show that at the allIndia level, around 65% of urban slums reported tap as the source of drinking water, while more than a
quarter of the slums were supplied drinking water through tube well/hand pump. More than 50% of urban
slum dwellers in Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
and West Bengal reported to having tap and more than 50% of the urban slum dwellers in Bihar, Karnataka,
Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh had tube well/hand pump as the source of their drinking water. The 58th
47

National Buildings Organisation

Round results (2002) reflect the fact that a larger number of slums - about 78 %, had access to drinking water
from tap. The situation in slums in the states like Bihar, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh
were much below the national average, where the primary source of drinking water was other than tap. The
65th Round Results (2009) reflect a similar situation with reference to the major sources of drinking water
facility available in slums. In states like Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra, 85 percent of the slums had
tap water as source of drinking water. States like Orissa and Uttar Pradesh were far behind the national
average regarding tap water facility in slums. Slums in states like Madhya Pradesh (15 percent) and Orissa
(13 percent) were reported to be using well-water for drinking purposes.
Latrine and Bathroom Facilities in Slums
5.2
In a developing society sanitation is one of the important yardsticks to measure socio-economic
development. Improved sanitation leads to improved health, reduced child mortality/morbidity, improved
water quality, environment and economic growth of a country. Continued urban migration, congregation of
urban poor in slums without safe water supply, inadequate sanitation facilities and increasing resource
constraints have led to poor quality of life and community health in slums. Comparative pictures of the
availability of latrines in slums have been shown in Table 22. Slums without latrines have decreased to 15
percent in 2009 from 54 percent in 1993. The availability of septic/flush latrine facility was 35 percent in
1993, 50 percent in 2002 and 58 percent in 2009.
Table 22

Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)
Figure 30

No Latrine
54.4
33.4
14.7

Type of Latrine Facility


Septic Tank/Flush
Service Latrine
35.1
6.9
50.4
7.5
57.8
5.9

Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slums in different NSSO Surveys


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
48

Others
3.5
8.8
21.6

Slums in India

5.3
As per the 49th Round NSSO (1993), lack of latrine facility was observed in 54% of the slums.
About 18% of the slums had latrines with a septic tank and another 18 % slums had flush systems. Service
latrine facilities existed in around 7% of the slums in Urban India. In urban slums of Rajasthan and Uttar
Pradesh, the percentage of service latrine was reported to be around 16.9% and 14.2% respectively. Latrines
with a flush system were prominent amongst urban slums of Maharashtra (42.0%) followed by Gujarat
(24.3%), Delhi (23.2%) and West Bengal (20.1%). Septic tank facility existed in the slums of states like West
Bengal (45.9%), Haryana (26.6%) and Maharashtra (24.6%).
5.4
The 58th Round (2002) NSSO survey shows that the conditions of latrine facility have improved
significantly in slums over a period of time, i.e. after 1993. The percentage of slums not having any latrine
facility reduced sharply from 54% in 1993 to 33% in 2002. In Punjab, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Puducherry
about 80% urban slums had no latrine facility. The worst cases are Rajasthan, where 97 % of the slums had
no latrine facility and Orissa, where none of the slums had any latrine facility in 2002.
5.5
The sanitary conditions have improved considerably in 2009 as compared to the 2002. At the allIndia level, the proportion of slums not having any latrine facility declined sharply from 17% in 2002 to 10%
in 2008-09 for notified slums and from 51% to 20% for non-notified slums. In 2009, the proportions of
notified and non-notified slums with no latrine were very high in Orissa (49% and 36% respectively), Gujarat
(39% and 48% respectively) and Tamil Nadu (27% and 40% respectively).
6.

Drainage & Sewerage Systems in Slums

Drainage System in Slums


6.1
The 49th Round NSSO results (1993) on the type of available drainage system shows that in urban
slum settlements drainage system existed in about 70% of the slums with 35% of slums were having an
open pucca system and 20% having an open katcha system; 8% having underground and the rest having
covered pucca system of drainage. More than 50% of urban slums in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and
Rajasthan did not have any drainage system. An open pucca drainage system was available in more than
35% of urban slums in Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra whereas an open katcha
drainage system existed in less than 25% of urban slums in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, West Bengal and Delhi. Underground drainage system was found in more than 50% of urban
slums in Delhi, followed by Gujarat 17%.
6.2
As per the NSSO 58th Round results about 13 per cent of slums had underground and 38 percent had
open pucca drainage system in 2002, while 29 per cent of slums reported no drainage system.

49

National Buildings Organisation

Table 23

Percentage distribution of Slums by Availability of Underground Drainage India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

No
Drainage
31.6
29.3
16.0

Open
Katcha
20.1
13.2
17.8

Type of Drainage System


Open
Covered
Under
Pucca
Pucca
Ground
35.1
4.9
8.0
38.4
6.2
12.9
34.7
14.7
16.8

not
reported
0.3
0.0
0.0

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 31

Slum by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys India

Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486,53


The proportion of slums having underground drainage and covered pucca drainage system increased
to 15% in 2009 from just 6% in 2002. The share of slums with open drainage both pucca and katcha has
marginally increased from 51.6 % in 2002 to 52.5% in 2009 and those without any drainage declined to 16%
in 2009 from 29% in 2002.
Sewerage System in Slums
6.3
The 49th Round NSSO (1993) on underground sewer system in slums shows that 83.4% of the slums
have no underground sewerage system in India. Underground sewerage system existed in about 17% of the
urban slums of the country. Only in states like West Bengal and Maharashtra about 20 percent sewerage
system was found to be underground. In Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh the entire
sewerage system was not underground.

50

Slums in India

Table 24

Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different


NSSO Surveys-India

NSSO Report No. /Year of Survey


NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

Type Of Sewerage System


Underground
Not-Underground
16.6
83.4
22.5
77.5
26.0
74.0

Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 32

Slums by availability of Sewerage System (in %) in different NSSO Surveys


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
6.4
According to NSSO 58th Round (2002) results, about 22.5% of the total slums had underground
sewerage system in 2002, and 78%, reported the non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
No underground sewerage system was available in states like Bihar, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Rajasthan. In
Delhi more than 97% of the slums have no underground sewerage facility. As per the 65th Round NSS
survey results (2009), about 26% of the total slums had underground sewerage system in 2009 and 74%
reported non-existence of underground sewerage system in slums.
7.

Garbage Disposal System in Slums

7.1
The 49th Round NSSO (1993) results show that around 35% of urban slums did not have any
arrangement for garbage disposal. Disposal of garbage was arranged by the residents for around 11% of the
urban slums. In 52% of the urban slums, garbage is disposed off by the Municipal Corporation/ Municipality.
NSSO 58th Round Survey (2002) shows that 61 percent of urban slums had garbage disposal by the Municipal
authority. About 31 per cent of the urban slums had no system of garbage disposal. Residents themselves
disposed of garbage in 7 per cent of slums.

51

National Buildings Organisation

7.2
There was remarkable improvement in garbage disposal arrangement by Municipal Corporations in
2009. NSS 65th Round (2009) shows that 65% of garbage is removed by Municipal Corporations and in 7
percent of slums, garbage was removed by residents themselves. The component of other arrangements for
disposal of garbage has also increased to 11 percent across the three rounds of NSSO survey.
Table 25

Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal in


different NSSO Surveys - India

NSSO Report No./

Garbage Disposal Arrangement

Year of Survey

No
Arrangement

By Resident

By Panchayat/
Corporation

Others

NSS 417 ( 1993)


NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

34.8
31.2
16.4

10.8
6.9
6.9

52
60.7
65

2.4
1.2
11.4

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
Figure 33

Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal (in %) in different NSSO Surveys


India

Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
8.

Education and Health Services in Slums

8.1
As per NSSO results, in 1993 more than 90% slums had schools within 1 km. distance and the same
percentage increased to 92% in 2002 and marginally decreased to 87% in 2009. However, for 7% slums the
nearest primary school was available within 1 to 2 kms in 1993 and 2002; this has increased to 11% in 2009.

52

Slums in India

Table 26

Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different


NSSO Surveys - India

NSSO Report No. /


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

< 0.5
62.4
67.8
52.9

Distance from Primary School (in km)


0.5-1
1-2
2-5
27.6
7.1
2.0
24.2
6.5
1.5
33.7
10.9
2.2

5 and above
0.4
0
0.3

Source: National Sample Survey Organization, NSS Report Nos.417, 486, 534
Figure 34

Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
About 2 percent of slums have primary school 2 to 5 kms. away in 1993 and 2002. In 65th Round (2009) it
is seen that for 53% of slums the primary school was within < 0.5 km distance whereas it was 62% in 1993
and 68% in 2002.
8.2
The nearness of health centre to the slum was very low in 2009 when compared to 1993. In 1993,
63% slums had health centres within 1 km distance. However, the same deceased to 47% in 2002 and 48%
in 2009. In 1993, for 32% slums the nearest health centre was available within 1 to 5 km distance from the
slum; this was 48% in 2002 and 43% 2009. Table 27 shows this trend.
Table 27

Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre in


different NSSO Surveys - India

NSSO Report No./


Year of Survey
NSS 417 ( 1993)
NSS 486 (2002)
NSS 534 (2009)

< 0.5
29.8
21.1
20.2

Distance from Nearest Health Centre (in km)


0.5-1
1.0-2.0
2.0-5.0
5 and above
33.2
15.2
17.2
4.1
26.2
23.2
24.9
4.7
27.9
22.9
20.8
8.1
53

National Buildings Organisation

Figure 35

Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre (in %) in different NSS Surveys
- India

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, NSS Report No.417, 486, 534
9.

Data Appendices

Appendix 61-100 provide Slum conditions related statistics for States and Union Territories in India
Appendix
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

54

Subject Matter
Estimated Number of Slums and Slum Households in different NSSO Surveys for States/
UT-India
Estimated Number of Slums in Major States/UT India
Number of Slums by Location per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2002
Number of Slums by Location per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2009
Number of Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slum per 1000 Slums for each State/
UT-1993
Number of Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slum per 1000 Slums for each State/
UT-2002
Number of Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slum per 1000 Slums for each State/
UT-2009
Number of Slums by Type of Ownership of the Land where the Slum is located per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2002
Number of Slums by Type of Ownership of the Land where the Slum is located per 1000
Slums for each State/UT -2009
Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000 Slums for each
State / UT-1993
Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000 Slums for each
State / UTs-2002

Slums in India

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000 Slums for each
State / UT -2009
Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UTs - 1993
Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UT- 2002
Number of Slums by Type of Approach Road/Lane/Constructed Path to the Slum per
1000 Slums for each State/UT - 2009
Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 1993
Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane / Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2002
Number of Slums by Type of Road / Lane /Constructed Path within the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 2009
Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2002
Number of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2009
Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT1993
Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2002
Number of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2009
Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-1993
Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT - 2002
Number of Slums by Latrine Facility used by Most of the Residents of the Slum per 1000
Slums for each State/UT-2009
Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-1993
Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2002
Number of Slums by Type of Drainage System per 1000 Slums for each State/UT-2009
Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT1993

55

National Buildings Organisation

91
92
93
94
95
96
97

98
99
100

56

Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2002
Number of Slums by arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 1000 Slums for each State/UT2009
Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 slums for each
State/UT-1993
Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2002
Number of Slums by availability of Underground Sewerage System per 1000 Slums for each
State/UT-2009
Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT-1993
Per thousand Distribution of Slums by Distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km & above from
a Motarable Road, a Primary School and a Hospital/Health Centre for each State/UT 2002
Distribution of Slums not having Motarable Roads by Distance from Nearest Motarable
Road for different States (per 1000) -2009
Distribution of Slums by Distance from nearest Government Primary school for different
States (per 1000)-2009
Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in
km) for different States (per 1000)-2009

Slums in India

7
1.

Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment

Number of Houses

As on 2001, the total number of houses in India was 249.1 million. This includes 233.29 million
occupied and 15.81 million vacant houses. The number of houses in rural area was 177.54 million, with
168.18 million occupied houses and 9.36 million vacant houses, while in urban areas there were 71.56
million total houses, which include 65.11 million occupied, and 6.45 million vacant houses (see Table- 28
and Figure 36).
Table 28

Number of Houses: Rural & Urban 2001

Category
Total Houses
Vacant Houses
Occupied Houses
Figure 36

Total
249.1
15.81
233.29

Distribution of Houses (In Million)


Rural
Urban
177.54
71.56
9.36
6.45
168.18
65.11

Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural Urban 2001

Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
2.

Number of Households

The number of households in India was 191.96 million (excluding institutional households) according
to the 2001 Census; rural households - 138.27 million (72%) and urban households - 53.69 million (28%).
The average household size in the country was 5.3 persons (Rural - 5.4 and Urban - 5.1). Figure 37 shows the
number of households and household size in rural and urban areas in 2001.
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National Buildings Organisation

Table 29
Area
India
Figure 37

Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban 2001 (in Millions)


Distribution of Households (Excluding Institutional Households)
Total
Rural
Urban
191.96
138.27
53.69
Number of Households: Rural & Urban -2001

Source: Census of India 2001: Series-H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets.
3

Houseless Population:

As on 2001, there were 1,944 thousand people (Rural: 1,165 thousand and Urban: 779 thousand),
living without houses in India. Figure 38 shows the trends in houseless population from 1981-2001.
Figure 38

Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural, Urban 1981-2001

Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001


58

Slums in India

Urban Housing Shortage

4.1
The Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage constituted by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has estimated that the total shortage of dwelling units in urban areas
at the beginning of the 11th Plan Period, i.e. 2007 was 24.71 million. Out of this, 21.78 million or about 98%
pertains to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) categories of the urban
population. The housing requirement during the 11th Five Year Plan period has been worked out by adopting
the rates of growth in various parameters of housing shortage on the assumption that such rates would not
change drastically during the 5-year period of the 11th Plan.
4.2
As revealed from Table 30, presuming business as usual as the scenario, the total shortage of dwelling
units in cities and towns at the beginning of the 11th Five Year Plan, estimated at 24.71 million, would rise to
26.53 million at the end of Plan (including the backlog).
Table 30

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012

Housing Shortage as on 2007


Households
Pucca Houses
Semi-Pucca Houses
Katcha Houses
Addition to Households
Addition to Housing Stock
Upgradation of Katcha Houses
Additional Requirement (6 -7 + 8)
Urban Housing Shortage by 2012 (1 + 9)

(In Million)
24.71
75.01
53.49
10.05
2.56
8.71
7.27
0.38
1.82
26.53

Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, NBO, Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation.
5.

Urban Poverty Trends

5.1
The Planning Commission of India is the nodal agency responsible for estimation of rural and urban
poverty both at national and state level. The Planning Commission constituted a Task Force on Projection of
Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand in 1979 which suggested the definition of poverty
line as per capita per diem intake of 2400 calories for rural and 2100 calories for urban areas (Planning
Commission, 1979). To estimate the poverty line, the Task Force used the age-sex-activity specific calorie

59

National Buildings Organisation

allowance recommended by the Nutrition Expert Group and the data on consumer expenditure from 28th
Round (1973-74) of National Sample Survey (NSS). On the basis of this data, the Task Force estimated that
on an average per capita consumer expenditure of Rs.49.09 in rural areas would meet the minimum requirement
of 2400 calories per capita per day and per capita consumer expenditure of Rs. 56.64 in urban areas would
meet the minimum requirement of 2100 calories per capita per day in urban areas in 1973-74.
5.2
The poverty line arrived at for 1973-74 was updated by the Planning Commission using the Wholesale
Price Index (WPI). Based on this methodology, the Planning Commission estimated rural and urban population
below poverty for the years 1973-74, 1977-78, 1983 and 1987-88.
5.3
The Expert Group constituted by the Planning Commission for Estimation of Proportion and Number
of Poor (Lakdawala Committee) in 1989 recommended the retention of the definition of poverty line at
national level as defined by the 1979 Task Force but suggested the disaggregation of state-specific poverty
line in order to reflect the state-wise price differential (Planning Commission, 1993). The methodology
recommended by Lakdawala Committee was adopted by the Planning Commission with minor modifications.
This has been applied by the Planning Commission from time to time to estimate the number and proportion
of rural and urban poor. The Planning Commission estimates poverty in terms of the Head Count Ratio
(HCR) representing the state-specific percentage of people living below poverty line. The ratio is arrived at
by using the quinquennial consumer expenditure survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO). Poverty at the national level is estimated as the weighted average of state-specific poverty levels.
The HCR is estimated from state-specific poverty lines and distribution of persons by expenditure groups as
per the NSSO surveys. These estimates are based on the results of NSSO survey. The last two such estimates
have been provided by the Planning Commission based on NSS 55th Round data for the period 1999-2000
and NSS 61st Round data for the period 2004-05.
5.4
The poverty line at the all India level was determined by the Planning Commission at Rs. 356.30 and
Rs. 538.60 per capita per month at 2004-2005 prices for rural and urban people respectively, using Lakdawala
methodology. The corresponding figures for 1993-94 were Rs.205.84 and Rs. 281.35. Based on the poverty
line fixed, 80.8 million or 25.7% of Indias urban population was estimated by the Planning Commission to
be Below Poverty Line (BPL) in 2004-05 as per Uniform Recall Period (URP) consumption distribution
based on National Sample Surveys 61st Round of consumer expenditure data. 68.2 million or 21.7% of
Indias urban population was estimated to be BPL in 2004-2005 as per Mixed Recall Period (MRP) consumption
distribution. Under URP, consumer expenditure on all items (food and non-food) is collected over a 30-day
recall period. Under MRP, consumption expenditure on food items is collected over a 30-day recall period.
For non-food items data is collected over a 365 day recall period.

60

Slums in India

5.5
The URP method has been preferred in the past for the purpose of analysis of trends in urban and
rural poverty as the URP-based poverty figures for 2004-05 are comparable to poverty estimates of 1993-94
and earlier years. Table 31 shows the number (and percentage) of population below poverty line in urban and
rural areas of the country based on URP consumption based on official estimates released by the Planning
Commission. The trends in the incidence of urban and rural poverty in India are presented in Figure 39.
Table 31

Year

1973-74
1977-78
1983
1987-88
1993-94
2004-05

Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and Rural
Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) Lakdawala Methodology
Urban
Number of
Persons (Lakhs)
600.46
646.48
709.40
751.69
763.37
807.96

Rural
% of Persons
49.01
45.24
40.79
38.20
32.36
25.70

Number of
Persons (Lakhs)
2612.90
2642.47
2519.57
2318.79
2440.31
2209.24

% of Persons
56.44
53.07
45.65
39.09
37.27
28.30

Source: Planning Commission of India.


Figure 39

Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 200405 (Lakdawala Methodology)

Source: Planning Commission of India


As Table 31 reveals, urban poverty at all India level declined by 0.82 percentage points per annum during
1973-74 - 1983-84 and 0.84 percentage points per annum during 1983-84 - 1993-94. However, it declined
at a lower rate of 0.61 percentage points during 1993-94 to 2004-05, the period during which economic
growth proceeded at a faster pace due to economic reforms and liberalization. The number of the urban poor
increased by more than 4.5 million during this period as per the above estimates based on Lakdawala
methodology.
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National Buildings Organisation

5.6
The Planning Commission had in December 2005 appointed a Committee chaired by Professor Suresh
D. Tendulkar to review alternate concepts of poverty and recommend changes in the existing procedures of
official estimation of poverty. The Tendulkar Committee submitted its report in November 2009. It decided
to locate the poverty line bundle of goods and services in the consumption pattern observed in the 2004-05
NSSO Survey based on the mixed reference/recall period and recommended that the same bundle be made
available to the rural population after correcting for the rural-urban price differential. The Committee started
with the national level urban poverty ratio yielded by the Lakdawala methodology. The consumption basket
associated with this per capita household consumption expenditure was taken as a base for computing urban
and rural poverty for all States. The urban poverty line in each State was computed by valuing the consumption
basket corresponding to national urban poverty line at prices prevailing in each State, taking into account
price differentials between the State and the National level. The urban poverty line thus derived for each
State yielded a poverty ratio for urban areas in that State. The resulting State-specific urban poverty-line
consumption baskets were then valued at the rural prices for each State so as to estimate rural poverty line
and rural poverty ratio for each State.
5.7
As per Tendulkar methodology, at the national level, the percentage of population in rural areas
below the poverty line, which had been previously assessed to be 28.3%, has been reassessed to be 41.8%.
The percentage of urban population in poverty remained at 25.7%. As a result, the percentage of the total
population below the new poverty line in 2004-05, which was 27.5% earlier, increases to 37.2%. The results
of comparison of poverty line and inter-temporal comparison based on Lakdawala methodology and Tendulkar
methodology are shown in Tables 32 and 33 respectively:
Table 32

Urban & Rural Poverty Line: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee Methodology

Poverty Line

Lakdawala Methodology

Urban Poverty Line

Rs. 538.60 per capita


per month 2004-05
Rs. 356.30 per capita
per month 2004-05

Rural Poverty Line

Tendulkar Committee
Methodology
Rs. 578.80 per capita per
month 2004-05
Rs. 446.68 per capita
per month 2004-05

Source: Planning Commission-11th Plan Mid-term Review, Press Note 2010


Table 33
Year
1993- 94
2004-05

Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)


Lakdawala Methodology
Urban
Rural
Total
32.4
37.3
36.0
25.7
28.3
27.5

Tendulkar Methodology
Urban
Rural
Total
31.8
50.1
45.3
25.7
41.8
37.2

Source: Planning Commission-11th Plan Mid-term Review; Press Note 2010


62

Slums in India

The Planning Commission has decided to accept the Tendulkar methodology for the present. The new
methodology will be applied to the next NSSO (large) sample survey data for 2009-10.
6.

Urban-Urban Divide

According to National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 50th and 61st Rounds data, the Gini ratio
of urban consumption distribution (that ranges from 0 with perfect equality to 1 with perfect inequality)
increased from 0.34 in 1993-94 to 0.38 in 2004-05, widening the divide between the rich and the poor in
cities (Planning Commission, 2007). The per capita expenditure of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households
increased at a slower pace than that of the middle 60 per cent or top 20 per cent. During 1993-94 to 200405, the share of the bottom 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure decreased by
0.78 percentage point, from 8.04 per cent in 1993-94 to 7.26 per cent in 2004-05. In contrast, the share of
the top 20 per cent of urban households in total consumption expenditure increased by 2.47 percentage
points - from 42.81 per cent in 1993-94 to 45.28 per cent in 2004-05. Inequalities in household expenditure
have widened in States such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and West Bengal (see Table 34).
Table 34

State

Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban Households


in Consumption Expenditure 1993-94 & 2004-05
Percentage
Bottom 20%
Top 20%

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
All India

1993-94

2004-05

1993-94

2004-05

7.57
6.74
7.28
6.81
6.64
10.78
6.76
7.46
8.04
7.73
8.36
7.19
6.57
6.87
8.14
7.64
7.91
8.04

7.24
6.21
6.60
6.00
7.04
6.29
4.87
7.13
7.93
7.86
7.31
6.83
7.77
7.19
6.94
7.09
7.42
7.26

40.31
35.89
38.77
36.28
35.33
57.38
35.96
39.72
42.78
41.17
44.52
38.26
34.95
36.56
43.34
40.67
42.13
42.81

45.18
38.71
41.19
37.40
43.90
39.24
30.40
44.46
49.44
49.00
45.49
42.62
48.49
44.85
43.26
44.23
46.27
45.28

Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Rounds Survey; India Urban Poverty Report 2009, p.263.
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National Buildings Organisation

7.

Gender Dimensions of Urban Poverty

7.1
The number of urban poor women was estimated at 403 lakhs in 2004-05. Table 35 presents the
estimated number of urban and rural poor women and men and their growth rates for 1993-94 to 2004-05.
As may be seen, the number of urban poor - both under urban male and female categories, increased in
absolute numbers. However, the compound annual growth rate for female urban poor is higher than that for
the male urban poor.
Table 35
Area

Urban
Rural

Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates - 1993-94 &
2004-05
1993-94
(No. in Lakhs)
Female
Male
377.7
385.7
1,205.7
1,234.6

2004-05
(No. in Lakhs)
Female
Male
402.5
405.4
1105.9
1,103.4

Compound Annual
Growth Rate 1993-94 2004-05
Female
Male
0.58
0.46
-0.78
-1.02

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation 50th & 61st Rounds; India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.31.
7.2
Table 36 presents the HCR of poverty by head of household in urban and rural areas in 1993-94 and
2004-05. Female-headed Households (FHHs) have been subject to a higher incidence of poverty compared
to Male-headed Households (MHH) in both urban and rural areas. As against the urban poverty ratio of 25.7
per cent for the country as a whole, that for FHH was 28.6 per cent in 2004-05 as per Planning Commission
estimates (Lakdawala methodology). The break-up of FHH in urban areas in 2004-05, as indicated by the
61st Round National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data, is as follows: widows 67.9 per cent, currently
married 20.3 per cent, divorced/separated 3.5% and never married 8.2%.
Table 36

Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 &


2004-05
Percentage

Area

1993-94

2004-05
Female Head
Male Head
Female Head
Male Head
Urban
36.92
32.26
28.74
25.65
Rural
35.48
37.34
28.80
27.99
Source: NSSO 50th & 61st Round Surveys and Planning Commission; India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.32.
7.3
Table 37 presents the share of FHH in various Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE)
classes in urban and rural areas. As the table reveals, the proportion of FHH increased in both urban and
rural areas between 1993-94 and 2004-05. In urban areas the figure increased from 10.6 per cent in 19992000 to 11.1 per cent in 2004-05. Compared to rural areas, the number of FHH in urban areas is more
concentrated in the lower MPCE categories. In fact, most FHH in cities and towns are poor. Also in the case
of better-off urban locations in the top 20 per cent MPCE quintile, the percentage of FHH registered an
increase between 1993-94 and 2004-05.
64

Slums in India

Table 37

Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita


Expenditure (MPCE) Quimntiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)

Area
Urban
Rural

1993-94
2004-05
1993-94
2004-05

Q1
(Bottom 20%)
14.3
12.3
9.6
9.8

Q2

Q3

Q4

10.3
11.6
8.7
9.9

10.0
10.7
9.0
10.2

10.4
10.3
9.8
11.4

Q5
(Top 20%)
9.1
11.2
11.0
14.1

All
10.6
11.1
9.7
11.3

Source: NSSO 50th (1993-94) & 61st (2004-05) Round Surveys, India Urban Poverty Report, 2009 p.34.
8.

Trends in Urban Unemployment

The Indian economy registered a growth rate of a little over 8 per cent over the last four years of the
10 Five Year Plan, marking the highest growth rate achieved in any Plan period. However, employment
generation and quality of employment have been areas of concern. Table 38 depicts the trends in urban
unemployment as compared to rural unemployment based on various rounds of NSSO surveys. Table 39
shows the unemployment rates of persons 15 years & above according to usual status (out of 1000) for male
and female and by category of town.
th

Table 38

Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male
and Female - 1977-78 to 2007-08

NSSO Round/Year
nd

32 Round (Jul.77-Jun78)
38th Round (Jan-Dec 1983)
43rd Round (Jul.87-Jun88)
50th Round (Jul.93-Jun94)
55th Round (Jul.99-Jun2000)
58th Round (Jul.02-Dec.02)
61st Round (Jul.04-Jun05)
62nd Round (Jul.05-Jun06)
64th Round (2007-08)

Rural
Male
22
21
28
20
21
18
21
25
23

Urban
Female
55
14
35
14
15
10
31
22
19

Male
65
59
61
45
48
47
44
48
40

Female
178
69
85
83
71
61
91
79
66

Source: Various NSSO Rounds: 32nd Round (July 77-June 78), 38th Round (January-December 1983), 43rd
Round (July 87-June 88), 50th Round (July 93-June 94), 55th Round (July 99-June 2000), 58th Round (July 02December 2002), 61st Round (July 2004-June 2005). 64th Round (2007-08)

65

National Buildings Organisation

Table 39

Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual


Status (Out of 1000) 1999-2000 & 2004-2005
55th Round
(1999-2000)

Class

61st Round
(2004-2005)
Male

47
46
40

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3

34
37
41

55th Round
61st Round
(1999-2000)
(2004-2005)
Female
64
43
63
84
47
68

Class 1 1 million plus, Class 2 -1 lakh to 5 lakhs, Class 3 - less than 1 lakh
Source: NSSO 55th and 61st Rounds
9.

Data Appendices

Appendix 101-120 provide data relating to Urban Housing, Poverty and Employment in India.
Appendix
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113

66

Subject Matter
Distribution of Households by Type of Houses occupied: 2001
Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001
State-wise Houseless Population (Total, Rural & Urban) in India- 2001
State-wise Housing Shortage in India- 2007 (in million)
Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union Territories
1993-1994 (Based on URP Consumption)
Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union Territories
1999-2000 (Based on MRP Consumption)
Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union Territories
2004-05 (Based on URP Consumption)
Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by States : 2004-05 ( Based on
MRP Consumption)
Trends in Percentage of Urban Population below the Poverty Line (1973-74 to 2004-05)
Lakdawala Methodology
State-Specific Poverty Lines in 2004-05 (Rs. Per Capita per Month) Lakdawala Methodology
Final Poverty Lines and Poverty Head Count Ratio for 2004-05 using Tendulkar Methodology
Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure - Rural (in Rs.)
Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure - Urban (in Rs.)

Slums in India

114
115
116
117
118
119
120

Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30 Days by
NSSO Rounds: All-India Urban
Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18 Groups of
Consumption Items over NSSO Rounds: All-India- Urban
Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of age 15 Years
and above - 2004-05
Urban Unemployment Rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds
Education-level Specific Usual Status (ps+ss) Unemployment Rate (UR) for Persons of
Age Groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08
Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Principal Status Approach for each State/
UT
Unemployment Rate (per 1000) according to Usual Status (Adjusted) Approach for Persons
of Age 15 Years and above

67

National Buildings Organisation

8
1.

Approach to Urban Poverty & Slums

Approach by Government of India

1.1
The Government of India has adopted a two-pronged approach to deal with the problems of slums
and urban poverty in the country: These include the provision of basic services and shelter to the urban poor
and addressing their concerns of skill development, employment and income generation. The first formal
attempt to deal with urban poverty started in 1958 with the adoption of community development approach
in cities and towns through Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project. This was following the
successful adoption of the community development approach in rural areas.
Table 40 gives an account of the various initiatives undertaken by the Government of India during
different Five Year Plans till the 11th Plan:
Table 40
S.No
1.

Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans

Five Year/
Annual Plan
II

Year (s)

Major Thrust Areas / Programmes

1956-61

Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project, which was


started in 1958 based on, an area-oriented approach - later
followed by a series of UCD pilot projects.
Major thrust was on housing programmes and co-ordination of
efforts of all agencies and orienting the programmes to the needs
of the Low Income Groups. A scheme was introduced in 1959
to give loans to State Governments for a period of 10 years for
acquisition and development of land in order to make available
building sites in sufficient numbers.
Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) was
established to fund housing and urban development programmes,
especially for the poor. A scheme for Environmental Improvement
of Urban Slums (EIUS) was launched in the Central Sector from
1972-73 with a view to providing a minimum level of services
like safe drinking water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage,
pavements, community baths and latrines, street lighting etc. to
slum-dwellers in 11 cities with a population of 8 lakhs and above.
The scheme was later extended to 9 more cities.

2.

III

1961-66

3.

IV

1969-74

68

Slums in India

4.

1974-79

5.

VI

1980-85

6.

VII

1985-90

The Urban Land (Ceiling & Regulation) Act was enacted to


prevent the concentration of land holding in urban areas and to
make available urban land for construction of houses for the
middle and low-income groups.Environmental Improvement of
Urban Slums (EIUS) was transferred to State Governments for
implementation from 1974 onwards.
The Plan emphasized on integrated provision of services along
with shelter, particularly for the poor. The Integrated
Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) was
launched in towns with population below one lakh for provision
of roads, pavements, minor civic works, bus stands, markets,
shopping complex etc. Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme
was started in 1981 aiming at catering to the basic physical and
social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving their
living conditions.
Seventh Five Year Plan made the first conscious attempt to
directly address the urban poverty issues. In the very beginning
of the Seventh Plan, Government of India decided to expand
the programme of Urban Basic Services (UBS) implemented
during 1981-84 with collaboration of the UNICEF in 42 towns,
to 168 towns. The UBS aimed at catering to the basic physical
and social needs of the urban poor with a view to improving
their living conditions.Subsequently, as a follow up of the
recommendations made by the National Commission on
Urbanization (NCU), the Government of India adopted a fourpronged strategy for addressing the issues of growing incidence
of poverty in urban areas comprising (a) employment creation
for low income communities through promotion of microenterprises and public works: (b) housing and shelter upgradation;
(c) social development planning with special focus on
development of children and women; and (d) environmental
upgradation of slums. Based on the above mentioned strategy,
the Government of India adopted a comprehensive approach to
urban poverty alleviation by launching two schemes, namely, (i)
The Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY) launched in 1989; to cater to
the economic needs of the urban poor by providing them

69

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7.

Annual

1990-92

8.

VIII

1992-97

9.

IX

1997-2002

70

employment opportunities through skill upgradation and


assistance by setting up their own micro-enterprises; and (ii) the
Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) which was a modified
UBS Programme, started in 1990. The UBSP Programme
envisaged fostering community structures comprising urban poor
for ensuring their effective participation in their developmental
activities.
Constitution 74th Amendment Act was enacted. Article 243W
of the Act mandated the setting up of elected municipalities as
institutions of self government - the third tier of government.
The Act envisaged urban poverty alleviation, slum upgradation
and protection of interests of weaker sections as amongst the
legitimate functions of Urban Local Bodies.
The Prime Ministers Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication
Programme (PMIUPEP) was started in 1995 for improving the
quality of life of urban poor by creating a facilitating environment
through community-based planning and implementation. The
objective of the scheme was effective achievement of social
sector goals, community empowerment, employment generation
and environmental improvement. The PMIUPEP incorporated
within itself all the components of UBSP as also the selfemployment, physical infrastructure creation component and the
shelter upgradation components of NRY. The programme,
however, was applicable to 345 Class II towns and 79 specifically
identified district headquarters and hill areas. The National Slum
Development Programme (NSDP) was launched in 1996,
providing Additional Central Assistance to States for the
upgradation of urban slums. The scheme covered the provision
of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains,
sewer, community bath, community latrines, widening and paving
of existing lanes, street lights etc. and social infrastructure and
community amenities like pre-school education, non-formal
education, adult education, maternity, child health and primary
health care including immunization etc.
As per the recommendations of the Committee headed by Prof.
S.R. Hashim, all the three ongoing urban poverty alleviation

Slums in India

10.

2002-2007

schemes, namely Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), Urban Basic


Services for the Poor (UBSP) and Prime Ministers Integrated
Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP) were
subsumed in a new scheme, namely Swarna Jayanti Shahari
Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), which was launched with effect from
1.12.1997.Programme for Infrastructure Development for Mega
Cities, called the Mega City Scheme, was launched in 1997
covering Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
The scheme of Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) was
launched on 15th August 2001 with the objectives to provide or
upgrade shelter to slum-dwellers living below poverty line and
converge the same with environmental improvement of urban
slums. A National City Sanitation Project called Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan was also started as an integral component of VAMBAY.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
was launched on 3rd December 2005 with a commitment of
Rs.50,000 Crores as Additional Central Assistance to States for
the provision of city-wide infrastructure and basic services to
the urban poor over the Mission Period 2005-12, with focus on
an urban sector reform agenda to be implemented by State
Governments and Urban Local Bodies.

1.2
The initiatives of the Government of India in recent years, including those in the 11th Five Year Plan
to address the issues of slums and urban poverty affordable housing, basic amenities and lack of skill and
employment opportunities for the urban poor are summarized as follows:
2

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

2.1
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) aims at focusing attention on the integrated
development of urban infrastructure and services with an emphasis on the provision of affordable housing and
basic amenities to the urban poor, including water supply, drainage, sewerage, solid waste management, community
facilities etc. The Mission has four components: Urban Infrastructure & Governance (UIG) and Basic Services to
the Urban Poor (BSUP), applicable to 65 cities of national importance and Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) applicable to other cities and towns. UIG and UIDSSMT focus on the development of city-wide
infrastructure, whereas BSUP and IHSDP focus on housing and basic amenities to the urban poor, especially
slum-dwellers. The earlier schemes of National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) and Valmiki Ambedkar
Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) have been subsumed under IHSDP.
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2.2

The broad objectives of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) are:

Planned urban development;


Integrated development of urban infrastructural services;
Effective linkages between asset creation and asset management;
Ensuring adequate investment of funds in cities;
Scaling up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to
the urban poor;
Taking up urbanm renewal programme, i.e., redevelopment of inner (old) cities area to reduce
congestion; and
Provision of basic services to urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, where
possible in situ, improved housing, water supply, sanitation, education, health and social security.

2.3
The Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) components of JNNURM aim at the integrated provision of affordable housing and basic amenities
to the urban poor, with focus on slums. They contemplate the following key reforms relating to pro-poor
governance:

Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies)
for EWS/LIG category with a system of cross-subsidization;
Internal earmarking within local body budgets for basic services to the urban poor; and
Implementation of 7-Point Charter, i.e. provision of basic services to urban poor, including security
of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply, sanitation and ensuring delivery of
already existing universal services of the Government for education, health and social security within
the Mission period (2005-12) as per agreed timelines.

The essence of the above reforms are: (i) enabling the urban poor to have access to urban land and
not squeezing them out of the urban land market in the face of sky-rocketing land prices; (ii) facilitating a
dedicated budget/fund to be created at the city/state level to ensure a steady flow of resources for urban
poverty alleviation and slum upgradation, including the provision of land and housing to the poor; and (iii)
providing basic entitlements and services to be provided to the urban poor based on agreed milestones and
deliberately planned efforts to develop inclusive cities. These reforms are to be undertaken in conjunction
with other reforms aimed at creating an enabling framework of good urban governance for planned and
sustainable development of cities and towns.
2.4

72

Table 41 shows the physical and financial progress of BSUP and IHSDP as on 22.03.2011

Slums in India

Table 41
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)
Cumulative Physical Progress
Number of Projects Approved
Number of States/UTs covered
Number of Cities/Towns covered
Number of Dwelling Units approved
Number of Dwelling Units on which
Construction started
Number of Dwelling Units completed
Number of Dwelling Units Occupied

6.
7.

BSUP
490
31
64
1052666
310048
290882
129858

(Rs. in Crores)
IHSDP
993
31
839
530765
129612

Total
1483
903
1583431
439660

116021
69902

406903
199760

16356.35
28521.71
14381.25

6828.31
10294.89
6910.71

23184.66
38816.60
21291.96

14138.07
6591.83

3341.93
3912.13

17480.00
10503.96

Cumulative Financial Progress


8.
9.
10.
11
12

Mission (7-years) allocation (revised)


Total Project Cost approved
Additional Central Assistance
(ACA Committed
Total State Share approved
Total ACA released

Source: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India


3

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana

3.1
The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), which has been under implementation since
1997, has been comprehensively revamped. The revised scheme came into operation from 1st April 2009.
The scheme strives to provide support for employment of the unemployed and under-employed urban poor,
through encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures, skill development and also providing wage
employment by utilizing their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets.
3.2

The objectives of the revamped SJSRY are:

Addressing urban poverty alleviation through gainful employment for the urban unemployed or
underemployed poor by encouraging them to set up self-employment ventures (individual or group),
with support for their sustainability or undertake wage employment;
Supporting skill development and training programmes to enable the urban poor to have access to
employment opportunities opened up by the market or undertake self-employment; and
Empowering the community to tackle the issues of urban poverty through suitable self-managed
community structures like Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs), Neighbourhood Committees (NHC),
Community Development Society (CDS), etc.
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3.3
The revised SJSRY scheme has the following five components; the targets under these components
are as follows:
(i) Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP) - Targeted at individuals among the urban poor for the
setting up of micro-enterprises;
(ii) Urban Women Self-help Programme (UWSP) - Targeted at urban poor women self-help groups for
setting up of group-enterprises and providing them assistance through a revolving fund for thrift &
credit/self-help group activities;
(iii)Skill Training for Employment Promotion amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP) - Targeted at urban poor
for imparting quality skills training to the urban poor so as to enhance their employability for better
salaried/wage employment offered by the market or self-employment;
(iv)Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor by utilizing
their labour for the construction of socially and economically useful public assets, in towns having
population less than 5 lakhs as per 1991 census; and
(v) Urban Community Development Network (UCDN) - Targeted at assisting the urban poor in organizing
themselves into self-managed community structures so as to gain collective strength to address the
issues of poverty facing them and participate in the effective implementation of urban poverty
alleviation programmes.
3.4

Table 42 shows the cumulative financial and physical progress under SJSRY as on 22.03.2011:
Table 42

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress

Sl.No.

Cumulative Progress (since 1997-98)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Total number of Towns covered under SJSRY


Total number of Urban Poor assisted to set up Micro-enterprises
Total number of DWCUA Groups formed
Total number of Women Beneficiaries assisted under DWCUA Groups
for setting up of Micro-enterprises
Total number of Urban Poor imparted Skill Training
Total number of Thrift and Credit Societies formed
Total number of Man-days of Work generated under Wage Employment
(In lakhs)
Total Central Funds spent by the State/UT under SJSRY since Inception,
i.e.1997 (Rs. Crore)

5.
6.
7.
8.

Source: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

74

(Rs. in Crores)
3940
1136636
100454
443846
1869309
414670
761.31
2406.06

Slums in India

4.

National Policy on Urban Street Vendors

4.1
In 2004, the Government of India formulated a National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, which
aimed at recognizing the positive contribution of street vendors to the society and also the promotion of
street vending as an urban poverty alleviation measure. Considering the difficulties in implementation of the
2004 Policy and taking into account the views of the National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganised
Sector (NCEUS), 2007 report and that the Policy required a supporting legal framework to be effective, the
Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the Revised National Policy on Urban
Street Vendors 2009 and Model Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending)
Bill, 2009. The Policy has come to effect since 1.4.2009.
4.2
It is envisaged that the following actions will be undertaken at the State level in pursuance of the
National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009 and Model Law on Street Vendors 2009:

Enacting a Law on Urban Street Vending, taking into account the Model Bill, with the overall interest
of the vendors kept in view, suiting local conditions and also respecting any court decisions that may
impinge on the issue;
Taking steps to restructure Master Planning laws and City Master/Zonal/Local Area Plans to make
them inclusive and addressing the requirements of space for street vending as an important urban
activity through norms for reservation of space for street vendors in accordance with their current
population and projected growth;
Ensuring the demarcation of Restriction-free Vending Zones, Restricted Vending Zones, Novending Zones and Mobile Vending Areas in every city/town, taking into account the natural
propensity of street vendors to locate in certain places at certain times in response to the patterns of
demand for their goods/services or the formation of natural markets, traffic congestion and other
factors in view;
Requiring Urban Local Bodies/Development Authorities to allocate sufficient space for temporary
Vendors Markets such as Weekly Haats, Rehri Markets, Night Bazaars, Festival Bazaars, Food
Streets/Street Food Marts etc., with suitable timing restrictions;
Providing a framework for the registration of street vendors, issuance of identity cards and regulation
of street vendors, including the constitution of Town Vending Committees in all cities/towns and, if
considered appropriate, at the level of wards/groups of wards, representing the local authority, planning
authority, police, associations of street vendors, resident welfare associations, civil society
organizations such as NGOs, CBOs, professional groups, trade and commerce associations, scheduled
banks and eminent citizens;
Facilitating a comprehensive, digitalized photo census/survey/GIS mapping through competent
professional institutions/agencies to build a robust database and information system on street vendors
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5.

in every city/town for the purpose of granting registration to street vendors, issuing identity cards
and leasehold rights for the use of vending spaces/stalls;
Formulating a scheme for street vendors to enable them to earn an honest livelihood without
harassment from officials and with access to civic facilities, health care schemes, education and skills
training, credit and insurance, social security, rehabilitation of child vendors, promotion of Vendors
Organisations and maintenance of health and hygiene in vending places and vendors markets;
Establishing a State Nodal Office for coordinating the implementation of the National Policy,
maintenance of database, formulation and implementation of programmes for the benefit of street
vendors, addressing the grievances of street vendors and reporting to the Government of India from
time to time.
National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy 2007

5.1
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation has formulated the National Urban Housing
& Habitat Policy, 2007 (NUHHP-2007) which primarily aims at providing a framework for provision of
housing and basic infrastructure facilities to Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)/ Low Income Groups
(LIG) and other sections of the society at affordable cost. The salient features of NUHHP-2007 are:

76

Target at Affordable Urban Housing for All with special emphasis on the urban poor, especially
Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Backward Classes/ Minorities and on empowerment of Women;
Lay emphasis on inclusive urban planning and increasing supply of land for affordable housing,
removing legal impediments, using spatial incentives like additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR),
Transferable Development Rights (TDR), etc., accelerating flow of funds, promoting healthy
environment, effective solid waste management, use of renewable sources of energy and adoption
of participatory approach;
Encouraging Integrated Townships and Special Economic Zones that are inclusive;
Reserving 10-15% of land in every new public/private housing projects or 20-25% Floor Area Ratio
(FAR), whichever is greater for EWS/LIG housing through appropriate spatial incentives;
Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP): The private sector to undertake land assembly within the purview
of Master Plans with focus on inclusion. Action Plans for urban Slum-dwellers and special package
for Cooperative Housing, Labour Housing and Employees Housing to be prepared.
Accord primacy to the provision of shelter to urban poor at their present location or near their work
place with emphasis on in-situ slum rehabilitation; relocation to be considered only in specific cases.
Micro-finance institutions to be promoted at state level to expedite flow of housing finance to urban
poor.
Focus on detailed city maps to be prepared based on GIS, aerial survey and ground verification.
Efforts should be on encouraging the use of proven cost-effective technology and building materials,

Slums in India

developing mass rapid transit system at sub-regional level, and creating green cover in and habitats
cities for balanced ecological development.
5.2
NHHUP-2007 envisages that the States/UTs would develop a Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan
for all cities with a population of over one lakh. It also envisages that they prepare 10-year perspective plan
for housing of EWS/LIG. Encouragement and support are to be provided by the Central Government to
State Governments for the preparation of State Urban Housing and Habitat Policy and Action Plan. State/
UT policy is required to provide a road map for institutional, legal and financial reforms to promote affordable
housing to all, especially to the urban poor.
6.

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS)

6.1
Low cost sanitation is seen as an important solution to the dehumanizing practice of manual scavenging.
The Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS) aims at the conversion of individual dry latrines into
pour-flush latrines, thereby liberating manual scavengers from the age-old, obnoxious practice of manually
carrying the night soil. The scheme has recently been revised to implement it more effectively. The focus of
the scheme is on conversion of dry latrines and construction of new latrines for latrine-less households so as
to address the issues of sanitation in cities and towns.
6.2
Upper ceiling cost of Rs. 10,000/- has been provided for the complete unit of a two-pit pour flush
individual latrine with superstructure (excluding states falling in difficult / hilly areas). For states falling in
the category of difficult and hilly areas, an extra cost of 25% has been provided for each two-pit pour flush
latrine. The scheme is limited to EWS households only and does not entail a loan component.
7

Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP)

7.1
A scheme for Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) has been launched in 2009 as part of the
existing Sub-Mission of Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) under the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The scheme is in response to the recognition of the constraints on
supply of housing for the economically poor categories and is aimed at incentivizing land assembly for
affordable housing for the urban poor in various kinds of partnerships. It also intends to provide a stimulus
to economic activities through the multiplier effects of housing on other sectors of the economy.
7.2
The scheme of AHP has an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores for the 11th Plan and a target of construction
of one million houses for Economically Weaker Section (EWS)/Low Income Group (LIG)/Middle Income
Group (MIG) categories with at least 25% for EWS category. The scheme aims at partnership between
various agencies: Government/ Parastatals/ Urban Local Bodies/ Developers for realizing the goal of
affordable housing for all and facilitating the creation of inclusive habitats.
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8.

Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)

8.1
The interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP), launched in 2008-09, seeks to
provide a subsidy of 5 per cent per annum on interest on loans up to Rs 1 lakh taken for housing purposes by
the urban poor, admissible over the full period of the loan. The scheme aims at leveraging the flow of
institutional finance for the EWS (with monthly income of up to Rs 5,000) and LIG (with monthly income
between Rs 5,001 and Rs 10,000). EWS and LIG households can avail an affordable housing loan for the
purchase of house or for the construction of new house under the scheme. Beneficiary borrowers may
choose fixed or floating rates. An additional 1% p.a. (maximum) will be permitted to be charged by banks/
Housing Finance Companies (HFCs) if fixed rate loans are extended which will be subject to review after a
minimum period of 5 years. Mortgage of the dwelling unit is to be accepted as the primary security under
ISHUP. There would be no collateral security/third party guarantee for loans up to and inclusive of Rs. 1
lakh, excluding group guarantee. No levy of prepayment charges would be permitted.
8.2
Under ISHUP, the Net Present Value (NPV) subsidy is given to the lenders on an up-front and
quarterly basis. The NPV subsidy to the lender will be deducted from the principal loan amount of the
borrower, who will then have to pay interest to the Bank/Housing Finance Institution (HFI) at an agreed
document rate for the whole duration of the loan. The advantages of this method are as under:

9.

The interest subsidy directly accrues to the benefit of the borrower upfront reducing his principal
outstanding amount;
The EMI for any beneficiary type is lower than in a situation where the interest subsidy is disbursed
through the loan period quarterly;
The transactional complexity of administering and accounting of provision of subsidy disbursal
through quarterly loan periods as well as cost involved for the PLIs claiming subsidy periodically and
National Housing Bank (NHB) / HUDCO on behalf of the Government of India effecting payments
is reduced;
The beneficial impact of the upfront subsidy on the acceptability of borrowers should be higher than
in the case of periodical subsidy payment;
The lenders prefer the upfront adjustment mechanism not only for reasons of administrative
convenience but also for facilitating credit risk evaluation. This is because the borrowers equity in
the house goes up or the loan-to-value ratio comes down. This should also facilitate greater coverage
of borrowers.
Rajiv Awas Yojana

9.1
The President of India has announced a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) on June 4,
2009 for the slum-dwellers and urban poor, aimed at ushering in a Slum-free India by encouraging States/

78

Slums in India

Union Territories to tackle the problem of slums in a definitive manner. RAY calls for a multi-prolonged
approach focusing on:

Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of
basic amenities as the rest of the town;
Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums and squatter
settlements; and
Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor
and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood and
employment.

Rajiv Awas Yojana would dovetail the schemes of Affordable Housing in Partnership and Interest
Subsidy for Housing the Urban Poor. It would extend support to States that are willing to assign property
rights to people living in slum areas. Property right need not be land; it could preferably be dwelling space.
9.2
As with JNNURM, the goals of RAY will be driven and incentivised by the provision of central
support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable housing conditional to a set of reforms
necessary for urban development to become inclusive.
9.3
As part of the preparatory activities for Rajiv Awas Yojana, the Government of India has launched a
scheme called Slum-free City Planning Scheme with a view to supporting States and Urban Local Bodies in
activities like slum survey, Slum MIS, GIS mapping of slums, GIS-MIS integration and preparation of Slumfree City and State Plans.
11th Five-Year Plans: Strategy

10

10.1 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted inclusive growth as the dominant paradigm for Indias
development. The monitorable socio-economic targets for the 11th Five Year Plan, set out by the Planning
Commission as part of the inclusive growth strategy, include the following:

Accelerate the growth rate of GDP from 8% to 10% and then maintain GDP growth at 10% in the
12th Plan in order to double the per capita income by 2016-2017;
Increase the agricultural GDP growth rate to 4% per year to ensure a broader spread of benefits;
Create 70 million new employment opportunities;
Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%;
Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent;
Reduce the headcount ratio of consumption poverty by 10 percentage points.

As may be seen, employment creation, reduction in unemployment, raising real wages of unskilled
workers through skill development and reducing poverty are among the core objectives of the 11th Five Year
Plan.
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10.2 The 11th Five Year Plan has identified the following primary causes of urban poverty and growth in
slums:
i) Structural - which include socially constructed constraints to opportunities for low-income groups;
ii) Influx of a large number of workers to cities without commensurate job opportunities and availability
of housing and basic amenities;
iii) High cost of living, including the cost of health care and medical facilities, housing, transport and
education;
iv) Lack of urban planning, especially for housing low-income categories and the provision of land for
informal sector activities;
v) Absence of adequate regulation to protect the economic interest of the poor; and
vi) Lack of involvement of the poor in urban planning and developmental processes.
10.3 The 11th Five Year Plan has adopted the objectives of urban poverty alleviation and slum development/
upgradation as part of the strategy of inclusive growth (see Boxes 1 & 2). Inclusive cities are needed as
key instruments of inclusive growth. The development of inclusive cities needs meticulous and informed
planning, policy-making, programme formulation and implementation based on authentic and reliable data.
Box 1
11 Plan: Objective for Urmban Poverty Alleviation
th

To policy-making, programme formulation and implemeTo provide the urban poor affordable shelter
and decent living and working conditions;
To make adequate provision of land for the poor in the master plan itself;
To help in developing self-employment enterprises and job creation for the wage employment earners;
and
To protect the economic interest and safety of women and other vulnerable sections of our society.

Source: 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission of India


Box 2
11 Plan: Objective for Slum Development
th

Creating and updating database on slums;


City-wise perspective and integrated slum development plans;
Augmenting and facilitating access to services for slum dwellers;
Granting tenure security to slum dwellers;
In-situ upgradation and resettlement options for slum improvement;
Using land as a resource for housing and shelter development for slum dwellers.

Source: 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission of India

80

Slums in India

References
Census of India 2001: General Population Tables (India, States and Union Territories, Table A-4, Part II). New
Delhi. Ministry of Home Affairs.
____ Series H: Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. 2006. Report of the Technical Group
(11th Five Year Plan: 2007-12) on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage. New Delhi:
____ (2009). India Urban Poverty Report: 2009. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India:
Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010
National Sample Survey Organisation: Conditions of Slum Area in Cities, NSSO 31st Round Survey, 1977
____ (1993) Slums in India, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 417
____ (1993) Housing Condition in India, NSSO 49th Round (Jan.1993-June.1993)
____ (2000) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 1999-2000 (Part I), NSSO 61st Round (July 1999June 2000), Report No. 458
____ (2000) Literacy and Levels of Education in India 1999-2000, NSS 55th Round, July 1999-June 2000.
____ (2002) Housing Condition in India, NSSO 58th Round (July to December 2002)
____ (2002) Conditions of Slums 2002, NSSO 58th Round Survey, Report No. 486
____ (2005) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05 (Part I), NSSO 61st Round (July 2004June 2005), Report No. 518
____ (2009) Housing Condition and Amenities in India, 2008-09 65th Round (July 2008-June 2009)
____ (2010) Some Characteristics of Urban Slums 2008-09, NSSO 65th Round, Report No. 534
Planning Commission, Government of India (1979), Report of the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs
and Effective Consumption Demand, Perspective Planning Division.
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____ (1993), Expert Group on Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor


____ (2007), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 21st March 2007
____ (2007), Towards Faster & More Inclusive Growth: An approach to the 11th Five Year Plan 2007-2012
____ (2008), Eleventh Five Year Plan
____ (2010), Eleventh Five Year Plan Mid-Term Review Press Note 2010
____ (2011), Estimates of Poverty, Press Release dated 27th January 2011
UN-Habitat: Challenges of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003
____ (2003) Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Slum Identification and Mapping
____ (2006) The State of the Worlds Cities Report 2006/2007
____ (2010) The State of Worlds Cities 2010/2011 Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide
United Nations, World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2007 Revision, United Nations 2008.

82

Data Appendices (1-30)

Demographic Profile
of India - 2001

Slums in India

Appendix 1

Geographical Area of States & Union Territories: 2001

States / UTs

Area in sq. km.


Total

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
N.C.T. Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural

Proportion to
Indias Total Area

Rank

Urban

275,045.00
83,743.00
78,438.00
94,163.00
135,191.00
3,702.00
196,024.00
44,212.00
55,673.00
222,236.00
79,714.00
191,791.00
38,863.00
308,245.00
307,713.00
22,327.00
22,429.00
21,081.00
16,579.00
155,707.00
50,362.00
342,239.00
7,096.00
130,058.00
10,486.00
240,928.00
53,483.00
88,752.00
8,249.00
114.00
491.00
112.00
1,483.00
32.00
479.00

270,297.50
N.A.
77,476.23
92,358.40
133,325.25
3,190.33
190,796.50
42,931.63
55,431.29
221,272.69
77,921.57
186,590.02
35,611.14
301,283.24
300,357.20
22,176.81
22,199.28
20,494.08
16,431.76
152,912.87
48,265.38
336,807.81
N.A.
117,532.75
10,345.60
234,369.81
52,686.23
85,427.26
8,222.66
34.66
473.83
88.64
558.32
21.41
345.59

4,747.50
N.A.
961.77
1,804.60
1,865.75
511.67
5,227.50
1,280.37
241.71
963.31
1,792.43
5,200.98
3,251.86
6,961.76
7,355.80
150.19
229.72
586.92
147.24
2,794.13
2,096.62
5,431.19
N.A.
12,525.25
140.40
6,558.19
796.77
3,324.74
26.34
79.34
17.17
23.36
924.68
10.59
133.41

8.37
2.55
2.39
2.86
4.11
0.11
5.96
1.35
1.69
6.76
2.43
5.83
1.18
9.38
9.36
0.68
0.68
0.64
0.5
4.74
1.53
10.41
0.22
3.96
0.32
7.33
1.63
2.70
0.25
N.A.
0.02
N.A.
0.05
N.A.
0.01

4
14
16
12
10
29
7
20
17
6
15
8
21
2
3
23
22
24
25
9
19
1
28
11
26
5
18
13
27
33
31
34
30
35
32

3,287,263.00

3,118,237.74

78,163.26

100

Note: Indias Total Area Figure includes:


78,114 sq. km. under illegal occupation of Pakistan and 5,180 sq. km. illegally handed over by Pakistan to China
37,555 sq. km. under illegal occupation of China in Leh (Ladakh) district.
Shortfall of 7 sq. km. area of Madhya Pradesh and 3 sq. km. area of Chhattisgarh is yet to be resolved by Survey
of India.
13 Sq. km disputed area between Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh which is not included in both the States
The Figure excludes Rural/Urban area Figures of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

85

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 2

Total Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 - 2001

States / UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Total Population (million)


1971

1981

1991

2001

43.50
0.47
14.63
42.13
11.64
0.80
26.70
10.04
3.46
4.62
14.23
29.30
21.35
30.02
50.41
1.07
1.01
0.33
0.52
21.94
13.55
25.77
0.21
41.20
1.56
83.85
4.49
44.31
0.12
0.26
0.07
0.06
4.07
0.03
0.47

53.55
0.63
18.04
52.30
14.01
1.01
34.09
12.92
4.28
5.99
17.61
37.14
25.45
38.17
62.78
1.42
1.34
0.49
0.77
26.37
16.79
34.26
0.32
48.41
2.05
105.14
5.73
54.58
0.19
0.45
0.10
0.08
6.22
0.04
0.60

66.51
0.86
22.41
64.53
17.61
1.17
41.31
16.46
5.17
7.84
21.84
44.98
29.10
48.57
78.94
1.84
1.77
0.69
1.21
31.66
20.28
44.01
0.41
55.86
2.76
132.06
7.05
68.08
0.28
0.64
0.14
0.10
9.42
0.05
0.81

76.21
1.10
26.66
83.00
20.83
1.35
50.67
21.14
6.08
10.14
26.95
52.85
31.84
60.35
96.88
2.29
2.32
0.89
1.99
36.80
24.36
56.51
0.54
62.41
3.20
166.20
8.49
80.18
0.36
0.90
0.22
0.16
13.85
0.06
0.97

548.16

683.33

846.42

1028.74

Note: The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Maram, Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
The population Figures of J&K excludes population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and
China where census could not be taken.
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
86

Slums in India

Appendix 3

Rural Population of States & Union Territories: 1971- 2001

States / UTs
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural Population (million)


1971

1981

1991

2001

35.10
0.45
13.34
38.77
10.43
0.59
19.20
8.26
3.22
3.76
11.95
22.18
17.88
24.44
34.70
0.93
0.86
0.29
0.47
20.10
10.33
21.22
0.19
28.73
1.39
72.20
3.76
33.34
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.42
0.03
0.27

41.06
0.59
16.26
47.16
11.95
0.68
23.48
10.09
3.95
4.73
14.04
26.41
20.68
29.64
40.79
1.05
1.09
0.37
0.65
23.26
12.14
27.05
0.27
32.46
1.83
86.39
4.58
40.13
0.14
0.03
0.10
0.05
0.45
0.02
0.29

48.62
0.75
19.93
57.82
14.55
0.69
27.06
12.41
4.72
6.04
17.20
31.07
21.42
36.29
48.40
1.33
1.44
0.37
1.00
27.42
14.29
33.94
0.37
36.78
2.34
106.09
5.42
49.37
0.21
0.07
0.13
0.05
0.95
0.02
0.29

55.40
0.87
23.22
74.32
16.65
0.68
31.74
15.03
5.48
7.63
20.95
34.89
23.57
44.38
55.78
1.72
1.86
0.45
1.65
31.29
16.10
43.29
0.48
34.92
2.65
131.66
6.31
57.75
0.24
0.09
0.17
0.10
0.94
0.03
0.33

439.05

523.87

628.86

742.62

Note
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Maram, Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
The population Figures of J&K excludes population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and
China where census could not be taken.
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
87

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 4

Urban Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 - 2001

States / UTs
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Urban Population (million)


1971

1981

1991

2001

8.40
0.02
1.29
3.36
1.21
0.20
7.50
1.77
0.24
0.86
2.28
7.12
3.47
5.58
15.71
0.14
0.15
0.04
0.05
1.85
3.22
4.54
0.02
12.46
0.16
11.65
0.73
10.97
0.03
0.23
0.02
3.65
0.20

12.49
0.04
1.78
5.14
2.06
0.32
10.60
2.83
0.33
1.26
3.57
10.73
4.77
8.53
21.99
0.38
0.24
0.12
0.12
3.11
4.65
7.21
0.05
15.95
0.23
18.75
1.15
14.45
0.05
0.42
0.01
0.03
5.77
0.02
0.32

17.89
0.11
2.49
6.71
3.06
0.48
14.25
4.05
0.45
1.79
4.64
13.91
7.68
12.27
30.54
0.51
0.33
0.32
0.21
4.23
5.99
10.07
0.04
19.08
0.42
25.97
1.63
18.71
0.07
0.58
0.01
0.05
8.47
0.03
0.52

20.81
0.23
3.44
8.68
4.19
0.67
18.93
6.12
0.60
2.52
5.99
17.96
8.27
15.97
41.10
0.58
0.45
0.44
0.34
5.52
8.26
13.21
0.06
27.48
0.55
34.54
2.18
22.43
0.12
0.81
0.05
0.06
12.91
0.03
0.65

109.11

159.46

217.57

286.12

Note
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao Maram,
Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

88

Slums in India

Appendix 5
States / UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural


Population Density in States & Union Territories: 2001
No. of
Habited
Villages

No. of
Unhabit-ed
Villages

No. of HH

Population

Area
in sq. km.

Populat
-ion per
sq.km.

26613
3863
25124
39015
19744
347
18066
6764
17495
6417
29354
27481
1364
52117
41095
2315
5782
707
1278
47529
12278
39753
450
15400
858
97942
15761
37945
501
23
70
23
158
8
92

1510
202
1188
6083
564
12
473
191
2623
235
3261
1925
0
3276
2616
76
244
110
39
3820
395
1600
2
917
12
9510
1065
2837
46
1
0
0
7
16
0

12607167
166468
4203976
12407132
3273647
145229
5941858
2541980
1079797
1167108
3736524
6725882
5010259
7996300
11173512
273098
333119
86951
263129
6618547
2796284
7054434
101225
8284383
539713
20373081
1185737
11270822
51866
22580
33938
23204
179804
5664
72966

55401067
870087
23216288
74316709
16648056
677091
31740767
15029260
5482319
7627062
20952088
34889033
23574449
44380878
55777647
1717928
1864711
447567
1647249
31287422
16096488
43292813
480981
34921681
2653453
131658339
6310275
57748946
239954
92120
170027
100856
944727
33683
325726

270297.50
NA
77476.23
92358.40
133325.25
3190.33
190796.50
42931.63
55431.29
221272.69
77921.57
186590.02
35611.14
301283.24
300357.20
22176.81
22199.28
20494.08
16431.76
152912.87
48265.38
336807.81
NA
117532.75
10345.60
234369.81
52686.23
85427.26
8222.66
34.66
473.83
88.64
558.32
21.41
345.59

205
NA
300
805
125
212
166
350
99
76
269
187
662
147
186
77
84
22
100
205
334
129
NA
297
256
562
120
676
29
2658
359
1138
1692
1573
943

593732

44856

13774738

742617747

3118237.7

247

Note:
The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao
Maram, Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
The population Figures of J&K excludes population of areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and
China where census could not be taken.
Source:Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I
89

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 6

Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population


Density in States & Union Territories: 2001

States / UTs

No. of Towns No. of HH

Population

Area
(sq. km)

Popn. per
sq. km.

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Daman & Diu
D & N Haveli
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

210
17
125
130
97
44
242
106
57
75
152
270
159
394
378
33
16
22
9
138
157
222
9
832
23
704
86
375
3
1
2
2
62
3
6

4397138
49106
710847
1336998
817904
149583
3749504
1170339
141792
401411
1062557
3676036
1716097
2915725
8403224
101997
85731
89183
64928
1119518
1552296
2263241
12998
6381600
124621
5384559
417505
4601261
26376
183885
12482
11648
2553579
4329
1425m72

20808940
227881
3439240
8681800
4185747
670577
18930250
6115304
595581
2516638
5993741
17961529
8266925
15967145
41100980
575968
454111
441006
342787
5517238
8262511
13214375
59870
27483998
545750
34539582
2179074
22427251
116198
808515
57348
50463
12905780
26967
648619

4747.50
NA
961.77
1804.60
1865.75
511.67
5227.50
1280.37
241.71
963.31
1792.43
5200.98
3251.86
6961.76
7355.80
150.19
229.72
586.92
147.24
2794.13
2096.62
5431.19
NA
12525.25
140.40
6558.19
796.77
3324.74
26.34
79.34
23.36
17.17
924.68
10.59
133.41

4383
NA
3576
4811
2243
1311
3621
4776
2464
2612
3344
3453
2542
2294
5588
3835
1977
751
2328
1975
3941
2433
NA
2194
3887
5267
2735
6746
4411
10191
2455
2939
13957
2546
4862

INDIA

5161

55832570

286119689

78163.26

3657

Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

90

Slums in India

Appendix 7

Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001

States / UTs

Rural
HH No.
million

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Urban
HH
Size

HH No.
million

All India
HH
Size

HH No.
million

HH
Size

12.61
0.17
4.20
12.41
3.27
0.15
5.94
2.54
1.08
1.17
3.74
6.73
5.01
8.00
11.17
0.27
0.33
0.09
0.26
6.62
2.80
7.05
0.10
8.28
0.54
20.37
1.19
11.27
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.18
0.01
0.07

4.4
5.2
5.5
6.0
5.1
4.7
5.3
5.9
5.1
6.5
5.6
5.2
4.7
5.6
5.0
6.3
5.6
5.1
6.3
4.7
5.8
6.1
4.8
4.2
4.9
6.5
5.3
5.1
4.6
4.1
4.3
5.0
5.3
5.9
4.5

4.40
0.05
0.71
1.34
0.82
0.15
3.75
1.17
0.14
0.40
1.06
3.68
1.72
2.92
8.40
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.06
1.12
1.55
2.26
0.01
6.38
0.12
5.38
0.42
4.60
0.03
0.18
0.01
0.01
2.55
0.00
0.14

4.7
4.6
4.8
6.5
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.2
4.2
6.3
5.6
4.9
4.8
5.5
4.9
5.6
5.3
4.9
5.3
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.6
4.3
4.4
6.4
5.2
4.9
4.4
4.4
4.6
4.3
5.1
6.2
4.5

17.00
0.22
4.91
13.74
4.09
0.29
9.69
3.71
1.22
1.57
4.80
10.40
6.73
10.91
19.58
0.38
0.42
0.18
0.33
7.74
4.35
9.32
0.11
14.67
0.66
25.76
1.60
15.87
0.08
0.21
0.05
0.04
2.73
0.01
0.22

4.5
5.1
5.4
6.0
5.1
4.6
5.2
5.7
5.0
6.5
5.6
5.1
4.7
5.5
4.9
6.1
5.5
5.0
6.1
4.8
5.6
6.1
4.7
4.3
4.8
6.5
5.3
5.1
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.1
6.1
4.5

137.75

5.4

55.83

5.1

193.58

5.3

The 2001 Census population of India and Manipur State includes the estimated population of Mao Maram,
Paomata and Purul Sub-division of Senapati district
Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

91

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 8

States / UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories:


All India 2001 (in 000)
Total No
of House
-holds*

16,850
213
4,935
13,983
4,149
279
9,644
3,530
1,241
1,552
4,863
10,232
6,595
10,920
19,063
398
420
161
332
7,870
4,265
9,342
105
14,174
662
25,761
1,586
15,716
73
202
44
34
2,554
9
209
191,964

Number of Households by Household Size

6-8

9+

660
17
160
305
203
16
350
86
99
45
176
357
187
453
743
7
19
7
12
310
114
287
7
681
22
745
96
523
5
18
2
2
100
1
7

1,932
20
322
1,096
387
28
803
182
101
63
368
811
458
879
1,707
18
32
12
22
811
231
580
9
1,673
50
1,563
114
1,180
7
22
5
4
207
1
19

2,403
25
563
1,198
448
43
1,021
285
127
101
470
1,240
864
1,005
2,277
38
49
18
29
1,058
357
710
13
2,314
97
1,774
144
2,229
10
28
6
6
295
1
31

4,233
33
843
1,766
687
64
1,932
641
249
197
731
2,288
1,935
1,729
4,041
58
62
25
39
1,554
784
1,316
18
3,800
146
2,910
261
3,497
17
51
9
7
544
1
58

3,509
33
908
2,142
776
54
1,941
752
241
257
850
2,025
1,390
2,020
4,038
69
64
30
45
1,525
926
1,628
18
2,834
134
3,720
303
3,027
14
38
8
6
507
1
45

3,413
62
1,591
4,803
1,241
59
2,756
1,125
312
576
1,619
2,595
1,341
3,459
4,867
149
138
54
118
2,075
1,358
3,249
31
2,457
176
9,123
498
3,929
15
36
11
7
680
3
39

701
23
549
2673
407
15
841
459
111
312
649
917
421
1374
1390
59
58
15
68
536
495
1571
10
414
36
5927
170
1332
4
7
3
2
221
2
9

6,821 15,716

21,275

36,524

35,879

53,967

21782

* Excludes institutional households.


Source: Census of India 2001: India-Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets

92

Slums in India

Appendix 9

States / UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union


Territories 2001 (in 000)
Total No.
of Rural
Households*

12,676
165
4,220
12,660
3,359
141
5,886
2,454
1,098
1,161
3,802
6,675
4,943
8,125
10,994
296
330
79
265
6,783
2,775
7,157
92
8,275
540
20,590
1,196
11,162
50
21
33
22
170
5
72
138,272

Number of Rural Households by Household size

6-8

9+

561
12
111
265
161
8
212
49
78
30
118
238
145
331
446
5
13
3
8
262
66
199
6
474
16
591
73
309
4
3
1
1
6
0.3
3

1,539
14
257
1,025
321
13
487
113
84
45
297
491
344
676
983
14
24
5
15
724
142
432
7
1,026
40
1,283
85
774
4
3
4
3
12
0.4
7

1,826
19
458
1,109
359
20
560
180
107
73
372
722
639
736
1,167
27
38
8
21
923
215
527
11
1,292
73
1,396
104
1,416
7
3
4
4
17
0.5
10

3,102
24
689
1,602
537
30
1,050
411
215
133
561
1,402
1,440
1,225
2,115
41
48
11
29
1,319
462
949
15
2,057
114
2,191
181
2,454
11
4
6
5
32
1
19

2,624
25
780
1,935
621
28
1,170
515
218
183
662
1,346
1,057
1,481
2,386
50
50
14
35
1,312
596
1,216
16
1,669
113
2,879
224
2,275
10
3
6
4
35
1
17

2,544
51
1,435
4,343
1,026
33
1,833
833
292
449
1,287
1,811
1,019
2,645
3,057
112
111
29
98
1,794
950
2,582
28
1,515
155
7,373
395
2,977
11
3
10
4
51
2
14

480
20
490
2380
333
8
574
354
104
248
506
665
299
1030
838
47
47
9
60
449
344
1251
9
242
31
4876
135
957
3
1
2
1
16
1
3

4,809 11,294

14,443

24,485

25,554

40,873

16814

* Excludes institutional households.


Source: Census of India 2001: India-Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets

93

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 10

States / UTs

Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union


Territories 2001 (in 000)
Total No. of
Urban
Households*

Number of Urban Households by Household Size

1
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

6-8

9+

4,174
48
715
1,323
789
138
3,758
1,075
143
390
1,060
3,557
1,653
2,795
8,070
101
91
82
67
1,087
1,490
2,186
13
5,899
122
5,171
390
4,554
23
181
11
12
2,385
4
136

99
5
49
40
42
8
138
37
21
15
58
119
42
122
297
2
6
4
4
48
48
88
1
206
7
153
23
214
1
15
1
1
93
0
4

393
5
64
70
66
15
316
70
17
18
71
320
113
203
723
5
8
7
7
87
90
148
1
647
11
280
29
405
2
19
2
1
195
0
12

576
7
104
90
88
23
461
104
20
28
99
518
225
268
1,110
10
11
10
8
135
142
182
2
1,022
24
378
40
814
4
25
2
2
278
0
21

1,131
9
154
163
149
34
882
230
35
64
169
886
495
504
1,926
17
14
13
10
235
322
367
3
1,743
32
719
80
1,042
6
47
3
3
512
0
39

885
8
128
207
156
26
771
237
23
74
188
679
333
540
1,652
19
14
16
10
214
330
412
2
1,165
22
841
79
752
5
35
2
2
472
0
28

869
11
156
460
215
26
923
292
20
126
332
783
322
814
1,810
36
26
26
20
282
407
668
3
943
21
1,750
103
952
4
33
2
3
629
1
25

221
3
59
293
74
7
267
105
8
65
143
252
122
344
551
12
11
6
9
87
151
320
1
172
5
1050
35
375
1
6
0
1
205
1
6

53,692

2,012

4,422

6,832

12,039

10,325

13,094

4968

* Excludes institutional households.


Source: Census of India 2001: India-Table on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets

94

Slums in India

Appendix 11

Scheduled Caste Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001
Population

States / UTs

All India
Total

Male

Female

Scheduled
Caste Total

Male
(SC)

Female
(SC)

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

762.10
10.98
266.56
829.99
208.34
13.48
506.71
211.45
60.78
101.44
269.46
528.51
318.41
603.48
968.79
21.67
23.19
8.89
19.90
368.05
243.59
565.07
5.41
624.06
31.99
1,661.98
84.89
801.76
3.56
9.01
2.20
1.58
138.51
0.61
9.74

385.27
5.80
137.77
432.44
104.74
6.87
263.86
113.64
30.88
53.61
138.85
268.99
154.69
314.44
504.01
10.96
11.76
4.59
10.47
186.61
129.85
294.20
2.88
314.01
16.42
875.65
43.26
414.66
1.93
5.07
1.22
0.93
76.07
0.31
4.87

376.83
5.18
128.78
397.55
103.60
6.60
242.85
97.81
29.90
47.83
130.61
259.52
163.73
289.04
464.78
10.71
11.43
4.29
9.43
181.44
113.74
270.87
2.52
310.05
15.57
786.33
41.63
387.10
1.63
3.94
0.99
0.66
62.43
0.30
4.87

123.39
0.06
18.26
130.49
24.19
0.24
35.93
40.91
15.02
7.70
31.89
85.64
31.24
91.55
98.82
0.60
0.11
0.00
60.82
70.29
96.94
0.27
118.58
5.56
351.48
15.17
184.53
1.58
0.04
0.05
23.43
1.58

62.28
0.04
9.44
67.85
12.13
0.12
18.66
21.89
7.63
4.03
16.41
43.40
15.25
48.05
50.63
0.30
0.06
0.00
30.73
37.14
50.68
0.14
59.33
2.83
185.03
7.81
94.70
0.86
0.02
0.02
12.65
0.78

61.11
0.03
8.82
62.64
12.06
0.12
17.26
19.03
7.39
3.67
15.49
42.24
15.99
43.50
48.19
0.30
0.05
0.00
30.09
33.14
46.27
0.13
59.25
2.73
166.46
7.36
89.83
0.71
0.02
0.02
10.78
0.80

INDIA

10,286.10

5,321.57

4,964.54

1,666.36

860.89

805.47

Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5

95

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 12

Scheduled Tribe Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) 2001

States / UTs

All India
Total

Male

Female

Scheduled
Tribes

Male
(ST)

Female
(ST)

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

762.10
10.98
266.56
829.99
208.34
13.48
506.71
211.45
60.78
101.44
269.46
528.51
318.41
603.48
968.79
21.67
23.19
8.89
19.90
368.05
243.59
565.07
5.41
624.06
31.99
1,661.98
84.89
801.76
3.56
9.01
2.20
1.58
138.51
0.61
9.74

385.27
5.80
137.77
432.44
104.74
6.87
263.86
113.64
30.88
53.61
138.85
268.99
154.69
314.44
504.01
10.96
11.76
4.59
10.47
186.61
129.85
294.20
2.88
314.01
16.42
875.65
43.26
414.66
1.93
5.07
1.22
0.93
76.07
0.31
4.87

376.83
5.18
128.78
397.55
103.60
6.60
242.85
97.81
29.90
47.83
130.61
259.52
163.73
289.04
464.78
10.71
11.43
4.29
9.43
181.44
113.74
270.87
2.52
310.05
15.57
786.33
41.63
387.10
1.63
3.94
0.99
0.66
62.43
0.30
4.87

50.24
7.05
33.09
7.58
66.17
0.01
74.81
2.45
11.06
70.87
34.64
3.64
122.33
85.77
7.41
19.93
8.39
17.74
81.45
70.98
1.11
6.51
9.93
1.08
2.56
44.07
0.29
1.37
0.14
0.57
-

25.48
3.52
16.78
3.93
32.87
0.00
37.90
1.23
5.79
35.66
17.56
1.80
61.95
43.48
3.74
9.97
4.23
9.13
40.67
36.51
0.57
3.29
5.04
0.56
1.31
22.24
0.15
0.68
0.07
0.29
-

24.76
3.53
16.30
3.65
33.29
0.00
36.91
1.22
5.27
35.21
17.08
1.84
60.38
42.30
3.67
9.96
4.16
8.61
40.78
34.47
0.54
3.22
4.89
0.52
1.25
21.83
0.14
0.70
0.07
0.29
-

INDIA

10,286.10

5,321.57

4,964.54

843.26

426.41

416.85

Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table-5

96

Slums in India

Appendix 13

Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - All India 1901 - 2001

States / UTs

1901

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh

985

977

975

972

978

Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

919
1054
1091
954
867
884
882
983
1004
990
978
1037
1036
1113
973
1037
832
905
916
1044
874
937
945
318
771
960
995
862
1063
NA

861
896
954
981
934
867
958
878
957
1016
941
930
980
942
946
871
988
865
911
863
978
943
879
891
644
749
1007
1099
801
978
989

862
910
946
975
942
870
973
892
963
1032
941
937
971
954
919
863
981
879
919
835
977
946
885
911
760
769
974
1062
808
975
985

859
923
911
967
934
865
976
923
960
1036
931
934
958
955
921
886
971
882
910
878
974
945
879
917
818
790
952
969
827
943
979

893
935
919
989
961
920
861
968
892
941
965
1058
919
922
978
972
935
900
972
876
921
875
987
948
898
962
934
846
777
812
710
821
948
1001

INDIA

972

930

934

927

933

Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5

97

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 14

Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Rural 1901 2001

States / UTs

1901

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

983
929
1057
1091
951
861
899
888
984
1008
995
1003
1038
1047
1113
997
1039
836
898
916
1043
887
940
994
318
771
960
995
916
1063
NA

983
881
912
971
1025
951
870
976
882
971
1020
956
985
980
958
947
928
1002
868
919
884
990
944
889
942
671
683
1007
1104
825
978
984

984
881
924
963
1010
959
876
989
897
978
1034
956
987
971
965
928
899
999
884
930
864
987
945
893
947
774
888
981
1057
810
986
977

977
880
934
921
993
949
864
990
933
973
1037
943
972
951
966
912
917
988
888
919
892
981
942
884
940
837
632
965
922
807
959
970

983
914
944
926
1004
988
945
866
989
917
962
977
1059
927
960
967
969
923
916
987
890
930
880
992
946
904
1007
950
861
621
852
586
810
959
990

INDIA

979

949

951

938

946

Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5

98

Slums in India

Appendix 15

Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males - Urban India 1901 - 2001

States / UTs

1901

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

999
576
997
@965
908
600
809
976
953
937
862
1036
725
423
967
804
947
1048
595
917
650
817
NA

949
457
744
807
864
893
853
749
860
913
997
868
820
980
853
936
472
845
856
875
681
951
935
821
751
558
756
1090
798
996

948
629
792
832
906
905
849
795
875
926
1021
884
850
967
904
893
688
859
865
877
697
956
957
846
819
720
775
884
1071
808
963
992

959
728
838
844
930
907
868
831
893
930
1034
893
875
975
910
932
749
866
868
879
750
960
958
860
858
769
810
817
1024
830
930
985

965
819
872
868
932
934
880
847
795
819
870
942
1058
898
873
1009
982
948
829
895
849
890
830
982
959
876
845
893
815
796
691
984
822
935
1007

910

858

879

894

900

INDIA

Source: Census of India General Population 1991 Table Part II-(A)(i) & 2001 Primary Census Abstract,
Total Population: Table A-5
@
Urban Population not ascertainable hence included in Rural

99

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 16
Age Group
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80+
Not Stated
TOTAL

India: Age Composition of Urban & Rural Population, 2001


Urban Population (%)
Total

Males

8.9
10.4
11.3
10.5
9.9
9.0
7.8
7.6
6.0
5.1
3.8
2.7
2.4
1.7
1.3
0.6
0.7
0.3

8.8
10.4
11.3
10.8
10.1
8.8
7.8
7.4
6.3
5.2
4.0
2.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.3

100

100

Source: Census of India 2001 (Age Data)

100

Rural Population (%)

Females

Total

Males

Females

8.9
10.5
11.4
10.3
9.7
9.3
7.9
7.7
5.7
4.9
3.5
2.7
2.5
1.9
1.3
0.6
0.8
0.3

11.5
13.3
12.4
9.4
8.3
7.8
7.0
6.6
5.2
4.4
3.5
2.7
2.8
2.0
1.5
0.7
0.8
0.3

11.5
13.4
12.7
9.9
8.2
7.4
6.7
6.5
5.4
4.5
3.6
2.5
2.7
1.9
1.5
0.6
0.8
0.3

11.4
13.1
12.1
9.0
8.4
8.1
7.2
6.7
5.0
4.4
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.1
1.5
0.7
0.8
0.2

100

100

100

100

Slums in India

Appendix 17

Literacy Rate in States & Union Territories: 1971 2001

States/UTs

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

24.57
11.29
19.94
44.75
35.79
26.89
31.96
18.58
31.52
60.42
22.14
39.18
32.91
29.49
53.79
27.40
26.18
33.67
19.07
17.74
39.46
30.98
21.70
33.20
43.59
61.56
14.97
56.61
43.66
46.02

29.94
20.79
NA
26.20
56.66
43.70
36.14
42.48
26.67
38.46
70.42
27.87
47.18
41.35
34.08
59.88
42.57
34.23
40.86
24.38
34.05
46.76
42.12
27.16
40.94
51.56
64.79
26.67
61.54
55.07
55.85

44.1
41.6
52.9
37.5
42.9
75.5
61.3
55.8
63.9
N.A.
41.4
56.0
89.8
44.7
64.9
59.9
49.1
82.3
61.6
49.1
58.5
38.6
56.9
62.7
60.4
40.7
57.8
57.7
73.0
77.8
40.7
71.2
75.3
81.8
74.7

60.5
54.3
63.3
47.0
64.7
82.0
69.1
67.9
76.5
55.5
53.6
66.6
90.9
63.7
76.9
70.5
62.6
88.8
66.6
63.1
69.7
60.4
68.8
73.5
73.2
56.3
71.6
68.6
81.3
81.9
57.6
78.2
81.7
86.7
81.2

INDIA

29.48

36.23

52.2

64.8

Source: Census of India 1981 Part II B (i) Primary Census Abstract, Series I
Census of India 2001 Primary Census Abstract Total Population: Table A-5, Series I

101

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 18
States / UTs

Rural-Urban Migrants in States & Union Territories 2001


Number of Migrants (in 000 )
Total

Rural
Total

Percentage share of Migrants


to all Indias Migrants

Urban

%age

Total

Rural

Urban

Total %age

23,462

16,029

68

7,433

32

7.46

7.62

7.14

Arunachal Pradesh

411

270

66

142

34

0.13

0.13

0.14

Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N. Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

6,793
20,481
6,907
785
19,222
7,574
2,192
1,806
7,428
16,560
9,190
18,222
41,716
377
379
269
381
11,054
9,189
16,386
187
15,824
962
41,217
3,071
25,098
174
579
78
71
6,014
18
461

5,274
18,075
5,082
379
10,897
4,655
1,837
1,192
5,345
10,307
6,835
12,708
22,450
278
258
103
217
8,714
5,538
12,629
153
8,073
733
32,652
2,090
16,709
118
62
44
52
453
9
158

78
88
74
48
57
61
84
66
72
62
74
70
54
74
68
38
57
79
60
77
82
51
76
79
68
67
68
11
56
73
8
49
34

1,519
2,406
1,826
406
8,325
2,920
356
614
2,083
6,254
2,356
5,514
19,265
99
121
166
164
2,340
3,651
3,757
34
7,751
229
8,565
981
8,389
56
517
35
19
5,561
9
303

22
12
26
52
43
39
16
34
28
38
26
30
46
26
32
62
43
21
40
23
18
49
24
21
32
33
32
89
44
27
92
51
66

2.16
6.51
2.20
0.25
6.11
2.41
0.70
0.57
2.36
5.26
2.92
5.79
13.26
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.12
3.51
2.92
5.21
0.06
5.03
0.31
13.10
0.98
7.98
0.06
0.18
0.02
0.02
1.91
0.01
0.15

2.51
8.59
2.42
0.18
5.18
2.21
0.87
0.57
2.54
4.90
3.25
6.04
10.67
0.13
0.12
0.05
0.10
4.14
2.63
6.00
0.07
3.84
0.35
15.52
0.99
7.94
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.22
0.00
0.07

1.46
2.31
1.75
0.39
7.99
2.80
0.34
0.59
2.00
6.00
2.26
5.29
18.50
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.16
2.25
3.51
3.61
0.03
7.44
0.22
8.22
0.94
8.05
0.05
0.50
0.03
0.02
5.34
0.01
0.29

314,541

210,377

67

104,164

33

100.00

100.00

100.00

Andhra Pradesh

INDIA

Note:
Figures covers migrants by place of last residence
Source: Census of India, 2001: Series D-2 Migrants Tables

102

Slums in India

Appendix 19

Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India
2001

States/UTs

Total Workers
Total

Male

Marginal Workers (%)


Female

Total

Male

Female
20.13%
16.44%
17.20%
33.26%
23.00%
19.32%
23.23%
27.42%
14.68%
32.85%
29.07%
15.83%
21.45%
27.37%
16.69%
41.23%
19.22%
35.51%
18.33%
27.28%
18.56%
31.80%
8.48%
14.57%
14.23%
33.30%
18.83%
20.43%
6.26%
6.50%
31.70%
17.23%
9.60%
34.43%
9.65%

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

6720971
80892
1141822
2222037
1302197
248403
6262209
1925879
220110
829129
1539439
6406988
2612777
4893293
13911920
222126
147615
211115
106357
1689519
2767123
3910232
24041
10318514
177114
9307872
635194
7592048
42202
300219
22580
20311
4244170
7347
214889

5375091
63292
971756
1938181
1035880
189570
5427848
1629905
179947
711392
1357713
4981103
2033258
3988452
11503459
128842
100396
124153
82109
1428311
2371164
3316266
18156
7739671
143864
8210873
559466
6368163
35812
248126
19580
15551
3702069
6220
169684

1345880
17600
170066
283856
266317
58833
834361
295974
40163
117737
181726
1425885
579519
904841
2408461
93284
47219
86962
24248
261208
395959
593966
5885
2578843
33250
1096999
75728
1223885
6390
52093
3000
4760
542101
1127
45205

9.79%
7.31%
6.86%
12.69%
10.09%
11.28%
5.61%
10.58%
6.86%
10.02%
12.86%
7.88%
14.31%
11.59%
7.32%
25.89%
11.61%
23.81%
10.07%
10.20%
6.49%
11.13%
7.46%
8.25%
7.14%
13.03%
9.20%
8.89%
4.86%
3.13%
6.25%
6.12%
4.72%
20.85%
5.11%

7.20%
4.77%
5.05%
9.68%
6.77%
8.78%
2.90%
7.52%
5.12%
6.24%
10.69%
5.60%
12.28%
8.02%
5.35%
14.78%
8.03%
15.62%
7.64%
7.07%
4.48%
7.43%
7.13%
6.14%
5.50%
10.32%
7.89%
6.67%
4.60%
2.42%
2.35%
2.73%
4.01%
18.39%
3.90%

INDIA

92278654

76175323

16103331

9.17%

6.73%

20.69%

Source: Census of India 2001: Primary Census Abstract, Total Population Table A-5, Series I

103

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 20

States / UTs

Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in
States & Union Territories: 2008 (Per 000)
Birth Rate

Death Rate
Total

Natural
Growth Rate

Infant
Mortality Rate

Total

Rural Urban

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Maharashtra
Manipur
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

18.4
21.8
23.9
28.9
26.1
13.6
22.6
23
17.7
18.8
25.8
19.8
14.6
28
25.2
17.9
15.8
17.8
17.5
21.4
17.3
27.5
18.4
16
15.4
29.1
20.1
17.5
16.9
16.4
27
17.5
18.4
14.3
16.4

19.1
23.1
25.3
29.7
27.6
13.4
24.1
24.2
18.2
20.2
27.5
20.9
14.6
30
27.3
18.4
15.9
22
17.8
22.2
18
28.8
18.7
16.2
16.1
30
21
19.4
16.9
22.6
26.4
17.3
20.2
15.7
16.4

16.8
15.2
15.7
22.5
19.3
13.8
20.3
20.4
12.1
14
18.9
17.9
14.6
21.1
15.6
17.2
15.7
13.4
16.4
16
16.1
23.5
16.6
15.8
12
25.1
16.5
12.4
17.1
15.8
29.2
17.9
18.1
12.9
16.4

7.5
5.2
8.6
7.3
8.1
6.6
6.9
6.9
7.4
5.8
7.1
7.4
6.6
8.6
7.9
6.6
5
5.1
4.6
9
7.2
6.8
5.2
7.4
5.9
8.4
6.4
6.2
4.8
4.4
5.4
5.3
4.8
7.1
7.5

8.3
5.6
9
7.4
8.5
8.1
8
7.3
7.7
6
7.5
8.5
6.7
9.4
8.4
7.4
4.8
5.9
5
9.4
8
7
5.4
8.2
6
8.8
6.7
6.1
5.5
3.1
6.1
5.4
5.1
6.4
8.8

5.7
3
5.6
6
6.4
5.7
5.4
5.9
4.7
4.9
5.2
5.5
6.4
6
5.4
5.6
5.4
4.2
3.3
6.9
6
6.1
3.7
6.3
5.2
6.6
5.6
6.6
3.6
4.6
3
5.2
4.7
7.8
6.9

10.9
16.6
15.4
21.6
18
7.1
15.7
16.1
10.3
13.1
18.7
12.4
8
19.4
17.3
11.3
10.9
12.8
12.9
12.3
10.1
20.7
13.2
8.6
9.5
20.7
13.6
11.2
12.1
11.9
21.6
12.2
13.6
7.1
8.9

10.8
17.5
16.2
22.3
19.2
5.3
16.1
16.8
10.6
14.2
19.9
12.4
7.9
20.7
18.9
11
11.1
16.1
12.9
12.9
10.1
21.8
13.3
8
10.1
21.2
14.4
13.3
11.4
19.6
20.4
12
15.1
9.3
7.6

11.1
12.1
10.1
16.5
12.9
8.2
14.9
14.5
7.4
9.1
13.7
12.4
8.2
15.1
10.2
11.6
10.3
9.2
13
9.1
10.1
17.4
12.8
9.4
6.8
18.4
10.9
5.8
13.4
11.2
26.2
12.6
13.4
5
9.5

52
32
64
56
57
10
50
54
44
49
46
45
12
70
58
33
14
37
26
69
41
63
33
31
34
67
44
35
31
28
34
31
35
31
25

58
34
66
57
59
10
58
58
45
51
49
50
12
75
60
40
16
45
25
71
45
69
35
34
36
70
48
37
35
22
38
29
40
28
31

36
19
39
42
48
11
35
43
27
37
32
33
10
48
43
23
8
24
28
49
33
38
19
28
26
49
24
29
23
29
20
36
34
35
22

INDIA

22.8

24.4

18.5

7.4

5.9

15.4

16.5

12.6

53

58

36

Note: Infant mortality rate for smaller States and UTs based on three year period 2006-08
Source: Sample Registration System Registrar General of India

104

Slums in India

Appendix 21

Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005

States/UTs

Total

Rural

Urban

Total Male Female

Total Male Female

Total

Male

Female

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Island
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

57
37
68
61
63
16
54
60
49
50
50
50
14
76
36
13
49
20
18
75
44
68
30
37
31
73
42
38
27
19
42
28
35
22
28

56
29
66
60
63
14
52
51
47
47
43
48
14
72
34
12
48
18
19
74
41
64
29
35
30
71
37
38
26
17
42
27
33
23
29

58
46
69
62
64
17
55
70
51
55
58
51
15
79
37
13
51
22
18
77
48
72
31
39
31
75
48
39
27
22
43
28
37
21
27

63
71
62
65
63
64

62
69
61
65
61
55

64
72
63
66
64
76

39
39
47
52
37
45

37
36
45
49
36
40

40
43
50
55
38
52

53
53
54
15
80
41
78
49
75

49
45
54
15
77
40
77
46
71

58
62
55
16
84
42
79
51
79

39
33
39
12
54
27
55
37
43

36
31
37
11
52
25
50
32
37

43
35
42
14
56
29
61
43
49

39

38

40

34

30

39

77

75

79

54

53

55

40
44
-

40
50
-

40
36
-

31
33
-

28
30
-

35
37
-

INDIA

58

56

61

64

62

66

40

37

43

Notes: Per 1000 Live Births;


Infant mortality rates for smaller States and Union territories are based on three year period 2003-05. On
account of wide year-to-year fluctuations due to inadequate sample size, the infant mortality rate by sex,
separately for rural and urban areas is not given.
Source: Registrar General of India, Sample Registration System Bulletin, October 2006

105

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 22

Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (19712001)

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Maharashtra
Manipur
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Area (sq. Km.)


1971

1981

1991

2001

3562
NA
456
2774
-

4046
NA
619
3198
-

4615
452
156
393@
3135
1342
2855
38
6151
46
42
1658
692
3792
10
5893
42
2845
1950
8
58
137
446
58

4765
764
212
587
3683
1788
4878
85
5888
151
319
109
2288
1199
4497
NA
5861
54
4560
2646
14
68
7
193
592
11
100

5171
NA
828
3,744
385
5137
967
270
N.A.
4,270
3,365
7,908
154
6,228
145
493
147
2,544
1,441
4,864
NA
6,176
147
5,603
3078
14
78
7
23
685
13
141

4,747
NA
962
1,805
1,866
512
5,227
1,280
242
963
1,792
5,201
3,252
6,962
230
7,356
150
587
147
2,794
2,079
5,431
NA
12,525
140
6,558
797
3,325
26
79
17
24
925
11
133

43607

53183

64026

78163

1. Rates are calculated for the five-year period preceding the survey.
@
NFHS2 Figures is for children under age 3 years
Note: Figures for Daman & Diu also include the Figures for urban areas of Goa
Exclude areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan & China, where census could not be held
Source: National Family Health Survey 2 & 3
Source: Census of India 1971 Part II-A (i), 1981 Part II-B (i), 1991 Part II-A (i) and 2001: Table (A1-A3) Part-I

106

Slums in India

Appendix 23

Number of Towns (Statutory + Census): 1971 -2001

States/UTs

1971

1981

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

224
4
72
106
46
11
216
65
36
45
96
245
88
204
289
8
6
2
3
81
108
157
7
439
6
288
37+
223
1
2
2
3
6

252
6
80
119
56
15
255
81
47
58
101
281
106
271
307
32
12
6
7
108
134
201
8
434
10
642
62
291
1
4
1
2
30
3
6

264
10
93
138
95
31
264
94
58
74
133
306
197
370
336
31
12
22
9
124
120
222
8
469
18
670
83
382
1
5
1
2
32
4
11

210
17
125
130
97
44
242
106
57
75
152
270
159
394
378
33
16
22
9
138
157
222
9
832
23
704
86
375
3
1
2
2
62
3
6

3126

4029

4689

5161

INDIA

1991

2001

Includes one uninhabited town: Badrinathpuri.


Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

107

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 24

Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/


Sq km) 1971 2001

States/UTs

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

2360
NA
2911
2032
1654
1625
3928
1556
NA
2272
2585
2378
2555
3083
3860
1230
1113
4650
1198
1967
2115
3871
4356
5628
3298
4044
NA
8172
NA
3431

3086
NA
3307
2726
NA
1823
2225
3701
1538
2147
2913
2668
2170
3735
2486
2839
382
1103
1359
3876
1603
2722
4177
4364
5460
3545
6218
988
9744
1694
3160

3459
NA
3003
3033
1247
2773
4194
1665
3257
2283
1940
4904
3479
2146
645
1414
1665
4160
2070
NA
3089
2873
4927
6079
5301
7382
1763
2035
12361
2189
3656

4383
NA
3576
4811
2243
1311
3621
4776
2464
2612
3344
3453
2542
2294
5588
3835
1977
751
2328
1975
3941
2433
NA
2194
3887
5267
2735
6746
4411
10191
2939
2455
13957
2546
4862

INDIA

2505

3003

3370

3657

Note: Figures for Goa also include the urban areas of Daman & Diu
Source: Census of India 1971 Table Part II A (i), 1981 Table Part II B(i), 1991 Part II A (i) Table A1 to
A3, and 2001 General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

108

Slums in India

Appendix 25

Indices of Growth in Urban Population of States & Union Territories 1901-2001


(1901=100)

States/UTs

Growth in Urban Population (1901=100)


1911

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir+
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

118
121
94
99
93
78
77
169
135
96
115
88
101
103
142
78
108
87
95
116
106
90
117
114
111
-

457
1673
343
939
287
369
309
313
541
1931
433
763
419
488
196
1530
543
1662
725
344
293
717
457
2531
222
480
531
337
235
127
1703
223

679
240
2313
526
1600
455
522
493
422
794
3029
653
1050
641
684
520
2508
1753
3887
1221
497
465
1862
585
3516
358
751
699
637
426
157
2694
355

972
640
3228
686
2383
676
702
706
581
1130
3934
846
1690
923
949
700
3430
4575
6732
1663
641
649
1349
700
6574
496
1068
905
962
580
170
257
3957
156
581

1131
1318
4462
887
3255
945
932
1065
770
1585
5081
1093
1819
1201
1278
797
4720
6345
11083
2166
884
852
2182
1009
8507
659
1425
1085
1492
815
730
310
6027
145
729

INDIA

100

422

617

841

1107

Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

109

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 26

Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and
Union Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)

States /UTs

Total Population Growth (%)

Urban Population Growth (%)

1971-81

1981-91

1991-01

1971-81

1981-91

1991-01

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

23.10
35.15
23.36
24.16
20.39
26.74
27.67
28.75
23.71
29.69
23.79
26.75
19.24
27.16
24.54
32.46
32.04
48.55
50.05
20.17
23.89
32.97
50.77
17.50
31.92
25.39
27.45
23.17
63.93
75.55
39.78
26.07
53.00
26.53
28.15

24.20
36.83
24.24
23.38
25.73
16.08
21.19
27.41
20.79
30.89
24.03
21.12
14.32
27.24
25.73
29.29
32.86
39.70
56.08
20.06
20.81
28.44
28.47
15.39
34.30
25.61
23.13
24.73
48.70
42.16
33.57
28.62
51.45
28.47
33.64

14.59
27.00
18.92
28.62
18.27
15.21
22.66
28.43
17.54
29.43
23.36
17.51
9.43
24.26
22.73
24.86
30.65
28.82
64.53
16.25
20.10
28.41
33.06
11.72
16.03
25.85
20.41
17.77
26.90
40.28
59.22
55.73
47.02
17.30
20.62

48.62
139.63
38.25
53.29
70.39
58.82
41.42
59.47
34.76
46.86
56.92
50.65
37.64
52.92
39.99
165.36
63.98
222.61
133.95
68.54
44.51
58.69
159.73
27.98
38.93
60.89
56.38
31.73
89.31
81.52
23.34
58.16
59.39

43.24
167.04
39.58
30.45
48.90
48.63
34.38
43.41
37.80
42.33
29.86
29.62
60.97
43.92
38.87
34.67
36.76
161.01
73.18
36.16
28.95
39.62
(27.56)
19.59
86.96
38.52
42.20
29.49
51.02
36.18
69.58
63.81
46.87
56.28
63.58

16.33
105.99
38.24
29.35
36.58
39.78
32.88
50.82
32.59
40.29
29.14
29.15
7.64
30.09
34.57
13.91
37.59
38.70
64.62
30.28
37.86
31.26
61.78
44.06
29.41
32.99
33.35
19.88
55.02
40.41
330.39
20.62
52.34
(7.37)
25.46

INDIA

24.66

23.87

21.54

46.14

36.44

31.51

ource: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

110

Slums in India

Appendix 27

Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001

States/UTs

1971

1981

1991

2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

19.31
3.70
8.82
7.97
10.38
25.56
28.08
17.67
6.99
18.59
16.01
24.31
16.24
18.58
31.17
13.19
14.55
11.36
9.95
8.41
23.73
17.63
9.37
30.26
10.43
13.90
16.36
24.75
22.77
90.55
37.56
89.70
42.04

23.32
6.56
9.88
9.84
14.69
32.03
31.10
21.88
7.61
21.05
20.29
28.89
18.74
22.34
35.03
26.42
18.07
24.67
15.52
11.79
27.68
21.05
16.15
32.95
10.99
17.83
20.07
26.47
26.30
93.63
6.67
36.75
92.73
46.28
52.28

26.89
12.80
11.10
10.40
17.40
41.01
34.49
24.63
8.69
22.89
21.25
30.92
26.39
25.27
38.69
27.52
18.60
46.10
17.21
13.38
29.55
22.88
9.10
34.15
15.30
19.67
23.18
27.48
26.71
89.69
8.47
46.80
89.93
56.31
64.00

27.30
20.75
12.90
10.46
20.09
49.76
37.36
28.92
9.80
24.81
22.24
33.99
25.96
26.46
42.43
25.11
19.58
49.63
17.23
14.99
33.92
23.39
11.07
44.04
17.06
20.78
25.67
27.97
32.63
89.77
22.89
36.25
93.18
44.46
66.57

INDIA

19.91

23.34

25.70

27.81

Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

111

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 28

Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union


Territories

States / UTs

1971-81

1981-91

1991-2001

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

4.05
7.18
3.27
4.34
5.46
4.81
3.52
4.80
3.24
3.89
4.59
4.19
3.23
4.34
3.42
10.50
4.81
11.61
9.15
5.33
3.74
4.73
9.60
2.50
3.70
4.87
4.65
2.79
5.24
6.21
4.14
4.69
4.81

3.66
10.65
3.41
2.70
4.04
4.14
3.00
3.65
3.15
3.57
2.66
2.63
4.88
3.70
3.34
2.99
3.24
10.31
5.76
3.12
2.56
3.40
-2.21
1.81
6.21
3.31
3.55
2.62
3.42
3.28
0.00
5.24
3.91
4.14
4.97

1.52
7.65
3.28
2.61
3.19
3.39
2.88
4.21
2.92
3.48
2.59
2.59
0.74
2.67
3.01
1.29
3.15
3.24
4.94
2.70
3.27
2.75
4.14
3.72
2.73
2.89
2.95
1.83
5.54
3.40
17.46
1.84
4.30
0.00
2.26

3.87

3.16

2.78

INDIA

Source: Census of India 2001: General Population Table (A1-A3) Part-I

112

Slums in India

Appendix 29

States / UTs
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban


Population 1981
Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

55.43
49.39
49.79

16.50
15.09
22.70
65.61
13.71
10.83
22.40

19.75
22.41
8.08
8.05
13.36
14.77
12.54
12.74
14.16
17.46
22.03
13.26
10.12
11.18
14.61
55.90
21.81
20.46
22.41
71.93
12.60
9.22
12.54
17.25
6.60
100.00
72.37

6.91
11.70
15.91
12.17
10.03
11.62
22.08
3.94
7.33
13.38
2.77
14.82
5.62
14.80
5.35
14.13
25.17
17.04
11.06
18.19
7.42
23.06
13.45
12.42
4.86
-

13.74

3.68

1.29
90.68
1.41
3.34
10.06
3.21
5.82
19.82
9.92
2.57
2.71
0.52
8.73
1.37
16.68
2.53
24.72
18.93
6.31
6.50
2.58
2.12
6.00
8.50
8.41
1.70
100.00
27.63
0.13
3.03

13.77

9.36

3.59

59.55
56.69
67.94
62.64
58.91
65.17
46.18
76.29
41.72
72.39
41.63
46.38
46.82
60.66
58.60
52.26
38.20
77.72
100.00
99.87
79.55

12.09
18.1 1
8.85
-

61.21

11.47

12.87
6.99
9.51
16.89
6.37
61.15
12.77
14.39
10.00
16.42

Class V Class VI
0.12
9.32
0.18
4.11
0.14
0.27
23.16
5.46
0.43
0.55
0.12
0.23
15.62
5.12
0.44
1.21
28.07
0.78
3.12
1.16
5.61
0.27
0.60

Note:
1. All-India average excludes Assam in 1981 and Jammu & Kashmir in 1991.
2. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh represent their undivided status.
3. NA data not available.
Source : Census of India : General Population Table A4 (ii)

113

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 30

Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)

Metropolitan Cities/UAs

Population
1981

Greater Mumbai
Kolkata
Delhi
Chennai
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Ahmedabad
Pune
Surat
Kanpur
Jaipur
Lucknow
Nagpur
Patna
Indore
Vadodara
Bhopal
Coimbatore
Ludhiana
Kochi
Vishakhapatnam
Agra
Varanasi
Madurai
Meerut
Nashik
Jabalpur
Jamshedpur
Asansol
Dhanbad
Faridabad
Allahabad
Amritsar
Vijayawada
Rajkot

8,243,405
9,194,018
5,729,283
4,289,347
2,921,751
2,545,836
2,548,057
1,686,109
1,639,064
1,015,160
1,007,604
1,302,066
-

1991
12,596,243
11,021,918
8,419,084
5,421,985
4,130,288
4,344,437
3,312,216
2,493,987
1,518,950
2,029,889
1,518,235
1,669,204
1,664,006
1,099,647
1,109,056
1,126,824
1,062,771
1,100,746
1,042,740
1,140,605
1,057,118
1,030,863
1,085,914
-

Note:
Blank columns depicts that the cities were not metropolitan in the respective years.
Source: Census of India 1981, 1991 and 2001

114

2001
16434386
13205697
12877470
6560242
5701446
5742036
4525013
3760636
2811614
2715555
2322575
2245509
2129500
1697976
1516918
1491045
1458416
1461139
1398467
1355972
1345938
1331339
1203961
1203095
1161716
1152326
1098000
1104713
1067369
1065327
1055938
1042229
1003917
1039518
1003015

Data Appendices (31-32)

Slum Population
Estimate-2001 and
Projection-2011 to2017

Slums in India

Appendix 31
States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamilnadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Island
Chandigarh
D & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001
Urban
Population

Slum
Population

% of Slum
Population in Urban
Population of state

20808940
227881
3439240
8681800
4185747
670577
18930250
6115304
595581
2516638
5993741
17961529
8266925
15967145
41100980
575968
454111
441006
342787
5517238
8262511
13214375
59870
27483998
545750
34539582
2179074
22427251
116198
808515
50463
57348
12905780
26967
648619

7254399
56538
805701
1422155
1578285
100365
3708127
2350269
69310
395696
762025
2951441
499498
5107505
14319132
68967
172223
87309
73523
1401973
2164649
3118120
9609
7340271
104281
8527840
638467
7520116
20303
208057
7653
7420
2318635
1683
92495

34.86
24.81
23.43
16.38
37.71
14.97
19.59
38.43
11.64
15.72
12.71
16.43
6.04
31.99
34.84
11.97
37.93
19.8
21.45
25.41
26.2
23.6
16.05
26.71
19.11
24.69
29.3
33.53
17.47
25.73
15.17
12.94
17.97
6.24
14.26

286119689

75264040

26.31

% of State
Slum Population
in Total Slum
Population of India
9.64
0.08
1.07
1.89
2.1
0.13
4.93
3.12
0.09
0.53
1.01
3.92
0.66
6.79
19.03
0.09
0.23
0.12
0.1
1.86
2.88
4.14
0.01
9.75
0.14
11.33
0.85
9.99
0.03
0.28
0.01
0.01
3.08
0
0.12

Source: Report of the committee on Slum Statistics/Census 2010

117

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 32
States/UTs

State-wise Projected Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017


2011

2012

2013

2014

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Island
Chandigarh
Dadra & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

8188022
98248
1070835
1683954
2111546
154759
4662619
3288292
87281
494180
931912
3631147
533278
6393040
18151071
75197
205176
105720
83220
1736064
2798256
3826160
13321
8644892
131080
10878336
826257
8546755
33722
332473
26083
9187
3163430
1560
136899

8273434
103459
1100118
1707378
2169237
161494
4759581
3390907
89143
504243
948949
3700490
536057
6523229
18549628
75915
208590
107700
84292
1770623
2864014
3894590
13803
8862969
134137
11127210
846181
8640642
35294
348685
28813
9316
3260984
1560
143316

8357451
108669
1129636
1730148
2228058
168229
4856740
3495059
91005
514306
966239
3770161
538776
6654059
18950624
76514
212003
109679
85365
1805436
2930296
3962311
14124
9081045
137003
11378552
866105
8733188
36867
365154
31542
9316
3360874
1498
149876

8440074
114127
1159857
1752590
2287634
174815
4954094
3600364
92983
524369
983530
3839998
541314
6785528
19352665
76993
215416
111659
86223
1840503
2996316
4029561
14605
9298651
140061
11631376
886615
8825399
38265
381881
34424
9445
3463999
1435
156435

INDIA

93055983

94977993

96907923

98845216

Source: Report of the Committee on Slum statistics/Census 2010


* Figures of 2011 should be shifted from state/UTs names

118

2015

2016

8521999 8602530
119833
125788
1190780 1222406
1774376 1795671
2347964 2409802
180801
185741
5051840 5149782
3707207 3815202
94845
96707
534275
544180
1001202 1019382
3910162 3980656
543671
545906
6917636 7050705
19754009 20152914
77592
78190
219209
222622
113639
115619
87295
88368
1876078 1912161
3062598 3128094
4095395 4160049
14926
15408
9515080 9729624
143118
146175
11885434 12139739
906832
927342
8918616 9014179
39663
41060
397321
411474
37305
40035
9445
9575
3570716 3681745
1435
1435
162282
167131

2017
8681318
131494
1253798
1816639
2470886
192476
5245569
3923582
98685
553771
1036673
4049341
548021
7181214
20557046
78789
226415
117599
89226
1948244
3193590
4224939
15729
9940165
149232
12394291
947559
9106055
42633
429744
43219
9575
3793313
1373
174118

100786594 102729415 104668340

Data Appendices (33-60)

Slums in India-Census-2001

Slums in India

Appendix 33

Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non Slum population Figures at a Glance

Item

Slum and Non Slum Population in India -2001

Population

Population
(0-6 age group)

Slum@

Non Slum

Urban

Persons
Males
Females

52371589
27759224
24612365

233748100
122794874
110953226

286119689
150554098
135565591

Persons
Males
Females

7576856
3944105
3632751

29772261
15647450
14124811

37349117
19591555
17757562

Absolute
Percentage

9673817
18.5

2395100
10.2

33624822
11.8

Absolute
Percentage
Per thousand

1460290
2.8
887

5527353
2.4
904

6987643
2.4
900

Per thousand

921

903

906

Persons
Males
Females

72.2
80.1
63.2

81.6
87.6
75.0

79.9
86.3
72.9

Persons
Males
Females

33.1
51.1
12.8

32.1
50.5
11.7

32.3
50.6
11.9

Main workers
Marginal Workers

89.3
10.7

91.2
8.8

90.8
9.2

1.8
5.4
5.4
87.4

3.0
4.6
5.2
87.2

2.8
4.7
5.2
87.3

Scheduled Castes Population

Scheduled Tribes Population

Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio
(0-6 Age Group)
Literacy Rate

Work Participation Rate


Percentage

Percentage of Workers
Total worker
Categories of
workers %
Cultivators
Agricultural Labourers
Household Industries workers
Other Workers

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations in 2001 census.

121

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 34

Census of India - 2001 - slum population Figures at a Glance 1743 Cities/Towns


( 640 + 1103 towns)
Slum population of
640 Cities/
Towns
(Survey vol. I)

Item

1103 Cities/
Towns
(Survey-vol.II)

1743 Cities/
Towns
(640 + 1103
towns) @

Population
Persons
Males
Females

42,578,150
22,697,218
19,880,932

9,793,439
5,062,006
4,731,433

52,371,589
27,759,224
24,612,365

Persons
Males
Females

6,070,951
3,162,966
2,907,985

1,505,905
781,139
724,766

7,576,856
3,944,105
3,632,751

Absolute
Percentage

7,402,373
17.4

2,271,444
23.2

9,673,817
18.5

Absolute
Percentage

1,017,408
2.4
876
919

442,882
4.5
935
928

1,460,290
2.8
887
921

Persons
Males
Females

73.1
80.7
64.4

68.2
77.5
58.2

72.2
80.1
63.2

Persons
Males
Females

32.9
51.3
11.9

33.6
49.7
16.4

31.1
51.1
12.8

Main workers
Marginal Workers

90.1
9.9

85.5
14.5

89.3
10.7

0.9
2.9
5.1
91.1

5.6
16.1
6.7
71.6

1.8
5.4
5.4
87.4

Population (0-6age Group)

Scheduled Castes Population

Scheduled Tribes Population

Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio (0-6age group)
Literacy Rate

Work Participation Rate

Percentage of Workers

Categories of Workers
Cultivators
Agricultural Labourers
Household Industry workers
Other Workers

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


@ Slum population estimated for cities/towns having >20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001.

122

Slums in India

Appendix 35

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Total number of cities/towns, slum reporting towns and total number of


households in Slums and Urban India -2001
**Total No. of
No. of cities/towns
No. of Slum
cities/towns in the (20000 and above popn.) Households @
states/country
reporting slums @

**No. of
Urban Households

210
125
130
97
44
242
106
75
152
270
159
394
378
16
138
157
222
832
23
704
86
375
3
1
62
6

118
12
92
34
3
79
49
12
23
154
21
142
176
4
57
59
93
242
4
238
19
89
1
1
16
5

1,324,762
17,830
131,099
215,685
3,881
386,318
323,020
62,507
61,258
452,114
14,573
674,143
2,375,963
21,542
226,408
274,570
274,427
966,162
10,644
888,267
61,557
915,380
3,599
29,086
415,637
20,287

4,397,138
710,847
1,336,998
817,904
149,583
3,749,504
1,170,339
401,411
1,062,557
3,676,036
1,716,097
2,915,725
8,403,224
85,731
1,119,518
1,552,296
2,263,241
6,381,600
124,621
5,384,559
417,505
4,601,261
26,376
183,885
2,553,579
142,572

5161

1,743

10,150,719

55,832,570

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001
census.
**.All India total of 35 States & UTs

123

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 36

Percentage distribution of Total, Urban, Slum Population in different States /


UTs of India2001

States/UTs

**Total
Population

**Urban
Population

Slum @
Population

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

76,210,007
26,655,528
82,998,509
20,833,803
1,347,668
50,671,017
21,144,564
10,143,700
26,945,829
1,990,036
31,841,374
60,348,023
96,878,627
2,318,822
36,804,660
24,358,999
56,507,188
62,405,679
3,199,203
166,197,921
8,489,349
80,176,197
356,152
900,635
13,850,507
974,345

20,808,940
3,439,240
8,681,800
4,185,747
670,577
18,930,250
6,115,304
2,516,638
5,993,741
17,961,529
8,266,925
15,967,145
41,100,980
454,111
5,517,238
8,262,511
13,214,375
27,483,998
545,750
34,539,582
2,179,074
22,427,251
116,198
808,515
12,905,780
648,619

6,268,945
89,962
818,332
1,097,211
18,372
1,975,853
1,681,117
373,898
340,915
2,330,592
74,865
3,776,731
11,975,943
109,271
1,089,302
1,483,574
1,563,063
4,240,931
47,645
5,756,004
350,038
4,663,806
16,244
107,125
2,029,755
92,095

1,028,610,328

286,119,689

52,371,589

INDIA

% in Total
Population

% in Total
Urban
Population

% in Total
Slum
Population

7.4
2.6
8.1
2.0
0.1
4.9
2.1
1.0
2.6
0.2
3.1
5.9
9.4
0.2
3.6
2.4
5.5
6.1
0.3
16.2
0.8
7.8
0.0
0.1
1.3
0.1

7.3
1.2
3.0
1.5
0.2
6.6
2.1
0.9
2.1
6.3
2.9
5.6
14.4
0.2
1.9
2.9
4.6
9.6
0.2
12.1
0.8
7.8
0.0
0.3
4.5
0.2

12.0
0.2
1.6
2.1
0.0
3.8
3.2
0.7
0.7
4.5
0.1
7.2
22.9
0.2
2.1
2.8
3.0
8.1
0.1
11.0
0.7
8.9
0.0
0.2
3.9
0.2

100

100

100

Source: Office of the Registrar General and census commissioner, India


Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001
census.
**.All India total of 35 States & UTs

124

Slums in India

Appendix 37
States/UTs

Urban, Slum Population and their household size in India -2001


Total Slum
@ population

**Total
Urban
population

**Total
Urban
House
Hold

Total holds
Slum
House

Average
Slum h.h.
Size

Average
Urban
h.h. Size

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

6268945
89962
818332
1097211
18372
1975853
1681117
373898
340915
2330592
74865
3776731
11975943
109271
1089302
1483574
1563063
4240931
47645
5756004
350038
4663806
16244
107125
2029755
92095

20,808,940
3,439,240
8,681,800
4,185,747
670,577
18,930,250
6,115,304
2,516,638
5,993,741
17,961,529
8,266,925
15,967,145
41,100,980
454,111
5,517,238
8,262,511
13,214,375
27,483,998
545,750
34,539,582
2,179,074
22,427,251
116,198
808,515
12,905,780
648,619

4,397,138
710,847
1,336,998
817,904
149,583
3,749,504
1,170,339
401,411
1,062,557
3,676,036
1,716,097
2,915,725
8,403,224
85,731
1,119,518
1,552,296
2,263,241
6,381,600
124,621
5,384,559
417,505
4,601,261
26,376
183,885
2,553,579
142,572

1324762
17830
131099
215685
3881
386318
323020
62507
61258
452114
14573
674143
2375963
21542
226408
274570
274427
966162
10644
888267
61557
915380
3599
29086
415637
20287

4.7
5.0
6.2
5.1
4.7
5.1
5.2
6.0
5.6
5.2
5.1
5.6
5.0
5.1
4.8
5.4
5.7
4.4
4.5
6.5
5.7
5.1
4.5
3.7
4.9
4.5

4.7
4.8
6.5
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.2
6.3
5.6
4.9
4.8
5.5
4.9
5.3
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.3
4.4
6.4
5.2
4.9
4.4
4.4
5.1
4.5

INDIA

52371589

286,119,689

55,832,570

10150719

5.2

5.1

Source: office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: @ slum population estimated for cities/towns having above 20,000 populations and reported Slums in 2001
census.
**.All India total of 35 States & UTs

125

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 38

Total Urban Population, Population of cities/town reporting Slums and Slum


Population - India, States, Union Territories - (cities/towns having population
20,000 and above in 2001 Census)
% of Slum Population

States/UTs

**Total
Population

**Total
Urban
population
of State/
UTs-India

Population
of cities/
towns
reporting
slums

Total
slum
population

To total
To
Urban Population
population of cities/
of State/
towns
UTs-India reporting
slums

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

76,210,007
26,655,528
82,998,509
20,833,803
1,347,668
50,671,017
21,144,564
10,143,700
26,945,829
52,850,562
31,841,374
60,348,023
96,878,627
2,318,822
36,804,660
24,358,999
56,507,188
62,405,679
3,199,203
166,197,921
8,489,349
80,176,197
356,152
900,635
13,850,507
974,345

20,808,940
3,439,240
8,681,800
4,185,747
670,577
18,930,250
6,115,304
2,516,638
5,993,741
17,961,529
8,266,925
15,967,145
41,100,980
454,111
5,517,238
8,262,511
13,214,375
27,483,998
545,750
34,539,582
2,179,074
22,427,251
116,198
808515
12,905,780
648,619

18,215,536
1,591,703
7,148,152
3,178,335
216,023
14,029,468
5,213,913
1,677,549
2,908,552
15,980,763
3,524,479
12,685,621
37,807,986
240,008
4,358,521
6,685,183
9,966,057
20,123,606
262,832
26,711,243
1,465,610
16,199,327
99,984
808515
11,277,586
581,232

6,268,945
89,962
818,332
1,097,211
18,372
1,975,853
1,681,117
373,898
340,915
2,330,592
74,865
3,776,731
11,975,943
109,271
1,089,302
1,483,574
1,563,063
4,240,931
47,645
5,756,004
350,038
4,663,806
16,244
107125
2,029,755
92,095

30.1
2.6
9.4
26.2
2.7
10.4
27.5
14.9
5.7
13
0.9
23.7
29.1
24.1
19.7
18
11.8
15.4
8.7
16.7
16.1
20.8
14
13.2
15.7
14.2

34.4
5.7
11.4
34.5
8.5
14.1
32.2
22.3
11.7
14.6
2.1
29.8
31.7
45.5
25
22.2
15.7
21.1
18.1
21.5
23.9
28.8
16.2
13.2
18
15.8

INDIA

102,8610328

286,119,689

222,957,784

52,371,589

18.3

23.5

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
**.All India total of 35 States & UTs

126

Slums in India

Appendix 39

Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations


with Population above one Million 2001

Name of the City

Total Population

Slum Population

% of Slum Population
to Total Population.

Agra
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri-Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi

1275134
3520085
4301326
1437354
4343645
9879172
1055938
11978450
1007532
3637483
1474968
2322575
1193512
2551337
4572876
2185927
1398467
1068772
2052066
1077236
1366444
1012472
2538473
2433835
1262551
1306227
1091918

121761
473662
430501
125720
819873
1851231
490981
6475440
118286
626849
260975
368570
34860
367980
1485309
179176
314904
471581
737219
138797
3592
123957
492179
508485
351065
186020
137977

9.5
13.5
10
8.7
18.9
18.7
46.5
54.1
11.7
17.2
17.7
15.9
2.9
14.4
32.5
8.2
22.5
44.1
35.9
12.9
0.3
12.2
19.4
20.9
27.8
14.2
12.6

TOTAL

73345775

17696950

24.1

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

127

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 40

Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Cities
Having Population Between 5 Lakhs and 10 Lakhs 2001

Name of city

Aligarh
Allahabad
Amravati
Amritsar
Aurangabad
Bareilly
Bhavnagar
Bhilai Nagar
Bhiwandi
Bhubaneshwar
Bikaner
Chandigarh
Coimbatore
Cuttack
Ghaziabad
Gorakhpur
Guntur
Guwahati
Gwalior
Hubli Dharwad
Jabalpur
Jalandhar
Jamshedpur
Jodhpur
Kochi
Kota
Madurai
Mira-Bhayandar
Moradabad
Mysore
Navi Mumbai
Raipur
Rajkot
Ranchi
Salem
Solapur
Srinagar
Thiruvananthapuram
Tiruchirapalli
Vijayawada
Visakhapatnam
Warangal

Total Urban Population

Total Slum Population

669087
975393
549510
966862
873311
718395
511085
556366
598741
648032
529690
808515
930882
534654
968256
622701
514461
809895
827026
786195
932484
706043
573096
851051
595575
694316
928869
520388
641583
755379
704002
605747
967476
847093
696760
872478
898440
744983
752066
851282
982904
530636

304126
126646
233712
229603
147776
156001
81829
63087
115996
71403
98035
107125
58406
93910
258255
53313
170007
8547
209769
108709
275662
134840
59314
154080
7897
152588
221338
36973
70945
74781
139009
226151
166030
74692
151577
180882
137555
11817
178410
263393
170265
229661

Source: Offices of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

128

% of Slum Population
to Total Urban
Population
45.45
12.98
42.53
23.75
16.92
21.72
16.01
11.34
19.37
11.02
18.51
13.25
6.27
17.56
26.67
8.56
33.05
1.06
25.36
13.83
29.56
19.1
10.35
18.1
1.33
21.98
23.83
7.1
11.06
9.9
19.75
37.33
17.16
8.82
21.75
20.73
15.31
1.59
23.72
30.94
17.32
43.28

Slums in India

Appendix 41
States/UTs

Sex wise distribution of SC and ST Slum Population in India-2001


Scheduled Castes population
Person

Male

Female

Scheduled Tribes population


Person

Male

Female

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

928462
13371
180053
197730
633
271654
349548
26421
37888
563829
7248
755993
1435082
1783
214642
470586
436798
1169560
11056
1212676
64481
706967
0
41869
552784
22703

463326
6887
94689
99879
326
142489
187575
13971
19639
284138
3564
395704
738795
925
108592
248559
228334
582403
5533
648275
33944
370308
0
23078
304610
11105

465136
6484
85364
97851
307
129165
161973
12450
18249
279691
3684
360289
696287
858
106050
222027
208464
587157
5523
564401
30537
336659
0
18791
248174
11598

153699
258
9280
92469
7
98279
0
22224
55879
105771
120
194897
338266
63413
159211
0
74716
23884
933
2718
1156
63086
24
0
0
0

78451
140
4839
47409
4
50804
0
11868
27921
53294
62
101252
174243
29643
80251
0
39378
11849
507
1498
613
31967
15
0
0
0

75248
118
4441
45060
3
47475
0
10356
27958
52477
58
93645
164023
33770
78960
0
35338
12035
426
1220
543
31119
9
0
0
0

INDIA

9673817

5016648

4657169

1460290

746008

714282

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

129

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 42

States/UTs

Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in Urban & Slum
Areas in India - 2001
** Population in
Urban areas
SC

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

ST

@Population in
slum areas
SC

Population in
Non Slum

ST

ST

2120087
272258
870053
519667
13071
1412274
880193
134139
601226
2146687
570216
2240451
3787827
4074
703275
1710469
1954536
3548614
100101
4331781
261064
2927630
0
142857
2154877
69226

377181
154024
40649
351761
376
614523
0
51491
587054
529456
14170
787026
1090739
310192
446723
0
379876
100178
25429
12135
15920
270428
1013
0
0
0

928462
13371
180053
197730
633
271654
349548
26421
37888
563829
7248
755993
1435082
1783
214642
470586
436798
1169560
11056
1212676
64481
706967
0
41869
552784
22703

153699
258
9280
92469
7
98279
0
22224
55879
105771
120
194897
338266
63413
159211
0
74716
23884
933
2718
1156
63086
24
0
0
0

1191625
258887
690000
321937
12438
1140620
530645
107718
563338
1582858
562968
1484458
2352745
2291
488633
1239883
1517738
2379054
89045
3119105
196583
2220663
0
100988
1602093
46523

223482
153766
31369
259292
369
516244
0
29267
531175
423685
14050
592129
752473
246779
287512
0
305160
76294
24496
9417
14764
207342
989
0
0
0

33624822

6987643

9673817

1460290

23733612

4700056

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.


**.All India total of 35 States & UTs
@ SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs where slum population has been reported.
NSC: No Notified Scheduled Castes, NST: No Notified Scheduled Tribes.

130

SC

Slums in India

Appendix 43

States/UTs

Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in


Urban and Slum Areas - 2001
**Population
In Urban Areas
SC

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

@ Population In
Slum Areas
ST

SC

ST

Percentage of Slum
SC/ST in Urban
SC/ST
SC

ST

2120087
272258
870053
519667
13071
1412274
880193
134139
601226
2146687
570216
2240451
3787827
4074
703275
1710469
1954536
3548614
100101
4331781
261064
2927630
0
142857
2154877
69226

377181
154024
40649
351761
376
614523
0
51491
587054
529456
14170
787026
1090739
310192
446723
0
379876
100178
25429
12135
15920
270428
1013
0
0
0

928462
13371
180053
197730
633
271654
349548
26421
37888
563829
7248
755993
1435082
1783
214642
470586
436798
1169560
11056
1212676
64481
706967
0
41869
552784
22703

153699
258
9280
92469
7
98279
0
22224
55879
105771
120
194897
338266
63413
159211
0
74716
23884
933
2718
1156
63086
24
0
0
0

43.8
4.9
20.7
38.0
4.8
19.2
39.7
19.7
6.3
26.3
1.3
33.7
37.9
43.8
30.5
27.5
22.3
33.0
11.0
28.0
24.7
24.1
0.0
29.3
25.7
32.8

40.7
0.2
22.8
26.3
1.9
16.0
0.0
43.2
9.5
20.0
0.8
24.8
31.0
20.4
35.6
0.0
19.7
23.8
3.7
22.4
7.3
23.3
2.4
0.0
0.0
0.0

33624822

6987643

9673817

1460290

28.8

20.9

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


**.All India total of 35 States & UTs
@ SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs where slum population has been reported.
NSC: No Notified Scheduled Castes, NST: No Notified Scheduled Tribes.

131

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 44
States/UTs

Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living in


Slum and Non Slum and Urban Areas - 2001
Percentage in
slum area
SC
Population

ST
Population

Percentage in
Non Slum area

Percentage of
population in
urban area

SC

ST

SC

ST

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

14.8
14.9
22.0
18.0
3.4
13.7
20.8
7.1
11.1
24.2
9.7
20.0
12.0
1.6
19.7
31.7
27.9
27.6
23.2
21.1
18.4
15.2
0.0
39.1
27.2
24.7

2.5
0.3
1.1
8.4
0.0
5.0
0.0
5.9
16.4
4.5
0.2
5.2
2.8
58.0
14.6
0.0
4.8
0.6
2.0
0.0
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

8.2
7.7
8.8
10.4
1.9
6.7
12.0
5.0
10.0
10.1
6.9
12.2
8.1
0.7
11.0
18.3
13.0
10.2
17.9
10.8
10.7
12.5
0.0
14.4
14.7
8.4

1.5
4.6
0.4
8.4
0.1
3.0
0.0
1.4
9.4
2.7
0.2
4.9
2.6
71.6
6.5
0.0
2.6
0.3
4.9
0.0
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

10.2
7.9
10.0
12.4
1.9
7.5
14.4
5.3
10.0
12.0
6.9
14.0
9.2
0.9
12.7
20.7
14.8
12.9
18.3
12.5
12.0
13.1
0.0
17.7
16.7
10.7

1.8
4.5
0.5
8.4
0.1
3.2
0.0
2.0
9.8
2.9
0.2
4.9
2.7
68.3
8.1
0.0
2.9
0.4
4.7
0.0
0.7
1.2
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0

INDIA

18.5

2.8

10.2

2.4

11.8

2.4

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: In case of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra
& Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep no slum population has been reported at the Census of India 2001.
SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs where slum population has been reported.
NSC: No Notified Scheduled Castes, NST: No Notified Scheduled Tribes.

132

Slums in India

Appendix 45

Name of
Million Plus Cities

Greater Mumbai
Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Ahmedabad
Surat
Kanpur
Pune
Jaipur
Lucknow
Nagpur
Indore
Bhopal
Ludhiana
Patna
Vadodara
Agra
Thane
Kalyan-Dombivili
Varanasi
Nashik
Meerut
Faridabad
Pimpri Chinchwad
Haora
TOTAL

Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Living


in Slums in Million Plus Cities 2001
Population in slums
of million plus cities

Percentage of
population in slums
urban areas

Percentage of
population in

SC

ST

SC

ST

SC

ST

385626
483640
92812
269301
139920
89860
95633
30112
84255
125127
90607
24943
151111
61244
36073
47917
944
20765
39054
23722
7111
16622
44198
111345
57763
50607
9430

56567
NST
2507
1830
6957
8875
6692
36236
786
5264
19957
107
107936
4429
5794
NST
0
12823
22
10955
323
0
16749
25
NST
2355
368

6.0
26.1
6.2
32.8
32.5
14.3
20.2
5.9
22.9
25.4
24.6
13.9
20.5
23.5
28.7
15.2
26.3
11.2
32.1
6.8
20.4
12.0
31.8
23.6
11.8
40.8
8.0

0.9
0.0
0.2
0.2
1.6
1.4
1.4
7.1
0.2
1.1
5.4
0.1
14.6
1.7
4.6
0.0
0.0
6.9
Neg.
3.1
0.9
0.0
12.1
Neg.
0.0
1.9
0.3

4.9
15.8
6.0
13.8
11.1
7.4
12.1
3.6
11.1
11.8
12.6
10.1
16.7
13.7
12.4
13.1
8.5
6.6
21.5
4.6
5.8
7.2
12.5
16.3
9.1
13.9
4.8

0.8
0.0
0.2
0.2
1.1
0.9
1.0
3.5
0.1
1.0
3.7
0.1
8.9
2.5
3.0
0.0
0.3
3.6
Neg.
2.5
2.1
0.0
6.8
Neg.
0.0
1.9
0.4

2589742

307557

14.6

1.7

10.3

1.2

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

133

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 46

0-6 Age Group Population of Slums in India -2001

States/UTs

Total Slum
population

Slum Population
in the age
group 0-6

% of 0-6 age
group Population
in the Total Popn.

Person

Male

Female

Person

Male

Female

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

6268945
89962
818332
1097211
18372
1975853
1681117
373898
340915
2330592
74865
3776731
11975943
109271
1089302
1483574
1563063
4240931
47645
5756004
350038
4663806
16244
107125
2029755
92095

3167850
47336
433908
564580
9547
1077160
918293
200249
179105
1184879
36624
1984139
6534670
54456
566991
800581
824067
2133209
24141
3072253
186141
2501672
8855
62762
1140334
45422

3101095
42626
384424
532631
8825
898693
762824
173649
161810
1145713
38241
1792592
5441273
54815
522311
682993
738996
2107722
23504
2683751
163897
2162134
7389
44363
889421
46673

829914
11699
152886
169340
2816
311506
260745
41912
52835
345614
9933
601655
1696429
13782
153189
198100
277822
511095
4957
972144
57543
528925
1991
22395
334949
12680

423304
6024
78409
86903
1499
165024
142161
22252
27200
177480
5096
314122
879038
6938
78365
108734
145898
261252
2562
516349
30171
271725
1013
11681
174527
6378

406610
5675
74477
82437
1317
146482
118584
19660
25635
168134
4837
287533
817391
6844
74824
89366
131924
249843
2395
455795
27372
257200
978
10714
160422
6302

13.2
13.0
18.7
15.4
15.3
15.8
15.5
11.2
15.5
14.8
13.3
15.9
14.2
12.6
14.1
13.4
17.8
12.1
10.4
16.9
16.4
11.3
12.3
20.9
16.5
13.8

13.4
12.7
18.1
15.4
15.7
15.3
15.5
11.1
15.2
15.0
13.9
15.8
13.5
12.7
13.8
13.6
17.7
12.2
10.6
16.8
16.2
10.9
11.4
18.6
15.3
14.0

13.1
13.3
19.4
15.5
14.9
16.3
15.5
11.3
15.8
14.7
12.6
16.0
15.0
12.5
14.3
13.1
17.9
11.9
10.2
17.0
16.7
11.9
13.2
24.2
18.0
13.5

INDIA

52371589

27759224

24612365

7576856

3944105

3632751

14.5

14.2

14.8

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

134

Person Male Female

Slums in India

Appendix 47

Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001

Name of Million Plus


Municipal Corporations

Child population in 0-6


age group
Urban population Slum population

Percentage of slum
child population to
Urban population Slum population

Agra
Ahmadabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi

179411
441022
484982
208587
433340
1352656
158603
1364423
94330
463150
200081
352661
144097
317756
390282
273401
169273
163570
249827
147919
182037
143034
302960
340582
161698
148034
161172

18884
75110
61978
22591
93961
300260
80276
856388
13032
86476
38826
68879
5765
52796
149606
24097
41019
79321
98450
23554
574
20307
70005
78759
51886
27179
21298

10.5
17
12.8
10.8
21.7
22.2
50.6
62.8
13.8
18.7
19.4
19.5
4
16.6
38.3
8.8
24.2
48.5
39.4
15.9
0.3
14.2
23.1
23.1
32.1
18.4
13.2

15.5
15.9
14.4
18
11.5
16.2
16.4
13.2
11
13.8
14.9
18.7
16.5
14.3
10.1
13.4
13
16.8
13.4
17
16
16.4
14.2
15.5
14.8
14.6
15.4

TOTAL

9028888

2461277

27.3

13.9

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Sensus Commissioner, India

135

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 48
States/UTs

Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in States/UTs - 2001


Slum Population
Male

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Female

Non Slum Population


Male

Female

**Sex Ratio
Slum

Non
Slum

3167850
47336
433908
564580
9547
1077160
918293
200249
179105
1184879
36624
1984139
6534670
54456
566991
800581
824067
2133209
24141
3072253
186141
2501672
8855
62762
1140334
45422

3101095
42626
384424
532631
8825
898693
762824
173649
161810
1145713
38241
1792592
5441273
54815
522311
682993
738996
2107722
23504
2683751
163897
2162134
7389
44363
889421
46673

7422359
1789756
4214891
1602195
337156
8990646
2392672
1183025
3026336
8065081
3980708
6428420
15407249
174632
2344609
3667868
6169304
11736206
254446
15335646
995193
9348304
55156
387360
5944813
277836

7117636
1559522
3648577
1486341
315049
7963751
2041515
959715
2626490
7565856
4211352
5761994
13717788
170208
2083327
3111069
5482008
11506861
243659
13447932
833843
8415141
44798
314030
4931212
278688

979
900
886
943
924
834
831
867
903
967
1044
903
833
1007
921
853
897
988
974
874
880
864
834
707
780
1028

959
871
866
928
934
886
853
811
868
938
1058
896
890
975
889
848
889
980
958
877
838
900
812
811
829
1003

27759224

24612365

122794874

110953226

887

904

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
**Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs

136

Slums in India

Appendix 49

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA +

Population in The Age Group 0-6 in Urban and Slum areas and % of Child
population in Slums to Total Urban Population and total population of Slums
India - 2001
Total
Urban
popn.

Slum
popn.

0-6 Urban
popn.

0-6 Slum % of
popn. Child to
popn.
Urban
Popn.

% of
Child
popn.
In
slum
to
Urban
Popn.

% of
Child
popn.
In
slum
to
Slum
Popn.

20,808,940
3,439,240
8,681,800
4,185,747
670,577
18,930,250
6,115,304
2,516,638
5,993,741
17,961,529
8,266,925
15,967,145
41,100,980
454,111
5,517,238
8,262,511
13,214,375
27,483,998
545,750
34,539,582
2,179,074
22,427,251
116,198
808,515
12,905,780
648,619

6268945
89962
818332
1097211
18372
1975853
1681117
373898
340915
2330592
74865
3776731
11975943
109271
1089302
1483574
1563063
4240931
47645
5756004
350038
4663806
16244
107125
2029755
92095

2,550,058
393,668
1,407,574
590,936
74,630
2,446,463
853,389
270,838
846,501
2,246,720
935,460
2,338,470
5,242,298
67,416
662,452
995,103
2,063,613
3,002,516
53,269
5,365,415
287,672
2,295,219
13,338
101,197
1,858,689
75,338

829914
11699
152886
169340
2816
311506
260745
41912
52835
345614
9933
601655
1696429
13782
153189
198100
277822
511095
4957
972144
57543
528925
1991
22395
334949
12680

12.3
11.4
16.2
14.1
11.1
12.9
14.0
10.8
14.1
12.5
11.3
14.6
12.8
14.8
12.0
12.0
15.6
10.9
9.8
15.5
13.2
10.2
11.5
12.5
14.4
11.6

32.5
3.0
10.9
28.7
3.8
12.7
30.6
15.5
6.2
15.4
1.1
25.7
32.4
20.4
23.1
19.9
13.5
17.0
9.3
18.1
20.0
23.0
14.9
22.1
18.0
16.8

13.2
13.0
18.7
15.4
15.3
15.8
15.5
11.2
15.5
14.8
13.3
15.9
14.2
12.6
14.1
13.4
17.8
12.1
10.4
16.9
16.4
11.3
12.3
20.9
16.5
13.8

283,741,818

52371589

37,038,242

7576856

13.1

20.5

14.5

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


+All India data pertains to 26 States & UTs where slum population has been reported in 2001

137

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 50

Name of Million
Plus Municipal
Corporations

Urban Population and Slum Population in the 0-6 Age Group and Percentage
of Slum Child Population in Urban Population and Slum Population in Million
Plus Cities - 2001
Child population in 0-6 age group

Percentage of slum child


population to

Urban popn.

Slum popn.

Urban popn.

Slum popn.

Greater Mumbai
Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Ahmadabad
Surat
Kanpur
Pune
Jaipur
Lucknow
Nagpur
Indore
Bhopal
Ludhiana
Patna
Vadodara
Agra
Thane
Kalyan-Dombivili
Varanasi
Nashik
Meerut
Faridabad
Pimpri Chinchwad
Haora

1364423
1352656
390282
433340
484982
463150
441022
340582
317756
302960
352661
273401
249827
200081
208587
169273
182037
148034
179411
161698
144097
161172
147919
163570
158603
143034
94330

856388
300260
149606
93961
61978
86476
75110
78759
52796
70005
68879
24097
98450
38826
22591
41019
574
27179
18884
51886
5765
21298
23554
79321
80276
20307
13032

62.8
22.2
38.3
21.7
12.8
18.7
17.0
23.1
16.6
23.1
19.5
8.8
39.4
19.4
10.8
24.2
0.3
18.4
10.5
32.1
4.0
13.2
15.9
48.5
50.6
14.2
13.8

13.2
16.2
10.1
11.5
14.4
13.8
15.9
15.5
14.3
14.2
18.7
13.4
13.4
14.9
18.0
13.0
16.0
14.6
15.5
14.8
16.5
15.4
17.0
16.8
16.4
16.4
11.0

TOTAL

9028888

2461277

27.3

13.9

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

138

Slums in India

Appendix 51

States/UTs

Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Non-Slum Urban and Slum
Population - India By State &UTs - 2001
Slum Popn. (0-6 age)
Male

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Female

Non Slum Popn. (0-6 age)

**Sex Ratio
(0-6 age)

Male

Female

Slum

Non
Slum

423304
6024
78409
86903
1499
165024
142161
22252
27200
177480
5096
314122
879038
6938
78365
108734
145898
261252
2562
516349
30171
271725
1013
11681
174527
6378

406610
5675
74477
82437
1317
146482
118584
19660
25635
168134
4837
287533
817391
6844
74824
89366
131924
249843
2395
455795
27372
257200
978
10714
160422
6302

881009
196593
653207
218010
37292
1166597
329800
122333
411410
980921
472698
911999
1868311
27296
264255
445211
947441
1274369
24780
2322242
123530
906643
5876
43178
819607
31927

839135
185376
601481
203586
34522
968360
262844
106593
382256
920185
452829
824816
1677558
26338
245008
351792
838350
1217052
23532
2071029
106599
859651
5471
35624
704133
30731

961
942
950
949
879
888
834
884
942
947
949
915
930
986
955
822
904
956
935
883
907
947
965
917
919
988

952
943
921
934
926
830
797
871
929
938
958
904
898
965
927
790
885
955
950
892
863
948
931
825
859
963

3944105

3632751

15647450

14124811

921

903

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have slum in 2001 Census
** Slum Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs

139

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 52

Sex Ratio of Population in The Age Group 0-6 for Urban Non-Slum and Slum
Population Million Plus Municipal. Corporations - 2001

Name of MillionPlus
Municipal. Corporations

Sex Ratio of population

Child sex ratio in the age group 0-6

Non slum popn.

Slum popn.

Non slum popn.

Slum popn.

Agra
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri-Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi

846
891
915
897
953
836
837
859
850
930
905
873
885
857
841
890
764
886
930
864
831
846
920
794
890
915
875

850
850
947
907
974
780
795
770
779
938
901
892
845
857
805
894
759
875
948
924
874
888
928
701
821
880
884

852
821
942
926
972
854
830
918
937
943
897
881
916
851
928
909
817
855
920
869
895
883
902
804
917
827
910

860
884
949
948
974
918
867
925
945
941
897
889
894
879
926
909
827
868
951
957
952
931
935
893
919
879
935

TOTAL

874

820

888

918

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

140

Slums in India

Appendix 53

Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and With Gender
Differential - India, State and Union Territory - 2001

States/UTs

Literacy Rate In Slum Areas

Gender

Person

Male

Female

Differential

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

69.0
74.9
57.4
74.6
61.2
65.3
72.4
67.5
72.1
67.4
84.6
73.9
80.2
88.1
70.5
72.0
64.2
76.7
86.6
62.7
67.2
74.6
77.1
54.8
66.6
74.1

77.4
81.0
67.6
85.4
71.2
74.8
80.6
75.5
81.1
75.2
88.5
83.4
87.2
90.9
80.2
76.6
77.0
84.4
91.2
71.0
74.7
80.5
83.5
64.9
73.2
82.4

60.4
68.1
45.8
63.0
50.5
53.7
62.4
58.3
62.2
59.3
81.0
63.3
71.5
85.3
59.8
66.6
50.0
69.0
81.8
53.1
58.7
67.6
69.2
39.5
58.0
66.1

17.0
12.9
21.8
22.4
20.6
21.1
18.3
17.2
18.9
16.0
7.5
20.1
15.7
5.5
20.4
10.1
27.0
15.4
9.4
17.9
15.9
12.8
14.2
25.4
15.2
16.2

INDIA

72.2

80.1

63.2

16.9

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001

141

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 54

Literacy rate of Slum and Non Slum Population in Million plus Municipal
Corporations

MunicipalCorporation

Slum literacy rate


Person

Male

Non Slum literacy rate


Female

Person

Male

Female

Agra
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri-Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi

60.7
65.3
69.3
65.3
76.3
67.4
73.5
83.0
74.4
71.0
78.8
60.7
69.8
68.6
73.3
70.6
77.9
60.7
85.4
70.4
52.5
68.1
75.0
66.3
83.1
73.4
68.2

68.9
74.9
75.3
74.6
82.9
73.6
82.7
89.0
79.7
77.1
87.0
73.0
79.3
75.2
77.7
76.0
80.6
68.7
91.5
80.7
56.9
78.8
83.6
74.5
90.1
82.8
75 .9

51.1
53.8
63.0
54.9
69.6
59.2
61.6
75.0
67.5
64.5
69.7
47.0
58.4
60.9
67.8
64.6
74.3
51.6
78.9
59.1
47.5
55.8
65.8
54.1
74.4
62.7
59.3

70.9
85.5
87.3
81.1
87.4
86.4
84.8
91.0
85.4
80.3
84.5
81.2
90.6
80.4
84.4
77.7
80.4
72.6
91.4
88.6
81.3
88.1
89.0
87.3
90.4
89.8
72.6

77.0
91.1
91.2
86.5
91.6
90.9
90.5
93.8
89.1
84.9
89.9
88.9
94.6
84.1
86.7
82.2
82.4
78.1
95.2
93.7
86.9
93.3
93.4
91.8
94.5
93.9
79.2

63.8
79.3
83.0
75.0
82.9
81.1
78.1
87.7
81.1
75.3
78.5
72.3
86.0
76.0
81.6
72.6
77.8
66.5
87.4
82.8
74.4
81.9
84.2
81.6
85.7
85.4
65.0

TOTAL

75.8

82.4

67.6

85.2

89.5

80.2

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

142

Slums in India

Appendix 55

Work Participation Rate in Slum Population in India -2001

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Total workers

Work Participation Rate

Person

Male

Female

Person

Male

Female

2142963
28683
225785
361238
6539
701575
523708
113743
94267
854879
24634
1153858
4168632
35318
338965
488377
457503
1568237
14810
1532504
96893
1590192
5607
42375
707233
32050

1639142
24767
187728
272633
4882
595333
448120
95880
78505
632188
19448
929844
3492077
24091
276881
418647
384865
1168396
12199
1353463
85407
1340320
4824
36600
621602
24188

503821
3916
38057
88605
1657
106242
75588
17863
15762
222691
5186
224014
676555
11227
62084
69730
72638
399841
2611
179041
11486
249872
783
5775
85631
7862

34.2
31.9
27.6
32.9
35.6
35.5
31.2
30.4
27.7
36.7
32.9
30.6
34.8
32.3
31.1
32.9
29.3
37.0
31.1
26.6
27.7
34.1
34.5
39.6
34.8
34.8

51.7
52.3
43.3
48.3
51.1
55.3
48.8
47.9
43.8
53.4
53.1
46.9
53.4
44.2
48.8
52.3
46.7
54.8
50.5
44.1
45.9
53.6
54.5
58.3
54.5
53.3

16.2
9.2
9.9
16.6
18.8
11.8
9.9
10.3
9.7
19.4
13.6
12.5
12.4
20.5
11.9
10.2
9.8
19.0
11.1
6.7
7.0
11.6
10.6
13.0
9.6
16.8

17310568

14172030

3138538

33.1

51.1

12.8

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000 population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001

143

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 56

Main and Marginal Worker among Slum Population in India -2001

States/UTs

Total Worker
Main

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Percentage in Total Worker

Marginal

Main

Marginal

1880024
26521
186194
320007
4769
656458
456301
101100
77982
762060
20926
1000031
3816953
33261
296379
447963
390767
1405300
13789
1304511
86209
1432286
5343
40761
655182
29465

262939
2162
39591
41231
1770
45117
67407
12643
16285
92819
3708
153827
351679
2057
42586
40414
66736
162937
1021
227993
10684
157906
264
1614
52051
2585

87.7
92.5
82.5
88.6
72.9
93.6
87.1
88.9
82.7
89.1
84.9
86.7
91.6
94.2
87.4
91.7
85.4
89.6
93.1
85.1
89.0
90.1
95.3
96.2
92.6
91.9

12.3
7.5
17.5
11.4
27.1
6.4
12.9
11.1
17.3
10.9
15.1
13.3
8.4
5.8
12.6
8.3
14.6
10.4
6.9
14.9
11.0
9.9
4.7
3.8
7.4
8.1

15450542

1860026

89.3

10.7

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Note: Data relates to 1743 cities/towns having above 20000population and reported slums.
Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar
Haveli and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001

144

Slums in India

Appendix 57

Population of Slum and Workers in Slum - Million Plus Cities - 2001

Name of MillionPlus
Municipal Corporations

Agra
Ahmadabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi
Total

Slum population

Slum Working popn.

Persons

Males

Females

Persons

Males

Females

121761
473662
430501
125720
819873
1851231
490981
6475440
118286
626849
260975
368570
34860
367980
1485309
179176
314904
471581
737219
138797
3592
123957
492179
508485
351065
186020
137977

65830
255974
221107
65930
415296
1040233
273457
3659434
66499
323373
137290
194762
18898
198183
822678
94580
178990
251508
378526
72148
1917
65670
255294
298924
192825
98936
73245

55931
217688
209394
59790
404577
810998
217524
2816006
51787
303476
123685
173808
15962
169797
662631
84596
135914
220073
358693
66649
1675
58287
236885
209561
158240
87084
64732

30757
159149
173338
39446
275257
649451
149264
2384687
43146
189431
84338
108223
12445
213819
542648
49194
112128
119946
231219
48640
937
43205
102460
171466
119318
62935
39297

27700
133020
124960
31054
217753
571226
135373
2062904
38559
154221
69841
92346
9717
190597
465901
43641
102177
110403
188167
36792
870
33337
91277
129420
103018
52847
33332

3057
26129
48378
8392
57504
78225
13891
321783
4587
35210
14497
15877
2728
23222
76747
5553
9951
9543
43052
11848
67
9868
11183
42046
16300
10088
5965

17696950

9721507

7975443

6156144

5250453

905691

Source: i) Registrar General of India

145

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 58

Million Plus Cities

Percentage of Total Workers to Total population and Main Workers to Total


Workers in Slums in Million Plus Cities 2001
Percentage 0 of Total Workers
to Total Popn.

Percentage of Main Workers


to Total Workers

Persons

Males

Females

Persons

Males

Females

Agra
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Bhopal
Chennai
Delhi
Faridabad
Greater Mumbai
Haora
Hyderabad
Indore
Jaipur
Kalyan-Dombivili
Kanpur
Kolkata
Lucknow
Ludhiana
Meerut
Nagpur
Nashik
Patna
Pimpri Chinchwad
Pune
Surat
Thane
Vadodara
Varanasi

25.3
33.6
40.3
31.4
33.6
35.1
30.4
36.8
36.5
30.2
32.3
29.4
35.7
27.8
36.5
27.5
35.6
25.4
31.4
35.0
26.1
34.9
34.8
42.1
34.0
33.8
28.5

42.1
52.0
56.5
47.1
52.4
54.9
49.5
56.4
58.0
47.7
50.9
47.4
51.4
46.1
56.6
46.1
57.1
43.9
49.7
51.0
45.4
50.8
50.7
63.8
53.4
53.4
45.5

5.5
12.0
23.1
14.0
14.2
9.6
6.4
11.4
8.9
11.6
11.7
9.1
17.1
6.6
11.6
6.6
7.3
4.3
12.0
17.8
4.0
16.9
17.7
11.1
10.3
11.6
9.2

85.2
92.9
90.1
79.0
88.6
93.1
89.3
93.1
93.8
90.0
91.0
89.8
88.9
87.1
93.4
87.7
93.4
86.0
86.8
92.4
94.7
92.1
90.9
97.5
92.5
93.5
87.3

87.8
95.9
92.1
82.2
90.0
94.1
91.2
94.2
94.9
91.7
92.6
91.8
90.2
88.2
94.6
88.8
95.5
87.5
89.2
94.6
96.1
93.6
92.4
98.8
93.6
95.5
91.9

61.5
78.0
84.8
67.0
83.5
85.4
70.7
86.3
84.2
82.4
83.3
78.5
84.5
78.0
85.9
79.0
71.7
68.4
76.4
85.3
76.1
96.8
86.4
87.2
85.4
83.1
61.5

TOTAL

34.8

54.0

11.4

92.0

93.4

83.7

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India


Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep have any slums in 2001

146

Slums in India

Appendix 59

States/UTs

Percentage of Slum Working population in four categories to the Total working


slum population - 2001
Cultivators

Agricultural
labourers

Household
industry workers

Other workers

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

1.5
0.3
5.4
3.0
0.2
0.3
1.8
2.5
1.5
2.5
0.3
4.9
0.6
0.2
2.6
1.8
3.1
2.2
0.7
3.8
1.5
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.7

10.4
0.6
23.6
4.6
0.4
2.0
2.7
2.4
3.4
7.7
5.1
5.4
3.0
0.4
4.7
4.7
2.0
11.3
1.4
5.5
3.8
2.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
15.2

7.9
1.7
6.6
4.8
1.0
2.6
4.0
8.9
3.4
6.8
1.8
7.8
3.7
1.5
3.2
4.4
5.7
4.9
1.2
8.3
3.4
4.8
0.4
1.3
3.7
2.1

80.2
97.4
64.4
87.6
98.3
95.1
91.5
86.3
91.6
82.9
92.8
81.8
92.8
97.9
89.4
89.1
89.3
81.6
96.7
82.4
91.2
92.1
99.6
98.6
96.1
82.0

INDIA

1.8

5.4

5.4

87.4

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

147

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 60

Million Plus Cities.

Greater Mumbai
Delhi
Kolkata
Chennai
Bangalore
Hyderabad
Ahmadabad
Surat
Kanpur
Pune
Jaipur
Lucknow
Nagpur
Indore
Bhopal
Ludhiana
Patna
Vadodara
Agra
Thane
Kalyan-Dombivili
Varanasi
Nashik
Meerut
Faridabad
Pimpri Chinchwad
Haora
TOTAL

Percentage of Slum Working Population In Four Categories To Working Slum


Population In Million Plus Cities-2001
State/Union
Territory
Maharashtra
Delhi
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Punjab
Bihar
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
Maharashtra
West Bengal

Cultivators

Agricultural
labourers

Household
industry
workers

Other
workers

0.1
0.1
0.4
1.2
0.2
1.1
0.1
0.1
1.7
0.1
0.2
1.7
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.6
0.0
0.1
3.0
0.2
0.0
1.1
0.4
1.7
1.0
0.1
0.1

0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.8
1.6
0.1
0.3
2.7
0.5
0.3
1.4
1.9
0.3
1.0
2.9
0.2
0.0
1.1
1.5
3.3
0.4
1.4
0.1

3.7
3.9
4.2
2.3
4.0
3.6
4.2
1.2
4.5
3.9
4.4
7.5
4.5
4.8
2.5
6.0
9.5
1.9
8.2
2.5
1.5
29.6
2.5
5.4
3.6
1.6
3.0

96.1
95.9
95.0
96.0
95.5
94.5
95.5
97.9
92.2
95.9
95.1
88.0
94.7
94.3
95.2
91.4
90.2
97.0
86.0
97.2
98.4
68.2
95.6
89.6
95.1
96.9
96.8

0.3

0.4

3.9

95.3

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India

148

Data Appendices (61-100)

Condition of Slums in
India-NSSO

Slums in India

Appendix 61

Estimated Number of Slums and Households in different NSSO Surveys for


each State/UTs-India

States/UTs

Estimated No. of Slum and Households


49th Round
(Jan. Jun, 1993)
Slums

Households

58th Round
(July Dec, 2002)
Slums

65th Round
(July 2008
to June 2009)

Households

Slums
5249
-

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

6443
274
2404
2590
1265
23
6007
481
2803
11204
105
1735
526
750
14
4065
3080
7828
25
4678
12

786300
22000
192200
210000
122400
3200
589500
25200
299300
1459500
9800
139400
45100
91100
3000
458900
247100
787800
9100
432000
1200

7724
1326
1244
1532
364
1983
2222
16662
401
157
874
3165
2643
8125
1847
211

1129374
69363
109902
157863
15880
483828
308138
3182576
18208
8962
56860
619618
227799
1530920
212299
11296

INDIA

56311

5934000

51688

8229744

3360
2250
2215
17019
1953
3374
2394
5045
3133
48994

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation.


Note: Comparative Information on number of Estimated Households for 65th Round not available.

151

Table 10

Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 62

Estimated Number of Slums in Major State/UTs

States/UT

Estimated number of slums - 65th Round NSS Survey (July 2008 to June 2009)

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

152

Notified

Non- notified

All

3964
1058
1342
1118
759
9282
630
1711
1334
2475

1285
2075
2017
1132
1456
7736
1323
1663
1060
2570

5249
3133
3360
2250
2215
17019
1953
3374
2394
5045

24781

24213

48994

Slums in India

Appendix 63

Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Slums by location
Fringe area

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Other area

Along
Nallah

Along
Railway
Line

River River
Bank Bed

Others

Along Along River River Other


Nallah Rly. Bank Bed
Line

10
95
24
25
0
92
314
53
0
159
0
54
4
8
100
0

44
181
379
183
0
197
9
15
0
0
0
8
3
22
0
0

15
0
0
12
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
64
14
0
263

0
0
0
0
235
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

171
280
24
22
4
79
2
29
0
150
30
145
171
128
0
463

127
0
150
237
462
140
361
152
131
0
5
164
358
75
136
56

67
173
0
25
0
116
3
93
0
0
0
103
0
106
28
0

22
0
0
5
220
0
0
14
326
634
0
36
8
14
64
80

0
0
0
0
0
31
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

543
272
424
493
76
345
311
636
543
57
966
445
391
634
673
137

51

43

13

93

152

78

22

542

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

153

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 64

Number of slums by location per 1000 slums for each State/UTs--2009

States/UTs

Fringe Area
Along Along River River
Nallah Rly. Bank Bed
/Drain Line

Others

Other Area
n.r.

Along Along
Nallah Rly.
/Drain Line

River River
Bank Bed

Others n.r.

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

32
0
56
167
3
6
0
79
249
38

20
0
0
40
0
20
0
0
0
68

77
0
0
0
0
0
481
77
0
0

28
0
0
0
0
12
0
12
0
0

199
0
234
162
200
52
0
146
0
63

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

99
210
0
276
603
120
7
246
646
94

51
36
0
92
5
97
184
0
0
111

117
0
34
0
184
51.0
0
73
7
0

33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

345
754
676
263
6
641
328
367
97
627

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

49

19

30

10

97

170

80

51

488

Non Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

42
107
101
0
106
32
18
75
0
82

119
73
120
22
2
7
81
40
0
0

0
0
6
0
0
19
203
75
6
39

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

170
172
106
26
214
60
5
196
145
72

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
181
77
492
160
279
218
187
118
97

65
73
125
26
3
182
12
170
0
122

0
0
14
12
74
10
0
17
0
28

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
0

603
395
450
422
312
398
462
219
731
559

0
0
0
0
128
0
0
0
0
0

58

40

33

94

202

105

20

434

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

34
71
83
83
71
18
12
77
139
60

44
48
72
31
2
14
55
20
0
33

58
0
3
0
0
9
293
76
3
20

54

29

32

21
0
0
0
0
7
0
6
0
0

192
114
157
94
210
56
3
171
64
67

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

75
191
46
385
312
192
150
217
413
96

54
60
75
59
3
136
68
84
0
117

89
0
22
6
111
33
0
45
4
14

25
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0

408
516
540
343
207
530
419
294
378
592

0
0
0
0
84
0
0
0
0
0

96

186

92

35

461

th

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65 Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

154

Slums in India

Appendix 65

Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs-1993

States/UTs

Area type
Resi-dential

Andhra Pradesh
Assam#
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh#
Karnataka
Kerala #
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya#
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim#
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh#
Delhi
Puducherry #
INDIA

Industrial

Commercial

Others

920
942
855
419
989
847
891
961
514
964
1000
946
861
854
-

42
126
547
11
71
23
21
343
36
68
93
-

10
58
19
33
77
18
143
54
19
-

28
82
9
52
53
-

891

53

31

25

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan- June, 1993)
# indicates that the relevant results are not presented as sample slums were less than 10. However, All-India includes
these states also.

155

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 66

Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Type of area surrounding the slum


Residential

Industrial

Commercial

Others

not reported

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

899
811
953
961
558
585
835
783
522
352
276
824
968
768
662
570

60
0
0
29
0
196
11
114
326
0
0
50
24
81
120
0

6
0
0
0
76
38
77
44
21
648
721
96
6
103
219
24

8
189
47
11
367
181
78
54
131
0
3
31
3
48
0
407

27
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

799

80

65

51

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

156

Slums in India

Appendix 67

Number of slums by type of area surrounding the slum per 1000 slums for
each State/UTs - 2009

States/UTs

Type of area surrounding the Slum


Residential

Industrial

Commercial

Others

Slum

Notified
Andhra Pradesh

763

29

11

197

Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

745
198
693
571
419
993
855
741
525
583

0
97
0
273
60
0
0
0
76
55

70
2
40
0
80
0
0
5
38
41

70
149
40
0
21
7
48
0
0
25

115
555
228
156
419
0
97
255
361
296

0
26
169
225
272
56
0
81
7
2
70

97
71
0
129
1
46
228
79
145
62
73

251
155
208
57
3
215
0
8
34
133
132

8
41
102
133
179
69
0
40
6
19
55

24
71
60
85
1
33
157
63
64
32
49

210
141
347
142
56
327
0
53
157
245
215

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

652
550
354
589
589
550
718
794
783
763
623

0
198
269
0
134
132
54
37
31
41
102
Combined

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

736
616
291
641
583
479
807
825
759
646
602

22
131
200
0
182
93
36
18
14
58
78

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

157

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 68

Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Ownership Type
Public
Private

Railway

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

375
263
550
275
772
117
31
318
0
143
2
139
811
627
0
80

0
272
126
0
0
7
0
33
0
0
0
93
3
111
0
0

0
0
0
0
4
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
141
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

353

49

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002

158

Defense

Airport

Slums in India

Appendix 68: Concld.


States/UTs

Ownership Type
Public

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Highway

Local Bodies

Others

Not Known not reported

19
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

467
276
300
719
4
673
765
411
289
223
977
639
38
89
900
374

131
189
24
5
220
105
203
224
691
634
21
98
0
159
72
546

0
0
0
0
0
98
1
5
21
0
0
31
8
14
28
0

7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

412

160

11

159

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 69

Number of slums by type of ownership of the land where the slum is located
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -2009

States/UTs

Public
Private

Railway

Local Bodies

Others

Not Known

366
649
496
831
497
485
809
763
131
220
467

173
9
2
145
184
148
7
36
14
14
103

0
227
0
0
0
6
0
21
109
74
27

307
413
600
467
388
380
277
370
178
106
349

110
125
9
0
267
73
274
245
8
138
132

10
45
66
65
2
71
9
0
0
95
46

351
492
558
648
426
437
449
569
152
162
409

158
86
6
72
239
114
188
139
12
77
117

2
106
40
33
2
36
6
10
61
85
37

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

413
115
503
24
319
328
0
180
727
692
371

48
0
0
0
0
33
184
0
18
0
32
Non-Notified

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

530
291
199
468
341
432
279
345
814
624
416

42
127
126
0
1
44
160
40
0
37
57
Combined

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

442
231
320
248
333
375
189
261
766
657
393

46
84
76
0
1
38
168
20
10
19
44

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

160

Slums in India

Appendix 70

Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000


slums for each State / UTs-1993

States/UTs

Type of structure
49th Round (Jan- June, 1993)
Pucca

Semi-Pucca

Katcha

Andhra Pradesh
Assam#
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh#
Karnataka
Kerala#
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya#
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim#
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh#
Delhi
Puducherry#

143
108
224
694
67
97
501
484
111
443
53
277
441

277
524
256
169
150
597
360
498
18
352
167
508
472

552
369
520
138
783
306
139
18
871
206
779
215
87

696
-

257
-

46
-

INDIA

305

337

354

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation


# indicates that the relevant results are not presented as sample slums were less than 10. However, All-India includes
these states also.

161

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 71

Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000


slums for each State / UTs-2002

States/UTs

Type of structure
58th Round (July Dec, 2002)
Pucca

Semi-Pucca

Service-able

Un-serviceable

Katcha

Katcha

Assam
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry

660
0
0
434
0
430
177
619
0
143
48
297
289
569
338
80

160
259
874
553
367
383
808
326
57
191
223
296
429
332
363
0

125
465
126
13
338
188
15
41
943
666
248
326
29
83
299
863

56
276
0
0
296
0
0
14
0
0
481
81
253
16
0
56

INDIA

476

345

126

53

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation

162

Slums in India

Appendix 72

Number of Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses per 1000


slums for each State / UTs -2009

States/UTs

Type of structure of the majority of houses


Pucca

Semi Pucca

Serviceable
katcha

Unserviceable
katcha

28
70
201
120
278
7
14
142
109
102
62

0
17
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
1
6

264
170
227
114
145
7
591
247
258
36
147

95
107
105
0
303
0
41
154
119
2
63

86
136
217
117
190
7
405
194
175
68
104

23
77
63
0
199
7
28
76
53
1
34

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

882
770
140
256
187
721
0
434
887
741
636

90
142
659
625
535
259
986
424
5
156
296
Non-notified

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

629
491
285
672
345
681
0
324
569
604
500

12
232
383
214
208
313
368
274
53
358
290
Combined

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

820
585
227
465
291
703
0
380
746
671
569

71
202
493
418
320
283
567
350
26
259
293

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

163

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 73

Number of slums by type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum


per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-1993

States/UTs

Approach Road to Slum


Cartable

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N-Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Non-Cartable

Pucca

Katcha

Pucca

622
300
574
532
832
898
485
247
730
649
430
855
831
1000
628
648
653
1000
993
500

275
499
109
287
135
52
267
465
131
354
38
150
196
70
-

3
202
33
1000
20
6
91
24
169
63
42
195
-

686

154

50

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

164

Katcha

not reported

71
317

28

181
30
242
197
115
351
216
107
-

159
114
83
7
500
106

Slums in India

Appendix 74

States/UTs

Number of slums by type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum


per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
Type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum
Motorable
Pucca

Non motorable
Katcha

Pucca

Katcha

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

771
630
424
589
171
389
575
701
715
237
258
670
442
658
573
650

127
0
24
227
243
299
153
87
203
129
5
132
167
15
191
350

46
189
126
17
0
203
128
123
0
0
0
46
116
223
219
0

56
181
426
167
586
109
143
90
82
634
737
152
276
104
17
0

INDIA

640

110

120

130

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

165

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 75

States/UTs

Number of slums by type of approach road/lane/constructed path to the slum


per 1000 slums for each State/UTs--2009
Type of Approach Road / lane / constructed path to the slum
Motarable
Pucca

Katcha

Non motarable
Total

Pucca

Katcha

Total

816
633
716
775
490
786
328
921
657
706
753

158
367
17
225
29
198
184
79
343
253
188

26
0
267
0
481
17
488
0
0
41
59

184
367
284
225
510
214
672
79
343
294
247

829
683
646
636
548
782
728
629
703
612
691

5
236
192
248
234
199
95
56
28
329
180

167
82
162
116
218
19
177
315
269
59
129

171
317
354
364
452
218
272
371
297
388
309

819
666
674
705
528
784
599
777
677
658
722

120
280
122
237
164
198
124
68
204
292
184

60
54
204
58
308
18
278
155
119
50
94

181
334
326
295
472
216
401
223
323
342
278

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

816
633
716
576
490
782
7
848
657
706
728

0
0
0
199
0
3
321
73
0
0
25
Non-notified

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

610
486
532
382
548
734
570
563
311
510
578

219
197
115
254
0
48
158
66
392
103
113
Combined

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

766
536
605
479
528
760
388
708
504
606
654

54
130
69
226
0
24
211
70
174
52
68

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

166

Slums in India

Appendix 76

Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs -1993
Urban

States/UTs

Type Of Road Within Slum


Katcha

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N-Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

667
616
700
908
446
219
994
888
572
822
581
889
815
678 ,
-.
545
249
1000
339

Pucca

not reported

305

28
---

500

384
300
92
554
1000
781
6
112
428
178
419
111
185
1000
322
455
751
661
500

531

465

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

167

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 77

States/UTs

Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002
Type Of Road/Lane / Constructed Path Within The Slum
Pucca

Katcha

not reported

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

652
181
409
362
95
407
313
680
41
32
2
410
392
657
438
137

348
819
591
638
905
593
687
315
929
968
998
590
608
343
498
863

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
30
0
0
0
0
0
64
0

INDIA

542

453

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

168

Slums in India

Appendix 78

States/UTs

Number of slums by type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2009
Type of road / lane / constructed path within the slum
Pucca

Katcha

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

883
913
194
395
524
934
0
882
749
877
783

117
87
806
605
476
66
1000
118
251
123
217

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

462
428
308
593
619
815
522
434
156
651
566

538
572
692
407
381
185
478
566
844
349
434

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

780
592
262
494
586
850
354
661
487
761
676

220
408
738
506
414
120
646
339
513
239
324

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

169

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 79

Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Slums with
Electricity for
Both street
lights and
households use

Household
use only

Street light only

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

863
0
850
614
95
926
717
715
449
57
39
814
484
736
418
887

22
445
126
204
905
0
212
241
122
191
248
65
184
89
582
0

60
0
0
177
0
74
70
31
402
118
9
60
8
73
0
0

56
555
24
5
0
0
0
14
27
634
704
61
324
102
0
113

INDIA

691

178

49

82

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

170

No electricity

Slums in India

Appendix 80

Number of slums by status of electricity connection per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009

States/UTs

Slum with
Electricity For
Both Street Light
and H.H Use

Household
use Only

Street Light Only

No Electricity

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

939
937
146
885
727
780
321
921
732
733
763

26
63
702
0
273
186
664
0
7
107
163

35
0
153
115
0
34
7
79
108
159
66

0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
153
0
8

97
36
139
301
75
153
25
76
239
241
151

167
107
104
0
0
0
81
0
344
54
65

50
24
144
208
49
88
19
77
166
200
108

41
71
62
0
0
0
57
0
238
28
36

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

735
491
567
516
389
559
693
711
168
579
527

2
366
191
184
537
288
201
213
249
126
257
Combined

Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
INDIA

889
642
399
699
505
680
573
818
482
655
646

20
264
395
92
446
232
350
105
114
117
209

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

171

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 81

Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban

States/UTs

Source of Drinking Water


Tap

Tube Well/Hand Pump

Well

Others

Andhra Pradesh
Assam#
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh#
Karnataka
Kerala#
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya#
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim#
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh#
Delhi
Puducherry#

652
355
497
856
209
513
956
391
111
815
588
301
794
900
-

216
530
145
144
743
282
27
506
889
185
142
634
206
100
-

72
115
48
18
205
17
82
65
65
-

61
310
30
21
206
-

INDIA

648

267

44

40

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)


Note: Others Include Tank/Pond, River, Canal, Spring Etc.
# Indicates That The Relevant Results Are Not Presented As Sample Slums Were Less Than 10. However, All-India
Includes These States Also

172

Slums in India

Appendix 82

Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Major source of drinking water


Tap

Tube Well/
Hand
Pump

Well

River/
Canal/
Lake

Spring Others

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

801
0
550
630
992
840
700
935
577
143
276
903
514
779
737
976

114
1000
426
192
8
130
218
27
423
857
3
20
486
154
263
24

19
0
24
0
0
0
81
12
0
0
0
33
0
51
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
31
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

66
0
0
177
0
0
0
21
0
0
721
44
0
16
0
0

INDIA

777

157

24

39

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

173

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 83

Number of slums by major source of drinking water per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009

States/UTs

Major Source of Drinking Water


Tap

Tube well
/hand pump

well

others

not reported

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

795
946
851
880
789
938
351
667
215
766

115
36
149
120
11
50
649
209
785
166

5
0
0
0
200
8
0
21
0
30

85
17
0
0
0
3
0
103
0
38

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

790

168

14

28

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

682
680
842
888
733
899
560
810
239
818

318
266
133
8
36
57
250
112
761
118

0
0
1
0
128
0
190
37
0
28

0
54
23
104
103
30
0
40
0
36

0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0

INDIA

766

171

24

34

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

767
770
846
884
752
920
493
737
226
792

165
188
140
64
27
54
379
162
774
142

3
0
1
0
152
4
129
29
0
29

64
42
14
52
68
16
0
72
0
37

0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0

INDIA

778

170

19

31

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

174

Slums in India

Appendix 84

Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-1993
Urban

States/UTs

Type Of latrine Facility


No
Latrine

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Septic
Tank

Flush
System

Others

not
reported

110
292
220
266
48
6
11
246
293
195
500
43
6
459
1000
250
-

102
243
160
88
420
14
129
201
232
-

73
384
0
23
16
28
110
-

28

425
1000

52
316
68
40
107
77
707
169
500
84
142
58
93
-

544

69

176

175

32

634
7
1000
469
575
1000
823
994
882
235
1000
1000
620
830
723
172
-

Service
Latrine

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

175

Table 10

Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 85

Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum


Owned
Septic
tank/Flush

Shared

Pit

Service

Septic
tank/Flush

Pit

Service

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

378
0
0
242
0
130
7
72
0
0
0
76
5
30
0
0

21
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
32
5
0
89
31
0
0

22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
63
14
0
0

112
0
0
0
0
0
3
36
0
57
0
78
3
415
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
86
0
0
0
53
0
0

19
0
0
0
235
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
4
31
0
0

INDIA

102

17

99

12

14

176

Slums in India

Appendix 85 Conclude.
States/UTs

Latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum


Public Community

Other

Septic tank/Flush

Pit

Service

Latrine

No latrine

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

81
0
126
74
0
192
180
661
0
0
0
213
380
87
263
56

0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
32
5
0
0
82
0
0

27
0
0
11
95
31
493
5
0
0
0
0
83
46
239
0

136
173
0
149
0
38
0
22
0
0
21
74
8
17
0
137

203
827
874
524
670
606
315
204
1000
793
970
513
365
194
498
807

INDIA

303

13

52

46

334

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

177

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 86

Number of slums by latrine facility used by most of the residents of the slum
per 1000 slums for each State/UTs-2009

States/UTs

Owned
septic/
flush
tank

pit

Shared

service septic
tank/
flush

pit

Public

Service septic
tank/
flush

pit

service other
latrine

no
n. r.
latrine

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

311
367
97
210
187
31
0
131
0
24

26
0
5
4
0
0
0
0
106
1

11
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0

67
0
3
92
0
70
0
26
132
375

26
0
0
120
0
0
0
0
0
27

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24

260
588
100
340
307
733
0
470
638
375

13
0
15
16
0
6
7
0
5
0

0
45
241
52
111
58
0
0
12
0

203
0
153
163
212
90
505
100
100
43

82
0
385
4
184
9
488
273
7
131

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

111

17

89

13

482

13

43

127

100

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

91
0
l
198
0
99
0
0
0
59

77
9
3
107
3
0
153
0
0
2

0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
19
2
104
0
30
0
12
0
366

0
0
24
26
0
0
0
0
0
13

0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
85

304
667
261
205
140
586
77
374
381
138

0
47
20
59
5
8
77
0
193
85

0
108
0
65
4
115
0
12
0
26

231
43
196
69
611
101
334
200
269
123

269
107
479
167
237
62
360
402
157
103

28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

52

19

56

10

364

41

59

197

195

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

257
124
39
204
64
62
0
66
0
42

39
6
4
56
2
0
104
0
59
1

8
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0

51
12
2
98
0
52
0
19
73
370

20
0
14
73
0
0
0
0
0
20

0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
55

271
640
197
272
197
666
52
423
525
254

10
31
18
37
3
7
54
0
88
43

0
87
96
58
41
84
0
6
7
13

210
29
179
115
474
95
389
149
175
84

128
71
442
86
219
33
401
336
73
116

7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

82

18

72

424

27

51

161

147

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

178

Slums in India

Appendix 87

Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-1993
Urban

States/UTs

Type of Drainage System


No
Drainage

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Open
Katcha

Open
Pucca

Covered
Pucca

440
684
642
457
446
156
994
504
224
401
603
589
1000
454
251
228
1000
53
1000

171
316
358
72
420
1000
69
218
224
644
428
287
192
404
336
147
7
-

281
287
133
726
6
150
484
356
171
111
219
86
359
443
290
-

10
19
1
49
42
51
28
54
95
139
-

316

201

351

49

Under
Ground

not
reported

70
166
87
17
28
87
-.
511
-

28
-

80

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

179

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 88

Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-2002

States/UTs

Type of Drainage System


Under
ground

Covered
pucca

Open
pucca

Open
katcha

No
Drainage

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

97
0
0
282
0
267
107
116
0
57
0
214
8
253
0
56

38
0
0
0
0
31
0
136
0
0
0
10
0
63
0
0

452
185
150
140
0
301
196
506
79
150
18
277
407
335
657
287

122
173
700
36
0
87
360
96
46
159
9
141
79
98
100
576

291
642
150
542
1000
314
336
146
875
634
973
358
506
251
244
80

INDIA

129

62

384

132

293

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

180

Slums in India

Appendix 89

Number of slums by type of drainage system per 1000 slums for each State/
UTs-2009

States/UTs

Type of Drainage system


Under
ground

Covered
pucca

Open
pucca

Open
katcha

No
drainage

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

163
735
143
448
0
260
0
299
0
254

0
157
69
0
29
348
0
50
18
140

671
108
0
398
578
323
0
338
633
472

94
0
167
154
393
69
512
77
262
40

72
0
621
0
0
0
488
237
87
94

INDIA

230

161

391

121

96

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

0
145
171
22
36
151
0
0
0
250

0
83
23
8
0
382
0
0
0
0

224
369
102
825
217
308
138
420
74
440

402
278
305
0
617
70
368
248
384
115

374
125
399
145
130
90
494
332
541
195

INDIA

105

131

301

237

226

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

123
344
160
234
24
210
0
151
0
252

0
108
41
4
10
363
0
25
10
69

561
281
61
613
340
316
93
378
385
455

170
184
250
76
540
70
415
161
316
78

146
83
488
73
85
41
492
284
288
146

INDIA

168

147

347

178

160

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

181

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 90

Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-1993
Urban

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Garbage Disposal System


No
Arrangement

By
Resident

By
Panchayat
Municipality
Corporation

Others

415
798
676
211
854
151
994
694
258
433
980
713
500
353
431
304
1000
53
1000

111
202
55
254
19
10
195
40
822
136
20
142
500
151
253
118
139
-

421
472
127
1000
834
6
104
702
178
432
145

52
269

470
268
570
807
-

64
4
7
27
49
8
-

348

108

517

24

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

182

Slums in India

Appendix 91

Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Garbage disposal System


Arrangement by
Panchayat/
municipality/
Corporation

Residents

Others

No arrangement

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

736
87
173
389
235
439
520
841
104
14
23
590
302
580
573
250

22
91
253
374
95
39
0
29
52
205
9
79
109
64
128
670

0
0
24
5
0
0
11
0
27
29
0
0
8
62
0
0

242
823
550
232
670
521
469
130
817
752
968
331
581
294
299
80

INDIA

607

69

12

312

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

183

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 92

Number of slums by arrangement of garbage disposal per 1000 slums for each
State/UTs-2009

States/UTs

Garbage Disposal System


Arrangement by
Municipality/
corporation

Residents

Others

No
arrangement

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

935
431
355
787
39
882
489
723
462
785

13
253
8
44
273
59
0
89
115
0

26
316
15
166
206
33
184
73
262
102

26
0
623
2
483
26
328
115
160
113

INDIA

751

60

88

101

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

412
597
410
576
184
837
377
394
171
565

2
46
84
119
217
68
46
21
136
84

188
161
179
157
361
32
96
195
150
128

398
197
327
149
237
63
481
390
543
223

INDIA

552

78

141

229

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

541
388
681
134
862
413
561
333
673
653

116
54
82
236
63
31
55
124
43
69

213
113
161
308
33
124
133
213
116
114

130
445
76
321
43
432
251
330
169
164

INDIA

807

11

66

117

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

184

Slums in India

Appendix 93

Number of slums by availability of underground sewerage system per 1000


slums for each State/UTs-1993

States/UTs

Type of Sewerage System


Underground

Not-Underground

Not reported

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N-Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

124
146
185
127
49
42
195
87
159
285
464
-

847
854
1000
815
873
1000
951
1000
958
805
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
913
841
715
1000
536
1000

28
-

INDIA

166

831

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

185

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 94

Number of slums by availability of underground sewerage system per 1000


slums for each State/UTs-2002

States/UTs

Underground Sewerage System


Available

Not available

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry

97
0
0
277
0
236
165
315
0
115
0
243
183
371
28
56

903
1000
1000
723
1000
764
835
685
1000
885
1000
757
817
629
972
944

INDIA

225

775

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

186

Slums in India

Appendix 95

Number of slums by availability of underground sewerage system per 1000


slums for each State/UTs-2009

States/UTs

Underground Sewerage System


Available

Not available

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

243
883
143
596
33
407
7
299
0
428

757
117
857
404
967
593
993
701
1000
572

INDIA

331

669

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

0
117
184
294
0
328
0
82
119
294

1000
883
816
706
1000
672
1000
918
881
706

INDIA

186

814

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

183
376
167
444
11
371
2
192
53
360

817
624
833
556
989
629
998
808
947
640

INDIA

260

740

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

187

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 96

States/UTs

Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs-1993
Motorable Road
Less
than
1 Km

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Chandigarh
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

1 Km.&
Above

Primary School
Less
than
1 Km

1 Km.
&
Above

Less
than
1 Km

1 Km.
&
Above

962
892
1000
1000
1000
909
980
1000
1000
1000
1000
984
992
1000
-

38
108
91
20
~
16
8
-

863
946
725
820
1000
821
872
962
1000
1000
807
775
981
993
-

137
51
275
180
179
128
38
193
225
19
7
-

723
276
483
127
885
340
799
593
218
681
606
478
400
901
-

277
724
517
873
115
660
201
407
782
319
394
522
600
99
-

980

20

900

100

635

365

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 49 th Round, (Jan-Jun, 1993)

188

Hospital/Health Centre

Slums in India

Appendix 97

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Jammu &
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Delhi
Puducherry
INDIA

Per thousand distribution of slums by distance of less than 1 km. and 1 km &
above from a motarable road, a primary school and a hospital/health centre
for each State/UTs -2002
Motorable Road
Less
Than
1 Km

1 Km.&
Above

1000
745
1000
920
1000
1000
1000
953
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
-

0
255
0
80
0
0
0
46
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-

974

27

Primary School
Less
Than
1 Km

Hospital/Health Centre

1 Km.
&
Above

Less
than
1 Km

1 Km.
&
Above

975
905
747
980
776
771
970
920
1000
1000
1000
977
833
955
709
1000

25
95
253
20
224
229
30
80
0
0
0
22
168
45
291
0

517
371
126
370
95
628
519
475
371
281
740
603
272
462
554
751

484
630
874
630
905
372
482
525
629
720
260
397
727
538
446
249

920

80

473

528

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 58th Round, (Jul-Dec, 2002)

189

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 98

States/UTs

Distribution of Slums not having motarable roads by distance from nearest


motarable road for different States (per 1000) -2009
Distance from nearest motorable road (in km)
Less than 0.5

0.5 - 1

1-2

2-5

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

858
810
1000
1000
1000
1000
11
0
1000
867

142
190
0
0
0
0
512
1000
0
128

0
0
0
0
0
0
477
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4

INDIA

861

105

33

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

1000
1000
692
1000
1000
932
403
729
1000
687

0
0
308
0
0
44
529
271
0
219

0
0
0
0
0
25
67
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94

INDIA

862

117

12

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

891
929
799
1000
1000
969
191
599
1000
763

109
71
201
0
0
20
520
401
0
181

0
0
0
0
0
11
289
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56

INDIA

861

112

20

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

190

Slums in India

Appendix 99

States/UTs

Distribution of slums by distance from nearest government Primary school


for different states (per 1000)-2009
Distance From Nearest Primary School (in K.M)
Less than 0.5

0.5-1

1-2

2-5

above 5

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

750
728
436
691
622
499
0
648
338
637

210
227
528
249
8
367
495
204
364
362

40
45
36
60
371
123
505
109
108
1

0
0
0
0
0
11
0
39
189
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

572

307

103

17

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

609
652
627
808
375
375
489
327
338
600

391
89
296
96
623
476
327
455
442
291

0
116
31
94
2
145
110
170
204
109

0
142
45
2
0
5
75
48
15
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

485

367

115

26

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

716
678
551
750
460
442
331
490
338
618

254
136
389
172
412
417
381
328
399
326

30
92
33
77
129
133
237
139
151
56

0
94
27
1
0
9
51
43
112
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

INDIA

529

337

109

22

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation,

65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

191

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 100
States/UTs

Distribution of slums by distance from nearest Government hospital / health


centre (in km)for different states (per 1000)-2009
Distance From Nearest Government Hospital / Health Centre (in km)
Less than 0.5

0.5 - 1

1-2

2-5

>5

Notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

162
595
219
475
32
199
328
245
153
40

430
306
260
331
117
354
0
415
378
407

163
36
4
24
280
206
488
57
18
324

233
63
517
66
388
212
184
260
439
65

12
0
0
104
184
29
0
23
12
164

INDIA

201

343

185

222

49

Non-notified
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

268
361
375
55
170
262
153
92
31
73

46
184
26
387
628
268
102
80
112
221

335
152
275
312
198
291
104
362
122
355

82
232
129
222
4
91
391
295
713
246

268
71
195
24
0
89
251
171
23
106

INDIA

204

214

274

194

114

Combined
Andhra Pradesh
Delhi
Gujarat
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

188
440
313
264
123
228
210
169
99
57

336
225
119
359
453
315
69
250
260
312

205
113
167
169
226
245
228
207
64
340

196
175
284
145
136
157
324
277
560
157

75
47
117
64
63
56
170
96
17
134

INDIA

202

279

229

208

81

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, 65th Round (July 2008 to June 2009)

192

Data Appendices (101-120)

Urban Housing,
Poverty and Unemployment

Slums in India

Appendix 101
Sl.
No.

Distribution of Households by type of Houses occupied: 2001

Households
With

Total
No. of
H.H

Rural
%

No. of
H.H

Urban
%

No. of
H.H

41.10
35.73
23.15
0.02

42602
8262
2806
22

79.35
15.39
5.23
0.04

94.37
3.55
2.08

35862
15317
2513

66.79
28.05
5.16

3.42
39.78
30.17
13.28
7.02
2.76
3.58

1248
18853
15857
9177
4657
1754
2146

2.32
35.11
29.53
17.09
8.67
3.27
4.0

Structure of the House


1
2
3
4

Pucca Houses
Semi-Pucca Houses
Katcha Houses
Unclassified

99432
57664
34816
52

51.80
30.04
18.14
0.03

56829
49402
32010
30

Ownership of the House


1
2
3

Own Houses
Rented Houses
Any Other

166353
20230
5380

86.66
10.05
3.11

130491
4913
2868

Size of the Household / No. of Rooms


1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No exclusive Room
One Room
Two Rooms
Three Rooms
Four Rooms
Five Rooms
Six Rooms and above

5972
73856
57571
27542
14362
5566
7094

3.11
38.47
29.99
14.35
7.48
2.90
3.70

4724
55003
41714
18365
9705
3812
4948

Source: Census of India 2001: Tables on Houses, Household Amenities & Assets

195

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 102

Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001

Characteristics

Total

Rural

Urban

24.3
43.2
5.7
22.2
1.3
1.3
0.9
1.0

68.7
16.2
5.1
7.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.5

28.7
51.8
19.5

65.4
25.2
9.4

Percentage of Households having Source of Drinking Water as


Tap
Hand pump
Tube well
Well
Tank, Pond, Lake
River, Canal
Spring
Any other

36.7
35.7
5.6
18.2
1.0
1.0
0.7
1.2

Percentage of Households having Source of Drinking Water


Within premises
Near the premises
Away from the premises

39.0
44.3
16.7

Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water Facility within the premises


Tap
Hand pump
Tube well
Well
Tank, Pond, Lake
River, Canal
Spring
Any other

56.7
31.2
29.4
28.6
13.9
6.2

39.6
28.3
20.0
24.8
13.2
5.3

72.4
50.8
56.6
56.6
21.0
7.6

Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water Facility near the Premises


Tap
Hand pump
Tube well
Well
Tank, Pond, Lake
River, Canal
Spring
Any other

35.5
53.5
44.9
44.9
44.4
42.7
43.4
34.3

50.3
56.0
51.3
47.4
45.1
42.3
42.0
33.9

21.9
36.3
26.5
26.4
37.2
50.2
56.4
35.0

Percentage of Households by availability of Drinking Water facility away from the Premises
Tap
Hand pump
Tube well
Well
Tank, Pond, Lake
River, Canal

196

7.8
15.4
25.7
26.6
41.7
57.3

10.1
15.7
28.8
27.8
41.7
57.7

5.7
12.9
16.8
17.0
41.8
49.8

Slums in India

Appendix 102
(Contd.)

Households & Access to Basic Amenities : Rural & Urban 2001

Spring
Any other

56.6
59.5

58.0
60.8

43.6
57.4

43.5
55.6
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3

87.6
11.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4

10.3
7.1
4.5
78.1

14.6
46.1
13.0
26.3

3.9
30.3
65.8

34.5
43.4
22.1

Percentage of Households having Source of Lighting as


Electricity
Kerosene
Solar energy
Other oil
Any other
No lighting

55.8
43.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3

Percentage of Households by type of Latrine within the House


Pit latrine
Water closet
Other latrine
No latrine

11.5
18.0
6.9
63.6

Percentage of Households by type of Drainage Facilities


Closed drainage
Open drainage
No drainage

12.5
33.9
53.6

Percentage of Households having Bathroom Facilities within the House


Bath room within the house

36.1

22.8

70.4

59.4
26.1
14.2
0.2

76.0
18.0
5.5
0.6

64.1
13.1
12.8
1.1
1.6
5.7
0.1
0.5
0.8

22.7
2.1
2.0
4.6
19.2
48.0
0.3
0.4
0.2

Percentage of Households having Kitchen within the House


Available
Not available
Cooking in Open
No Cooking

64.0
23.9
11.8
0.3

Percentage of Households by type of Fuel used for Cooking


Firewood
Crop residue
Cow dung cake
Coal, Lignite, Charcoal
Kerosene
LPG
Electricity
Biogas
Any other

52.4
10.0
9.8
2.0
6.5
17.5
0.2
0.4
0.6

Source: Census of India 2001: Analytical report on Housing Amenities

197

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 103

State-wise Houseless Population (Total, Rural & Urban) in India- 2001

State/ UTs

Houseless Population
Total

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamilnadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A& N Islands
Chandigarh
D & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural

% age

Urban

% age

163,938
442
13,355
42,498
28,772
5,280
220,786
59,360
8,364
12,751
10,887
102,226
16,533
231,246
340,924
2,897
1,827
336
2,002
42,871
46,958
143,497
286
86,472
857
201,029
14,703
110,535
242
2,722
1,471
1,071
24,966
0
1,662

97,101
360
10,989
29,768
22,558
2,991
148,691
35,384
7,047
10,129
6,998
61,898
9,096
169,376
236,412
2,525
1,644
73
1,254
31,039
23,549
87,866
228
29,344
670
104,387
10,768
19,726
78
41
1,261
659
1,063
0
194

59
81
82
70
78
57
67
60
84
79
64
61
55
73
69
87
90
22
63
72
50
61
80
34
78
52
73
18
32
2
86
62
4
12

66,837
82
2,366
12,730
6,214
2,289
72,095
23,976
1,317
2,622
3,889
40,328
7,437
61,870
104,512
372
183
263
748
11,832
23,409
55,631
58
57,128
187
96,642
3,935
90,809
164
2,681
210
412
23,903
0
1,468

41
19
18
30
22
43
33
40
16
21
36
39
45
27
31
13
10
78
37
28
50
39
20
66
22
48
27
82
68
98
14
38
96
88

1,943,766

1,165,167

60

778,599

40

Source: Census of India 2001: Series-1: Primary Census Abstract; Total Population: Table A-5.

198

Slums in India

Appendix 104

State-wise Housing Shortage in India- 2007 (in million)

States/UTs
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Housing Shortage
1.95
0.02
0.31
0.59
0.36
0.07
1.66
0.52
0.06
0.18
0.47
1.63
0.76
1.29
3.72
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.50
0.69
1.00
0.01
2.82
0.06
0.18
2.38
2.04
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.01
1.13
0.00
0.06
24.71

Source: Report of Technical Group on Estimation of Urban Housing Shortage 2006, Ministry of Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation

199

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 105

Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 1993-1994 (Based on URP- Consumption)

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural

Urban

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

79.49
3.62
94.33
450.86
0.38
62.16
36.56
15.40
19.05
95.99
55.95
216.19
193.33
6.33
7.09
1.64
4.85
140.90
17.76
94.68
1.81
121.70
11.41
496.17
209.90
0.73
0.07
0.72
0.03
0.19
0.06
0.93

15.92
45.01
45.01
58.21
5.34
22.18
28.02
30.34
30.34
29.88
25.76
40.64
37.93
45.01
45.01
45.01
45.01
49.72
11.95
26.46
45.01
32.48
45.01
42.28
40.80
32.48
11.35
51.95
5.34
1.90
25.76
32.48

74.47
0.11
2.03
42.49
1.53
43.02
7.31
0.46
1.86
60.46
20.46
82.33
111.90
0.47
0.29
0.30
0.20
19.70
7.35
33.82
0.03
80.40
0.38
108.28
44.66
0.33
0.73
0.06
0.15
15.32
0.08
2.38

38.33
7.73
7.73
34.50
27.03
27.89
16.38
9.18
9.18
40.14
24.55
48.38
35.15
7.73
7.73
7.73
7.73
41.64
11.35
30.49
7.73
39.77
7.73
35.39
22.41
39.77
11.35
39.93
27.03
16.03
24.55
39.77

153.97
3.73
96.36
493.35
1.91
105.19
43.88
15.86
20.92
156.46
76.41
298.52
305.22
6.80
7.38
1.94
5.05
160.60
25.11
128.50
1.84
202.10
11.79
604.46
254.56
1.06
0.80
0.77
0.18
15.51
0.14
3.31

22.19
39.35
40.86
54.96
14.92
24.21
25.05
28.44
25.17
33.16
25.43
42.52
36.86
33.78
37.92
25.66
37.92
48.56
11.77
27.41
41.43
35.03
39.01
40.85
35.66
34.47
11.35
50.84
15.80
14.69
25.04
37.40

2440.31

37.27

763.37

32.36

3203.68

35.97

Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 11th March, 1997)

200

Combined

Slums in India

Appendix 106

Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 1999-2000 (Based on MRP-Consumption)

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural

Urban

Combined

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

58.13
3.80
92.17
376.51
0.11
39.80
11.94
4.84
2.97
59.91
20.97
217.32
125.12
6.53
7.89
1.40
5.21
143.69
10.20
55.06
2.00
80.51
12.53
412.01
180.11
0.58
0.06
0.30
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.64

11.05
40.04
40.04
44.30
1.35
13.17
8.27
7.94
3.97
17.38
9.38
37.06
23.72
40.04
40.04
40.04
40.04
48.01
6.35
13.74
40.04
20.55
40.04
31.22
31.85
20.55
5.75
17.57
1.35
0.40
9.38
20.55

60.88
0.18
2.38
49.13
0.59
28.09
5.39
0.29
0.49
44.49
20.07
81.22
102.87
0.66
0.34
0.45
0.28
25.40
4.29
26.78
0.04
49.97
0.49
117.88
33.38
0.24
0.45
0.03
0.05
11.42
0.08
1.77

26.63
7.47
7.47
32.91
7.52
15.59
9.99
4.63
1.98
25.25
20.27
38.44
26.81
7.47
7.47
7.47
7.47
42.83
5.75
19.85
7.47
22.11
7.47
30.89
14.86
22.11
5.75
13.52
7.52
9.42
20.27
22.11

119.01
3.98
94.55
425.64
0.70
67.89
17.34
5.12
3.46
104.40
41.04
298.54
227.99
7.19
8.23
1.85
5.49
169.09
14.49
81.83
2.05
130.48
13.02
529.89
213.49
0.82
0.51
0.33
0.06
11.49
0.11
2.41

15.77
33.47
36.09
42.60
4.40
14.07
8.74
7.63
3.48
20.04
12.72
37.43
25.02
28.54
33.87
19.47
32.67
47.15
6.16
15.28
36.55
21.12
34.44
31.15
27.02
20.99
5.75
17.14
4.44
8.23
15.60
21.67

1932.43

27.09

670.07

23.62

2602.50

26.10

Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 22nd Feb, 2001)

201

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 107

Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line in States & Union
Territories 2004-05 (Based on URP-Consumption)

States/UTs

Rural
Percentage
of
Persons

Urban
No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Combined
Percentage
of
Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

11.2
22.3
22.3
42.1
40.8
5.4
19.1
13.6
10.7
4.6
46.3
20.8
13.2
36.9
29.6
22.3
22.3
22.3
22.3
46.8
9.1
18.7
22.3
22.8
22.3
33.4
40.8
28.6
22.9
7.1
39.8
5.4
6.9
13.3
22.9

64.70
1.94
54.50
336.72
71.50
0.36
63.49
21.49
6.14
3.66
103.19
75.05
32.43
175.65
171.13
3.76
4.36
1.02
3.87
151.75
15.12
87.38
1.12
76.50
6.18
473.00
27.11
173.22
0.60
0.08
0.68
0.07
0.63
0.06
0.78

28.0
3.3
3.3
34.6
41.2
21.3
13.0
15.1
3.4
7.9
20.2
32.6
20.2
42.1
32.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
44.3
7.1
32.9
3.3
22.2
3.3
30.6
36.5
14.8
22.2
7.1
19.1
21.2
15.2
20.2
22.2

61.40
0.09
1.28
32.42
19.47
1.64
27.19
10.60
0.22
2.19
13.20
63.83
17.17
74.03
146.25
0.20
0.16
0.16
0.12
26.74
6.50
47.51
0.02
69.13
0.20
117.03
8.85
35.14
0.32
0.67
0.15
0.14
22.30
0.06
1.59

15.8
17.6
19.7
41.4
40.9
13.8
16.8
14.0
10.0
5.4
40.3
25.0
15.0
38.3
30.7
17.3
18.5
12.6
19.0
46.4
8.4
22.1
20.1
22.5
18.9
32.8
39.6
24.7
22.6
7.1
33.2
10.5
14.7
16.0
22.4

126.10
2.03
55.77
369.15
90.69
2.01
09.69
32.10
6.36
5.85
116.39
138.89
49.60
249.68
317.38
3.95
4.52
1.18
3.99
178.49
21.63
134.89
1.14
145.62
6.38
590.03
35.96
208.36
0.92
0.74
0.84
0.21
22.93
0.11
2.37

INDIA

28.3

2209.24

25.7

807.96

27.5

3017.20

Source: Planning Commission of India, (PIB dated March, 2007)

202

Slums in India

Appendix 108

Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line by States :


2004-05 (Based on MRP-Consumption)

States/UTs

Rural
Percentage
of Persons

Urban
No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Percentage
of Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Combined
Percentage
of Persons

No. of
Persons
(lakhs)

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

7.5
17.0
17.0
32.9
31.2
1.9
13.9
9.2
7.2
2.7
40.2
12.0
9.6
29.8
22.2
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
39.8
5.9
14.3
17.0
16.9
17.0
25.3
31.7
24.2
16.9
3.8
36.0
1.9
0.1
9.6
16.9

43.21
1.47
41.46
262.92
54.72
0.13
46.25
14.57
4.10
2.20
89.76
43.33
23.59
141.99
128.43
2.86
3.32
0.78
2.94
129.29
9.78
66.69
0.85
56.51
4.70
357.68
21.11
146.59
0.44
0.04
0.62
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.58

20.7
2.4
2.4
28.9
34.7
20.9
10.1
11.3
2.6
8.5
16.3
27.2
16.4
39.3
29.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
40.3
3.8
28.1
2.4
18.8
2.4
26.3
32.0
11.2
18.8
3.8
19.2
20.8
10.8
16.4
18.8

45.50
0.07
0.93
27.09
16.39
1.62
21.18
7.99
0.17
2.34
10.63
53.28
13.92
68.97
131.40
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.09
24.30
3.52
40.50
0.02
58.59
0.14
100.47
7.75
26.64
0.27
0.36
0.16
0.14
15.83
0.05
1.34

11.1
13.4
15.0
32.5
32.0
12.0
12.5
9.9
6.7
4.2
34.8
17.4
11.4
32.4
25.2
13.2
14.1
9.5
14.5
39.9
5.2
17.5
15.2
17.8
14.4
25.5
31.8
20.6
17.6
3.8
30.6
8.0
10.2
12.3
18.2

88.71
1.54
42.39
290.01
71.11
1.74
67.43
22.56
4.27
4.54
100.39
96.60
37.51
210.97
259.83
3.00
3.43
0.89
3.03
153.59
13.30
107.18
0.87
115.10
4.85
458.15
28.86
173.23
0.71
0.40
0.77
0.16
15.83
0.09
1.92

INDIA

21.8

1702.99

21.7

682.00

21.8

2384.99

Source: Planning Commission of India, (PIB dated March, 2007)

203

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 109

States/UTs

Trends in Percentage of Urban Population below the Poverty Line (1973-74


to 2004-05) Lakdawala Methodology
1973-74

1977-78

1983

1987-88

1993-94

2004-05+

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

50.61
36.92
36.92
52.96
37.69
52.57
40.18
13.17
21.32
52.53
62.74
57.65
43.87
36.92
36.92
36.92
36.92
55.62
27.96
52.13
36.92
49.40
36.92
60.09

43.55
32.71
32.71
48.76
36.31
40.02
36.57
19.44
23.71
50.36
55.62
58.66
40.09
32.71
32.71
32.71
32.71
50.92
27.32
43.53
32.71
48.69
32.71
56.23

36.30
21.73
21.73
47.33
27.00
39.14
24.15
9.43
17.76
42.82
45.68
53.06
40.26
21.73
21.73
21.73
21.73
49.15
23.79
37.94
21.73
46.96
21.73
49.82

40.11
9.94
9.94
48.73
35.48
37.26
17.99
6.29
17.47
48.42
40.33
47.09
39.78
9.94
9.94
9.94
9.94
41.63
14.67
41.92
9.94
38.64
9.94
42.96

38.33
7.73
7.73
34.50
27.03
27.89
16.38
9.18
9.18
40.14
24.55
48.38
35.15
7.73
7.73
7.73
7.73
41.64
11.35
30.49
7.73
39.77
7.73
35.39

34.67
49.40
27.96
37.69
NA
52.23
62.74
49.4

38.20
48.69
27.32
36.31
NA
33.51
55.62
48.69

32.32
46.96
23.79
27.00
NA
27.89
45.68
46.96

35.08
38.64
14.67
NA
13.56
40.33
38.64

22.41
39.77
11.35
39.93
27.03
16.03
24.55
39.77

28.0
3.3
3.3
34.6
41.2
21.3
13.0
15.1
3.4
7.9
20.2
32.6
20.2
42.1
32.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
44.3
7.1
32.9
3.3
22.2
3.3
30.6
36.5
14.8
22.2
7.1
19.1
21.2
15.2
20.2
22.2

INDIA

49.01

45.24

40.79

38.20

32.36

25.7

+ URP Consumption Data


Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated 11 March 1997, 22nd Feb 2001 and March 2007)

204

Slums in India

Appendix 110

State-Specific Poverty Lines in 2004-05 (Rs. Per Capita per Month) Lakdawala
Methodology

States/UTs

Rural

Urban

Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
D & N Haveli
Delhi

292.95
387.64
354.36
322.41
362.25
353.93
414.76
394.28
391.26
366.56
324.17
430.12
327.78
362.25
325.79
410.38
374.57
351.86
365.84
478.02
382.82
362.25
410.38

542.89
378.84
435.00
560.00
665.90
541.16
504.49
504.49
553.77
451.24
599.66
559.39
570.15
665.90
528.49
466.16
559.63
547.42
483.26
637.67
449.32
665.90
612.91

356.30

538.60

INDIA

The poverty line (implicit) at all India level is worked out from the expenditure class-wise distribution of persons
(based on URP - consumption, that is, consumption data collected from 30-day recall period for all items). The poverty
ratio at all India level is obtained as the weighted average of the State-wise poverty ratios.
Source: Planning Commission of India (PIB dated March 2007)

205

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 111

States/UTs

Final Poverty Lines and Poverty Head Count Ratio for 2004-05 using Tendulkar
Methodology
Poverty Line (Rs)

Poverty Headcount Ratio (%)

Rural

Urban

Rural

Urban

Total

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamilnadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bengal

433.43
547.14
478.00
433.43
398.92
541.39
608.76
501.58
529.42
520.40
522.30
404.79
417.84
537.31
408.41
484.89
578.11
503.32
639.27
687.30
407.78
385.45
543.51
478.00
531.50
441.69
450.49
435.14
486.24
445.38

563.16
618.45
600.03
526.18
513.70
642.47
671.15
659.18
626.41
605.74
602.89
531.35
588.06
584.70
532.26
631.85
641.13
745.73
699.75
782.93
497.31
506.17
642.51
568.15
741.68
559.77
555.79
532.12
602.39
572.51

32.3
33.6
36.4
55.7
55.1
15.6
28.1
39.1
24.8
25.0
14.1
51.6
37.5
20.2
53.6
47.9
39.3
14.0
23.0
10.0
60.8
22.9
22.1
35.8
31.8
37.5
44.5
42.7
35.1
38.2

23.4
23.5
21.8
43.7
28.4
12.9
22.2
20.1
22.4
4.6
10.4
23.8
25.9
18.4
35.1
25.6
34.5
24.7
7.9
4.3
37.6
9.9
18.7
29.7
25.9
19.7
22.5
34.1
26.2
24.4

29.9
31.1
34.4
54.4
49.4
13.1
25.0
31.8
24.1
22.9
13.2
45.3
33.4
19.7
48.6
38.1
38.0
16.1
15.3
9.0
57.2
14.1
20.9
34.4
31.1
28.9
40.6
40.9
32.7
34.3

INDIA

446.68

578.8

41.8

25.7

37.2

Source: Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty

206

Slums in India

Appendix 112

Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure -Rural


(in Rs.)

States/UTs

Rural
1983

1993-94

1999-2000

2004-05

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

115.58
N.A
113.03
93.76
169.12
119.25
149.14
150.05
128.11
118.12
145.24
101.78
110.98
131.45
N.A
119.81
N.A
97.48
170.30
127.52
N.A
112.19
N.A
104.25
104.60
156.75
199.41
93.33
N.A
208.81
N.A
96.02

288.70
316.85
258.10
218.30
487.24
303.30
385.00
350.63
363.31
269.40
390.40
252.00
272.70
299.57
356.98
389.55
441.46
219.80
433.00
322.40
298.72
293.60
343.93
273.80
278.80
495.89
463.04
234.29
452.48
605.22
526.32
347.95

453.61
648.00
426.13
385.10
868.77
551.33
714.38
684.53
677.60
499.78
765.71
401.50
496.77
537.80
563.45
721.84
941.31
373.17
742.82
548.88
531.77
514.07
528.41
466.63
454.80
780.21
989.19
561.18
901.48
917.21
876.19
597.63

585.55
771.53
543.18
417.11
425.10
985.49
596.09
862.89
798.11
793.16
425.30
508.46
1013.15
439.06
567.76
614.20
655.30
778.35
1010.81
398.89
846.75
590.83
688.53
602.17
487.63
532.63
647.15
562.11
1069.08
862.75
569.80
1160.89
918.50
1312.55
735.31

INDIA

112.31

281.40

486.16

558.78

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)

207

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 113

Trends in Monthly Average Per Capita Consumption Expenditure: Urban


(in Rs.)

States/UTs

Urban
1983

1993-94

1999-2000

2004-05

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
D & N Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

159.55
N.A
160.48
139.58
222.91
164.06
183.97
257.09
155.19
168.11
178.31
148.39
187.56
138.20
N.A
192.31
196.43
151.35
184.38
159.96
222.81
164.15
N.A
137.84
169.94
240.79
289.55
N.A
N.A
230.43
N.A
160.34

408.60
494.12
458.60
353.00
519.33
454.20
473.90
746.93
541.58
423.10
493.80
408.10
529.80
319.55
530.55
549.51
510.01
402.50
510.70
424.70
518.44
438.30
489.94
389.00
474.20
907.19
1028.00
441.86
474.98
794.95
507.63
419.84

773.52
762.66
814.12
601.90
1155.50
891.68
912.08
1243.30
952.84
910.99
932.62
693.56
973.33
707.77
972.18
1056.60
1242.40
618.49
898.82
795.81
905.69
971.63
876.60
690.33
866.59
1114.30
1435.60
1207.40
979.43
1383.60
1018.20
784.27

1018.55
881.10
1057.99
696.27
989.97
1431.97
1115.20
1142.35
1390.07
1070.12
985.43
1033.21
1290.89
903.68
1148.27
726.38
1190.09
1200.51
1498.47
757.31
1326.09
964.02
1106.79
1079.65
1000.54
857.05
978.26
1123.61
1802.39
1769.52
1407.50
1079.59
1319.31
1421.22
1022.53

INDIA

165.80

458.00

854.92

1052.36

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, (NSSO)

208

Slums in India

Appendix 114

Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30


Days by NSS Rounds: All-India Urban

Item

Average Value of Consumption (in Rs.)


43rd
Round

Cereals
Gram
Cereal substitutes
Pulses & their products
Milk & milk products
Edible oil
Egg, fish & meat
Vegetables
Fruits & nuts
Sugar
Salt & spices
Beverages etc.
Food total
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants
Fuel & light
Clothing
Footwear
Misc. goods & services
Durable goods
Non-food total
Total expenditure (Rs.)
MPCE index (43rd round = 100)
Consumer Price index
(43rd round = 100)

50th #
Round

55 th
Round

56 th
Round

57 th
Round

36.97
0.41
0.17
8.44
23.84
13.23
8.85
13.12
6.27
5.86
5.78
16.82
139.73
6.53
16.72
15.00
2.69
58.64
10.60
110.18
249.92
100

64.30
0.80
0.30
13.90
44.90
20.10
15.50
25.00
12.20
10.90
9.40
33.00
250.30
10.70
30.20
32.70
5.60
122.60
12.20
214.00
464.30
186

105.57
0.95
0.35
24.25
74.17
26.81
26.78
43.90
20.68
14.00
19.11
54.28
410.84
16.22
66.26
51.76
10.05
232.62
30.85
444.08
854.92
342

100.67
0.92
0.45
22.13
75.90
24.90
27.71
41.75
19.18
14.11
15.16
57.67
400.57
17.07
76.77
58.16
10.50
212.48
34.41
514.01
914.57
366

97.77
0.94
0.39
22.31
75.82
26.84
25.83
45.22
18.70
13.96
15.60
58.94
402.31
16.60
83.38
57.81
10.33
212.82
38.09
530.48
932.79
373

100

173

279

294

309

209

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 114
(Contd.)

Average Value of Consumption of Broad Groups of Items per Person per 30


Days by NSS Rounds: All-India Urban

Item
Cereals
Gram
Cereal substitutes
Pulses & their products
Milk & milk products
Edible oil
Egg, fish & meat
Vegetables
Fruits & nuts
Sugar
Salt & spices
Beverages etc.
Food total
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants
Fuel & light
Clothing
Footwear
Misc. goods & services
Durable goods
Non-food total
Total expenditure (Rs.)
MPCE index (43rd round = 100)
Consumer Price index
(43rd round = 100)

58 th
Round

61 st
Round

62 nd
Round

63rd
Round

64 th
Round

100.64
1.07
0.49
22.86
78.19
31.32
27.07
48.34
21.59
13.59
16.12
68.51
429.79
17.19
91.22
60.83
10.52
240.55
44.91
582.18
1011.97
405

105.82
1.10
0.52
22.51
83.30
36.37
28.47
46.84
23.65
15.88
17.65
65.31
447.41
17.04
104.62
61.85
11.36
415.15
47.17
657.19
1104.60
326.80

109.79
1.23
0.52
25.57
84.94
35.02
32.28
49.73
25.52
17.45
17.44
68.32
467.82
17.21
109.55
63.77
11.90
453.53
46.83
702.78
1170.60
329.75

118.80
1.68
0.50
30.06
97.49
37.52
34.20
56.87
28.00
17.25
20.48
74.42
517.25
18.58
117.44
70.25
13.07
516.70
59.21
795.25
1312.50
345.39

130.62
1.75
0.51
31.20
106.64
46.43
39.47
64.34
31.02
14.67
22.21
93.57
582.43
19.68
125.71
80.12
14.65
586.71
62.23
889.11
1471.54
366.05

318

338

355

380

402

Includes rents and taxes


CPI for urban non-manual employees with base 1984-85 = 100 has been used.
# Data were 365-day reference period (normalized to 30 days) used for clothing, footwear, durables,
Education and institutional health expenditure for comparability with 55 th and subsequent rounds
43rd Round July 1987 to June 1988
57th Round - July 2001 to June 2002
th
50 Round July 1993 to June 1994
58th Round July 2002 to December 2002
55th Round July 1999 to June 2000
59th Round January to December 2003
th
56 Round July 2000 to June 2001
60th Round - January to June, 2004
nd
62 Round July 2005 to June 2006
61st Round July 2004 to June, 2005
63st Round 2006-07(July2006-June 2007)
64th Round 2007-08(July2007-June 2008)

210

Slums in India

Appendix 115

Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18


Groups of Consumption Items over NSS Rounds: All-India- Urban

Item
Cereals
Gram
Cereal substitutes
Pulses & products
Milk & products
Edible oil
Egg, fish & meat
Vegetables
Fruits & nuts
Sugar
Salt & spices
Beverages etc.
Food total
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants
Fuel & light
Clothing
Footwear
Misc. goods & services
Durable goods
Non-food total
TOTAL EXPENDITURE (Rs.)

43rd
Round

50th #
Round

55 th
Round

56 th
Round

57 th
Round

14.8
0.2
0.1
3.4
9.5
5.3
3.5
5.2
2.5
2.3
2.3
6.7
55.9
2.6
6.7
6.0
1.1
23.5
4.2
44.1

13.8
0.2
0.1
3.0
9.7
4.3
3.3
5.4
2.6
2.3
2.0
7.2
53.9
2.3
6.5
7.0
1.2
26.5
2.6
46.1

12.3
0.1
0.0
2.8
8.7
3.1
3.1
5.1
2.4
1.6
2.2
6.3
48.1
1.9
7.8
6.1
1.2
27.2
3.6
51.9

11.0
0.1
0.0
2.4
8.3
2.7
3.0
4.6
2.1
1.5
1.7
6.3
43.8
1.9
8.4
6.4
1.1
23.2
3.8
56.2

10.5
0.1
0.0
2.4
8.1
2.9
2.8
4.9
2.0
1.5
1.7
6.3
43.1
1.8
8.9
6.2
1.1
22.8
4.1
56.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

211

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 115
(Contd.)

Percentage Distribution of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) by 18


Groups of Consumption Items over NSS Rounds: All-India- Urban

Item
Cereals
Gram
Cereal substitutes
Pulses & products
Milk & products
Edible oil
Egg, fish & meat
Vegetables
Fruits & nuts
Sugar
Salt & spices
Beverages etc.
Food total
Pan, tobacco & intoxicants
Fuel & light
Clothing
Footwear
Misc. goods & services
Durable goods
Non-food total
TOTAL EXPENDITURE(Rs.)

58 th
Round
9.9
0.1
0.0
2.3
7.7
3.1
2.7
4.8
2.1
1.3
1.6
6.8
42.5
1.7
9.0
6.0
1.0
23.8
4.4
57.5

60 th
Round
10.0
0.1
0.1
2.1
7.8
3.5
2.6
4.2
2.2
1.3
1.6
6.1
41.6
1.6
9.0
6.0
1.1
25.2
3.6
58.4

61 st
Round
9.58
0.10
0.05
2.04
7.54
3.29
2.58
4.24
2.14
1.44
1.60
5.91
40.50
1.54
9.47
5.60
1.03
37.58
4.27
59.50

62 nd
Round
9.38
0.11
0.04
2.18
7.26
2.99
2.76
4.25
2.18
1.49
1.49
5.84
39.96
1.47
9.36
5.45
1.02
38.74
4.00
60.04

63rd
Round
9.05
0.13
0.04
2.29
7.43
2.86
2.61
4.33
2.13
1.31
1.56
5.67
39.41
1.42
8.95
5.35
1.00
39.37
4.51
60.59

64 th
Round
8.88
0.12
0.03
2.12
7.25
3.16
2.68
4.37
2.11
1.00
1.51
6.36
39.58
1.34
8.54
5.44
1.00
39.87
4.23
60.42

100.0

100.0

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Source: National Sample Survey Organisation


Includes rents and taxes
CPI for urban non-manual employees with base 1984-85 = 100 has been used.
# Data were 365-day reference period (normalized to 30 days) used for clothing, footwear, durables, education
and institutional health expenditure for comparability with 55 th and subsequent rounds
43rd Round July 1987 to June 1988
57th Round - July 2001 to June 2002
50th Round July 1993 to June 1994
58th Round July 2002 to December 2002
th
55 Round July 1999 to June 2000
59th Round January to December 2003
th
56 Round July 2000 to June 2001
60th Round - January to June, 2004
61st Round July 2004 to June, 2005
62 Round 2005-06(July2005-June 2006)
63st Round 2006-07(July2006-June 2007)
64th Round 2007-08(July2007-June 2008)

212

Slums in India

Appendix 116

Usual Principal Status Unemployment Rates (UR) of the Educated Persons of


age 15 years and above - 2004-05
(Per 000)

States / UTs

Rural
Male

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A&N Islands
Chandigarh
D&N Haveli
Daman Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Urban
Female

Male

Female

66
33
138
44
46
132
31
78
91
71
44
48
134
19
50
65
11
24
147
125
71
50
74
62
362
62
22
88
143
76
45
0
26
43
150

87
29
331
52
108
23
31
157
189
202
21
134
533
51
37
86
80
9
215
574
530
81
83
148
784
53
35
463
321
150
671
0
0
777
366

77
9
104
12
81
135
31
48
25
62
93
35
126
49
55
85
45
21
81
127
42
34
64
51
209
47
44
81
54
39
16
40
61
141
71

135
48
218
291
119
205
113
211
260
317
76
167
555
62
84
146
50
61
225
379
243
140
63
155
696
228
172
280
207
97
446
0
92
342
482

59

231

60

194

Note:- Unemployment rate (UR): Unemployment rate is defined as the number of persons unemployed per 1000
persons in the labour force (which includes both the employed and the unemployed). This, in effect, gives the
unutilized portion of the labour force.
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, Report No. 515, NSS 61st Round

213

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 117

Urban Unemployment rates (per 1000) for different NSS Rounds


all-India

NSSO Rounds

Male
Usual
Status

64 (2007-08)
62 (July05-June 06)
61 (July04-June 05)
60 (Jan.-June04)
59(Jan -Dec03)
58(July -Dec02)
57(July01-June02)
56(July00-June01)
55(July99-June00)
54(Jan-June98)
53 (Jan-Dec.97)
52(July95-June96)
51(July94-June95)
50(July93June94)

40
(23)
48
(27)
44
(25)
46
(25)
43
(24)
47
(26)
42
(24)
42
(23)
48
(26)
53
(28)
37
(21)
40
(22)
37
(20)
45
(24)

Female

Usual Current Current


Adjusted Weekly Daily
Status Status
38
(22)
45
(25)
38
(22)
40
(22)
40
(23)
45
(25)
39
(22)
39
(22)
45
(24)
51
(27)
39
(21)
38
(18)
34
(18)
40
(22)

47
(27)
58
(32)
52
(30)
57
(32)
51
(28)
55
(31)
46
(26)
48
(26)
56
(30)
54
(29)
43
(23)
41
(22)
39
(21)
52
(28)

69
(39)
79
(44)
75
(42)
81
(45)
73
(38)
67
(36)

Usual
Status
66
(8)
79
(10)
91
(14)
89
(12)
44
(5)
61
(8)
49
(6)
38
(5)
71
(9)
81
(9)
51
(6)
36
(4)
41
(5)
83
(11)

Usual Current
Adjusted Weekly
Status
52
(8)
63
(10)
69
(12)
67
(11)
35
(5)
47
(7)
38
(5)
29
(4)
57
(8)
68
(8)
44
(6)
31
(4)
34
(5)
62
(10)

65
(9)
77
(11)
90
(15)
90
(14)
49
(6)
57
(7)
48
(6)
39
(5)
73
(10)
78
(8)
58
(7)
35
(4)
40
(5)
84
(12)

Current
Daily
Status
95
(12)
101
(13)
116
(18)
117
(16)
94
(12)
105
(14)

Note: Figures within bracket indicate the proportion of unemployed per 1000 persons (person- days for col.5 and 9)
Source: NSS Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008

214

Slums in India

Appendix 118

Education-level specific usual status (ps+ss) unemployment rate (UR) for


persons of age groups 15-29 and 15 years and above during 2007-08

Education level

Rural
Male Female

Urban
Person

Rural+Urban

Male Female Person Male

Female Person

Age group: 15-29 years


Not Literate
Literate & Up To Primary
Middle School
Secondary
Higher Secondary
Diploma/Certificate
Graduate
Post Graduate And Above
Secondary & Above

11
31
45
79
102
191
172
142
104

0
11
33
64
136
408
344
236
147

5
24
43
75
109
239
208
172
111

35
56
79
87
134
128
172
168
130

9
44
97
169
176
163
249
256
212

27
54
82
95
144
136
193
196
146

14
35
53
81
114
156
173
159
113

2
15
43
83
155
266
281
249
173

9
31
52
82
120
182
200
187
125

9
22
42
40
63
66
70
66
58
40

3
13
27
35
54
68
61
50
48
24

0
6
31
54
98
188
162
122
108
17

2
12
27
39
61
90
76
67
56
22

Age group: 15 years and above


Not Literate
Literate & Up To Primary
Middle School
Secondary
Higher Secondary
Diploma/Certificate
Graduate
Post Graduate & above
Secondary &Above
All

2
11
22
36
52
85
69
50
47
18

0
5
25
48
95
272
222
143
99
11

2
10
23
37
57
122
91
69
55
16

9
24
40
34
56
56
55
51
48
37

4
15
48
86
107
115
136
115
114
53

Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008

215

National Buildings Organisation

Appendix 119

Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual principal status approach


for each State/U.T.rounds

States/UTs

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
INDIA

Rural

Urban

Rural+Urban

Male

Female

Person

Male Female Person Male

Female Person

14
33
48
27
8
26
8
10
46
42
34
27
12
57
10
20
47
19
4
103
34
30
19
35
30
70
43
15
31
55
0
62
17
56
51

7
20
89
4
1
0
56
2
1
53
3
4
2
182
1
7
25
3
2
91
29
114
14
40
21
395
31
5
45
151
0
0
0
318
47

11
28
54
23
5
25
16
8
38
47
31
21
8
93
7
15
40
13
3
99
33
38
17
36
26
137
40
14
33
73
0
58
16
117
49

24
44
76
43
41
22
23
25
23
35
55
83
31
59
36
37
54
55
59
169
48
37
38
90
40
121
70
45
70
51
76
19
15
87
70

51
66
238
40
27
23
96
12
23
95
113
33
32
269
30
57
73
55
50
279
159
41
45
143
62
549
156
60
64
328
20
0
0
421
320

30
49
97
42
39
22
38
23
23
49
63
77
31
115
35
41
58
54
55
197
67
38
38
102
46
254
81
47
69
91
66
18
13
159
128

16
35
51
29
13
22
17
16
40
42
38
37
18
57
16
27
48
24
26
117
36
33
24
42
34
79
50
22
41
55
65
56
17
76
61

12
25
102
6
3
22
81
4
6
54
32
6
7
201
5
16
34
9
20
116
40
85
17
49
34
437
45
12
50
197
19
0
0
366
173

15
32
58
25
9
22
29
13
34
47
37
29
15
98
13
24
44
18
24
116
37
38
22
44
34
160
49
21
42
79
57
52
15
136
91

23

19

22

40

66

45

28

27

28

Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008

216

Slums in India

Appendix 120

Unemployment rate (per 1000) according to usual status (adjusted) approach


for persons of age 15 years and aboverounds

States/UTs

Rural
Male

Urban

Rural+Urban

Female

Person

Male Female Person Male

Female Person

Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
A & N Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry

11
32
42
20
6
26
7
9
43
22
31
21
11
44
6
13
45
17
3
63
28
28
13
33
27
69
31
12
22
53
0
48
17
45
50

4
17
60
2
1
0
43
0
0
17
1
3
2
131
0
5
21
3
1
40
13
30
2
40
12
352
20
2
28
109
0
0
0
280
46

8
27
46
16
4
25
15
6
29
20
21
15
8
72
4
10
37
11
3
53
23
28
8
35
21
131
27
9
23
65
0
45
15
105
49

23
44
72
39
39
22
23
24
23
34
51
83
31
50
35
33
51
54
50
160
44
35
33
90
38
118
68
41
61
48
76
19
15
57
67

39
67
205
29
24
22
86
7
19
62
65
30
30
208
27
43
62
48
39
187
128
34
30
143
58
549
123
38
45
221
19
0
0
269
314

27
49
90
38
36
22
37
21
22
41
54
76
30
96
33
35
54
52
46
168
61
35
32
102
43
251
75
41
59
71
66
18
12
115
126

14
34
45
22
11
22
17
15
37
23
35
32
18
46
13
21
46
22
23
82
30
30
18
40
32
78
40
18
32
50
65
42
17
57
59

9
23
69
4
3
21
69
1
3
19
7
4
7
147
3
12
29
8
16
58
22
30
4
49
26
402
30
6
32
135
18
0
0
275
169

12
30
50
18
8
22
28
11
28
21
26
23
14
78
10
18
41
17
20
73
27
30
13
43
30
154
37
15
32
68
57
40
14
110
89

INDIA

18

11

16

37

53

40

24

17

22

Source: NSSO Report No. 531: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India: July, 2007-June, 2008

217

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