R version 3.2.

3 (2015-12-10) -- "Wooden Christmas-Tree"

Copyright (C) 2015 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin13.4.0 (64-bit)
R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.
R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.
Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.
During startup - Warning messages:
1: Setting LC_CTYPE failed, using "C"
2: Setting LC_COLLATE failed, using "C"
3: Setting LC_TIME failed, using "C"
4: Setting LC_MESSAGES failed, using "C"
5: Setting LC_MONETARY failed, using "C"
[R.app GUI 1.66 (7060) x86_64-apple-darwin13.4.0]
WARNING: You're using a non-UTF8 locale, therefore only ASCII characters will wo
rk.
Please read R for Mac OS X FAQ (see Help) section 9 and adjust your system prefe
rences accordingly.
[Workspace restored from /Users/blue/.RData]
[History restored from /Users/blue/.Rapp.history]
> tabin
Error: object 'tabin' not found
> tobin
Error: object 'tobin' not found
> library(survival)
> tobin
durable age quant
1
0.0 57.7 236
2
0.7 50.9 283
3
0.0 48.5 207
4
0.0 41.7 220
5
0.0 47.7 238
6
0.0 59.8 216
7
0.0 44.3 284
8
3.7 45.1 221
9
0.0 51.7 275
10
3.0 50.0 269
11
10.4 46.8 207
12
0.0 58.0 249
13
0.0 58.9 246
14
0.0 40.0 277
15
1.5 34.1 231
16
0.0 39.9 219
17
0.0 33.4 240
18
3.5 48.1 266
19
6.1 46.6 214
20
0.0 53.1 251
> data(tobin)

> tobin$durable
[1] 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5
0.0 0.0 3.5 6.1 0.0
> attach(tobin)
> durable
[1] 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5
0.0 0.0 3.5 6.1 0.0
>
>
> # after attach, directly use durable
>
>
>
>
> colnames(tobin)
[1] "durable" "age"
"quant"
> age
[1] 57.7 50.9 48.5 41.7 47.7 59.8 44.3 45.1 51.7 50.0 46.8 58.0 58.9 40.0 34.1
39.9 33.4 48.1 46.6 53.1
> quant
[1] 236 283 207 220 238 216 284 221 275 269 207 249 246 277 231 219 240 266 214
251
> detach
function (name, pos = 2L, unload = FALSE, character.only = FALSE,
force = FALSE)
{
if (!missing(name)) {
if (!character.only)
name <- substitute(name)
pos <- if (is.numeric(name))
name
else {
if (!is.character(name))
name <- deparse(name)
match(name, search())
}
if (is.na(pos))
stop("invalid 'name' argument")
}
packageName <- search()[[pos]]
if (!grepl("^package:", packageName))
return(invisible(.Internal(detach(pos))))
pkgname <- sub("^package:", "", packageName)
for (pkg in search()[-1L]) {
if (grepl("^package:", pkg) && exists(".Depends", pkg,
inherits = FALSE) && pkgname %in% get(".Depends",
pkg, inherits = FALSE))
if (force)
warning(gettextf("package %s is required by %s, which may no lon
ger work correctly",
sQuote(pkgname), sQuote(sub("^package:", "",
pkg))), call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
else stop(gettextf("package %s is required by %s so will not be deta
ched",
sQuote(pkgname), sQuote(sub("^package:", "",
pkg))), call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
}
env <- as.environment(pos)
libpath <- attr(env, "path")
hook <- getHook(packageEvent(pkgname, "detach"))

for (fun in rev(hook)) try(fun(pkgname, libpath))

ns <- .getNamespace(pkgname)
if (!is.null(ns) && exists(".onDetach", mode = "function",
where = ns, inherits = FALSE)) {
.onDetach <- get(".onDetach", mode = "function", pos = ns,
inherits = FALSE)
if (!is.null(libpath)) {
res <- tryCatch(.onDetach(libpath), error = identity)
if (inherits(res, "error")) {
warning(gettextf("%s failed in %s() for '%s', details:\n call:
%s\n error: %s",
".onDetach", "detach", pkgname, deparse(conditionCall(res))[1L
],
conditionMessage(res)), call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
}
}
}
else if (exists(".Last.lib", mode = "function", where = pos,
inherits = FALSE)) {
.Last.lib <- get(".Last.lib", mode = "function", pos = pos,
inherits = FALSE)
if (!is.null(libpath)) {
res <- tryCatch(.Last.lib(libpath), error = identity)
if (inherits(res, "error")) {
warning(gettextf("%s failed in %s() for '%s', details:\n call:
%s\n error: %s",
".Last.lib", "detach", pkgname, deparse(conditionCall(res))[1L
],
conditionMessage(res)), call. = FALSE, domain = NA)
}
}
}
.Internal(detach(pos))
if (isNamespaceLoaded(pkgname)) {
if (unload) {
tryCatch(unloadNamespace(pkgname), error = function(e) warning(gette
xtf("%s namespace cannot be unloaded:\n ",
sQuote(pkgname)), conditionMessage(e), call. = FALSE,
domain = NA))
}
}
else {
if (.isMethodsDispatchOn() && methods:::.hasS4MetaData(env))
methods:::cacheMetaData(env, FALSE)
.Internal(lazyLoadDBflush(paste0(libpath, "/R/", pkgname,
".rdb")))
}
invisible()
}
<bytecode: 0x7ff88ba3c4a0>
<environment: namespace:base>
> detach(tobin)
> age
Error: object 'age' not found
>
>
>
> #after detach, cannot use data's name directly
>
>

>
>
> ?subet
No documentation for 'subet' in specified packages and libraries:
you could try '??subet'
> ?subset
starting httpd help server ... done
> subset(tobin,tobin$age<40)
durable age quant
15
1.5 34.1 231
16
0.0 39.9 219
17
0.0 33.4 240
>
> ind<-grep(T,tobin$age<40)
> tobin[ind,]
durable age quant
15
1.5 34.1 231
16
0.0 39.9 219
17
0.0 33.4 240
> tobin(tobin$age<40)
Error: could not find function "tobin"
> tobin[tobin$age<40]
Error in `[.data.frame`(tobin, tobin$age < 40) :
undefined columns selected
> transform(tobin,log.quant=log(tobin$age))
durable age quant log.quant
1
0.0 57.7 236 4.055257
2
0.7 50.9 283 3.929863
3
0.0 48.5 207 3.881564
4
0.0 41.7 220 3.730501
5
0.0 47.7 238 3.864931
6
0.0 59.8 216 4.091006
7
0.0 44.3 284 3.790985
8
3.7 45.1 221 3.808882
9
0.0 51.7 275 3.945458
10
3.0 50.0 269 3.912023
11
10.4 46.8 207 3.845883
12
0.0 58.0 249 4.060443
13
0.0 58.9 246 4.075841
14
0.0 40.0 277 3.688879
15
1.5 34.1 231 3.529297
16
0.0 39.9 219 3.686376
17
0.0 33.4 240 3.508556
18
3.5 48.1 266 3.873282
19
6.1 46.6 214 3.841601
20
0.0 53.1 251 3.972177
> tobin[tobin$age<40,]
durable age quant
15
1.5 34.1 231
16
0.0 39.9 219
17
0.0 33.4 240
>
> data1<-transform(tobin,log.quant=log(tobin$age))
> data1
durable age quant log.quant
1
0.0 57.7 236 4.055257
2
0.7 50.9 283 3.929863
3
0.0 48.5 207 3.881564
4
0.0 41.7 220 3.730501
5
0.0 47.7 238 3.864931

6
0.0 59.8 216 4.091006
7
0.0 44.3 284 3.790985
8
3.7 45.1 221 3.808882
9
0.0 51.7 275 3.945458
10
3.0 50.0 269 3.912023
11
10.4 46.8 207 3.845883
12
0.0 58.0 249 4.060443
13
0.0 58.9 246 4.075841
14
0.0 40.0 277 3.688879
15
1.5 34.1 231 3.529297
16
0.0 39.9 219 3.686376
17
0.0 33.4 240 3.508556
18
3.5 48.1 266 3.873282
19
6.1 46.6 214 3.841601
20
0.0 53.1 251 3.972177
> (data1<-transform(tobin,log.quant=log(tobin$age)))
durable age quant log.quant
1
0.0 57.7 236 4.055257
2
0.7 50.9 283 3.929863
3
0.0 48.5 207 3.881564
4
0.0 41.7 220 3.730501
5
0.0 47.7 238 3.864931
6
0.0 59.8 216 4.091006
7
0.0 44.3 284 3.790985
8
3.7 45.1 221 3.808882
9
0.0 51.7 275 3.945458
10
3.0 50.0 269 3.912023
11
10.4 46.8 207 3.845883
12
0.0 58.0 249 4.060443
13
0.0 58.9 246 4.075841
14
0.0 40.0 277 3.688879
15
1.5 34.1 231 3.529297
16
0.0 39.9 219 3.686376
17
0.0 33.4 240 3.508556
18
3.5 48.1 266 3.873282
19
6.1 46.6 214 3.841601
20
0.0 53.1 251 3.972177
> # add a () for the whole argument will show you the data you assigned to data1
>
>
>
> x<-y<-rep(0,10)
> x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> y
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> x<-y<-rep(0,10); y<-rep(0,10)
>
> # semicolumn lets you write two lines of code at the same line
>
>
>
> data<-transform(tobin,+
+
+ log.quant=log(tobin$age)
Error: unexpected '=' in:
"
log.quant="
> data<-transform(tobin,
+ log.quant=log(tobin$age)

+
+
+ data
Error: unexpected symbol in:
"
data"
> data<-transform(tobin,
+ log.quant=log(tobin$age))
> data
durable age quant log.quant
1
0.0 57.7 236 4.055257
2
0.7 50.9 283 3.929863
3
0.0 48.5 207 3.881564
4
0.0 41.7 220 3.730501
5
0.0 47.7 238 3.864931
6
0.0 59.8 216 4.091006
7
0.0 44.3 284 3.790985
8
3.7 45.1 221 3.808882
9
0.0 51.7 275 3.945458
10
3.0 50.0 269 3.912023
11
10.4 46.8 207 3.845883
12
0.0 58.0 249 4.060443
13
0.0 58.9 246 4.075841
14
0.0 40.0 277 3.688879
15
1.5 34.1 231 3.529297
16
0.0 39.9 219 3.686376
17
0.0 33.4 240 3.508556
18
3.5 48.1 266 3.873282
19
6.1 46.6 214 3.841601
20
0.0 53.1 251 3.972177
>
>
>
>
>
> data1
durable age quant log.quant
1
0.0 57.7 236 4.055257
2
0.7 50.9 283 3.929863
3
0.0 48.5 207 3.881564
4
0.0 41.7 220 3.730501
5
0.0 47.7 238 3.864931
6
0.0 59.8 216 4.091006
7
0.0 44.3 284 3.790985
8
3.7 45.1 221 3.808882
9
0.0 51.7 275 3.945458
10
3.0 50.0 269 3.912023
11
10.4 46.8 207 3.845883
12
0.0 58.0 249 4.060443
13
0.0 58.9 246 4.075841
14
0.0 40.0 277 3.688879
15
1.5 34.1 231 3.529297
16
0.0 39.9 219 3.686376
17
0.0 33.4 240 3.508556
18
3.5 48.1 266 3.873282
19
6.1 46.6 214 3.841601
20
0.0 53.1 251 3.972177
> plot(data1)
> plot(data1[,3:4])
> plot(data1[,3],data1[,4])

>
>
>
> x<-runif(50,0,2)
> plot(x)
>
> y<-runif(50,0,2)
> plot(x,y)
>
>
> plot(x,y,type="l")
> plot(x,y,type="p")
> plot(x,y,type="m")
Error in plot.xy(xy, type, ...) : invalid plot type 'm'
> plot(x,y,type="n")
>
>
> # l=line, p=point, n=now
>
>
>
>
>
> plot(x,y,type="p",col="red")
>
> plot(x,y,type="p",col="red")
> lines(x,y,col="green")
Error in plot.xy(xy.coords(x, y), type = type, ...) :
plot.new has not been called yet
> plot(x,y,type="p",col="red")
> lines(x,y,col="green")
> plot(x,y,main="Main Title",sub="subtitle",xlab="x-label",ylab="y-label")
>
>
> #notice that plot can only called once....
>
>
>
>
>
>
> text(0.6,0.6,"text at (0.6,0.6)")
> text(0.6,0.6,seq(1,50))
> text(0.8,0.8,seq(1,50))
> text(0.8,0.8,seq(1,5))
> text(0.4,0.4,seq(1,5))
> text(0.1,0.4,seq(1,3))
>
>
>
> abline(h=0.6,v=0.6)
> abline(h=0.6,v=0.6,col="blue")
> for(side in 1:4) mtext(-1:4,side=side,at=0.7,line=1:4)
> mtext(paste("side",1:4),side=1:4,line=-1,font=2)
>
> paste("side",1:4)
[1] "side 1" "side 2" "side 3" "side 4"
> paste("side",1:4, sep="*")
[1] "side*1" "side*2" "side*3" "side*4"
> paste("side",matrix(6,2,3), sep="*")

[1] "side*6" "side*6" "side*6" "side*6" "side*6" "side*6"

> paste("side",LETTERS[1:3], sep="*")
[1] "side*A" "side*B" "side*C"
> paste("side",LETTERS[1:3], sep="_")
[1] "side_A" "side_B" "side_C"
> paste(LETTERS[5:7],LETTERS[1:3], sep="_")
[1] "E_A" "F_B" "G_C"
> paste("fn",seq(1,10),sep="_")
[1] "fn_1" "fn_2" "fn_3" "fn_4" "fn_5" "fn_6" "fn_7" "fn_8" "fn_9" "fn
_10"
>
>
>
>
> plot(x,y,type="p",main="",xlab="",ylab="")
> plot(x,y,type="p",main="",xlab="",ylab="",axes=F)
> plot(x,y,type="n",main="",xlab="",ylab="",axes=F)
> points(x,y)
> axis(1)
> axis(2)
> axis(3)
> axis(4)
> axis(2,at=seq(0.2,1.8,0.2))
> plot(x,y,type="n",main="",xlab="",ylab="",axes=F)
> points(x,y)
> axis(2,at=seq(0.2,1.8,0.2))
> axis(1)
>
>
>
>
>
> x<-seq(1,200)
> y<-rnorm(200,0,1)
> plot(x,y)
> plot(x,y,type="l")
> y1<-y+1
> y2<-y+2
> lines(y2,col="blue")
> lines(y1,col="blue")
> lines(y2,col="red")
> data<-cbind(y,y1,y2)
> range(data)
[1] -2.628001 4.256700
> plot(c(1,200),range(data))
> plot(range(x),range(data))
> plot(range(x),range(data),type="n")
> plot(range(x),range(data))
> plot(range(x),range(data))
> plot(range(x),range(data),type="n")
> lines(y)
> lines(y1,col="blue")
> lines(y2,col="red")
> ?lines
> hist(x)
> x<-rnorm(100,0,1)
> x
[1] 1.17333821 0.56149636 -1.93923152 -0.92624312 0.25473143 0.54910615 0
.19238537 -0.18496924
[9] -2.67175120 -1.06945464 -0.13709639 2.42193280 0.56117513 1.49596611 0

.49078702 0.32650147
[17] 0.37551686 -0.33339984 1.92139656 -1.09313111 0.81379273 0.86107231
.99257399 -0.18233715
[25] -1.63456505 0.55465888 0.90696307 -1.29818505 -1.09071733 -0.29949034
.16337660 -2.28855377
[33] 1.19115452 0.88330987 0.71214876 -0.84559574 1.13281535 0.04427004
.57274957 0.10955200
[41] -0.02050210 0.77821930 -0.37075093 -0.71096780 0.12048946 0.49053467
.32126920 -0.17167234
[49] 1.20343604 -1.18442786 -2.30671881 1.78166009 0.26733831 0.23065217
.72684946 0.62224890
[57] 0.05597812 0.12284053 1.28916847 0.85095395 -0.98620645 -0.01807000
.99057800 0.06375404
[65] 0.72583094 -1.64438273 1.17461543 -0.01997173 1.58899555 0.13835791
.09182709 0.11419373
[73] -0.30587088 1.38797393 0.64629151 0.03990076 0.93514254 0.03455621
.34391823 0.82315650
[81] -1.07732068 1.34134199 0.12798760 -0.26978970 -1.05396129 0.00636573
.33282233 0.29127687
[89] -0.25657841 -2.15031233 0.15663228 0.68545409 -1.49260002 0.55453350
.08990230 0.34390482
[97] -2.47867190 3.05339469 -0.57717748 1.21280389
> hist(x)
> hist(x,freq=F)
> curve(dnorm(x),add=T)
> dnorm(x)
[1] 0.200428079 0.340759743 0.060855810 0.259784797 0.386206691 0.343112357
391627323 0.392175693
[9] 0.011242368 0.225191269 0.395210698 0.021241090 0.340821194 0.130302601
353675844 0.378234790
[17] 0.371782977 0.377374861 0.062987379 0.219499277 0.286485362 0.275364035
243767567 0.392365313
[25] 0.104890326 0.342062514 0.264416561 0.171773121 0.220078566 0.381446084
393653385 0.029080783
[33] 0.196250557 0.270074700 0.309586897 0.279024800 0.210015522 0.398551541
338591954 0.396555468
[41] 0.398858444 0.294713619 0.372444718 0.309847159 0.396056901 0.353719638
166657464 0.393106690
[49] 0.193385884 0.197824855 0.027892028 0.081586222 0.384937837 0.388470228
306329610 0.328724461
[57] 0.398317717 0.395943628 0.173788504 0.277759445 0.245308147 0.398877153
244250505 0.398132338
[65] 0.306556313 0.103215545 0.200127775 0.398862725 0.112884290 0.395142038
397263838 0.396349597
[73] 0.380710121 0.152258681 0.323749604 0.398624835 0.257641983 0.398704157
376032987 0.284298128
[81] 0.223297916 0.162262854 0.395688123 0.384684494 0.228926169 0.398934197
164121838 0.382372643
[89] 0.386024371 0.039523491 0.394078414 0.315416217 0.130959659 0.342086300
397333323 0.376034722
[97] 0.018484075 0.003770498 0.337731035 0.191209581
>
>
> h<-hist(x,plot=F)
>
> names(h)
[1] "breaks" "counts" "density" "mids"
"xname"
"equidist"
> h$breaks
[1] -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
> h$counts

-0
0
0
1
-0
-0
-0
0
1
0

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

[1] 5 11 22 45 15 1 1
> h$density
[1] 0.05 0.11 0.22 0.45 0.15 0.01 0.01
> ylim<-range(0,h$density,dnorm(0))
> ylim
[1] 0.00 0.45
> hist(x,freq=F,ylim=ylim)
> curve(dnorm(x),add=T)
> x<-rnorm(10^5)
> hist(x)
> hist(x,100)
> hist(x,10)
> hist(x,100)
> hist(x,100,freq=f)
Error in hist.default(x, 100, freq = f) : object 'f' not found
> hist(x,100,freq=F)
> curve(dnorm(x),add=T,col="red")
>
>
>
>
>
>
> hist.with.normal <- function(x,
+ xlab=deparse(substitute(x)),...){
+ h <- hist(x, plot=F, ...)
+ s <- sd(x)
+ m <- mean(x)
+ ylim <- range(0,h$density,dnorm(0,sd=s))
+ hist(x, freq=F, ylim=ylim, xlab=xlab, ...)
+ curve(dnorm(x,m,s), add=T)
+ }
>
>
> hist.with.normal
function(x,
xlab=deparse(substitute(x)),...){
h <- hist(x, plot=F, ...)
s <- sd(x)
m <- mean(x)
ylim <- range(0,h$density,dnorm(0,sd=s))
hist(x, freq=F, ylim=ylim, xlab=xlab, ...)
curve(dnorm(x,m,s), add=T)
}
> hist.with.normal(x)
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
> hist.with.normal(rnorm(10^3))
>
>
>
>
>
>

> # loo[]
> # loop
>
>
>
> y<-12345
> x<-y/2
> while (abs(x*x-y) > 1e-10) x <- (x + y/x)/2
> x
[1] 111.1081
> y-x^2
[1] -5.456968e-12
> x<-y/2
> repeat {
+ x <- (x + y/x)/2
+ if (abs(x*x-y) < 1e-10) break}
> x
[1] 111.1081
>
> for(i in 1:15){cat("hell","\n")}
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
hell
> # cat means output sth on screen
>
>
>
>
> x<-seq(0,1,0.05)
> plot(x, x, ylab="y", type="l")
> > for ( j in 2:8 ) lines(x, x^j)
Error: unexpected '>' in ">"
> plot(x, x, ylab="y", type="l")
> for ( j in 2:8 ) lines(x, x^j)
>
>
>
>
> t.test
function (x, ...)
UseMethod("t.test")
<bytecode: 0x7ff88c05c868>
<environment: namespace:stats>
> ? t.test
>
>
>
>

> t.test(rnorm(100),mu=o)
Error in t.test.default(rnorm(100), mu = o) : object 'o' not found
> t.test(rnorm(100),mu=0)
One Sample t-test
data: rnorm(100)
t = 0.93217, df = 99, p-value = 0.3535
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.09919779 0.27498863
sample estimates:
mean of x
0.08789542
> t.test(rnorm(100),mu=0)
One Sample t-test
data: rnorm(100)
t = -0.50784, df = 99, p-value = 0.6127
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.2553848 0.1512982
sample estimates:
mean of x
-0.05204329
>