BIOL0604 BIOL1309

EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY
5. Evolution of vascular plants

EMBRYOPHYTES or
TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS

VASCULAR PLANTS

clade

VASCULAR
PLANTS
domanation vegetation

EVOLUTION OF
VASCULAR PLANTS
Key evolutionary changes:
transport of water & minerals from root
Evolution of vascular system: XYLEM and
enable plant become larger
PHLOEM
transport food produced by photosynthesis from leaves
Evolution of spores with thick protective wall
to reduce water loss more resistant, protect cells inside
Progressive evolutionary reduction of alternation of generation
smaller
gametophyte; gametophytes become
increasingly protected by and nutritionally
dependent on sporophyte

EVOLUTION OF
VASCULAR PLANTS

evolutionary transition

PRIMITIVE
CONDITION

type of variation

ADVANCED
CONDITION

COMPLEXITY OF
THE PLANT BODY

LACK OF LEAVES,
ROOTS, etc.

PRESENCE OF LEAVES,
ROOTS, etc.

PRIMARY & SECONDARY

GROWTH
Transverse
sections through
the stem at
different heights
reveal
developmental
changes

PRIMARY & SECONDARY

GROWTH
also occurs in root

Primary growth:
elongation of stem
all plants show primary growth
small herbaceous plant only primary
woody plants show secondary

Secondary growth:
broadening of stem

PRIMARY GROWTH

Three main regions

apparent at apex:
PROCAMBIUM

GROUND MERISTEM
PROTODERM
undergo differentiation

PRIMARY GROWTH
Further back from
apex, cell
differentiation occurs:
Procambium
vascular system
Ground meristem
cortex & pith
Protoderm
epidermis

SECONDARY GROWTH
produce daughter cells

Development of a ring
of VASCULAR
CAMBIUM (cells that
are actively
undergoing cell
division)

SECONDARY GROWTH

Vascular cambium
produces
SECONDARY
XYLEM on the
inside, and
SECONDARY
PHLOEM on the
outside

SECONDARY GROWTH
reduce water loss and infection

Epidermis breaks
down, and is
replaced by CORK
tissue (or
PERIDERM)

SECONDARY GROWTH

SECONDARY
XYLEM = WOOD
SECONDARY
PHLOEM + CORK =
BARK

SECONDARY GROWTH

EVOLUTION OF
SECONDARY GROWTH

PRIMARY GROWTH
ONLY

PRIMARY GROWTH
AND OFTEN
SECONDARY
GROWTH

TRACHEARY ELEMENTS
OF THE XYLEM
XYLEM: Complex tissue involved in water
transport and other functions
Several different cell types, including
TRACHEARY ELEMENTS for water
transport

TRACHEARY ELEMENTS
OF THE XYLEM
Two basic types of tracheary element:
not occur same plant

primaritive and advance

TRACHEIDS
VESSEL
MEMBERS

TRACHEARY ELEMENTS
OF THE XYLEM
Evolution of vessel members from tracheids:
selective advantage

more efficient to transport water

hard to transport

upward

EVOLUTION OF
TRACHEARY ELEMENTS

TRACHEIDS

VESSEL
MEMBERS

STELE ARRANGEMENT
STELE: the arrangement of the xylem and
phloem in the primary vascular system
Basically two types:
PROTOSTELE: solid core of vascular
tissue;
SIPHONOSTELE: cylinder of vascular
tissue, surrounding non-vascular core

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Protosteles
Three types of protostele:

XYLEM

PHLOEM

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Siphonosteles
Cylinder of vascular tissue surrounding nonvascular core:
strongest part of plant---xylem
make it hollow ---become bigger without spend many building materials & energy

VASCULAR TISSUE
NON-VASCULAR
TISSUE

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Siphonosteles
Two basic types of siphonostele:
both

phloem

AMPHIPHLOIC SIPHONOSTELES
PHLOEM
XYLEM
PHLOEM

Phloem on
the outside
and inside
of xylem

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Siphonosteles
Two basic types of siphonostele:
AMPHIPHLOIC SIPHONOSTELES

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Siphonosteles
Two basic types of siphonostele:
outside

ECTOPHLOIC SIPHONOSTELES
PHLOEM
XYLEM

Phloem
only on the
outside of
xylem

STELE ARRANGEMENT:
Siphonosteles
Two basic types of siphonostele:

where phloem locate

ECTOPHLOIC SIPHONOSTELES

EVOLUTION OF STELES

AMPHIPHLOIC
SIPHONOSTELE
PROTOSTELE
ECTOPHLOIC
SIPHONOSTELE

LEAF TYPES
Two basic types
of leaf:
small
leave
MICROPHYLL
big
MEGAPHYLL

LEAF TYPES:
Microphylls vs megaphylls
MICROPHYLL:
Typically small (not always)
MEGAPHYLL:
Typically large,
often with
expanded lamina

LEAF TYPES:
Microphylls vs megaphylls
MICROPHYLL:
Single vascular trace
MEGAPHYLL:
Generally with
complex arrangement
of branching veins
xylem
and
phloem
togethe
r

pith

LEAF TYPES:
Microphylls vs megaphylls
MICROPHYLL:
Associated with
protosteles in stem
MEGAPHYLL:
Associated with
more complex
siphonosteles
leave gap
space filled with non-vascular cells

LEAF TYPES:
Microphylls vs megaphylls
MICROPHYLL:
Strand of vascular
tissue leading to leaf
(LEAF TRACE) does
not interrupt the stele

MEGAPHYLL:
Leaf trace creates
LEAF GAP in stele

LEAF TYPES:
Microphylls vs megaphylls

EVOLUTION OF
MICROPHYLLS
increase surface area--capacity to do photosynthesis
require more
efficient
transport system

EVOLUTION OF
MEGAPHYLLS

EVOLUTION OF
LEAF TYPES

MICROPHYLLS
LACK OF LEAVES
MEGAPHYLLS

ALTERNATION OF
GENERATIONS

diploid (2n)

DOMINANT

haploid (n)

SPORIC
MEIOSIS

EVOLUTION OF
LIFE CYCLES

RELATIVELY LARGE
GAMETOPHYTES

SMALL
GAMETOPHYTES

LIFE CYCLES (1):

Homospory
same

spore

GAMETOPHYTE
sperm

all spores produced are the same

egg

spores

HOMOSPORY

zygote
SPOROPHYTE

LIFE CYCLES (2):

Heterospory
MICROGAMETOPHYTE
sperm

male spore
microspores

female spore
megaspores

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

HETEROSPORY

egg

zygote
SPOROPHYTE

EVOLUTION OF
LIFE CYCLES

HOMOSPORY

HETEROSPORY
genetically more diverse

Evolutionary advantage of heterospory:

spores develop into unisexual gametophytes
which are not capable of self-fertilization

LIFE CYCLES
MICROSPORES: male spores
MEGASPORES: female spores
MICROSPORES borne in MICROSPORANGIA
MEGASPORES borne in MEGASPORANGIA
MICROSPORES germinate to form male and female
MICROGAMETOPHYTE
sometime microspore smaller than mege but not always
MEGASPORES germinate to form
MEGAGAMETOPHYTE

LIFE CYCLES
MICRO- and MEGA- therefore have different
meanings:
small and large, as in microphyll and
megaphyll;
male and female, as in microspore and
megaspore

inside

spore

ENDOSPORY

sth happen inside spore

MICROGAMETOPHYTE
sperm

gametophyte retain inside spore

MEGAGAMETOPHYTE
microspores

megaspores

HETEROSPORY

egg

zygote
SPOROPHYTE

EVOLUTION OF
LIFE CYCLES
In heterosporous plants, the gametophytes
are ENDOSPORIC: retained inside the
spores
GAMETOPHYTE
INDEPENDENT OF
SPOROPHYTE

GAMETOPHYTE
ENDOSPORIC

gametophyte can be protected, especially microspore(usually carry by wind)>thick wall