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4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Sathish Kumar Kollimalla
Abhisek Ukil
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AbstractThe present work deals with a new energy management control scheme to regulate the battery discharge/charge
rates (rate-limit) for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS),
consisting of battery and supercapacitor. In general, batteries
are used to supply slow transient (or steady state) load demand,
due to its inherent properties of low power density and high
energy density. The state of charge (SOC) of the battery will
depend on the load demand value, rate limit, the settling time
and path followed by the battery (trajectory) to fulfill the load
demand. In the proposed control scheme, trajectory of the
battery is controlled such that, the rate limit and the SOC are
kept within the limits, while getting optimized. This scheme is
adaptable for different power requirements and features variable
rate limit control. Furthermore, the scheme proposes two stage
rate-limit control. The control scheme is described in detail and
demonstrated using MATLAB simulation results.
Index TermsBattery, Energy storage system, Hybrid energy
storage system, Rate-limit control, State of charge, Supercapacitor.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, etc. are gaining a
lot of importance in power generation due to their eco-friendly
nature and abundance. These renewable energy sources are
interfaced to the grid through power electronic converters.
However, the power generation from these sources are intermittent in nature. Therefore, a generation-demand mismatch
always exists, which leads to the power quality issues. These
problems can be solved by introducing the energy storage
system (ESS).
Energy storage system is playing a very important role in
microgrid by solving the problems like energy management,
peak shaving, power quality, load leveling, stability, voltage
regulation and uninterrupted power supply. Batteries and supercapacitors (SC) are most commonly used ESS technologies.
Batteries have high energy density but low power density
[1][3]. Therefore, under severe load fluctuations, batteries
cannot respond immediately and will be under high stress. It
is reflected as increase in the charging and discharging cycles,
which leads to reduction in battery life span [4]. However,
batteries can very well be used as achieve large scale and longtime availability energy storage system. The supercapacitors
are new form of energy storage, storing energy by means
of static charge. Compared to the batteries, the SC possess
high power density but low energy density. Hence, SCs can
be used to satisfy the quick load fluctuations [5], [6]. The
relative properties of the battery and the supercapacitor are
shown in Table I.
TABLE I
BATTERY V ERSUS S UPERCAPACITOR P ERFORMANCE [2]
Supercapacitor
1-10 (Wh/kg)
< 10000 (W/kg)
> 500000
85-98 %
0.3-30 sec
0.3-30 sec
Vref
Supercapacitor power
PSC
PL
PB
T
Time (sec)
(3)
PL
PB2
PL0
tM
EB1
EB2
EB0
IB_ref
Fig. 3. Battery response profiles: a) power, and b) energy.
ISC_ref
Vo
(1)
Fig. 3 shows the two possible power profiles PB1 and PB2
followed by battery to meet the load demand of PL (= PL1
PL0 ). As shown in Fig. 3 (a), profile PB1 supplies the load
demand at linear rate depending on the load demand, as given
by
PL
mlin =
,
(4)
T
Vref
PB3
m2
m lin
PL
ax
m1
t1
tM
P1
Area ofABCFA
(10)
1
1
t1 P1 + (T t1 )P1 + (T t1 )(PL P1 ).
=
2
2
The proposed control scheme is designed such that, the ratelimit m2 lies at the mid point of its extreme limits and the
energy delivered is average energy of power profiles PB1 and
PB2 . Therefore, the rate limit m2 and energy delivered by the
proposed profile PB3 is given as
m2 =
mlin + mmax
,
2
(11)
EB1 + EB2
.
(12)
2
The equilibrium point F (t1 , P1 ) satisfying the above two
conditions is given by
IB_ref
EB =
ISC_ref
Vo
PB1
PB2
t1 =
2(P EB 21 m2 T 2 )
,
P m2 T
(13)
P1 =
m2 (P 2EB )
+ P,
P m2 T
(14)
P 2T tM
,
2 T (T tM )
(15)
where
m2 =
(6)
P
(2T tM ).
(16)
4
From (13) and (14) the rate limit m1 can be calculated as
given
P1
m1 =
.
(17)
t1
(7)
(8)
(9)
EB =
PB1
PB3 (Proposed)
PB2
Other
PB3
PB2
Power (kW)
4
TABLE II
S IMULATION RESULTS OF CHANGE IN LOAD DEMAND
3
2
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 Time (s)
Fig. 6. Different possible battery power profiles for increase in load demand.
P
5
3
1
-1
-3
-5
t1
0.44
0.67
0.89
0.89
0.67
0.44
P1
1.11
1.00
0.44
-0.44
-1.00
-1.11
mlin
5.00
3.00
1.00
-1.00
-3.00
-5.00
m1
2.50
1.50
0.50
-0.50
-1.50
-2.50
m2
7.00
6.00
5.00
-5.00
-6.00
-7.00
EB1
2.50
1.50
0.50
-0.50
-1.50
-2.50
EB2
1.39
0.50
0.06
-0.06
-0.50
-1.39
EB
1.94
1.00
0.28
-0.28
-1.00
-1.94
PB1
PB3 (Proposed)
PB2
R EFERENCES
Power (kW)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
3
Time (s)
t1
0.44
2.44
4.44
P1
1.11
2.04
2.22
mlin
5.00
1.67
1.00
m1
2.50
0.83
0.50
m2
7.00
5.33
5.00
EB1
2.50
7.50
12.50
EB2
1.39
1.39
1.39
EB
1.94
4.44
6.94
V. C ONCLUSION
A new energy management control scheme with an adaptive two stage variable rate limit control has been proposed
for battery energy storage system. The objective of this
control is to regulate the charge/discharge rates and energy
stored/discharged by battery during changes in load demand.
This scheme allows the battery to operate under slowly varying
conditions, minimizing the life time limiting effects due to
high charge/discharge rates. The proposed control scheme
retains the features of conventional control scheme, that battery has to support slow transient and supercapacitor has to
support fast transient. The proposed scheme has introduced
two stage variable rate limit control. With this scheme, the
charge/discharge rates are controlled such that battery does
not exceed the maximum allowed rate-limit, and hence stress
levels are under control. The energy or SOC of the battery
has been controlled, so that battery can stay within the limits
for more duration. MATLAB simulations substantiate the
feasibility of implementation of proposed control scheme.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the Energy Innovation Programme Office (EIPO) through the National Research Foundation and Singapore Economic Development Board.