Stephanie Valdez

905463418
Annotated Bibliography

Barnes, Grace M., Welte, John W., Hoffman, Joseph H., Tidwell, and Marie-Cecile O.
“Comparisons of Gambling and Alcohol Use Among College Students and Non-
college Young People in the United States.” Journal of American College Health.
58.5 (2010): 443-452. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. 1 Mar. 2010. Web.

Studies have shown a correlation between the rapid negative consequences of binge
drinking and other addictive behaviors, such as gambling. The article stated it was
unclear whether it was directly related to college students 2 in 5 being binge drinkers
and alcohol being abused or if other factors were contributing towards the gambling
rates. Surprisingly, gambling was among one of the top “problems” faced by college
students. It was reported through a survey that 2.6% of college students gamble
weekly or more often and 87% have gambled over the past year. Studies also showed
that 11% of these students showed problematic gambling behaviors such as constant
betting and relying on gambling as a source of income. The study also showed that
college students greek affiliated were almost 3 times as much more likely to gamble
than college students non-greek affiliated. The study done on over 2,000 college
students concluded that gambling and drinking were related among college students
but that the status of being a college student did not increase the probability of
developing gambling problems.

This article relates to my topic since Ryan gambles on a daily basis and it has come to
the point where he ignores a lot of his responsibilities because of his desire to gamble.
His girlfriend often complains about not being paid attention to and “being bored”
while her boyfriend sits in his room gambling for hours. Ryan often drinks heavily
and sits at his computer gambling and only surfaces to refill his mug or to watch more
sports games on the television (which he possibly placed bets on).

Gornley, B. and Lopez, F.G. “Psychological Abuse Perpetration in College Dating

Relationships Contributions of Gender, Stress, and Adult Attachment Orientations.”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 25.2 (2009): 204-218. Academic Search
Complete. EBSCO. 1 Feb. 2010. Web.

This article talks about the reoccurring problem of abusive relationships in college.
Abusive relationships were defined as any relationship where behavior is controlling,
isolating, and demeaning and results in threats, insults, and verbal aggression. In a
recent survey, after being informed of what an abusive relationship constituted, 75%
of women admitted to once being an abusive relationship. The larger danger
associated with abusive relationships is that the verbal aggression could potentially
turn into physical violence and the mental and emotional repercussions of that are far
worse. The article explained that stress is a possible reason males tend to express
verbal aggression and physical violence in a romantic relationship. Another possible
reason for aggression in a romantic relationship is adult attachment issues. For
example a person, who is lacking a lot of security or often questions their abilities to
do anything, will often cling on to their significant others in unhealthy manners. They
 will often not have the strength to communicate correctly and will dismiss a lot of the
things they know deep down is wrong. At the time of college, most students are at the
age where they are insecure, confused, and are inexperienced and handle situations
incorrectly.

I believe this article is very beneficial to my ethnography since it correlates directly to

the relationship observed between Ryan and his girlfriend. They often isolate
themselves, never talk things out, and he ignores her a lot of the time. Jennifer seems
to suffer from a lot of insecurity issues after an extremely violent traumatizing event
in her life and has not learned how to coop with it. She does not have the security in
her own boyfriend to discuss things that bother her and often conforms to his wishes
and desires without being heard. It is strongly believed they have an abusive
relationship where she has given up everything for Ryan and suffers from severe
depression.

Ham, Lindsey S., Zamboanga, Byron L., Olthuis, Janine V., and Casner, Hilary G. “No
Fear, Just Relax and Play: Social Anxiety, Alcohol Expectancies, and Drinking
Games Among College Students.” Journal of American College Health. 58.5 (2010):
473-479. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. 1 Mar. 2010. Web.

This article is about the pressure of drinking games on participants during parties. The
article states that the purpose of games that are intended to include alcohol is to get
participants extremely intoxicated without their subconscious knowledge. The theory
of expectancy is introduced in the article explaining that positive expectations about
the effects of alcohol use, such as a tension reduction, enhance sociability, and liquid
courage can account for elevated uses of alcohol. The authors of the article conclude
that the prevalence of drinking games being used in college environments has much
to do with the fact that students believe that their participation in such activities with
result in a positive outcome. Students who suffer with social anxiety and have trouble
creating relationships or friendships rely large consumptions of alcohol to allow for
normal interaction. This is concluded to be a problematic behavior since some
individuals could come from a family with alcoholic background or could develop
serious drinking problems later in life.

This article relates to similar drinking behaviors exhibited by some of the brother’s in
the fraternity the four men of the house are part of. It also helps explain why some
people drink the amount they do on the weekend and sometimes even during the
week. People rely on heavy drinking games as an excuse to binge drink without feel
guilty. The heavy drinking in turn gives the participants the courage to open up to
people and become more social.

Johnson, Erin, Cole, Eugene C., and Merrill, Ray. “Environmental Health Risks
Associated with Off-Campus Student-Tenant Housing.” Journal of Environment
Health. 71.6 (2009): 43-47. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. 1 Jan. 2009. Web.

The article begins with a valid and important point that housing is universally viewed
as one of the most basic and important human needs. Often college students, who
don’t have much money, settle for less then standard living conditions due to the low
 price. This means large populations of college students in the United States is living
in damp, weakly structured, and often dirty apartments and condominium complexes
in order to live off-campus. A survey was done at Brigham Young University with
the permission of the school to survey 10% of the schools population off-campus to
have an in-depth look at their actual living conditions. Once the data was analyzed, it
was found that a majority of the off-campus student population was being subject to
less than ideal living conditions that could adversely effect their health. An interesting
finding was that higher rent did not a direct correlation on lower housing problems.

This article is beneficial to my ethnography because the house where my site is

located is often referred to as dirty and cluttered. When walked into on a given day,
the house is full of dirty dishes, spider webs, and dirty walls and other surfaces. The
fraternity the men are part of reluctantly pursue parties at the household due to its
lack of cleanliness and upkeep. This article could help point out some of the health
effects a dirty, poorly taken care of home could have on the people living in it.

LaBrie, Joseph, Lam, Toby, and Pedersen, Eric. “Changes in Drinking Patterns Across
the Transition to College Among First-Year College Males.” Journal of Child &
Adolescent Substance Abuse. 18.1 (2009): 1-15. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO.
1 Mar. 2010. Web.

This article explains the higher drinking rates among college students compared to
peers who are out of college. Studies performed showed the individuals that
participated in binge drinking frequently encountered more negative drinking
consequences later in life than individuals who did not. They also explained the
transition from high school to college as a “developmental disturbance” because of
the social, academic, and developmental challenges that come with the change into
college. They believe that many “problem drinkers” in college are not alcoholics but
rather are dealing with the disturbances that come with transitioning into college. The
article went into detail about a survey obtained over male’s transition into college and
following the first year. Their studies concluded that males that drank prior to
entering college did not increase the amount of days they drank in a year but could
experience problems with heavy alcohol consumption on the days they do drink. The
study also showed that males that did not drink pre-college increased their intake of
alcohol and usually Caucasian males experiences an increase in alcohol consumption.

The topic of transitioning from high school to college can apply to the younger people
in the house or the people relevant to the people in the house. For example, Steven
just transitioned from high school into college over the last year and is now on his
fourth semester at Tech. His views about the college drinking and partying scene and
how it differs from high school are a lot fresher in his mind rather than Mike or Ryan
who experiences the transition four years ago. The four men in the house also have
four very different drinking patterns and it is easy to assume that maybe their
transitions pre-college and into college were determinants of their drinking patterns
now.

McCabe, Sean E., Schulenberg, John E., Johnston, Lloyd D., O’Malley, Patrick M.,
Bachman, Jerald G., and Kloska, Deborah D. “Selection and Socialization Effects of
 Fraternities and Sororities on US College Students Substance Use: a Multi-cohort
National Longitudinal Study.” Addiction. 100.4 (2005): 512-513. Academic Search
Complete. EBSCO. 1 Apr. 2005.

The purpose of this article was to illustrate the patterns between greek life in college
and substance abuse. A survey was done at a university among active members of
sororities and fraternities and it concluded that active members in greek life had much
higher levels in binge drinking, frequent marijuana use, and cigarette addiction.
Although illicit drug use has increased over the years, alcohol continues to be the
most abused drug in college, followed closely but marijuana. The article states that
students that were “heavy” or “regular” drinkers in high school will continue seeking
outlets to drink such as fraternities or sororities that are know for drinking. Studies
also proved that students that weren’t drinkers prior to attending college and then
joined a fraternity or sorority in college let go of binge drinking habits much easier
than pre-college drinkers. A survey was also conducted on a group of fraternities and
sororities and the data collected showed that 47% of fraternity males admitted to
drinking heavily more than twice a week while 27% of sorority girls admitted to the
same.

This article helps portray the stereotypical behavior of a “party” fraternity. The men
living at the site are all part of the same fraternity and usually tend to stick together
when it comes to partying since all their functions are fraternity based. Their nights
usually begin with a heavy hour or two of “pre-gamming” followed by 4-6 hours of
drinking at parties and depending on the state of drunkenness they are at, more
drinking will occur back at the site. I believe being a fraternity exponentially
increases chances of binge drinking and behaviors pressured by society and peers.

Parade, S.H., Leerkes, E.M., and Blankson, A.N. “Attachment to Parents, Social Anxiety,
and Close Relationships of Female Students Over the Transition to College.” Journal
of Youth and Adolescence. 39.2 (2009): 127-137. Academic Search Complete.
EBSCO. 28 Jan. 2009. Web.

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the pattern between females who are
closely attached to parents and their struggle to form friendships once in college.
Students who had demonstrated positive close relationships with other peers prior to
college, had a much easier time adapting to making new friends, college work load,
and over all adapting to the change, according to studies. Previous studies have also
shown that parental attachment is linked to social anxiety. In other words,
students/children who are very attached to their parents have a harder time opening
up and establishing friendships with peers. The article makes a good point in stating
that observing the transition from high school to college is an ideal time to gather data
about development of students because it is a transition from adolescence to
adulthood. Research into why the attachment of females (or even males) to parents
causes social anxiety could be used to develop treatments to mediate such situations.

This article is relevant towards my ethnography because it relates to my ability or

lack of to establish steady friendships in college. It could explain the reason why
 some people are a lot more attached to their parents and have a harder time letting go
and making new friends. Also I believe that Ryan’s girlfriend suffers a lot of social
anxiety from being separated from the people she is most comfortable with causing
her the inability to establish stable friendships.

Taniguchi, Hiromi. “The Influence of Age at Degree Completion on College Wage

Premiums.” Research in Higher Education. 46.8 (2005): 861-881. Academic Search
Complete. EBSCO. 1 Dec. 2005. Web.

This article begins by introducing the idea that more college students are taking their
time to obtain their degrees and graduate college. In the last 30 years fall enrollment
into universities by students over the age of 25 increased from 28% to 39%. The
article goes into detail explaining that more people are seeking degrees with the
falling economy incase of a company lay off or a death of a spouse who is the main
income. For all these reasons, students are either staying in school longer or returning
to school for an extension to their studies. Studies show that students who attend a 4-
year college instead of returning to school and taking additional classes are getting
paid more initially. This is believed to occur because most students who return to
school take much quicker, briefer courses instead of the more rigorous 4-year
programs most universities offer.

I don’t believe this article is as beneficial to my ethnography since none of the

members of the house are students who are returning to school any time soon. This
would be beneficial information for Thomas since he dropped out of Tech his second
semester of sophomore year and hasn’t returned since. His lack of interest in taking
course and possibility of returning much later, might cause him to get paid much less
then someone who had stuck in college the four years. This also shows that Ryan and
Mike pursuing four years and one semester of schooling might benefit their salaries
one day depending on what career paths they decide to take.