Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

De Moivres Theorems

Complex Numbers

University of the Philippines Manila

May 8, 2014

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Definition
A complex number is a number of the form
z = a + bi
where a, b R and i 2 = 1.
a is called the real part of the complex number z a = Re(z)
while b is called the imaginary part of the complex number
z b = Im(z)

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

The Argand Plane

z = a + bi (a, b) R

r = |z| = a2 + b 2 is the Modulus or absolute value of the

complex number z = a + bi.
Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Let be the angle formed by the +x-axis and the line through the
origin and the point (a, b).
Definition
The polar form or trigonometric form of a complex number
z = a + bi is given by
z = r (cos + i sin ) = r cis
where r = |z| =

a2 + b 2 and tan =

b
a

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Note
1
2

a
b
and sin = .
r
r
Infinitely many values can be used for . Hence, polar form is
not unique.
must satisfy cos =

If [0, 2), we say is the principal argument of z.

If r > 0 and [0, 2), we say z = r cis is in standard polar

form.

The standard polar form of a complex number is unique.

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Examples
Convert to standard polar form:
1

2i

4i

2 2i

2(cos 45 i sin(45 ))

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Examples

Convert to rectangular form:

1

2cis150

3cis(45 )

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Conjugate of a Complex Number

Definition
The complex conjugate z of a complex number z = a + bi is the
complex number z = a bi = r cis().

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Simplification of Powers of i
i1 = i
i 2 = 1
i 3 = i
i4 = 1
In general, For any positive integer n, i n is equal to
1

1 if n is divisible by 4

i if division of n by 4 gives a remainder of 1

1 if division of n by 4 gives a remainder of 2

i if division of n by 4 gives a remainder of 3

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Examples
1

i 11 + i 12 + i 13 + i 14

(1 + 2i)2

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Operations on Complex Numbers

Addition and Subtraction

Let z1 = a1 + b1 i and z2 = a2 + b2 i then
z1 z2 = (a1 a2 ) + i(b1 b2 )

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

Examples

1
2

(2 + 6i) + (3 + 4i)

(9 3 16) (2 + 4)

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Theorem
Let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) be two
complex numbers. The product and quotient of the two complex
numbers is given by:
z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )]
r1
z1
= [cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 )]
z2
r2

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Example
1

32cis(165)

cis(270 )
( 2 + i 2)5

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Theorem
Let z = r (cos + i sin ) be a complex number. The nth power of
z is
[r (cos + i sin )]n = r n (cos n + i sin n) = r n cisn.

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Examples
1
2

Evaluate: ( 3 + i)5

Evaluate: (2 2 3i)8

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Theorem
Let z = r (cos + i sin ) be a complex number. The roots of z is
given by
 



1
+ 360 k
+ 360 k
n
r cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
n
n

Mathematics 14

Rectangular Form of Complex Numbers

Polar Form of Complex Numbers
De Moivres Theorems

De Moivres Theorems

Examples
1

Find the four fourth roots of 2 2 3i.

Find all complex roots of x 3 1 = 0

Mathematics 14