Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

LIPID METABOLISM Processing of dietary lipids in vertebrates

Chatchawin Petchlert
Dept. of Biochemistry, Burapha University Petchlert C. 2

Mobilization of
triacylglycerols stored in
Digestion Dietary lipids
adipose tissue
TG CL PL

Short / Long Free Ester

Medium
Intestinal
Emulsification by bile salts
lumen
Pancreatic Pancreatic Pancreatic
lipase CL lipase phospholipase

2-MG + CL FA Lysolecithin
FA

MICELLES
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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Intestinal epithelial
Entry of glycerol into
Short /
MICELLES
Liver the glycolytic pathway
Medium
TG
Hepatic
artery
Glycerol Resynthesis CL PL
+ FA of TG Subclavian
vein
Bile salt
+ Lacteal
reabsorbed
in ileum Apoproteins
Chylomicron

+ Albumin Portal
vein

Absorption
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Fatty acid entry into mitochondria via the

acyl~carnitine/carnitine transporter.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Stage of fatty acid oxidation.

Stage1: A long-chain fatty acid is oxidized to
yield acetyl residues in the form of acetyl~CoA.
This process is called β -oxidation.
Stage2: The acetyl groups are oxidized to CO2
via the TCA cycle
Stage3: Electrons derived from the oxidations
of stage1 and 2 pass to O2 via the mitochondrial
respiratory chain, providing the energy for ATP
synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Oxidation of propionyl~CoA
produced by β oxidation of
odd-
odd-number fatty acids

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Comparison of the enzymes of β oxidation in gram+ and

gram-
gram- bacteria

Role of β-oxidation in the

conversion of stored
triacylglycerols to glucose
in germinating seeds.

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Formation of ketone
bodies from acetyl~CoA.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Ketone bodies formation

and export from the liver.

Extrahepatic tissues use

ketone bodies as fuels.

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The acetyl-
acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

The overall process of

palmitate synthesis.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Beginning of the second

round of the fatty acid
synthesis cycle.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Subcellular localization of lipid metabolism

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The pentose phosphate pathway.

Production of NADPH by photosynthesis.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Filaments of acetyl~CoA
carboxylase

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Action of plant
desaturases.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Regulation of
triacylglycerol
synthesis by insulin

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Biosynthesis of sphingolipids

Biosynthesis of
sphingolipids

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Lipoproteins Distribution of Apoproteins

LDL HDL

− Chylomicron VLDL + ApoA

ApoB ApoB
LP
ApoB ApoA
β pre β α
origin
ApoC ApoC
protein
ApoB
− γ o F β1β2 α2 α1 ALB + ApoE ApoE ApoC ApoE

Chylomicron VLDL LDL HDL

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Functions of Lipoproteins
• Chylomicron and VLDL are TG carriers to
muscle or adipose tissues
• TGs in chylomicron come from the diets but
TGs in VLDL are synthesized in the liver by
FA or acetyl CoA
• LDL and HDL are CL carriers
• LDL is synthesized from VLDL but HDL
comes from small intestine, liver and VLDL
• LDL delivers CL to peripheral cells, while HDL
returns it to the liver for excretion

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

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Uptake of
cholesterol by
receptor-mediated
endocytosis.

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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Atherosclerosis HDL

Free CL
CE
LCAT

Nascent HDL HDL3 or Mature HDL2

or Discoidal CE-
CE-rich HDL
pre-
pre-β-HDL

LCAT : lecithin-
lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
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HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport Regulation of cholesterol

HDL biosynthesis balance
synthesis with dietary uptake.

ABCA1 transporter
SR-
SR-BI Lipid Transfer Protein
receptor CL Pool

LDL
receptor LDL receptor

B Peripheral cells
Liver B

VLDL LDL

(Brown MS. And Goldstein JL. Atherosclerosis Review 1988 : 85-

85-94)
(Mulcahy JV. And Owen JS. SCIENCE & MEDICINE March/April 2002 : 76-
76-85)
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Biochemistry for Health Science Lipid Metabolism

Inhibitors of HMG-
HMG-CoA
synthase

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An overview of
isoprenoid
biosynthesis.

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