01 - Sharing - EEPW 2320 - 2nd Sem - 2015-16

EEPW 2320
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques

Introduction to INSTRUMENTATION (Outcome No 1),
SENSORS and Transducers (Outcome No 7),
Analog Instruments (Outcome No 2),
Digital Instruments (Outcome No 4),
Prepared by:
Mr. Arun.S.Gopinath & Mr: Y.Ameer Hamza
Lecturer , Electrical Section
Shinas College of Technology
Text Books:
Updated by:
Mr. Mahesh. C
Lecturer, Electrical Section
Fundamentals of all Industrial instrumentation & process control, William C Dunn, Mc Graw Hill, Edition 2005
Reference Books:
1. Electrical and Electronic Measurement By A K Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai & sons, 9th edition
2. Electrical & Electronics Measurements and Instrumentation, R. K. Rajput, S Chand Technical
Course Objective & Outcomes of

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320 )
OBJECTIVES
Prerequisites:
Course Goals:
OUTCOMES
EETE 2102 and EEPW2150
To provide the working principles and applications of different types of measuring instruments
and transducers along with their applications

This course should enable the student to:
A student who satisfactory complete the
course should be able to:
1. Understand the operation, principles and
1. Define the functional elements of a typical measurement
characteristics of functional elements in
system and evaluation of its performance.
engineering.
Advanced
measurement
2. Be acquainted with the principle of operation and
Techniques.
construction of Analog indicating instruments. Its calibration.
2. Perceive the principle of operation of 3. Deal with the principle of operation and construction of
Instrumentation systems.
Wattmeter and Energy meter. Working of Insulation Megger
4. Get acquainted with the principle of operation and
3. Grasp the techniques of electrical
construction of Digital instruments.
measurements and know the range and 5. Get acquainted with the principle of operation and
limitations of measuring instruments.
construction of cathode ray oscilloscope. Be familiar with the
principle of operation and construction of Instrument
4. Know the principle of operation of various
Transformers.
types of electrical transducers.
6. Get acquainted with the principle of operation of
Potentiometers. A.C. & D.C. Bridges, Maxwell and Andersons
5. Understand the operation of Data Acquisition
bridges.
System and Data Conversion.
7. Identify various types of sensors and transducers
6. Know how to maintain and test engineering 8. Deal with all types of signal processing and conditioning.
measurement systems
9. Be acquainted with all common analogue and Digital devices
for data presentation.
COURSE SCHEDULE
of
instrumentation and measurement techniques
EEPW 2320
Day
Sunday
Tuesday
Time
08:00 to 10:00 AM
08:00 to 10:00 AM
Venue
E 010 (T)
B 102 (P)
Monday
Wednesday
12:00 to 02:00 PM
12:00 to 02:00 PM
B 102 (P)
B 015 (T)
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)
Section
3
2
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Course Grading Scheme

Course Passing Grade: 67-69 (C grade)*
Marks
Grade
GPA
90-100
85-89
80-84
76-79
73-75
70-72
67-69
60-66
55-59
Below 55
A
AB+
B
BC+
C
CD
F
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.0
0.0
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Assessment Method:
Theory + Practical based courses
(The course is a combination of theoretical and practical hours (for 2T+2P) contact hours)
Pass Grade: C (67 Marks)

Theory (T)
Practical (P)
Quizzes (T):
20 Marks
Structured Assignments (T) / Homework:
10 Marks
Part I : Lab report
60%
Mid Term Examination (T):
20 Marks
Final Examination (T):
50 Marks
Part II : Practical
Assessments
40%
100 Marks
Total (Practical part):
100 Marks
Total (Theoretical part):
This is divided into two parts:
Final Marks (based on credit hour ratio):

2/3 Theoretical part marks + 1/3 Practical part marks
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Scheduling of the course (Theory):

Theory (T)
Marks Allotted
Selection & Scheduled date
Quizzes (Upto 4):
20 Marks
Best 2 & Announced Quizzes
Structured Assignments:
(Minimum Two)
05 Marks
One before Midterm &

One after Midterm
Mid Term Examination:
20 Marks
3rd Week of Feb 2016
Final Examination:
50 Marks
Last week of March 2016
Total Theory Marks
TT = 100 Marks
NOTE:
A minimum number of four quizzes will be conducted. Best two quiz marks will be
considered for Quiz marks weightage.
No complementary quiz is given to absent student even for any valid excuse
Assignments should be submitted well within the last date. In case of late submission
of assignments, 20% of the marks will be deducted each day (1mark / day).
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
COURSE ASSESMENT METHOD contd

The Practical Part is divided into TWO parts:
Part I - Lab report with data collection and analysis 60%

Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
Marks allotted
Factors
Identification of aim and objectives related theory,

formulae and significance
Ability to follow procedure, data collection
Data analysis, Interpretation of results & conclusions
related to the objectives & course outcomes
Completeness, accuracy and correctness of data and
results (Figures, Graphs, Tables, Units, etc..)
Submission of Lab report on time
Total Marks:
Part - II
Marks Obtained
10
10
15
15
10
60
(Practical Assessments) = 40%
In this part the student is subjected to frequent written questionnaire about the performed
experiments. The duration of each questionnaire does not exceed 15 Minutes.
Submitted on time
(During next
Practical class)
Submitted after 1 week

(After 2 weeks from the date
of conduction of Experiment)
Submitted after 2 weeks

(After 3 Weeks from the date of
conduction of Experiment)
10 marks
5 marks
0 marks
Instructions about Lab Report:

Each Student has to write a Lab report on each Experiment / Exercise
performed & submit the Lab report on the next week
Submission of the Lab report is only on the day of Practical classes.
But if the student fails to submit the lab report after a week of performing,
he/she will loose 5 marks. And the student has to submit the lab report only
on the next practical class (after a week).
If the student fails to submit the Lab report even after TWO weeks of
performing the experiment, he will loose full TEN marks which is allotted for
the submission of lab report
After the completion of each experiment student must take the signature of
course teacher on the cover page and attach the cover page to each Lab report
before submission.
The report must be written on plane A4 sheets & preferably on both sides of
the paper
Neat Report with all the required data, graph, units and conclusion will get
better marks.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
If a student is absent for the practical

Case 1:
The student will lose all lab report marks (60 marks) for that particular lab report if
he/she doesnt perform that practical at all.
Case 2:
If the student submits excuse to the registration department and removes absence
from the college system, then he / she can perform the experiment, gets
authentication by the concerned technician and submits lab report, then only his/her
lab report for that particular experiment will be evaluated for full marks allocated
(i.e. 60 marks).
Case 3:
If the student is present for the practical and performed the experiment but he/she
didnt submit
lab report, then only 10 marks (for the factor ability to follow
procedure, data collection) will be allotted
Scheduling of the course (Practicals):

Practicals (P)
Marks Allotted
Practical
Assessment #1:
10 Marks Each &

The best of 2 will be
considered as the final
Practical
Assessment #2:
Practical
Assessment #3:
Announced Assessments
(Each Assessment is
Conducted after the
completion of 2 or 3
Experiments)
Practical marks for a

maximum of
40 Marks
Lab Report
(For each Experiment)
Lab Report should be

submitted with in a week
(Submission only on the
practical class)
60 Marks
Total Practical Marks:
TP = 100 Marks
Final Marks
(based on credit hour ratio)
Total Marks
Scheduled date
2/ Theory part
3
marks (TT)
2/
3 of TT
1/ Practical
3
part marks (TP)

1/
of TP
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Attendance Criterion:
1st Warning
Absent for a total of Three (3) classes
2nd Warning
Absent for a total of Six (6) classes
3rd Warning and Debar
Absent for a total of Nine (9) classes
IMPORTANT NOTE:
If the absence reaches 30%, the student will be debarred from the final exam and will
get ZERO in the final exam.
If the student comes LATE after 10 minutes of the starting time of class, S/he will
not allowed to attend the class
If students are absent without a valid reason, it will be considered as if the topic/s is
already covered and will be included in exams
If a student is absent for two continuous weeks within the semester in all courses,
he/she will be DISMISSED from the college.
Chewing gum is not allowed inside the Class

Use of mobile phones are strictly prohibited inside the Class.
Entering and leaving the Class room must be with the permission of Lecture or
Technician
Attendance Excuse:
If a student failed to attend any class, s/he has to submit the original excuse
document within one week from the date of absence to registration department
only. A copy of the excuse letter should be submitted to the course teacher.
If a student failed to attend midterm or final exam, s/he has to fill in a
Supplementary Exam Form attached with the original excuse stamped from
concern authorities and submit it to the registration department within one
week from the exam date. Hospital/Clinic Attendance Certificate is not accepted
as a valid excuse.
The coverage of topics in the midterm supplementary exam will include topics
covered up to the midterm exam + topics covered one week after the midterm
exam.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Course Withdrawal
A student is allowed to withdraw one course during the semester. The withdrawal period
will end a week after the midterm exam result announcement.
Late Submission of Assignment

20% of assignment scored mark will be reduced for each day of late submission
Cheating
In case of an accusation of cheating during an examination is proven, the following will be
imposed:
Disciplinary Action for Cheating Case/s:
First Offense (Zero Mark)
Second Offense (Study Suspension for one semester)

Third Offense (Dismissal from the College)
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Ministry of Manpower
Marks Sheet:
Shinas, Sultanate of Oman

Course Details
Course Title (2T+2P)
Group No.
Course Lecturer
Academic Year
Semester
Credit Points
Passing Marks /
grade
Mr. MAC
2013-14
67 / C
EEPW3257 Power Electronics
Theory
Practical
Final
Exam(T)
10.0
20.0
50.0 100.0 TT
1 12S345 ABCDEF
18
15
35
2 456J789 XYZPQR
19
17
3 98S562 KLMNOP
15
15
ID
Name
75J364 GHIJKL
Total
(Theory)
Assignme
nt marks
(Total)
20.0
SN
Gender
Quiz
marks
(Total)
2/3
out of Part I
Part II
100 (Report (Questionn
theory
s)
-aire)
marks
Mid term
Exam
Course work
1/3
TOTAL
out of COURSE Letter Grade
MARK Grade Point
100
prac. (TT+TP)
marks
REMARKS
Student Details
Total
(Practical)
Course
Code
60.0
40.0
100.0
TP
100
77 51.3
56
38
94
31.3
82.6
B+
3.3
Pass
40
84
56
57
36
93
31
87
A-
3.7
Pass
25
57
38
55
37
92
30.7
68.7
2.0
Pass
15
45
30
55
37
92
30.7
60.7
C-
1.7
Fail
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
TEXTBOOKS
Course
Course Title
code
EEPW
2320
Text Book used
Electrical and
Title
Electronic
Author
ISBN
Fundamentals of all Industrial

instrumentation & process control
William C Dunn
100071457356
Publisher
Mc Graw Hill, Edition 2005
Measurement
Outcomes
covered
9/9
REFRENCE BOOKS
Course
code
Course Title
S.
No.
Reference Book/s used

Title
EEPW
2320
Electrical and
Electronic
Measurement
Author
ISBN
Publisher
Title
2
Author
ISBN
Publisher
Electrical & Electronics Measurements

and Instrumentation
R. K. Rajput,
812192989
S Chand
Electrical & Electronics Measurements
and Instrumentation
A K Sawhney
0750662190
Dhanpat Raj & sons
Outcomes
covered
9/9
9/9
CHAPTER #1
Introduction to INSTRUMENTATION (Outcome No 1)
Chapter Outline
Introduction to INSTRUMENTATION
1. Definition & Applications of
INSTRUMENTATION
2. Instrument
&
Examples
for
Instruments
3. Classification of INSTRUMENTs
4. ELEMENTS
OF
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM
5. Instrument Performance
Characteristics
6. Parameters of Static characteristics
7. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
8. Parameters of Dynamic characteristics
Course outcomes covered

Define the functional elements of a typical
measurement system and evaluation of its
performance (Outcome No.1)
Recognize and present real life examples of
the aforementioned concepts and
interrelate some of them (Outcome No. 7)
Describe the link between Electrical and
other sciences
Identify technological applications of some
of the aforementioned concepts
(Outcome No. 8)
Describe how he/she can harness the
benefits of some of the aforementioned
concepts
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.1
Introduction to
INSTRUMENTATION
What is Instrumentation?
Instrumentation is the branch of science that deals with measurement and
control in order to increase efficiency and safety in the workplace.
What is the need for instrumentation?

Instrumentation provides the means of monitoring, recording and controlling a
process to maintain it at a desired state
APPLICATIONS OF INSTRUMENTATION
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.2
INSTRUMENT
What is an Instrument?
A device used to determine the present value of quantity under measurement
Any physical device which is meant for measuring or controlling some quantity (or
process) is called as an Instrument
General Examples for Instruments:
Screwdriver meant for tightening screws
Spanners for tightening nut and bolts
Scale or Tape meant for measuring length or distance
Instruments used in Engineering:
Pressure gauge is meant for finding pressure in the pressure vessel or
working pressure of a Boiler
Thermometer is meant for measuring temperature
Engineering Drafter is meant for developing Engineering drawings
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.3
Classification of INSTRUMENTs
(Give the classification of Instruments)

Null type Instruments
&
Deflection type Instruments
Monitoring Instruments
&
Control (Transmitting) Instruments
Analog Instruments
&
Digital Instruments
Null type Instruments & Deflection type Instruments

Null type Instruments
Deflection type Instruments
In Null type instruments the reference In Deflection type instruments output value is
point will be Null or zero
observed by the deflection of a needle
Examples: Physical Balance
Examples: Fuel Gauge ,
& Wheatstone Bridge
Analogue Voltmeter/Ammeter
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Monitoring Instruments & Control (Transmitting) Instruments

Monitoring Instruments
Control (Transmitting) Instruments
They will just display the value which are
They will transfer the output signal as
required to analyze
feed back in a control system
Examples: ECG, X Rays, Thermometer,

Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter.
Examples: Thermostat , Thermocouple
Analog Instruments & Digital Instruments

Analog Instruments
Digital Instruments
In analog instruments the output signal

can be linear or nonlinear continuous
deflecting type.
In digital instruments the output signal

is a stepped value usually a number
Examples: Deflection type Ammeter,
Examples: Digital Voltmeter, Digital ammeter,
Voltmeter , Fuel Gauge
Digital Speedo meter
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Definition of
MEASUREMENT
The method of comparison between a known (standard) value and an unknown

value is called as Measurement
A system which is used to find the unknown quantity is called as Measurement
System
1.4
1. Sensor
ELEMENTS OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

2. Signal Conditioner
3. Display-Recorder-Transmitting
DISPLAY
Input
True Value
of Variable
SENSOR
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
RECORD
TRANSMIT
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Definition of
SENSOR (Transducer)
A sensor converters the physical quantity to be measured into a signal

which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
What is a
SIGNAL CONDITIONER
It takes the signal from the sensor and changes it into a condition which is
suitable for either display or in the case of a control system for use to exercise
control.
Signal conditioning includes different processes like Amplification, Attenuation,
Filtering, Converting, Isolation and any other processes required to make
sensor output suitable for processing after conditioning
Example: Amplifier
Input
Signal from Sensor
Amplifier
Output
Larger Value
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
What is a
DISPLAY OR DATA PRESENTATION
This present the measured value in a form which enable an observer to

recognize it.
It is the last stage of a measurement system
This may be via a display system where the output from the signal conditioner
is displayed suitable to read or record the value or other wise transmit to
activate some thing to control.
Example for a Measurement System
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.5
Instrument Performance Characteristics
What is Performance Characteristics of an Instrument ?

Set of parameters used to determine the performance of an Instrument is called as
Performance Characteristics
What is the importance of Performance characteristics?
The performance characteristics are to be known, to choose an instrument that most
suited to a particular measurement application.
These performance characteristics are also known as system characteristics
The Performance characteristics can be broadly divided into two groups:
1. Static Characteristics
2. Dynamic Characteristics
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Comparison between
static and dynamic Characteristics
Static Characteristics:
Dynamic Characteristics :
If the performance of a system remains If the performance of a system varies with

almost constant or vary quite slowly, it is respect to the time, then it indicates
called as Static Characteristics
Dynamic Characteristics
Static Characteristics does not depend Dynamic Characteristics
on the time
time
depends on the
It gives the relationship between input and

Static characteristics can be determined
output of a system along with its dependency
by calibration.
on time
Example:
1. Current through a resistive circuit.
2. Temperature of a city during Summer
Example:
1. Current through a capacitor.
2. Initial Speed of a car
Name some of the parameters that decide Static characteristics ?

Parameters of Static characteristics: Accuracy, Precision, Static errors, Repeatability,
Reproducibility, Span, Range, Off set, Drift, Resolution, Sensitivity..
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.6
Parameters of Static characteristics:
Accuracy: Closeness of the Readings to the true value of the quantity being measured.
Example: A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a battery of 10V.
If the voltmeter reads 9.99V and 10.01V [readings are close to true value] then
the instrument is more accurate.
If the voltmeter reads 9.5V and 10.63V [readings are for away to true value] then
the instrument is less accurate.
Static Error: It is the algebraic difference between the measured value and the true
value of the quantity.

Static Error = [True value Measured value] of the quantity.
Precision: Ability of the instrument to give same value of reading again and again
for a constant input signal. [Or] In a repeated measurements of same true value,
the degree of closeness is also called as Precision
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Example for Precision and Accuracy:

Let us consider three instruments X, Y and Z measuring the same true value of 10
mm. Eight measurements are taken on the same true value for each instrument.
INSTRUMENT
Measured values in
[mm]
9.91, 9.92, 9.91,

9.94, 9.93, 9.91,
9.95, 9.92
1) All measured values are close to true

vaule so instrument is More accurate.
2) All measured vales are close to each
other so precision is high.
9.11, 9.12, 9.11,

9.13, 9.14, 9.12,
9.12, 9.11
1) All measured values are not close to

true vale so instrument is less accurate.
2) All measured vales are close to each
other so precision is high.
9.3, 9.2, 9.1, 9.7,

9.5, 9.4, 9.3, 9.6
1) All measured values are not close to

true vale so instrument is less accurate.
2) All measured vales are not close to
each other so precision is also less.
Interpretation
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Example:
The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 80V. However, the
measurement gives a value of 79V.
Calculate:
(i) Absolute Error
(ii) % Error
(iii) Relative
Accuracy (iv) % of Accuracy

(i) Absolute Error: True value Measured value =
(ii) % Error =
Truevalue MeasredVal ue
100%
TrueValue
(iii) Relative Accuracy = 1 Error =

(iv) % of Accuracy = Accuracy 100% =
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Parameters of Static characteristics.. Continued

Repeatability and Reproducibility are the two different methods to check the
precision of the instrument.
Repeatability: It is the closeness of output readings when the same input is applied
repetitively over a short period of time, with the same measurement conditions,
same instrument and observer, same location and same conditions of use
maintained throughout
Reproducibility: It is the closeness of output readings for the same input when there
are changes in the method of measurement, observer, measuring instrument,
location, conditions of use and time of measurement.
Span: It is the algebraic difference between higher calibrated value (Hc) to the
lower calibrated value (Lc).
Span= Hc Lc
Example: A thermometer whose scale goes from 400C to 1000C has a span of:
Span= 1000C [400C ]=600C.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16

Range: An instrument is calibrated to read from the lowest to the highest values. This
operating region is called as Range.
Example: A thermometer whose scale goes from -400C to 1000C has a range from -400C
to 1000C.
Offset: It is the reading of an instrument with zero input.

Offset is a Error, which occurs due to poor calibration
Drift: It is the change in an instrument's reading over extended period.
Drift occurs mainly due to factors such as time, line voltage, or ambient temperature
effects
Example: Let us consider a micrometer X and Y measures a true vale of 10 mm for three
times each.
INSTRUMENT
Measured values in [mm]
Interpretation
9.91, 9.92, 9.93
Each measurement it gives different

value so the instrument has drift
9.91, 9.91, 9.91
All measurement it gives same value

so the instrument has no drift
Sem 2, AY 2015-16

Sensitivity: It is a measure of the ratio of change in the output to the change in the
input of the instrument.
Sensitivity = Change in the output signal / change In the input signal.

Example: 1mV recorder has a 20 cm scale of length. assuming the measurement
is linear across the scale ,
Sensitivity can be termed as 20 cm/ 1 mV
Resolution: is the smallest non zero input variable to which the instrument will
respond or measure.
Linearity: is a measure of the proportionality between the actual value of a variable
being measured and the output of the instrument over its operating range.
Hysteresis Error: is the difference in readings obtained when an instrument
approaches a signal from opposite directions. If an instrument reads a midscale value

going from zero it can give a different reading from the value after making a full scale
reading.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1.7
Dynamic characteristics tell us about how well a system responds to changes in its input
with change in time. For dynamic signals, the sensor or the measurement system must be
able to respond fast enough to keep up with the input signals.
tP
Output
1.2
Overshoot
1.0
Steady State
tr
0.8
Settling Time (tS)
0.63
0.6
0.5
0.4
Time Constant
Delay Time (td)
0.2
0
Time in Seconds
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
1.8
Parameters of Dynamic Characteristics:
Time Constant: For a first order system, the time constant is the amount of time
required for the response to reach to 63.2% of its final value
Settling time (ts): It is the time taken by the system output to be within a close range
of its steady state value.
Over Shoot is when a signal or function exceeds its target.
Peak time (tp): Time required for the signal to reach the peak for the first time
Rise time (tr): refers to the time required for a signal to change from a specified low
value(10%) to a specified high value(90%).
Delay time (td) is the time required for the response to reach half the final value
the very first time.
Steady-state error the difference between the desired final output & the actual one
Dynamic Error: Dynamic Error is a measure of the inability of a system or sensor to
adequately reconstruct the amplitude of the input for a particular frequency
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
On the Dynamic Characteristics given mark the following parameters:

(a) Peak Time (b) Settling time (c) Time constant (d) Over shoot
1.25
Output
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0
Time in Seconds
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
For the Dynamic Characteristics given find the value of following parameters:
(a) Peak Time (b) Settling time (c) Time constant (d) Over shoot (e) steady state
error at t = 2 Sec
1.2
1.0
Output
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Time in Seconds
5
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
CHAPTER #2
SENSORS and Transducers (Outcome No 7)
Chapter Outline
Definition of Sensors &

Transducers
2.1 Thermocouple
2.2 Thermistor
2.3 Strain Gauge

2.4 Spring Balance
2.5 Venturimeter

Identify various types of sensors and
transducers (Outcome No.7)
the aforementioned concepts and interrelate
some of them (Outcome No. 7)
Identify technological applications of some of
the aforementioned concepts (Outcome No. 8)
Describe how he/she can harness the benefits
of some of the aforementioned concepts
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Definition of SENSOR
A sensor converters the physical quantity to be measured into a signal
which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Example for Sensors

1. Thermocouple senses the change in temperature and
gives output as e.m.f. (Voltage) proportional to it
2. Thermistor senses the change in temperature and gives
output as resistance proportional to it
3. Strain gauge senses the change in length or position due
to applied force and gives output as change in resistance
proportional to Force
4. Spring balance senses the change in force and gives a
output as change in displacement proportional to force
5. Venturi meter senses the
flow of
liquid and gives
difference in pressure proportional to the flow of the

liquid
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
2.1
Thermocouple
Thermocouple is a device used to sense the

change in temperature and gives a output in
terms of Voltage (e.m.f)
Symbol of Thermocouple
It is a junction of two different metals like Nickel

and Chromium or Nickel and Copper.
It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of
the spots differs from the reference temperature at
other parts of the circuit. Thermocouples are a widely
used type of temperature sensor for measurement and

control
Thermocouples are widely used in applications like temperature measurement for kilns, gas
turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes. Thermocouples are also
used in homes, offices and businesses places as the temperature sensors in thermostats (its
a part of heater or air conditioner), and also as flame sensors in safety devices for gaspowered major appliances
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
2.2
Thermistor
Thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with

temperature, more than compared to standard resistors. This change in resistance
will be proportional to measured Temperature.
They are made by Semiconductor materials (Ceramic materials).
Mainly there are 2 types of Thermistors:
(1) Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) Thermistors
(2) Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) Thermistors
Symbol of Thermistor
A Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor causes increase in

resistance with increase in Temperature.
A Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor causes decrease in

resistance with increase in Temperature.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
2.3
Strain Gauge
Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to the

applied force.
In order to measure the mechanical strain, the most

common device used is a strain gauge .
When the force is applied across the strain gauge, it
causes the deformation to the foil used in it, which in
turn causes its electrical resistance to change.
This changed resistance is measured using a Wheatstone bridge which is related to the strain.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
2.4
Spring Balance
Used to measure the Force or Mass.

Mass to be measured is kept in the hook provided in the spring
balance.
Due to force the spring elongate and changes its position over a
calibrated scale showing the weight (mass) in grams
2.5
Venturi meter
Venturi meter is used to calculate the velocity of fluids (Flow rate) through a pipeline.
The fluid may be a liquid or a gas.
Applications of Venturi meter:

It is basically used for measuring the flow rate.
In industries it is used to measure the rate of flow of chemicals through pipe
It is used to measure the flow rates of water, gases, slurries and dirty liquids.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
CHAPTER #3
SENSORS and Transducers (Outcome No 2)
Chapter Outline
Definition of Analog instruments

Be acquainted with the principle of operation
3.1 Construction of PMMC Instrument
and construction of Analog indicating
3.2 Working operation of PMMC
instruments. Its calibration (Outcome No.2)
instrument
3.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and
applications of PMMC instrument

3.4 PMMC meter as an Ammeter

the aforementioned concepts and interrelate
some of them (Outcome No. 7)

Identify technological applications of some of
3.5 Multi range Ammeter
the aforementioned concepts (Outcome No.
3.6 PMMC meter as a Voltmeter
8)
3.7 Multi range Voltmeter

3.8 Moving Iron Instruments
Attraction type MI Instrument
3.9 Repulsion type Moving iron
Analyze the mathematically the effects of

these instruments
Describe how he/she can harness the benefits
of some of the aforementioned concepts
instrument
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
ANALOG INSTRUMENTS
Analog meters are generally electromagnetic devices that drive a pointer

against a scale.
Electric measuring instruments and meters are used to indicate directly the
value of current, voltage, power.
The most common analogue instrument or meter is the Permanent Magnet

Moving Coil instrument (PMMC) and it is used for measuring dc current or
voltage of a electric circuit.
On the other hand, the indications of alternating current ammeters and

voltmeters must represent the RMS values of the current, or voltage.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Torques in the Instruments

The deflection of any instrument (pointer) is determined by the combined effect of the
deflecting torque, damping torque and controlling torque
Deflecting Torque causes the instrument movement to rotate from its zero
position. The value of deflecting torque depends on the electrical signal to be
measured.
Damping Torque acts in a direction opposite to the movement of the moving system.
This brings the moving system to rest from the deflected position reasonably quickly
without any oscillation or very small oscillation.
Controlling Torque acts in the opposite sense to the deflecting torque, and the
movement will take up an equilibrium or definite position when the deflecting and
controlling torque are equal in magnitude. Spiral springs or gravity usually provides
the controlling torque. Without controlling torque the pointer will not swing back from its
maximum position to zero after removing the source
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument [PMMC]
3.1
Draw and mark the important parts of a PMMC Instrument.
Front view of PMMC
Diagram of PMMC.
The PMMC instrument consists of:

a)
A pointer to show the deflection
b) Moving coil
c)
A permanent magnet to provide a magnetic field
d)
A Spring to control the pointer
e)
A Scale (Dial) to show the reading
f)
A Mirror to avoid parallax error.

45
3.2
Working of PMMC Instrument
Explain the working principle of PMMC and also write the uses of various part of it.
When a current is passed through the coil windings, a torque is developed on
the coil. Torque is produced by the interaction of the magnetic field of
permanent magnet and the field set up by the current in the coil.
This torque causes the aluminum pointer attached to rotating coil to move.
The pointer moves over the calibrated scale and indicates the deflection of the
coil.
Hairsprings are attached to each end of the coil and these hair springs are
useful in controlling the torque.
Sem 2, AY 2014-15
PMMC Instrument
1) What is Parallax Error in Analog meters?
Measurements made by the observer not having his sight on line with the pointer leads
to Parallax error
Example: In the meter, the reading we can see from this position is 76, but the actual reading
will be different and that can be obtained referring to mirror reading which is 78
2) How do you reduce Parallax error in a PMMC?

To reduce parallax error a mirror is usually placed along with the scale, hence while
reading the scale, we should make sure that the pointer comes on line with its reflection
in the mirror
3) What is the purpose of Balance Weight in a pointer?

A balance weight is attached to the pointer to counteract its weight.
4) At what condition the coil rotation will Stop?

When the magnetic force due to permanent magnet & electromagnet becomes equal to
force of the springs, then the coil stops
Force produced by the magnetic fields = Force of the springs.
5) How do you get free movement of coil?
The coil set up is supported on jeweled bearings in order to achieve free movement.
47
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.3
PMMC Instrument
Advantages of PMMC meters:a)

b)
c)
d)
e)
Uniform scale.ie, evenly divided scale.

High efficiency.
Require little power for their operation.
Very accurate and reliable.
External stray fields have little effects on the readings (as the operating magnetic
field is very strong).
Disadvantages:a) Cannot be used for AC measurements.

b) More expensive (about 50%) than the moving iron instruments because of their
accurate design.
c) Some errors are caused due to variations (with time or temperature) either in
the strength of permanent magnet or in the control spring.
Applications:a) In the measurement of direct currents and voltages.

b) In DC galvanometers to detect small currents.
c) In Ballistic galvanometers used for measuring changes of magnetic flux linkages.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.4
PMMC meter as an Ammeter
1. How a PMMC meter can be used as a Ammeter?

When a PMMC meter is connected in series with the components carrying the main
current, it becomes an Ammeter
2. Write the property of Ideal Ammeter.
An Ideal ammeter would be capable of performing the measurement without

changing or distributing the main current in that branch & for this its internal
resistance should be ideally Zero
3. What is the effect of internal resistance in the Ammeter?

Practical ammeters would possess some internal resistance.
The ammeter resistance should be very small compared to the load resistance to
avoid any effect of change on the load current.
4. What is the normal current measuring capacity of PMMC ? Why it is low?
Since the coil winding in PMMC meter is small and light, they can carry only small
currents (A- few mA).
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.5
Multi-range Ammeter
RM
5. Draw and Explain the construction of Multi-range Ammeter?

A multi-range ammeter can be constructed simply
6.
R1
by connecting several values of shunt resistances,
R2
with a rotary switch to select the desired range.
R3
What is the Loading of meter?
B
C
D
R4
E
A meter which is used for measurement should not affect (change) the performance of
the circuit, if it changes the performance of the circuit then it means that the meter is
Loading the circuit. This occurs in Ammeters when its internal resistance is quite high
7.
What is the use of Shunt resistor in a Multi range Ammeter?

Measurement of large current requires a shunt external resistor to connect with the
meter movement, so only a fraction of the total current will passes through the
meter.
Rm
Im
I
ISH
ImR m
R SH
I Im
RSH
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
EXAMPLE
A PMMC instrument has a coil resistance of 100 and gives a full-scale deflection
(FSD) for a current of 500A. Determine the value of shunt resistance required if
the instrument is to be employed as an ammeter with a FSD of 5A.
RM
Im
I
ISH
RSH
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.6
PMMC instrument as a Voltmeter
1. Explain how a PMMC meter can be used as a Voltmeter (Write the properties of a Voltmeter)
By connecting a PMMC meter in parallel with the circuit where the voltage is to be
measured, it can be used as a Voltmeter
A voltmeter should have a very high series resistance Rse.
2. What is the use of connecting a high resistance in series with a Voltmeter?
To minimize voltmeter loading, the voltmeter operating current should be very small i.e.,
the resistance connected in series with the coil should be high.
3. At what condition Voltmeter gives loading effect?
When the internal resistance of Voltmeter is quite low, it gives loading effect
4. How to extend the range of the Voltmeter?
A multi-range voltmeter can be constructed simply by connecting several values of

series resistances, with a rotary switch to select the desired range
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.7
Multi-range Voltmeter
A multi-range ammeter can be constructed simply by connecting several values of series

resistances, with a rotary switch to select the desired range
R SE
V ImR m
Im
EXAMPLE
A PMMC meter with a coil resistance 100 and a full scale deflection current of
100 A is to be used in the voltmeter circuit as shown in Fig. The voltmeter ranges
are to be 50V, 100 V and 150V. Determine the required value of resistances for
each range.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.8
Moving Iron Instrument
1. Write the Advantages of the Moving Iron [MI] Instruments?

Moving Iron instruments can work on DC and AC.
These are the cheapest instrument available.
2. Draw and Explain the working principle of Moving Iron instrument.
The signal (voltage or current ) to be measured is applied to a stationary coil.

The magnetic field produced attracts or repulses iron vane causing deflection of the
pointer over calibrated scale.
3. Draw and Explain the Attraction type MI instrument with neat diagram.
Attraction type MI Instrument

It consist of a coil, through which the test current is passed.
A pivoted soft-iron mass attached to the pointer.
The resulting magnetic polarity at the end of the coil nearest
the iron mass then induces the opposite magnetic polarity into
the part of the iron mass nearest the coil, which is then drawn
by attraction towards the coil, deflecting the pointer across a scale
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
3.9
Repulsion type Moving Iron Instrument
4. Draw and Explain the Repulsion type MI instrument with neat diagram
In repulsion type movingiron instrument consists of two cylindrical soft iron vanes
mounted within a fixed current-carrying coil.
One iron vane is held fixed to the coil frame and other is free to rotate, carrying with it
the pointer shaft.
Fig. Repulsion type MI Instrument
Two irons lie in the magnetic field produced by the coil.

Coil consists of only few turns if the instrument is an
ammeter or of many turns if the instrument is a voltmeter.
Current in the coil induces both vanes to become
magnetized and repulsion between the similarly magnetized
vanes produces a proportional deflecting torque for rotation.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
CHAPTER #4
Digital Instruments (Outcome No 4)
Chapter Outline
Definition of Digital instruments
4.1 Advantages of Digital Instruments

4.2 Block diagram of digital
Instruments
4.3 Comparison between analog and
Digital Instruments PMMC meter
as an Ammeter
4.4 Digital (DMM)
4.5 Block diagram of Digital
Multimeter
4.6 Working of Digital Multimeter

4.7 How to use DMM?

Get acquainted with the principle of operation and
construction of Digital instruments. (Outcome
No.4)
Recognize and present real life examples of the
aforementioned concepts and interrelate some of
them (Outcome No. 7)

Identify technological applications of some of the
aforementioned concepts (Outcome No. 8)
Describe how he/she can harness the benefits of
some of the aforementioned concepts
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
4.1
Digital Instruments:
1. What are Digital Instruments?

The Digital Instruments use Logic circuits and techniques for carrying out measurement
of quantities and they represent the outputs in digits.
Digital Instruments are rapidly replacing the analog devices due to the flexibility of
usage
2. Give the applications of Digital instruments ?
They can be used to measure Voltage, Current, Resistance, Frequency, Time period etc..
3. Give the advantages of Digital Instruments.
i.
Easier to design
ii. Easy to store the information

iii. Greater accuracy and precision
iv. Reliable and economical
v.
They can display both numbers and alphabets
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
4.2
Block diagram of digital Instruments:
4. Draw the block diagram of Digital instrument and explain each block
Analog
quantity to
be measured
Analog to
Digital
Converter
Signal
Processor
Display
To enable the digital systems to recognize information / inputs which are analog in nature
must be converted into digital form & this is done using ADCs (Analog to Digital Converters)
Signal Processor: Data in digital form is processed using this signal processor so that it
becomes compatible with display device
Display: The information is presented as series of digits using display units
Comparison between analog and Digital Instruments
4.3
Sl No
Parameter
Analog Instruments
Digital Instruments
Accuracy
Less
More
Storing of information
Not possible
Possible
Size
Bigger
Smaller
Cost
Less
More
Power Supply
Not required
Required
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
4.4
Multimeter
Digital Multimeter
is
used
to
measure
AC/DC
voltage,
AC/DC
current and resistance with digital display.

Some of the new digital multi-meters have special features like, checking continuity,
components testing, measurement of hfe, etc..
Features of DMM:
DMM gives digital display, which is very accurate.
It has an advantage of very high input resistance.
It also provides over ranging indicator i.e. if the unknown electrical quantity increases
beyond measuring capacity it shows 1 on the display
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
Digital Multimeter:
4.5 Block diagram of Digital Multimeter:
Constant
Current
Source
Resistance
Buffer
Amplifier
Calibrated
Attenuator
AC I
Rotary Switch
Input
Signal
Current to
Voltage
Converter
Rectifier
Circuit
Analog to
Digital
Converter
Current to
Voltage
Converter
Calibrated
Attenuator
Digital Display
4.6
WORKING OF DIGITAL MULTIMETER:
To Measure Resistance:
Connect an unknown resistor across its input terminals.
Choose rotary switch to Resistance.
The proportional current flows through the resistor, from constant current source.
According to Ohms law voltage is produced across it.
This voltage is directly proportional to its resistance.
This voltage is buffered and fed to A-D converter, to get digital display in Ohms.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
To Measure AC Voltage:
Connect an unknown AC voltage across the input terminals.
Keep rotary switch in position to AC V.
The voltage is attenuated, if it is above the selected range and then rectified to convert it
into proportional DC voltage.
It is then fed to A-D converter to get the digital display in Volts
To Measure AC Current:
Current is indirectly measured by converting it into proportional voltage.
Connect an unknown AC current across input terminals.
Keep the switch in position AC-I.
The current is converted into voltage proportionally with the help of I-V converter and
then rectified.
Now the voltage in terms of AC current is fed to A-D converter to get digital display in
Amperes.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
To Measure DC Current:
The DC current is also measured indirectly.

Connect an unknown DC current across input terminals.
Keep the switch in position DC - I. The current is converted into voltage proportionally
with the help of I-V converter.
Now the voltage in terms of DC current is fed to A-D converter to get the digital display
in Amperes.
To Measure DC Voltage:
Connect an unknown DC voltage across input terminals.
Keep the switch in position DC - V.
The voltage is attenuated, if it is above the selected range and then directly fed to A-D
converter to get the digital display in Volts.
Sem 2, AY 2015-16
4.7
How to use DMM?
DMM as a Voltmeter:
Remember that while measuring voltage, the DMM is connected in parallel.
To measure voltage at a point in the circuit, first confirm the type of voltage, whether it is
AC or DC.
Also confirm the range of voltage (it is better to start with higher voltage range).
DMM as an Ammeter:
Remember that while measuring current, the DMM is connected in series.
To measure current flowing through a circuit or wire, first confirm the type of current,
whether it is AC or DC.
Also confirm the range of current (it is better to start with higher current range).
DMM as an Ohmmeter:
If you are measuring the unknown value of a resistor already connected in a working
circuit, then first of all, switch off the power supply and disconnect the resistor from the
circuit.
This is very important, because if you measure the resistance without disconnecting it
from the circuit, the voltage drop across it may damage the DMM permanently.

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EEPW 2320

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques

Shinas College of Technology

Course Objective & Outcomes of

and transducers along with their applications

instrumentation and measurement techniques

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Course Grading Scheme

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Pass Grade: C (67 Marks)

Structured Assignments (T) / Homework:

Part I : Lab report

Mid Term Examination (T):

Final Examination (T):

Total (Practical part):

Total (Theoretical part):

This is divided into two parts:

Final Marks (based on credit hour ratio):

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Scheduling of the course (Theory):

Selection & Scheduled date

Quizzes (Upto 4):

Best 2 & Announced Quizzes

One before Midterm &

Mid Term Examination:

3rd Week of Feb 2016

Last week of March 2016

Total Theory Marks

COURSE ASSESMENT METHOD contd

Part I - Lab report with data collection and analysis 60%

Identification of aim and objectives related theory,

(Practical Assessments) = 40%

Submitted after 1 week

Submitted after 2 weeks

Instructions about Lab Report:

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

If a student is absent for the practical

procedure, data collection) will be allotted

Scheduling of the course (Practicals):

10 Marks Each &

Practical marks for a

Lab Report should be

Total Practical Marks:

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

part marks (TP)

Absent for a total of Three (3) classes

Absent for a total of Six (6) classes

3rd Warning and Debar

Absent for a total of Nine (9) classes

Chewing gum is not allowed inside the Class

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Late Submission of Assignment

Second Offense (Study Suspension for one semester)

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Shinas College of Technology

Shinas, Sultanate of Oman

EEPW3257 Power Electronics

Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques (EEPW 2320)

Text Book used

Fundamentals of all Industrial

Mc Graw Hill, Edition 2005

Reference Book/s used