Thesis Presentation

Impact of Presence of Courtyard on Thermal Characteristics of
Vernacular Residential Building: An Exploration in Hot-dry Vernacular

Context of Ahmedabad.
Thesis Presentation
Masters in Interior Architecture and Design
Faculty of Design, CEPT University
Guide Prof. Rajan Rawal
Date - 7TH Nov.-2012

Mihir Vakharia,
IA0710 MIAD , CEPT University
This work by Mihir Vakharia is Part Fulfillment of the requirement for Masters Degree in Interior Design Program at CEPT University.
Intellectual property of these remains with CEPT University and any content of this should not be copied in total or in part without prior written permission.
Presentation Overview
Introduction
Background
Research Description
Literature Review
Summary
Methodology and Procedure
Research Methodology
Selection of Pol-House
Selection of Tool
Building Model development
Input parameters and assumptions for model
Results & Analysis
Individual Pol-house analysis

Comparative analysis for all three Pol -houses
Conclusion
Thesis Presentation
Introduction
Background
The study is based on the hypothesis suggesting that the

presence of courtyard helps in attaining thermal comfort
in naturally ventilated residential buildings. 1 The study
focuses on presence of courtyard in residential unit, a
Pol-House. in the city of Ahmedabad.
A attempt to understand thermal characteristics of
indoor spaces adjacent to courtyard.
On-site measurements and building energy simulation
tools, such as computational fluid dynamic tools have
been used to understand thermal characteristics of Pol
house.
Air speed
MRT
RH %
Clothing
Insulation
Air Temp.
Metabolic
Activity
Thermal Comfort
Thesis Presentation
Aim, Objectives and Limitation
Introduction
Aim:
To understand thermal characteristics of indoor spaces of Pol house in the presence of the courtyard for hot dry
climate Ahmedabad, India.
Objective:
Impact of courtyard on thermal characteristics of indoor spaces.
Map the environmental variables to understand their effect on thermal comfort of occupants
To study the comfort conditions of naturally ventilated vernacular house with and without presence of
courtyard.
Scope and Limitations:
Study is done to understand the thermal performance of the naturally ventilated courtyard residential building
only.
The study analyses environmental variables e.g. indoor air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and
mean radiant temperature. Where as the daylight performance and energy consumption are not included in
analysis.
The Input parameters for simulation model is derived from actual case studies for the analysis, region being
defined; Ahmedabad, India i.e. the study is restricted to hot-dry climate of Ahmedabad.
Thesis Presentation
Literature review
Rajapaksha in her paper explains that a
relatively better indoor thermal modification is
seen when the courtyard acts as an air funnel
discharging indoor air into the sky, than the
courtyard acts as a suction zone inducing air from
its sky opening during daytime hours.
Consequently promotes nocturnal ventilation
(Rajapaksha Indrika, 2004).
Nasibeh in his paper explain that the influence of the internal

courtyard on the thermal condition has a strong reliance on
the envelop openings. This study suggests that the internal
courtyard of a terrace house can affect improvements in
thermal conditions of the courtyard's surrounding
spaces, provided sufficient and efficient openings with shading
devices are suitably incorporated (Nasibeh et al., 2011).
Thesis Presentation
Literature review
Abel Tablada. Et al, explains Rooms facing one courtyard and having
single side natural ventilation have very low indoor air speeds. The
existence of more than one courtyard provides better ventilation for the
central cross ventilated rooms. Nevertheless, this improvement is quite
different among the three floors and almost insignificant for the
remaining rooms with single-side ventilation. Rooms with exhaust
ventilation considerably increase the indoor air speed (Abel Tablada. Et
al, 2005).
Examine the influence of courtyard configuration and the
effect of pilots, on ventilation patterns inside typical school
buildings found in Macei,
At the courtyard, best results were obtained under 45wind
incidence, when the distance between the buildings was the
largest one. It happened so because the wind flow gets into
the courtyard through its open side, without having to pass
over the structure located windward, creating high speed air
currents (LEONARDO BITTENCOURT AND LUCIANA PEIXOTO 2001).
Thesis Presentation
Methodology
Thermal parameters of
interior spaces having
courtyard.
Calibration done with

Actual site conditions for
10th April
Prepared model for

same Pol house without
courtyard
POL HOUSES are chosen from

hot and dry climate of
Ahmedabad for the study.
Prepared exiting Pol house

model in Design builder
software for CFD
Analysis
Pol house -1203

Pol house -1213
Pol house -1250
From Moti Hamam ni Pol
Field observation and

measurement- 7 days in April
2012 for every two hours form
600 hrs to 2000 hrs for each
house
Note: The study is based on computational

fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation,
For naturally ventilated building considering
ASHARE standards.
Thesis Presentation
Methodology
Location of POL HOUSES, Ahmedabad.

OLD CITY MAP
Pol house -1203

Pol house -1213
Pol house -1250
From Moti Hamam ni Pol
selected for study
Onsite Data collection
Measured data -7days

(7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 22nd, 24
th in April 2012 (every two hours
form 600 hrs to 2000
Relative Humidity
Air Temperature
Air Velocity
Globe Temperature
Surface Temperature
Weather Data
Ahmedabad collected
for April 2012 (Hourly)
Outside Relative Humidity
Outside Dry Bulb
Temperature
Air Velocity
Weather Data
Ahmedabad
collected for April
July 2012 (Hourly)
Relative Humidity
Air Temperature
Thesis Presentation
MOTI HAMAM NI POL

LOCATION MAP
Methodology
Instruments Used Onsite Data

Instruments Used
Measured Parameters
TSI / Airflow: TA430
Air velocity, Relative Humidity

and Air Temperature
Extech HT30 meter
Globe temperature
Fluke 561 Infrared
Surface temperature
Hobo Logger
Thermometer
Hobo Logger
Hourly data for Air

Temperature and Relative
Humidity
http://www.wunderground.c
Weather Data
om
Energy Plus
(IND_AHMADABAD_IWEC)
Weather Data for Simulation
Fluke 561
Infrared
Thermometer
Extech HT30 meter TSI / Airflow: TA430
Thesis Presentation
Simulation Tool
Building Model Development
DesignBuilder Version 3.0.0.097 is has been used tool for research study.
The developed models have central courtyard , adjacent zones were assumed to be naturally ventilated.
Models were assumed central courtyard or no courtyard with adjacent zones.
Common walls(North-South) with Neighbour structure and ground floor area were kept as adiabatic .
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the term used to describe a family of numerical methods used to
calculate the temperature, velocity and various other fluid properties throughout the region of space.
Thesis Presentation
Methodology
Input parameter Computational Fluid Dynamics

Input Parameters and Boundary Conditions
Grid Spacing
Boundary conditions for cfd
Grid Line Merge

tolerance
0.3 m
0.03 m
Input parameters for cfd analysis

Activity
residential circulation areas

natural ventilation (no heating
HVAC
and cooling)
Comfort calculation
Personal factors
Metabolic Rate (met
Clothing level (clo.)
0.5 for summer and 1 for winter
Relative humidity
50.00%
Turbulence Model
k-e
CFD Internal analysis

Discretisation scheme
upwind
Cell monitor
centre
Variable
x-velocity comp.
x-velocity, Y-velocity, z-velocity,
Thesis Presentation
Residual
temp., turbulence
Case Study
Pol House -1203
Owner Bhimji Bhai Dhabi

House Age > 70 years
No. of Persons 7
House placed between

street A and B in Moti
Hamam Ni Pol, Ahmedabad.
Floor
Area
(sq.m)
Ground
Floor
First
Floor
3.2
14.2
3.2
14.2
2.6
3.0
Second
Floor
3.2
12.2
2.6
Thesis Presentation
Height
(m)
Case Study
Pol House -1203
45
OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Courtyard)
OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Room)
OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Room)
OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Bedroom)
OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)
CALCULATED OPERATIVE
TEMPERATURE
40
35
30
25
20
45
RECORDED TEMP(GF-Courtyard)
RECORDED TEMP (FF-Room)
RECORDED TEMP (GF-Room)

RECORDED TEMP (FF-Bedroom)
RECORDED AIR TEMPERATURE
40
35
30
25
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
20
Case Study
Pol House -1203

RECORDED RH (GF-Courtyard)
RECORDED RH (FF-Bedroom)
RECORDED RH (GF-Room)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
RECORDED RH (FF-Room)
100
80
60
40
20
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
East wall
West wall
Slab surface
Outside Drybulb temp
MAX. SURAFACE TEMPERATURE
45
40
35
GF- court yard
GF- Room
FF- Room
FF- Bedroom
24-04-2012
20-04-2012
18-04-2012
16-04-2012
13-04-2012
10-04-2012
07-04-2012
24-04-2012
20-04-2012
18-04-2012
16-04-2012
13-04-2012
10-04-2012
07-04-2012
24-04-2012
20-04-2012
18-04-2012
16-04-2012
13-04-2012
10-04-2012
07-04-2012
24-04-2012
20-04-2012
18-04-2012
16-04-2012
13-04-2012
10-04-2012
07-04-2012
30
Operative Temperature
GF-Courtyard
GF-Room
FF-Room
FF-Bedroom
CALCULATED
45
40
35
30
25
45
SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD
40
35
30
25
45
SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD
40
35
30
25
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
Relative Humidity
70
GF-Courtyard
GF-Room
FF-Room
FF-Bedroom
MEASURED
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Case Study
Pol House -1203

Out-side dry bulb
temperature
Maximum Temp.
Minimum Temp.
Average Temp.
Median Temp.
GF- Courtyard
43
23
32
32
GF- Room
34
29
32
32
33
30
32
32
FF - Room
FF- Bedroom
44
27
34
33
35
29
31
31
Ground floor room adjacent to courtyard remains in the range of 31 degree C to 34

degree C and shows minimum impact of outdoor temperature.
First floor room shows early heat gains through sloping roof also realise heat gain
with convection through courtyard.
Comparing courtyard house with house without courtyard shows 2 to 4 C degree
temperature. Ground floor room shows 4 C rise in Temperature in evening hours.
First floor room shows less impact of courtyard due to direct solar radiation on roof
surface
and
remains
high
during
day
and
afternoon
hours.
Conclusion:
In case of house without a courtyard, indoor temperature rises due to early heat Gains from the roof
surface and results into rise in temperature and affect the indoor air temperature.
Courtyard also improves humidity levels in the indoor spaces due to this though there is rise in outdoor
temperature, people in the building feel comfortable by increasing airflow.
Comparative Analysis
Pol House -1203
Owner Bhimji Bhai Dhabi
House Age > 70 years
No. of Persons 7
Pol House -1213

Owner Bharat Bhai Patel
House Age 100 years
No. of Persons 6
Pol House -1250

Owner Daksha Ben Patel
House Age 100 years
No. of Persons 10
Floor
Area
Height
Floor
Area
Height
Floor
Area
Height
Ground Floor
3.2 x 14.2 mts
2.6 mts
Ground Floor
7.2 x 14.0 mts
2.4 mts
Ground Floor
5.8 x 15.4 mts
3.0 mts
First Floor
3.2 x 14.2 mts
3.0 mts
First Floor
7.2 x 14.0 mts
3.0 mts
First Floor
5.8 x 15.4 mts
2.8 mts
Second Floor
3.2 x 12.2 mts
2.6 mts
Recorded Air Temperature

50
GF-Courtyard
GF-Room
FF-Room
FF-Bedroom
HOUSE -1203
45
40
35
30
25
20
HOUSE -1213
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
HOUSE -1250
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Operative Temperature
GF-Courtyard
GF-Room
FF-Room
FF-Bedroom
HOUSE -1203
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
HOUSE -1213
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
HOUSE -1250
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Relative Humidity
90
GF-Courtyard
GF-Room
FF-Room
FF-Bedroom
HOUSE -1203
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HOUSE -1213
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
HOUSE -1250
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
02:00
05:00
08:00
11:00
14:00
17:00
20:00
23:00
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Air Temperature
45
H-1203
H-1213
H-1250
GF -COURTYARD RECORDED
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Air Temperature
H-1203
H-1213
H-1250
GF -ROOM RECORDED
45
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
AIR TEMPERATURE
45
H-1203
H-1213
FF -ROOM RECORDED
H-1250
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Air Temperature
45
H-1203
H-1213
FF -BEDROOM RECORDED
H-1250
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
45
40
35
30
25
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Relative Humidity
70
H-1203
H-1213
GF -COURTYARD RECORDED
H-1250
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Relative Humidity
80
H-1203
H-1213
GF -ROOM RECORDED
H-1250
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Relative Humidity
70
H-1203
H-1213
H-1250
FF -ROOM RECORDED
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
Relative
Humidity
H-1203
H-1213
70
H-1250
FF -BEDROOM RECORDED
60
50
40
30
20
10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
10-Apr-12
CFD Analysis for Pol House With Courtyard 10th April @ 9.00 Am
HOUSE-1203
HOUSE-1213
HOUSE-1250
Section
Section
First Floor
First Floor
Section
First Floor
Ground Floor
Ground Floor
Ground Floor
CFD Analysis for Pol House Without Courtyard 10th April @ 9.00 Am
HOUSE-1203
HOUSE-1213
Section
HOUSE-1250
Section
Section
First Floor
Ground Floor
First Floor
Ground Floor
First Floor
Ground Floor
Inferences:
House 1203 Courtyard shows higher temperature than two houses.
In house-1203 Ground floor room adjacent to courtyard remains in the range of 30 C to 32 C
In House 1213 and House1250 First floor room shows early heat gains through pitched roof also realise heat gain
through convection in evening hours.
First floor bedroom of House-1213 shows higher temperature due to east facing wall.
First floor room in all three houses follows similar trend for relative humidity with outdoor environment.
The temperature of first floor courtyard space and indoor remains consistently higher than the ground floor
courtyard and the interior spaces throughout the day
Due to early heat Gains in house-1250 from east facade with big opening results into rise surface temperature
through conduction it results into rise in indoor temperature and affect the indoor air temperature.
Courtyard also improves humidity levels in the indoor spaces due to this though there is rise in outdoor
temperature people in the building, feel comfortable by increasing airflow.

Thesis Presentation
Conclusion
Incidence
of solar radiation on building roof surfaces is the main source of heat responsible for raising the
temperature of exterior surface of the envelope and also for creating temperature gradient across the
thickness of the envelope. As a result, heat is conducted form outdoor to indoor surfaces and causes a rise in
the interior air temperature.
Ground
floor courtyard is shaded throughout the day and acts as shaft for ventilation, hence improves
thermal environment of adjacent and interior space. Where the first floor interior surface temperatures shows
less impact of courtyard i.e. Nearly 2 to 3 `C rise in temperature during day time.
Walls
on ground floor room inside surface temperature remain same throughout the day and shows
minimum variation with outside dry bulb temperature.

In
all houses presence courtyard shows direct impact on relative humidity and improves the indoor thermal
environment. Hence, the courtyards are useful for passive cooling in Pol-house, Ahmedabad hot-dry climates
mainly due to changed in relative humidity.
Courtyard
also improves the indoor air quality and natural lighting.
Thesis Presentation
References
Abdelsalam Aldawoud *, Ray Clark Comparative analysis of energy performance between courtyard and atrium in buildings
Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 209214Science Direct
Abel TABLADA, et al, "Geometry of buildings courtyards to favour natural ventilation: comparison between wind tunnel
experiment and numerical simulation" THE WORLD Sustainable Building Conference, 2005
Abel Tablada. Et al, Thermal Comfort of Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Warm-Humid Climates: field survey PLEA 2005
Abel Tablada, et.al The influence of courtyard geometry on air flow and thermal comfort: CFD and thermal comfort
Simulations PLEA2005 - The 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Beirut, Lebanon, 2005
Ahmed S. Muhaisen Mohamed B Gadi, Effect of Courtyard Proportions on Solar Heat Gain and Energy Requirement in the
Temperate Climate of Rome, School Of The Built Environment, Science Direct 2005.
Ahmed S. Muhaisen Mohamed B Gadi, Shading Performance of Polygonal Courtyard Forms, School of the Built Environment,
Science Direct 2006
AMR BAGNEID The creation of a courtyard microclimate thermal model for the analysis of courtyard houses, Submitted to the
Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY August 2006
Gupta Vinod, Natural Cooling Systems of Jaisalmer Architectural Science Review, 1985
Leonardo Bittencourt and Luciana PEIXOTO, THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT COURTYARD CONFIGURATIONS ON NATURAL
VENTILATION THROUGH LOW-RISE SCHOOL BUILDINGS Seventh International IBPSA Conference, building simulation, 2001
Mu jgan S-erefhanog lu So zen, Gu lay Zorer Gedk Evaluation of traditional architecture in terms of building physics: Old
Diyarbakr houses, Building and Environment, Science Direct, 2006.
Rajapaksha Indrika, Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design Proposition for Natural Ventilation Plea2004
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Impact of Presence of Courtyard on Thermal Characteristics of

Vernacular Residential Building: An Exploration in Hot-dry Vernacular

Guide Prof. Rajan Rawal

Date - 7TH Nov.-2012

Methodology and Procedure

Results & Analysis

Individual Pol-house analysis

The study is based on the hypothesis suggesting that the

Aim, Objectives and Limitation

Nasibeh in his paper explain that the influence of the internal

Calibration done with

Prepared model for

POL HOUSES are chosen from

Prepared exiting Pol house

Pol house -1203

Field observation and

Note: The study is based on computational

Location of POL HOUSES, Ahmedabad.

Pol house -1203

Onsite Data collection

Measured data -7days

MOTI HAMAM NI POL

Instruments Used Onsite Data

TSI / Airflow: TA430

Air velocity, Relative Humidity

Extech HT30 meter

Fluke 561 Infrared

Hourly data for Air

Weather Data for Simulation

Extech HT30 meter TSI / Airflow: TA430

Input parameter Computational Fluid Dynamics

Grid Line Merge

Input parameters for cfd analysis

residential circulation areas

Metabolic Rate (met

Clothing level (clo.)

0.5 for summer and 1 for winter

CFD Internal analysis

Pol House -1203

Owner Bhimji Bhai Dhabi

House placed between

Pol House -1203

OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Courtyard)

OPERATIVE TEMP (GF-Room)

OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Room)

OPERATIVE TEMP (FF-Bedroom)

OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

RECORDED TEMP (GF-Room)

RECORDED AIR TEMPERATURE

Pol House -1203

Outside Drybulb temp

MAX. SURAFACE TEMPERATURE

GF- court yard

OUTSIDE DRY BULB TEMP (WEATHER DATA)

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (WEATHER DATA)

SIMULATION WITH COURTYARD

SIMULATION WITHOUT COURTYARD

Pol House -1203

Ground floor room adjacent to courtyard remains in the range of 31 degree C to 34

Pol House -1213

Pol House -1250

3.2 x 14.2 mts