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Phone: 800-448-0770
Fax: 847-855-6300
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Technical
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
Project:
Date:
Total
ANESTHETIZING LOCATIONS:
Specialized Surgeries (Open Heart, Organ
Transplant)
Major / Outpatient OR
Cystoscopy / Endoscopy
Delivery Room
Emergency Operating Room
Cardiac Catheterization
Other Anesthetizing Areas (Minor O.R.,
Induction Rooms, etc .)
Waste Anesthetizing Gas Evacuation
4.0
3.5
2.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
100
100
100
100
100
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
2.0
50
100
0
0
50
50
75
100
50
50
25
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
20
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
OTHER AREAS:
Autopsy / Morgue
Central Supply / Sterile
Equipment Repair,Calibration & Teaching
Medical Lab / Pharmacy
Anesthesia/Workroom
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.5
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
Project:
Date:
Totals
Transplant, Ortho)
100
100
75
50
50
10
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
25
50
50
10
75
10
10
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
25
10
10
50
10
50
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
0
0
2.0
0.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
3.5
3.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
OTHER:
Respiratory Care Workroom
Autopsy / Morgue
Equipment Repair
1.5
1.5
1.5
Vacuum System
Exhaust Installation
Notes:
Piping Connections:
1. All piping connections shall be checked for tightness by the installing
contractor prior to starting the system.
2. Exhaust Piping and fittings represented by dashed lines are to be
furnished and installed by the contractor.
3. Exhaust from oil reservoir shall be collected to a single stack, run to
outside air with the discharge line turned down and screened.
4. Vent / Exhaust should be piped by installer in accordance with
C.G.A. P2.1 recommendations or N.F.P.A. 99 standards. If a drop in
a horizontal run of exhaust piping is present, then a drip leg will be
required. For recommendations on exhaust pipe sizing consult Ohio
Medical Engineering @ 1-800-448-0770.
Electrical Connections:
5. All the electrical connections shall be checked for tightness by the
installing contractor prior to starting the system.
6. Electrical contractor is to furnished and install wiring of proper size
and type per NEC code.
Miscellaneous:
7. Inlet (non-braided) and discharge (braided) flexible connectors, vibration pads and system isolation valves are shipped separately.
Accessories are shipped inside the system crate and designated
with an orange label. Accessories to be installed by contractor.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
The performance data for Medical Air and Vacuum Systems is based upon standard atmospheric conditions.
Significant deviations from these standards must be accounted for in proper selection of the systems.
Elevation
If the site is above sea level, the reduced barometric pressure of the atmosphere affects the performance of
Medical/Surgical Vacuum Systems in two ways. First, the maximum vacuum level obtainable is reduced. In addition, the capacity or flow characteristics of a vacuum pump at a given vacuum level are reduced.
Base on their performance curves, different types of vacuum pumps react differently. Please consult the factory
for help in selection of systems for higher altitudes.
Temperature
These systems are intended to be installed indoors, in a controlled climate. Temperatures should never approach
freezing or exceed 104 degrees Fahrenheit. These extremes will affect overall system performance, maintenance
intervals and equipment life as well.
In addition, these systems will generate heat, and this heat load must be considered when designing the mechanical space in which they are to be installed.
To calculate the heat generated by the air or vacuum system, use Brake Horsepower of the system multiplied by
2,545 BTU/Hr. ___ BHP x 2,545 BTU/Hr = _____ BTU/Hr generated by the system. In the case of multiplex systems, use the horsepower value of the units that are intended to operate under normal conditions. If you do not
know the Brake Horsepower requirement, use the nameplate Horsepower value.
This formula can also be used to calculate the heat load that a totally recirculated, water sealed, liquid ring pump
will contribute to the cooling water loop or chiller.
Make-Up Water and Cooling Water Temperature
Liquid ring vacuum pumps using water as a sealing fluid are subject to decreased performance if the water temperature is substantially greater then 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Inertia Bases
When installed above ground, it may be advisable to mount reciprocating compressors on an inertia base. This
will eliminate the transfer of vibration and related noise to the structure. Rotary vane and Liquid ring style units do
not require inertia bases.
Seismic Certification
Most systems can be certified for use in various seismic zones. Please consult the Medical Sales Department for
help in selecting a system.
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
Model
Number
S200B
S300LB
S300B
S500LB
S500B
S750B
S1000B
Model
Number
S200B
S300LB
S300B
S500LB
S500B
S750B
S1000B
S1500B
S2000B
S2500B
Simplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
2
8.8
7.2
4.1
3
12.0
8.8
4.9
3
12.0
8.8
4.9
5
18.5
13.8
7.4
5
18.5
13.8
7.4
7.5
26.3
19.6
10.3
10
33.2
26.0
13.5
H.P.
2
3
3
5
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
Model
Number
S500B
S750B
S1000B
S1500B
S2000B
S2500B
Duplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
17.6
24.0
24.0
37.0
37.0
52.6
66.4
98.6
126.2
158.4
230
14.4
17.6
17.6
27.6
27.6
39.2
52.0
86.0
110.0
138.0
Model
Number
S500B
S750B
S1000B
S1500B
S2000B
S2500B
460
8.2
9.8
9.8
14.8
14.8
20.6
27.0
44.0
56.0
70.0
H.P.
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
H.P.
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
Triplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
55.5
41.4
22.2
78.9
58.8
30.9
99.6
78.0
40.5
147.9
129.0
66.0
189.3
165.0
84.0
237.6
207.0
105.0
Quad Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
73.8
105.0
132.6
197.0
252.2
316.6
230
55.0
78.2
103.8
171.8
219.8
275.8
460
29.4
41.0
53.8
87.8
111.8
139.8
Model
Number
D100B
D150B
D200B
D300B
D500LB
D500B
D750B
D1000B
Simplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
1
5.8
5.2
3.1
1.5
7.9
7.0
4.0
2
8.8
7.8
4.4
3
12.0
10.6
5.8
5
18.5
16.2
8.6
5
18.5
16.2
8.6
7.5
26.3
23.0
12.0
10
33.2
29.0
15.0
Model
Number
D100B
D150B
D200B
D300B
D500LB
D500B
D750B
D1000B
H.P.
1
1.5
2
3
5
5
7.5
10
Duplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
11.6
10.4
10.4
15.8
14.0
14.0
17.6
15.6
15.6
24.0
21.2
21.2
37.0
32.4
32.4
37.0
32.4
32.4
52.6
46.0
46.0
66.4
58.0
58.0
www.squire-cogswell.com
www.ohiomedical.com
Model
Number
C300B
C500B
C750B
C870B
C1000B
C1500B
Model
Number
C300B
C500B
C750B
C870B
C1000B
C1500B
Simplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
3
5
7.5
8.7
10
15
5.6
8.5
11.9
13.7
15.0
18.5
C300B
C500B
C750B
C870B
C1000B
C1500B
Duplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
Model
Number
H.P.
C300B
C500B
C750B
C870B
C1000B
C1500B
3
5
7.5
8.7
10
15
3
5
7.5
8.7
10
15
10.8
18.4
26.6
30.0
30.5
N/A
21.6
36.8
53.2
60.0
61.0
N/A
10.2
16.0
22.8
26.4
29.0
36.0
Model
Number
Triplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
20.4
32.0
45.6
52.8
58.0
72.0
11.2
17.0
23.8
27.4
30.0
37.0
3
5
7.5
8.7
10
15
32.4
55.2
79.8
90.0
91.5
N/A
30.6
48.0
68.4
79.2
87.0
108.0
16.8
25.5
35.7
41.1
45.0
55.5
Quad Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
43.0
73.4
106.2
119.8
121.8
N/A
40.6
63.8
91.0
105.4
115.8
143.8
22.2
33.8
47.4
54.6
59.8
73.8
Ohio Medical Corporation - 1111 Lakeside Drive, Gurnee, IL 60031-4099 - Phone: 800-448-0770 - Fax: 847-855-6300
2 of 4
Model
Number
LR3B
LR5B
LR75B
LR10B
LR15B
LR20B
LR25B
Simplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
3
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
Model
Number
H.P.
LR3B
LR5B
LR75B
LR10B
LR15B
LR20B
LR25B
3
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
9.5
15.0
24.0
30.9
47.0
61.0
77.0
8.8
14.6
19.8
25.8
41.0
53.0
63.0
4.9
7.8
10.4
13.4
21.0
27.0
32.0
Duplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
19.0
30.0
48.0
61.8
94.0
122.0
154.0
17.6
29.2
39.6
51.6
82.0
106.0
126.0
9.8
15.6
20.8
26.8
42.0
54.0
64.0
Model
Number
H.P.
LR10B
LR15B
LR20B
LR25B
10
15
20
25
Model
Number
H.P.
LR5B
LR75B
LR10B
LR15B
5
7.5
10
15
Triplex Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
92.7
141.0
183.0
231.0
77.4
123.0
159.0
189.0
40.2
63.0
81.0
96.0
Quad Systems
System Full Load Amps
208
230
460
59.8
95.8
123.4
187.8
58.2
79.0
103.0
163.8
58.2
79.0
103.0
163.8
Ohio Medical Corporation - 1111 Lakeside Drive, Gurnee, IL 60031-4099 - Phone: 800-448-0770 - Fax: 847-855-6300
3 of 4
Model
Number
AS200B
AS300B
AS500B
Model
Number
AS200B
AS300B
AS500B
AS750B
AS1000B
AS1500B
Simplex Systems
Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
2
3
5
8.8
12.0
18.5
7.8
10.6
16.2
Model
Number
4.4
5.8
8.6
AS500B
AS750B
AS1000B
AS1500B
Duplex Systrems
Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
2
3
5
7.5
10
15
17.6
24.0
37.0
50.4
63.6
94.4
15.6
21.2
32.4
46.0
58.0
86.0
8.8
11.6
17.2
24.0
30.0
44.0
Triplex Systems
Full Load Amps
H.P.
208
230
460
5
7.5
10
15
Model
Number
H.P.
AS750B
AS1000B
AS1500B
7.5
10
15
26.4
75.6
95.4
141.6
23.4
69.0
87.0
129.0
13.2
36.0
45.0
66.0
Quad Systems
Full Load Amps
208
230
460
100.6
127.0
188.6
91.8
115.8
171.8
47.8
59.8
87.8
Model
Number
A200B
A300B
A500B
A750B
A1000B
A1500B
A2000B
A2500B
A3000B
H.P.
2
3
5
7.5
10
15
H.P.
2
3
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
Triplex Systems
230
7.8
10.6
16.2
23.0
29.0
43.0
Model
Number
A500B
A750B
A1000B
A1500B
A2000B
A2500B
A3000B
460
4.4
5.8
8.6
12.0
15.0
22.0
Duplex Systrems
Full Load Amps
208
17.6
24.0
37.0
52.6
66.4
98.6
126.2
158.4
186.0
230
15.6
21.2
32.4
46.0
58.0
86.0
110.0
138.0
162.0
Model
Number
A750B
A1000B
A1500B
A2000B
460
8.8
11.6
17.2
24.0
30.0
44.0
56.0
70.0
82.0
H.P.
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
H.P.
7.5
10
15
20
230
48.6
69.0
87.0
129.0
165.0
207.0
243.0
460
25.8
36.0
45.0
66.0
84.0
105.0
123.0
Quad Systems
Full Load Amps
208
105.0
132.6
197.0
252.2
230
91.8
115.8
171.8
219.8
460
47.8
59.8
87.8
111.8
Ohio Medical Corporation - 1111 Lakeside Drive, Gurnee, IL 60031-4099 - Phone: 800-448-0770 - Fax: 847-855-6300
4 of 4
MECHANICAL ROOM
MASTER ALARM #1
MAY BE LOCATED IN SECURITY
(Requires 24 Hours/Day Surveillance)
MASTER ALARM #2
MAY BE LOCATED IN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT/AREA
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Check Valve
Located
in Pigtail
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
5.1.9.2.4(8)
MECHANICAL ROOM
MASTER ALARM #1
MAY BE LOCATED IN SECURITY
(Requires 24 Hours/Day Surveillance)
MASTER ALARM #2
MAY BE LOCATED IN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT/AREA
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
Check Valve
Located
in Pigtail
Source/Mainline
Isolation Valve
5.1.9.2.4(8)
LA
RF
NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
FOR SWITCH
1/4" NP T CLOS E
NIPP LE (2)
FOR GAUGE
1
1/4" NPT MALE
TO 1/8" NP T FE MALE
RE DUCING BUSHING
GAUGE
1
S UP PLIE D BY OTHERS
1
1/4" NPT MALE
TO 1/8" NPT FEMALE
REDUCIN G BU SHING
1
GAUGE
1
FOR GAUGE
1/4" NPT MALE
TO 1/8" NPT FEMALE
REDUCIN G BU SHING
SUPPLIED BY OTHERS
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
technical support
Manifold Sizing
Medical Air Manifold:
Cylinders per Bank
400 ft3
No. of beds X
12
52
234
[Months
[# of weeks
[Cubic ft per
[Cylinders
per year]
per year]
cylinder]
per bank]
400 ft3
X No. of Beds
12
52
244
[Months
[# of weeks
[Cubic ft per
[Cylinders
per year]
per year]
cylinder]
per bank]
700 ft3
x No. of Beds x
12
52
244
[Months
[# of weeks
[Cubic ft per
[Cylinders
per year]
per year]
cylinder]
per bank]
N2 Cylinder Manifold:
No. of
Operating
Rooms
1 to 4
5 to 8
9 to 12
13 to 16
17 to 20
No. of
Operating
Rooms
1 to 2
3 to 4
5 to 6
7 to 8
9 to 10
11 to 12
13 to 14
No. of
Operating
Rooms
1 to 8
9 to 16
17 to 32
Total
No. of
Cylinders
4
8
12
16
20
Total
No. of
Cylinders
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
Total
No. of
Cylinders
4
8
12
technical support
Medical Gas Cylinder Data
Gas
Oxygen (O2)
Nitrous Oxide
(N2O)
Medical
Breathing Air
(Air)
Nitrogen (N2)
Carbon
Dioxide (CO2)
Helium (He)
Cyl. Size
B
D
E
M
M
G
H
J
B
D
E
M
G
H
J
D
E
M
M
G
H
J
D
E
M
M
G
H
J
B
D
E
M
G
H
J
D
E
M
M
G
H
J
Cylinder
Dimensions
Cyl. Pressure
(psig)
3-3/16" x 13"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
3-3/16" x 13"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
3-3/16" x 13"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
4-3/16" x 16-3/4"
4-3/16" x 26-1/2"
7" x 43"
7" x 43"
9" x 51"
9" x 51"
9-1/4" x 55"
2015
2015
2015
2217
2492
2217
2492
2640
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
745 @ 70F
2015
2015
2217
2492
2217
2492
2640
2015
2015
2217
2492
2217
2492
2640
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
838 @ 70F
2015
2015
2217
2492
2217
2492
2640
Ft.3
7.4
15
24.9
125
141
251
282
337
13.1
33.2
56.1
288
498
567
655
14
12.4
117
130
233
260
310
13.7
23
115
128
230
255
304
13.1
33.2
56.1
288
498
568
656
13.2
22
110
122
219
244
291
Liters
210
424
704
3540
3993
7108
7986
9543
370
940
1590
8156
14103
16057
18550
398
662
3313
3682
6599
7363
8778
391
651
3257
3625
6514
7222
8609
370
940
1590
8156
14103
16086
18578
374
623
3115
3455
6202
6910
8241
Approx. Wt.
Gas (lb-oz)
0-9.8
1-3.9
2-1.0
10-6.2
11-11.5
20-13.8
23-7.8
27.14.5
1-7.8
3-12.8
6-6.8
32-15.5
57-0.0
64-14.6
74-15.7
1-0.8
1-12.0
8-12.2
9-11.8
17-7.2
19-7.6
23-3.5
1-0.0
1-10.7
8-5.4
9-4.5
16-10.8
18-7.8
22-0.5
1-8.0
3-12.6
6-6.7
33-0.0
56-15.8
64-15.8
75-1.1
0-2.2
0-3.6
1-2.1
1-4.1
2-4.1
2-8.2
3-0.0
CGA Connection
870
Pin-Indexed
540
910
Pin-Indexed
326
950
Pin-Indexed
346
960
Pin-Indexed
580
940
Pin-Indexed
320
930
Pin-Indexed
580
CONVERSION CHART
ACFM / SCFM
Vacuum
Level
(Gauge
Conversion
Factor
Vacuum
Level
(Gauge
Conversion
Factor
Vacuum
Level
(Gauge
Conversion
Factor
1"
1.03
11"
1.58
21"
3.33
2"
1.07
12"
1.67
22"
3.75
3"
1.11
13"
1.79
23"
4.28
4"
1.15
14"
1.88
24"
5.00
5"
1.20-
15"
2.00
25"
6.00
6"
1.25
16"
2.14
26"
7.63
7":
1.30
17"
2.31
27"
10.00
9"
1.36
18"
2.50
28"
15.00
9"
1.43
19"
2.73
29"
30.00
10"
1.50
20"
3.00
99 SCFM @ 19 Hg
99 x 2.73 = 270.27 ACFM
99 SCFM @ 25 Hg
99 x 6 = 594 ACFM
270.27 ACFM @ 19 Hg
270.276 divide by 2.73 = 99
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
594 ACFM @ 25 Hg
594 divide by 6 = 99
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
L/min
7.481
1.69907
0.0283
1699.07
28.318
0.134
0.227
0.00379
227.1
3.785
0.589
4.403
0.0167
1000
16.67
35.31
264.2
60
60000
1000
0.000589
0.0044
0.001
1.67E-05
0.0167
0.0353
0.264
0.06
0.001
60
CFM
#/Hr to ACFM:
ACFM to #Hr:
F
(K - 255.37) x 1.8
R - 459.67
(C x 1.8) + 32
1
MISCELLANEOUS CONVERSIONS
#/Hr(1/60)(379/MW)(760/P)(460+T/250)
ACFM(60/1)(MW/379)(P/760)(520/460+T)
In
Hg
Torr
(mmHg)
mBar
In
H2O
1
0.0394
0.0295
0.0735
0.883
0.0029
2.9
2.04
0.000295
0.295
29
29.921
25.4
1
0.75
1.868
22.42
0.0736
73.55
51.71
0.0075
7.5
735.7
760
33.86
1.333
1
2.49
29.89
0.0981
98.06
68.95
0.01
10
980.9
1013.25
13.6
0.535
0.402
1
12
0.0394
39.38
27.69
0.00402
4.016
393.9
406.9
345.3
13.6
10.2
25.39
304.8
1
1000
703.1
0.102
102
10003
10333
0.345
0.0136
0.0102
0.0254
0.305
0.001
1
0.703
0.000102
0.102
10
10.333
0.491
0.0193
0.0145
0.0361
0.434
0.00142
1.422
1
0.000145
0.145
14.23
14.696
Pa
kPa
3386
133.3
100
249
2989
9.806
9806
6895
1
1000
98088
101325
3.386
0.133
0.1
0.249
2.989
0.00981
9.806
6.895
0.001
1
98.09
101.325
Kg/cm2
0.0345
0.00136
0.00102
0.00254
0.0305
0.0001
0.1
0.0703
0.0000102
0.0102
1
1.033
ATM
0.0334
0.00132
0.000987
0.00246
0.0295
0.0000968
0.0968
0.068
0.0000099
0.00987
0.968
1
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
Equ. 1.1
Example:
A vacuum receiver needs to be sized for a new installation. The forming volume is 0.8 Ft3, and the box volume is 1.2 Ft3. The initial pressure in the mold
is 29.75 Hg (barometric pressure). The required pressure to form the sheet in
the mold is 22 Hg. The pressure produced by the vacuum pump will be considered to be a maximum of 28 Hg.
First one must determine what are the appropriate variables, and then covert them to the
appropriate units.
V2 To be determined
V1 2 Ft3 (0.8 Ft3 + 1.2 Ft3)
P1 14.61 PSIA (29.76 Hg(A) converted to PSIA)
P2 0.98 PSIA (28 Hg(G) first converted to 2 Hg(A), then converted to PSIA)
P3 3.93 PSIA (22 Hg(G) first converted to 8 Hg(A), then converted to PSIA)
V2 = 2 (3.93 14.61)/(0.98-3.93)
V2 = 7.24 Ft3 or times 7.48 gal/1 Ft3;
V2= 54 gal
In this case, a 60 gal receiver would be appropriate.
TM
www.ohiomedical.com
www.squire-cogswell.com
An Ohio Medical Corporation Brand
Another formula is useful where an existing tank is to be used. If the receiver size is known,
one will wish to calculate the pressure in the combined system.
P3 = (P1V1+P2V2)/(V1+V2)
Equ. 1.2
Where:
Example:
Say that a 60 gal receiver is available from stock, what will be the final pressure
in the combined system?
First one must determine what are the appropriate variables, and then convert them to the
appropriate units.
V2 8.02 Ft3 (60 gal * 1 Ft3/7.48 gal)
V1 2 Ft3 (0.8 Ft3 + 1.2 Ft3)
P1 14.61 PSIA (29.75 Hg(G) converted to PSIA)
P2 0.98 PSIA (28 Hg(G) first converted to 2 Hg(A), then converted to PSIA)
P3 to be determined
P3 = (14.61 * 2 + 0.98 * 8.02)/(2 + 8.02)
P3 = 3.7 PSIA or converted to Hg(G) (29.92 Hg(A)-3.7 PSIA (29.92 Hg(A)/14.7 PSIA))
P3 = 22.4 Hg(G)
In most cases the system volume is equivalent to the tank volume. Generally if the pipework
associated with the system is greater than 10% of the tank volume, that the volume of the
pipework should be taken into account. These formulas also do not account for the collapse
of the plastic in the mold. In most cases, the forming volume is so much smaller than the system volume that it does not add much to the calculations. These formulas also do not
account for leaks in the system.
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2 of 6
LN Natural Log
V Total volume to be evacuated [Ft3]
P1 Initial pressure (PSIA)
PF Final pressure (PSIA)
QAVG Average volumetric flowrate of the pump (ACFM)
Note that this formula does not account for leaks in the system
Example:
The 60 gal receiver from the previous example has been installed. The process
requires that the vacuum pump should pull the combined system from 22.4 Hg
to 28 Hg in approximately 10 seconds to increase the detail on the molded
plastic. Will the S3 be able to accomplish this?
55 ACFM
44 ACFM
43 ACFM
35.9 ACFM
31 ACFM
21 ACFM
43 + 38 + 31
3
= 37.33 or 37 Avg. ACFM
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3 of 6
Basically the S3 will take 10 seconds too long to accomplish this pulldown. Try the S5 using
the same parameters. All of the values remain the same, except for the average flowrate of
the pump For the S5 from 22 Hg to 28 Hg:
QAVG = 82 ACFM
Once again solving for time:
t = 9.22 * :N (3.8/0/98)/82
t = 0.149 min or times 60 s/1 min;
t=9s
In answer to the question that was posed in the example, the S3 will not be able to satisfy the
requirement, but the S5 does satisfy the requirement.
Another way to work this problem is to determine what flowrate is required given a specific
time period.
Example:
The 60 gal receiver from the previous example has been installed. The process
requires that the vacuum pump should pull the combined system from 22.4 Hg
to 28 Hg in approximately 10 seconds to increase the detail on the molded plastic. Will the S3 be able to accomplish this?
Equ. 1.4
From the values that been used in the previous pump down examples:
QAVG = 9.22 * LN (3.7/0.98)/0.1667
{t = 10 s * (1 min/60 s) = 0.1667 min}
QAVG = 73 ACFM
From what has been shown here, knowing the average volumetric flowrates, is that the SC10TR will be the best choice.
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4 of 6
Equ. 1.5
P1 Absolute Pressure @ STP
P2 Absolute Pressure @ Vacuum Condition
T1 Absolute Temperature @ STP
T2 Absolute Temperature @ Vacuum Condition
MW Average Molecular Weight
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
is 520oR and 760 mmHg(A)
Equ. 1.6
Example:
Convert 20#/Hr of air to volumetric flowrate 25 Hg and 100oF.
V = m (1/60)(379/MW)(P1/P2)(T2/T1)
m = 20#/Hr
P1 = 760 mmHg(A) = 29.92 Hg(A)
P2 = 25 Hg(G) = 125 mmHg(A), or 4.92 Hg(A)
T1 = 460 + 60oF = 520oR
T2 = 460 + 100oF = 560oR
V = 20 (1/60)(379/29)(760/125)(560/520), or V = 20 (1/60)(379/29)(29.92/4.92)(560/520)
V = 29 ACFM @ 25 Hg and 100oF (Volumetric flowrates should be described at a specific
pressure and temperature
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5 of 6
Equ. 1.7
Example:
Convert 300 ACFM of air @ 28.5 Hg and 60oF to a mass flowrate.
m = V (60/1)(MW/379)(P2/P1)(T1/T2)
V = 300 ACFM
P1 = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 Hg
P2 = 28.5 Hg = 36 mmHg, or 1.42 Hg(A)
T1 = 460 + 60oF = 520oR
T2 = 460 + 100oF = 520oF, note that since T1 = T2, the division is 1, and it may be neglected
m = 300 (60/1)(29/379)(36/760), or m = 300 (60/1)(29/379)(1.42/29.92)
m = 65#/Hr
Note that all calculations involving pressure and temperature should be performed at absolute
conditions.
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6 of 6
TERMINOLOGY
ACFM Actual Cubic Feet per Minute
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
MDCFD Thousand Standard Cubic Feet per Day
psia Pounds Per Square Inch in Absolute pressure
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
INTRODUCTION
This paper discusses the affect of atmospheric variation on a vacuum pumps
performance. To simplify the understanding, vacuum pumps are compressors
operating in reverse, where inlet pressure is below the atmospheric pressure,
and compressed to the discharge at atmospheric pressure. The operating range
of a vacuum pump will be between atmospheric pressure down to absolute
zero (a perfect vacuum). Realistically, we can not achieve a perfect vacuum
(29.9 in-Hg), and the vacuum pumps used for medical and industrial
applications require approximately 95% (28.5 in-Hg) of the atmospheric
pressure to be evacuated in a tank. Cryogenic applications require nearly a
perfect vacuum, and will achieve more than 99.9% (greater than 29.8 in-Hg)
of the atmospheric pressure to be evacuated from a chamber.
This paper supplements the Squire-Cogswell white paper titled: ACFM vs.
SCFM vs. ICFM published in 2004 and explains the differences in compressor
performance with respect to the varying atmospheric conditions. The paper
also addresses appropriate CFM terminology that should be use in
comparing compressors (SCFM) and sizing them properly (ACFM) for the off
Standard conditions for the altitude and conditions for the area.
Due to the atmospheric variation in air pressure, temperature and density the
fluid properties are constantly changing (i.e. - conditions are dependent on
location, time of the year, altitude, etc.) Thus, it is important to understand
that the conditions in Los Angeles vary significantly from the conditions in
Denver, and a vacuum pumps performance (capacity and operation) will vary
significantly. The intent of this paper is to provide a better understanding of
how vacuum pumps capacity varies with respect to altitude, so we can
properly select and size vacuum pumps for their specified and intended
applications.
DESCRIPTION
The term cubic feet per minute (CFM) describes the fluid flow rate, (measured in volume
- ft3) not the weight per minute on the inlet side of a compressor. The vacuum pumps
performance capability is measured in how many one ft3 cubes of fluid are able to move
per minute through the system.
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
Denver
Los Angeles
1 ft
1 ft
W=0.075 lbs.
1 ft
W=0.062 lbs.
1 ft
Los Angeles
Denver
V=31 ft3
V=38 ft3
The two examples illustrate the confusion of measuring volume due to the fact air is
compressible. In this instance, the number of gas molecules occupying a particular
volume, depends primarily on the pressure and temperature conditions of that location.
At a microscopic level, the air molecules are closer together (greater air density) in Los
Angeles compared to the air molecules in Denver.
Denver
Los Angeles
Altitude
(ft)
0
5280
Atmospheric Pressure
(psia)
14.69
12.12
Atmospheric Pressure
(in-Hg)
29.92
24.68
The first general rule is to understand that the maximum vacuum level that can be
achieved is with respect to the atmospheric conditions in the area. For example, assume
the maximum vacuum that can be achieved theoretically in Los Angeles (sea level) is
29.92 in-Hg, but in Denver (5280 feet above sea level) is 24.68 in-Hg.
City
Los Angeles
Denver
Altitude
(ft)
0
5280
Atmospheric Pressure
(in-Hg)
29.92
24.68
Atmospheric Pressure
(in-Hg using the rule)
29.92
24.64
Then, the 80.2% rating can be assigned to the vacuum pump to determine its capability in
Denver.
0.802 24.68 = 19.79 in Hg
The 80.2% rating applied to the maximum possible vacuum (24.68 in-Hg) results in a
maximum vacuum of 19.79 in-Hg for this pump in Denver. This is a very important
point to understand and consider for vacuum performance and sizing for your location. If
the user needs a vacuum that can achieve 22 in-Hg in Denver, a pump with at least a 89%
vacuum capability is needed, or a pump that will achieve at least 26.7 in-Hg capability in
Los Angeles.
% CAPABILITY
In a closed system vacuum pumps use kinetic energy to move air through a closed
system. At low vacuum levels large volumes of air can be evacuated through the system,
but at higher vacuum levels, the capacity decreases, due to increased leakage from a
larger pressure differential with the environment and there is additional resistance to
flow. This phenomena is illustrated in Figure 5.
10
15
20
25
VACUUM (in-Hg)
Figure 5 Vacuum Capacity for Los Angels and Denver
SUMMARY
This paper summarized the affect of atmospheric variation on a vacuum pumps
maximum performance. By comparing conditions in Los Angeles from the conditions in
Denver (capacity and operation) and using the general Rule of Thumb (for every 1000
feet above sea level, the maximum possible vacuum is reduced by approximately one inHg), we can quickly determine the maximum possible vacuum for the area.
Finally, a specifier can use the Rule of Thumb for sizing a vacuum system properly. In
addition, the reference pressure, temperature, and required vacuum must be specified, in
addition to the required capacity and capability. When specifying the vacuum
requirement, the worst case conditions should be used (i.e. - generally hot days lower
air density). Other important factors to consider in vacuum system sizing are:
Vacuum requirement or demand in a given day
Normal operating conditions
Other operating conditions (hot days are the worst)
Single-stage or two-stage vacuum
Electrical characteristics and power requirement
Area classification (Elevation)
TERMINOLOGY
ACFM Actual Cubic Feet per Minute
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
ICFM Inlet Cubic Feet per Minute
MDCFD Thousand Standard Cubic Feet per Day
psia Pounds Per Square Inch in Absolute pressure
SCFM Standard Cubic Feet per Minute
NOMENCLATURE
P1
Barometric pressure at the non-standard site in psia
T1
Ambient air temperature in R
PF
Pressure after the inlet filter in psia
TF
Air temperature after the inlet filter in R
Psat
Saturation Pressure
INTRODUCTION
The term CFM is often confusing and difficult to define for one condition, and
one definition does not satisfy all conditions we encounter in our customers
applications throughout the world. Simply put, CFM is an acronym for Cubic
Feet per Minute, and defines the volumetric flow rate of a fluid displaced by a
pump (like a compressor, a blower, or a booster). The term CFM is generally
used to describe a pumps capacity, and is used to determine the size of the
source system for medical, industrial and other applications. The common
terms used to specify a volumetric flow rate in different industries are SCFM,
ACFM, ICFM, MCFM, MSCFD, etc. Often times these terms are very vague,
and in turn, misunderstood.
The primary reason for all the difficulties described above is because air is a
compressible fluid, due to the atmospheric variation in air pressure,
temperature and density - the fluid properties are constantly changing. The
conditions are dependent on location, time of the year, altitude, etc. Thus, it is
important to understand that the conditions in Los Angeles vary significantly
from the conditions in Denver. The terms SCFM, ACFM and ICFM are often
used to define the different instances and conditions of a compressors
capacity and operation. If the CFM terms are used appropriately, they can be
useful in the direct and relative comparison to their operating conditions, and
to other source systems. The intent of this paper is to provide a better
understanding of SCFM, ACFM and ICFM and their meaning, so we can
properly select and size compressors for their specified and intended
applications.
DESCRIPTION
The term cubic feet per minute (CFM) describes the fluid flow rate, (measured in volume
- ft3) not the weight per minute on the inlet side of a compressor. The compressors
performance capability is measured in how many one ft3 cubes of fluid are able to move
per minute through the inlet.
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
Denver
Los Angeles
1 ft
1 ft
W=0.075 lbs.
1 ft
W=0.062 lbs.
1 ft
Los Angeles
Denver
V=31 ft3
V=38 ft3
The two examples illustrate the confusion of measuring volume due to the fact air is
compressible. In this instance, the number of gas molecules occupying a particular
volume, depends on the pressure and temperature conditions of that location. At a
microscopic level, the air molecules are closer together (greater air density) in Los
Angeles compared to the air molecules in Denver.
Denver
Los Angeles
Altitude
(ft)
0
5280
Atmospheric Pressure
(psia)
14.69
12.12
The conditions at sea level are generally not experienced by our customers and for
practicality purposes ACFM is typically used for sizing compressors for these
applications (+100F and lower pressures). The conversion for ACFM from SCFM is
shown by the formula below.
ACFM = SCFM
Pstd
T
1
P1 Psat1 1 Tstd
Equation 1
SCFM
100
100
ACFM
106.6
130.0
% Diff.
6.6 %
30.0 %
Location
Los Angeles, CA
Denver, CO
SCFM
100
100
ACFM
115.1
141.6
% Diff.
15.1 %
41.6 %
P1 TF
PF T1
Equation 2
Then ICFM is used to measure inlet capacity, which will approximate ACFM for this
type of a system. Note, when a blower or booster is added, the inlet may experience
significantly higher pressure and temperature conditions than the actual ambient
conditions. Greater the difference in pressure and temperature, greater the difference in
ACFM and ICFM. Finally, there are losses (air seal, heat, etc.) associated with the use of
these components and coupled with the pressure and temperature differences, the use of
ICFM will result in a misleading outcome in determining a compressors capability.
Note at higher altitudes, the specifier must account for the decrease in air pressure when
estimating a compressors performance and sometimes blowers or boosters are used for
economic reasons, but this is not always the best solution. Thus, in certain markets, like
the Medical, where tighter controls are employed, ICFM should not be used to determine
a compressors capacity, instead ACFM should be used.
CONCLUSION
This paper defined, summarized and applied the terms SCFM, ACFM and ICFM, and the
differences between them. The term CFM, at a fundamental level, is defined such that a
compressor will pump a specific volume of air in a given amount of time when the
compressor speed and flow resistance matches the test conditions.
A specifiers most difficult task is sizing a compressor properly, by specifying the
compressors required capacity. It is important to note that the proper understanding of
these terms will help a specifier in selecting a compressor. The specifier should use
SCFM to compare differences in compressor capacities, and ACFM for actual nonstandard site conditions and proper load applications. ICFM should be used only when a
filter, a booster or a blower is added to the system, and should not be used in determining
compressor selection, due to misleading results.
Finally, the reference pressure, temperature, and discharge pressure must be specified, in
addition to the required capacity. When specifying the compressed air requirement, the
worst case conditions should be used (i.e. - generally hot humid days, as shown in
Example 2). Otherwise, there will be confusion in the sizing process. Other important
factors to consider in compressor capacity and system sizing are:
Air requirement or demand in a given day
Normal operating conditions
Other operating conditions (hot humid days are the worst)
Single-stage or two-stage compressor (compression ratio)
CFM reduction due to flow resistance
Electrical characteristics and power requirement
Area classification (Elevation)
Compressors with a higher CFM rating will pump more air than
compressors with lower CFM
APPENDIX A
SCFM to ACFM
ACFM to SCFM
1.151
1.168
1.190
1.213
1.237
1.261
1.287
1.314
1.341
1.371
1.401
1.433
1.466
1.500
1.537
1.575
1.615
1.658
1.702
1.749
1.799
1.851
1.907
1.966
2.029
2.097
2.168
0.869
0.856
0.840
0.824
0.809
0.793
0.777
0.761
0.745
0.730
0.714
0.698
0.682
0.666
0.651
0.635
0.619
0.603
0.588
0.572
0.556
0.540
0.524
0.509
0.493
0.477
0.461
560807 Rev 2
TERMINOLOGY
ACFM Actual Cubic Feet per Minute
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
GPM Gallons per Minute
NOMENCLATURE
Constants:
g Acceleration Due to Gravity (32.2 ft./sec2)
- Specific Weight (lb/ft3)
- Density of Fluid (slugs/ft3)
- Dynamic Viscosity (lb*s/ft2)
- Equivalent Roughness (.0005 ft. for Galvanized Pipe)
KL Loss Coefficient for Fittings (Found in Industrial Literature or College Text)
Variables:
zn Height at Position n (ft.)
V - Velocity of Fluid (ft/sec.)
D - Diameter of Pipe (in. or ft.)
A Cross Sectional Area of Pipe (in.2)
L Pipe Length (ft.)
hL Head Loss (ft.)
pn Pressure at Node n
f Friction Factor
INTRODUCTION
Ever since the development of piping systems throughout civilization there has been the
need to analyze pipe size for optimal flow. In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli had developed an
equation to represent all variables within a piping system, as shown below:
p1
V
p V
+ 1 + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + hL
2g
2g
(1)
From Bernoullis equation, we can see how pressure, velocity and position relate to one
another, and many derivations can be created from this equation. Depending on the
assumptions made and under certain conditions, some of the variables become negligible
and can be removed to simplify the equation, and result in a simpler solution. The nature
of this paper is to solve for the pressure drop (or commonly referred to the back pressure)
which is essentially the pressure difference between two points in a piping system. The
pressure drop is critical when sizing pipe. A pump that is integrated within a piping
system is designed such that it will withstand certain forces at the inlet and exhaust. If
the pump is subjected to forces greater than the ones prescribed, there is a high potential
for damage to the internal pump components, and thus the designed flow will be affected.
This paper will focus on the flow of air, although it can be shown that other fluids can
also be modeled using the same methodology. Like other media that flows within a
piping system, air has its own characteristics which benefit and hinder the process.
There are numerous ways in which to solve for the pressure drop of piping system. That
is to say, one can incorporate the use of a computer with a plethora of software available.
However, the underlying equations used in these programs follow the same fundamental
laws of physics found in any collegiate Fluid Mechanics textbook. In addition, sound
engineering judgment should be used when sizing pipe. While a cost-effective solution
may look good on the bottom line, a safe and reliable system should have precedence in
any design.
For our discussion the following assumptions can be made:
Assumptions:
1. Air Flow will be turbulent.
2. The temperature for the ambient air will be 70oF
3. Air flow will be defined using ACFM.
With these assumptions we can model our system.
BACKGROUND:
As we all have either experienced, or heard about, the phenomenon referred to as
turbulence. Essentially turbulence is a random positioning of the flow of air. Whereas
in a laminar condition, the flow of air is uniform and follows a smooth, organized path.
For air piping, we assume that the air flow will be turbulent due to surface randomness in
the piping fabrication and/or power fluctuation in the air source equipment. A visual
depiction of laminar and turbulent flow is shown below:
Laminar Flow
Figure 1
Turbulent Flow
Figure 2
To see if the flow of air will be turbulent or laminar, we solve for a parameter referred to
as the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number which is
obtained from the following equation:
Re =
V D
(2)
To determine if the flow rate is laminar or turbulent, the Reynolds number should be
calculated. The combination of the Reynolds number, equivalent roughness and pipe
diameter we can determine the friction factor from the Moody chart. (Moody charts can
be found in industrial literature and in college text books.) The friction factor is used in
the equations below.
OTHER EQUATIONS:
Some of the other equations used to determine the pressure drop are in this section. We
can solve for the velocity of the flow by dividing the ACFM by the cross sectional area:
Velocity ( ft / s) =
(3)
(4)
Once the velocity is found, we can then check to see if the flow is turbulent, or laminar,
by utilizing the Reynolds equation (as mentioned previously).
The pressure drop in a piping system can be broken down into two (2) equation forms:
1. Major Pressure Losses (Pipe Losses)
2. Minor Pressure Losses (Losses through fittings, valves, etc.)
The Equation for Major Losses:
p1 p2 = f
l 1
V 2
D2
(5)
p1 p2 = hL
Where hL is found by:
hL = K L
(6)
V2
2g
(7)
And the constant KL is found in tables of either college text, or industrial references.
Combining Equations (6) and (7) we can solve the pressure differential directly:
p1 p 2 = K L
V2
2g
(8)
5
Once the pressure drop has been calculated for the pipe length and all of the
fittings/valves, the total pressure drop can be found by the summation of all components.
In Equation form:
(9)
The reader might be wondering that since air is a gas, shouldnt the flow be characterized
as compressible? The answer to this question is dependent on many conditions.
Depending on the length of the pipe and the complexity of the arrangement of fittings and
valves, the pressure drop may, or may not, be small relative to the initial pressure. If the
pressure drop is small enough, then you can assume the fluid is incompressible.
Otherwise, the flow is Compressible, and complicates the analysis. An example to find
the pressure ratio is as follows:
We have a pipe length of 7-0 and the pressure drop should be no greater than 1.0 psi
per 7-0. The pressure at the beginning is 14.7 psi.
( p1 p2 )
(10)
p1
1 psi
(7 ft )
7 ft
= .068 = 6.8%
14.7 psi
This ratio is small enough to assume an incompressible flow. Sound judgment and
experience should be used when applying this equation. In different industries, different
values are used to make the difference.
EXAMPLE:
Given: A Squire-Cogswell S750TR-T2 system needs to have an exhaust line sized
properly. The customer needs to pipe the system to the outside the building. The
customer knows that there will be 100 ft. of pipe, three 90o elbows, and two 45o elbows.
All Piping will be galvanized ( = 0.0005 ft.). Air temperature is 60oF and atmospheric
pressure is 14.7 psi.
Find: The proper exhaust pipe diameter for this system.
Known: The given flow rate is 163.8 ACFM per pump. The exhaust for the pump is 11/2. (It is always advisable to check with the manufacturer of the pump for a back
pressure allowance. Depending on the manufacturer of the pump, the allowable back
pressure may vary.) The back pressure should not be greater than 1 psi.
Solution:
First we solve for the major lossesFind the velocity of the fluid from the flow rate using equation (3):
ft 3 1min
ft 3
V = 163.8
= 2.73
min 60 sec
sec
V = 2.73
ft 3
1
ft 3
1
ft
= 222.6
2
sec (0.0625 ft ) 3.14
sec
The next variable we look for is the Reynolds Number using equation (2):
Re =
VD
slugs
ft.
0.00238 3 222.6 (0.125 ft.)
s
ft
Re =
= 176,471
7 lb s
3.74 10
ft 2
Once the Reynolds number is found then the flow can be determined as either turbulent
or laminar. In this example, the flow is turbulent. The frictional factor can be found
from knowing the Reynolds number, relative roughness and diameter of the pipe.
From the Moody Chart f = 0.029
Using equation (5) to solve for the major losses:
100 ft. 1
slugs
ft
0.00238
222.6
p1 p 2 = 0.029
3
sec
ft
0.125 ft. 2
p1 p 2 = 1368
p1 p 2 = 1368
lb
ft.2
lb
1 ft 2
ft.2 144in 2
p = 9.49 psi
Second we solve for the minor losses (i.e. through fittings and valves) using equation (8):
p1 p 2 = K L
2
ft
222.6
lb
s
p1 p 2 = 0.0765 3 3 1.5
ft
ft
2 32.2 2
s
p = 359
V2
2g
2
ft
222.6
+ 2 .4
ft
2 32.2 2
lb
ft 2
lb
1 ft 2
p = 359 2
ft 144in 2
p = 2.50 psi
pTotal = pFittings + pPipe
As we can see from this solution, the pressure drop is much higher than what should be
observed in the pumps. Therefore, other iterations of the example are shown in Table 1:
Iteration
Pipe
Size
(in.)
Major Losses
Pressure
Drop in Pipe
(psi)
Minor Losses
Pressure Drop
in Fittings (psi)
Total
Pressure
Drop (psi)
1 1/2
9.49
2.20
11.99
0.24
0.14
0.38
2 1/2
0.64
0.28
0.92
Table 1
EXPERIMENT:
The above theory was tested in our lab to see if the data correlated with the solutions.
The experiment was set up as seen in the following pictures:
Length
Major
Losses
Calculated
(psi)
0.04
12
0.09
24
0.17
36
0.26
48
0.35
P
Calculated
(psi)
P
Measured
(psi)
0.18
0.19
0.23
0.23
0.32
0.30
0.41
0.37
0.49
0.42
Table 2
10
0.7
0.6
Calculated
0.5
Measured
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
6
12
24
36
48
Figure 3
As we can see from the data above, the calculated and measured data points correlate
with each other. The average difference is 0.03 psi between the calculated and measured
data points. The non-linear behavior of the measured values is attributed to the random
behavior of air. From Figure 3, one can see that the pressure data separates from the 12
point. The separation of data points can be attributed to leaks or irregularities in the pipe
(i.e. burrs, surface irregularities from galvanizing etc.) The leaks in the piping system
will decrease the flow rate, this in turn decreases the pressure. It is also interesting to
note that as the pipe length increases, so does the pressure. This is both demonstrated in
the measured and calculated values.
11
CONCLUSION:
12
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b.
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