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I. I NTRODUCTION
Many investigations on antenna design for handheld devices
deal with the interaction between the antenna element and the
chassis on which it is mounted. They have revealed that the
radiation properties, especially the bandwidth, largely depends
on the coupling between both entities [1]. The inuence of
the chassis length on the bandwidth of bar-type phones at
900 MHz has been investigated in [2]. A further step was
made in [3], [4] which for the rst time addressed the analysis
of the chassis itself in terms of its characteristic modes [5].
Characteristic mode theory for analysis of mobile phones
chassis radiation properties has recently been subject of several
publications. In [6] numerical characteristic mode analysis performed on the chassis of bar- and folder-type mobile handsets
has not only revealed different resonant modes but has also
allowed an evaluation of their modal radiation quality factors.
In [7] this concept is applied to investigate the radiation
properties of the slotted chassis of a folder-type phone for
the design of its coupler and in [8] to determine the optimal
antenna placement on the chassis of a bar-type mobile phone.
The theory of characteristic modes for conducting bodies
[5] is in fact a powerful analytical concept for the design of
small antennas, similar to what modal analysis means for the
987
(1)
and X
represent the real and imaginary
on S. The operators R
respectively. Z
is symmetric from the reciprocity
parts of Z,
and X
are real and
theorem [10] but not Hermitian, whereas R
symmetric. The problem formulation chosen in [5] therefore
leads via the generalized eigenvalue problem
s,n
s,n = n RJ
XJ
(2)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(6)
)
2Pn
n
n
ex
where Etan
is the tangential component of E ex on the
conducting body, n and Pn are respectively the eigenvalue
and radiated power associated to the nth mode Js,n .
For an effective excitation of the nth mode, (7) suggests
a maximization of the nth modal expansion coefcient which
logically implies the maximization of the excitation coefcient
ex
and the minimization of the denominator 1+j n .
Js,n , Etan
The minimization of the denominator leads to n () = 0. i.e.
the most effective chassis excitation is achieved with resonant
modes or modes next to the resonance. However, bringing a
chassis mode to resonance at a given operating frequency may
require a modication of the chassis geometry.
The reaction term in the nominator of (7) describes the
coupling between an exciting eld and the nth characteristic
mode. The goal is to maximize this term by optimum placement and design of the antenna element (coupler) under the
usual restriction of limited antenna volume. Obviously from
the nominator of (7), for an effective excitation of the nth
mode by means of an impressed electric eld over a small
region on the chassis, the exciting eld must be located about
the maximum of the modal surface current density and be
aligned with it.
with magnitude less than 10. The graphs are constructed based
on the correlation between eigenvectors at adjacent frequency
samples. Four resonances (n () 0), can be observed at frequencies 1.33 GHz, 3.02 GHz, 4.45 GHz and 4.78 GHz. Only
the three rst corresponding modes are shown and refered
to as (a), (b) and (c) in the sequel. Fig. 2 shows the modes
surface current densities representing the modes (a), (b) and
(c). (a) and (b) represent respectively the /2 and the with
respect to the major axis whereas (c) represents a resonance
around the transverse axis. In the following, we investigate
the optimum placement of the coupler for modes (a) and (b).
Investigation of the optimal placement of a capacitive coupler
directly on top of the chassis is the key to the volume problem
for antenna development in handheld devices. Fig. 3 shows the
electric eld strength generated by the rst (a) and second (b)
resonant characteristic mode in Fig. 2 respectively, evaluated in
a plane surface having the dimensions of the chassis extended
by 10 mm at each side, parallel and 5 mm above the board.
It clearly presents the potential optimal locations depicted in
red for a capacitive coupler, corresponding to the maxima of
the resonant characteristic elds. The eld at that position is
988
(a)
max.
(a)
min.
(b)
(b)
Fig. 3. Electric eld magnitude of the rst and second characteristic
mode resonance (a) at 1.33 GHz and (b) at 3.02 GHz respectively,
evaluated on a plane 5 mm above the board.
(c)
Fig. 2. Surface current densities for characteristic mode resonances
(a) at 1.33 GHz, (b) at 3.02 GHz and (c) at 4.45 GHz for a 100
40 mm plate
989
Fig. 6. Electric eld strength of the rst characteristic mode resonance at 1.05 GHz evaluated in a cross section along the symmetry
axis for an open folder-type phone.
(a)
Fig. 7.
First resonant (1.05 GHz) characteristic eld strength
evaluated on segments next to the outer short edges of the foldertype open phone.
[2]
[3]
(b)
[4]
Fig. 5. Surface current density for characteristic mode resonances
(a) at 1.05 GHz and (b) at 2.25 GHz of an open folder-type phone.
[5]
[6]
[7]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[8]
[9]
R EFERENCES
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[10]
990
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