GLOBAL WARMING

1. Definition of Global Warming

Global warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the
atmosphere, ocean, and land surface. Global average temperature at the Earth's surface has
increased by 0.74 0:18 C over the last century. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) concluded that, "most of the increase in global average temperatures since
the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases
resulting from human activity" via the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been
endorsed by at least 30 scientific societies and academies, including the national science
academies of all G8 countries. However, there are still some scientists who do not agree with
some of the conclusions that the IPCC stated. Climate models referenced by the IPCC
project shows global surface temperature will increase by 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F)
between 1990 and 2100. Guesstimate the difference is due to the use of different scenarios
on emissions of greenhouse gases in the future, as well as models with differing climate
sensitivity. While most research focuses on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise
is expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas emission
levels have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the oceans.
Increasing global temperature will cause other changes such as rising sea levels,
increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena and changes in the amount and pattern of
precipitation. The effects of global warming include its impact on agricultural output, loss of
glaciers, and the extinction of various animal species. Some of the things that scientists are
still doubtful about the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and the
changes that occur will vary from one region to another.Until now there is still political and
public debate in the world about what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse
further warming or to adapt to the consequences that exist. Most of the governments in the
world have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at reducing emissions of
greenhouse gases.
2. Major Causes of Global Warming
1. The greenhouse effect
All energy sources that exist on Earth comes from the Sun. Most of the energy is in
the form of short-wave radiation, including visible light. When the energy of the Earth's
surface, he turned from the light into heat that warms the Earth. The surface of the Earth,

will absorb some of the heat and reflect the rest. Some of this heat as long-wave infrared
radiation into space. However, some of the heat remains trapped in the Earth's atmosphere
due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
methane into the trap this radiation.These gases absorb and reflect radiation emitted heat the
Earth, and consequently will be stored on the surface of the Earth. This happens repeatedly
and resulted in an annual average temperature of the earth continues to rise. Gases may act
as glass in a greenhouse. With the increasing concentration of these gases in the atmosphere,
the more heat is trapped underneath.
Actually, the greenhouse effect is very much needed by all living things on earth,
because without it, the planet would be very cool. With an average temperature of 15 C (59
F), the earth actually has more hot 33 C (59 F) with the greenhouse effect [3] (without
which the earth's temperature is only -18 C so that the ice will cover the entire
surface Earth). But on the contrary, due to the amount of these gases in the atmosphere has
been excessive, a consequence of global warming.
2. Feedback effects
The effects of global warming-causing agents are also influenced by a variety of
feedback processes that result. An example is the evaporation of water. In the case of
warming due to increasing greenhouse gases such as CO2, warming will initially lead to
more water to evaporate into the atmosphere. Because water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas,
warming will continue and increase the amount of water vapor in the air until it reaches
equilibrium with the water vapor concentration.
3. Impact of Global Warming
Scientists use computer models of temperature, precipitation patterns, and
atmospheric circulation to study global warming. Based on these models, scientists have
made some estimates of the impact of global warming on weather, sea levels, coastal,
agricultural, wildlife and human health.
1. Weather
Scientists predict that during global warming, the northern regions of the Northern
Hemisphere (Northern Hemisphere) will heat up more than other areas on Earth. As a result,
mountains of ice will melt and the land will shrink. Will be less ice floating on the northern
oceans. Areas that previously experienced mild snow, probably will not get it again. In

mountainous areas in temperate, snow-covered part will shrink and will melt faster. Growing
seasons will be longer in some areas. Temperatures in winter and at night would tend to
increase.
Warm regions will become more humid as more water evaporates from the
oceans.Scientists are not yet sure whether the moisture will actually increase or decrease the
warming even further. This is because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, so its presence will
increase the insulation effect of the atmosphere. Storms will become more frequent. In
addition, the water will evaporate more quickly than soil. As a result, some areas will
become drier than ever. The wind will blow harder and probably with different
patterns. Typhoon (hurricane) which draws its strength from the evaporation of water, will
be greater. Contrary to the warming that has occurred, some very cold periods may
occur. Weather patterns become less predictable and more extreme.
2. Sea levels
Changes in the average height of the sea surface area measured with geologically
stable environment. When the atmosphere warms, the surface layer of the oceans will warm,
so the volume will expand and raise sea levels. Warming will also melt a lot of ice at the
poles, especially around Greenland, which will raise the volume of water in the ocean. Sea
levels worldwide have risen 10-25 cm (4-10 inches) during the 20th century, and IPCC
scientists predict a further rise of 9-88 cm (4-35 inches) in the 21st century.
Changes in sea levels will greatly affect life in the area. The increase in 100 cm (40 inches)
would submerge 6 percent of the Dutch area, 17.5 percent of the Bangladesh, and many of
the islands. Erosion of cliffs, beaches and sand dunes will increase. When the high seas to
reach the mouth of the river, tidal flooding will increase in the mainland. Rich countries will
spend huge amounts of money to protect the coastal area, while poor countries may only be
able to evacuate from coastal areas. Even a small rise in sea level will affect coastal
ecosystems. Increase of 50 cm (20 inches) would submerge half of the coastal wetlands in
the United States. New marshes will also be formed, but not in urban areas and areas that are
already built.The sea level rise will cover most of the Florida Everglades.
3. Agriculture
One might assume that a warmer Earth will produce more food than ever, but it is
actually not the same in some places. Southern parts of Canada, for example, may benefit
from the higher rainfall and growing season length. On the other hand, semi-arid tropical

agriculture in some parts of Africa may not be able to grow. Agricultural areas that use
irrigation water from distant mountains may suffer if the snowpack (snow collection) winter,
which serves as a natural reservoir, would melt before the peak months of the growing
season. Crop and forest insect attack and may experience a more severe disease.
4. Animals and plants
Animals and plants are living things that are difficult to avoid the effects of global
warming because most of the land is controlled by humans. In global warming, animals tend
to migrate toward the poles and up mountains. Plants will change the direction of growth,
looking for new areas as old habitats become too warm. However, human development will
deter this movement. Species that migrate north or south that are blocked by the cities or
agricultural lands may be dead. Some types of species that are not able to quickly move
toward the poles may also be destroyed.
5. Human health
In warmer world, scientists predict that more and more people are affected by the
disease or die from heat stress. Outbreaks of diseases commonly found in the tropics, such
as diseases caused by mosquitoes and other disease-carrying animals, will widen because
they can move into areas that were previously too cold for them. Currently, 45 percent of the
world's population live in areas where they can be bitten by a mosquito carrying the malaria
parasite; percentage will increase to 60 percent if the temperature increases. Other tropical
diseases such as malaria can also be spread, such as dengue fever, yellow fever, and
encephalitis. The scientists also predict increased incidence of allergies and respiratory
diseases due to warmer air will increase pollutants, mold spores and pollen.
4. Control of Global Warming
Total consumption of fossil fuels in the world increased by 1 percent per year. The
steps taken or being discussed at this time no one can prevent global warming in the
future. The current challenge is to overcome the effects that arise while taking steps to
prevent further climate change in the future.
Damage can be mitigated in various ways. Coastal areas can be protected by walls
and barriers to prevent the entry of sea water. Alternatively, the government can help the
population in Severe coastal areas to move to higher ground. Some countries, like the United
States, to protect plants and animals while maintaining the corridor (lane) habitat, empty

land that has not been built from south to north. Species can move slowly along the corridor
leading to cooler habitats.
There are two main approaches to slow the increasing greenhouse gases. First, it
prevents the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by storing the gas or its carbon
component somewhere else. This method is called carbon sequestration (removing
carbon). Second, reduce the production of greenhouse gases.
1. Remove carbon
The easiest way to remove carbon dioxide in the air is to maintain trees and plant
more trees.Trees, especially young and growing fast, so much to absorb carbon dioxide,
break through photosynthesis and store the carbon in wood. Across the world, the rate of
forest encroachment has reached an alarming level. In many areas, plants that grow back a
little once because the soil loses its fertility when it is converted to other uses, such as
agriculture or residential development. Steps to overcome this is to reforestation increasing
role in reducing greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide can also be removed directly. How to inject (injecting) the gas into
oil wells to bring oil to the surface (see Enhanced Oil Recovery). Injection can also be done
to isolate the gas under the ground as in oil wells, coal seams or aquifers. This has been done
in one of a drilling rig off the coast of Norway, where the carbon dioxide is brought to the
surface with natural gas captured and injected back into the aquifer so it can not return to the
surface.
One source contributor of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels. In the 20th
century, gas started to be used as an energy source. Change of trend in the use of fossil fuels
is actually indirectly have reduced the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air, as gas
releases less carbon dioxide than oil and much less than coal. However, the use of renewable
energy and nuclear energy further reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the air. Nuclear
energy, although controversial for reasons of safety and hazardous waste, does not emit any
carbon dioxide at all.

Conclusion
Actually that global warming has occurred since 1861, but has not been severe as it
is now. It showed her no temperature increase from year to year, so there's most likely global
warming will get worse in the future
Global warming is very damaging to the universe , such as rising sea levels ,
increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena , changes in the amount and pattern of
precipitation, prominence of agriculture , the loss of glaciers , extinction of various animal
species and the emergence of various diseases .
Global warming can only be controlled by addressing the effects while doing
preventive measures , including : the removal of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by
planting and protecting trees more and reduce the production of greenhouse gases.
Advice
As we know, until now no one can prevent global warming, but we as the younger
generation should strive to reduce the course of global warming. With the very small things,
such as always using paper on both sides, turn off the faucet while brushing teeth, using the
return envelope ex, use rechargeable batteries, etc.