STUDY OF LOGIC GATES

Salman Suhail
M.Sc Physics
Roll No-14510042
salman.suhail@iitgn.ac.in
February 1, 2016

Contents
1 ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 THEORY
3.1 NOT GATE
3.2 AND GATE
3.3 OR GATE .
3.4 NOR GATE

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4 DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 NOT GATE . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 AND GATE . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 OR GATE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4 NAND GATE . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 AND GATE from NOR GATE .
4.6 NAND GATE from NOR GATE
4.7 OR GATE from NAND GATE .
4.8 NOR GATE from NAND GATE

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5 Precaution and Source of Error

6 conclusion

7 REFERENCE

ABSTRACT

In this Experiment Our aim is to study the basic logic gates(NOT,AND,NAND,OR and
NOR) and we will compare the outputs of given circuits with the help of truth tables.

INTRODUCTION

Digital Circuits are also called logic circuits as certain combination of inputs in them determine the output as through the circuits were making some kind of logical decision.AGateis
a logic circuit that has two or more inputs (One input in NOT)but only one output.A signal
appears at the output only for certain combinations of the input signals.Thus ,the circuit
behaves like a gate which either allows a signal to pass through it or blocks it.

3
3.1

THEORY
NOT GATE

It is a circuit with one input and one output.The output of a not gate is high if the input is
low and vice-versa.Thus a not gate is simply an inverter.

In above figure A represent input signal and Q represent output signal.

Truth Table of a NOT Gate isQ
1
0

A
0
1

3.2

AND GATE

The output signal of an AND gate is high if and only if all the inputs are high simultaneously.

In figure A and B represent input signal and Q represents output signal

The truth table of AND Gate is :
A
0
0
1
1

3.3

B Q
0 0
1 0
0 0
1 1

OR GATE

The output of an OR gate is high if atleast one of the inputs is high.

The truth table of OR GATE is :

A
0
0
1
1

B Q
0 0
1 1
0 1
1 1

3.4

NOR GATE

The Output of a NOR gate is high if and only if all the inputs are low.The NOR gate is a
NOT following an OR gate.In other words it is an OR gate with its output inverted.

The truth table of NOR GATE is :

A
0
0
1
1

B Q
0 1
1 0
0 0
1 0

In this practical the microelectronic chips that i will use for AND, OR, NAND, NOR and
NOT GATES are shown in figure.

7404 one input

NOT GATE

4
4.1

DATA ANALYSIS
NOT GATE

Source high voltage = 4.50 V(ON)

Source low voltage = 0 V(OFF)
INPUT
A
0
1

4.2

OUTPUT
Q Vout in V
1 4.33 (ON)
0 1.40 (OFF)

AND GATE

Source high voltage = + 4.50 V(ON)

Source low voltage = 0 V(OFF)
INPUT
A B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

OUTPUT
Q Vout in V
0 0.11 (OFF)
0 0.11 (OFF)
0 0.11 (OFF)
1 4.37 (ON)

4.3

OR GATE

Source high voltage = + 4.50 V(ON)

Source as low voltage = 0 V(OFF)
INPUT
A B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

4.4

OUTPUT
Q Vout in V
0 0.00 (OFF)
1 4.50 (OFF)
1 4.49 (OFF)
1 4.49 (ON)

NAND GATE

Source high voltage = + 4.50 V(ON)

Source low voltage = 0 V(OFF)
INPUT
A B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

4.5

OUTPUT
Q Vout in V
1 4.39 (OFF)
0 4.39 (OFF)
0 4.40 (OFF)
0
0.19(ON)

AND GATE from NOR GATE

In this figure we have to make AND gate with the help of N gates in some perticular fashion
following the rules of Truth Table.

4.6

NAND GATE from NOR GATE

In this figure we have to make NAND gate with the help of NOR gates in some perticular
fashion following the rules of Truth Table.

4.7

OR GATE from NAND GATE

In this figure we have to make OR gate with the help of NAND gates in some perticular
fashion following the rules of Truth Table.

4.8

NOR GATE from NAND GATE

In this figure we have to make NOR gate with the help of NAND gates in some perticular
fashion following the rules of Truth Table.

Precaution and Source of Error

:
1.the burnt section of brea-dboard should not be used.
2.The IC should be fixed gently,but firmly on the bread-board.
3.The LED should be connected with the correct polarity.
4.All the gates of using IC should be checked first.

conclusion

In this experiment we saw that how logic gates work on the basis of Boolean Algebra.And
we made different gates with the help of another gates following a perticular rule of boolean
algebra and truth table.

REFERENCE

1. Practical Physics by Geeta Sanon.

2. A textbook on ELECTRONICS by V K Mehta
3. IIT GN Physics lab Manual