Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
(1)
X
,
S
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
UNBIASEDNESS
The unbiasedness condition has consequences on
the measurand estimate itself. In fact, the
requirement of zero-mean errors has to be reinterpreted in subjective terms. The estimate is the
best estimate not in absolute terms, but simply
within the knowledge of the experimenter.
Accordingly, since the knowledge of the experimenter
is usually based not only on objective data, coming
from the observation of the physical world, but also
(6)
(7)
OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY, ONE MEASURAND
where
V (x ) = E x x .
(8)
c u (x )
2
i
(9)
i =1
y
ci =
.
xi
(10)
y 2 = f2 (x1, x2 ,...xn )
.......
y m = fm (x1, x2 ,...xn )
(11)
)(
cov(xi , x j ) = E xi xi x j x j
)]
(12)
i, j
cov(x i , x j )
u (x i )u (x j )
y k y h
cov(xi , x j ) .
j =1
i x j
n
x
i =1
(15)
y k y k
cov(xi , x j ) .
j =1
i x j
n
x
i =1
(16)
y k y h 2
u (x i ) ,
i x i
x
i =1
(17)
(13)
THE CORRELATION DUE TO TRACEABILITY
[(
(14)
y 2 = R x2
(18)
cov(y 1, y 2 ) = uR2
(19)
(20)
which yields
u (y1 + y 2 ) = 2uC2 + 4u R2 .
Neglecting
covariances
underestimate
would
u (y1 + y 2 ) = 2 u C2 + uR2 .
(21)
yield
the
(22)
(23)
eff = u 4 (y )
u (xi )
n
x i
i =1
i
(24)
International
Laboratory
Accreditation
Cooperation (ILAC). Within JCGM two Working
Groups have been established. Working Group 1,
Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, has
the task to promote the use of the GUM and to
prepare supplemental guides for its broad
application. The WG has collected a bibliography
on the topic of uncertainty [11]. At the moment,
two documents are under preparation. One will
deal with the multivariate case. The second will
concern the use of numerical techniques, such as
Monte Carlo, in the evaluation of uncertainty in
those cases in which an analytical treatment such
as that presented in the GUM would be
impossible or too complicated, or would give
unacceptably approximated results.
References
[1] ISO, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty
in Measurement, Switzerland, First ed. (1993).
[2] S. James Press, Bayesian Statistics:
Principles, Models, and Applications (Wiley, New
York, 1989).
[3] W. Bich, Estimation and uncertainty in
metrology, to be printed in: Recent Advances in
Metrology and Fundamental Constants,
Proceedings of the International school of
Physics Enrico Fermi, Course CXLVI, edited by
T. J. Quinn, S. Leschiutta and P. Tavella (IOS
Press, Amsterdam) 2001
[4] W. Bich, Metrologia 27, 111 (1990).
[5] W. Bich, Metrologia 33, 181 (1996).
[6] B. L. Welch, Biometrika 34, 28 (1947).
[7] F. E. Satterthwaite, Biometrics Bull. 2(6), 110
(1946).
[8] B. F. J. Manly: Randomization and Montecarlo
Methods in Biology (Chapman and Hall, London,
1991).
[9] E. W. Noreen: Computer Intensive Methods
for Testing Hypotheses (Wiley, New York, 1989).
[10] M. G. Cox et al., Use of Monte Carlo
Simulation for Uncertainty Evaluation in
Metrology, in Advanced Mathematical and
Computational Tools in Metrology, Edited by P.
Ciarlini, M. G. Cox, E. Filipe, F. Pavese, & D.
Richter (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001), pp.93
105.
[11]
JCGM-WG1:
http://www.bipm.org/CC/documents/JCGM/bibliograp
hy_on_uncertainty.html