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Research Proposal
RACIAL PROFILING
Table of Content
INTRODUCTION
1.0
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3.0 INTRODUCTION.
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3.9 SUMMARY
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REFERENCES
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1.0
Introduction
Racial profiling is the act of suspecting or focusing on an individual with a specific race taking into
account a stereotype about their race. Racial Profiling can occur in public areas, workplace and
educational, setting to a few.
Racial discrimination in education occurs when institutions accept only a certain ethic or that the
minority students enrolled need to meet a certain standard, which results in a type of racial profiling
that places minority students at a disadvantage throughout their school year (Logsdon, 2011).
Students receive different benefits on basis of their race such as Bumiputera got more benefits in
stheir study process than Non-Bumiputeras (Ramasamy, 2004).
More bumiputera students are awarded government grants for abroad studies compared and the nonbumiputera understudies (Joseph 2006, Lee 2012).
Racial or ethnic discrimination in the working environment can raise itself in different ways, some
of which can be clear or self-evident. Be that as it may, racial separation can regularly be
unpretentious and harder to recognize, for example, a business' inability to contract or advance a
person by virtue of their race. Whichever structure it takes, nonetheless, racial segregation in the
working environment is entirely disallowed by various government and state laws.
Racial profiling in law enforcement is not just wrong, but rather likewise inadequate. Race-based
presumptions in law enforcement propagate negative racial generalizations that are destructive to
our rich and diverse democracy, and substantially weaken our endeavors to keep up an honest and
just society.
There are two economic models of discrimination explains as to why an employer might treat
employees differently because of their race. One model, named the Taste of Discrimination, which
states than an employer might dislike members of a minority group and does not want to associate
with them. In other words, the taste is of antipathy towards a racial minority group on the basis of
some relevant economic factor, the employer might implement reduced wages on said employee
compared to his/her colleagues.
The other model deemed the Statistical Discrimination, which can occur even if there isnt any
discrimination taste for said employee. A rational employer will still discriminate, even if there is no
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relevant factor of discrimination is present. Two employees could be of equal qualifications except
for race would be reason enough for an employer to offer different wages even if it isnt rational to
do so.
Statistical discrimination is a theory of imbalance between demographic gatherings in view of
generalizations that do not emerge from prejudice or racial and gender bias.
This phenomenal has become a major endemic in the both the working world and the education.
This papers seeks to understand the major reasons fueling this trend and what criterion Bumiputera
nad Non-Bumiputeras are following in this study, since they were chosen by quota sampling.
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education sector in Malaysia. And throughout the years from 1970 2009, there has been drastic
increases in the percentage intake of Bumiputeras and also a drastic decrease of non-Bumiputeras.
On the discourse of awarding scholarships, Bumiputeras have been preferred in greater amounts
than compared to its racial minority, the non-Bumiputeras. Studies also indicate that over the years,
significant percentages of Bumiputeras get accepted annually, compared to non-Bumiputeras and
that ethnic attitudes represented a very polarized community among public universities (Rabushka,
1971). Studies show that Chinese and Indians communities are receiving less funding than Malay
school and the Prime Minister decided to change the structure of Chinese and Tamil primary schools
which are not using Bahasa Melayu as a primary Language into National primary schools, whereas
the NEP favored greatly for Malays in terms of the education and business sectors (Crouch, 1996).
Not much study been conducted to what should be done to stop an issue from still occurring in this
time in private universities.
During the years, Malaysia has registered Bumiputeras exclusive institutes such as MARA (Majlis
Amanah Rakyat) which offer tertiary education and exclusive scholarships to only Bumiputeras not
just in Malaysia but overseas scholarships thus stating application of racial quotas and the
Affirmative Action Policy within public institutes (Lee, 2010). Lee (2012) also states that a number
of non-bumiputeras study overseas predominantly funded by families. Introduction of private
institutes in Malaysia then opened opportunities to non-Bumiputeras from the mid-1990s which help
the increased the demand for tertiary educations. Due to the affirmative action which lead to
fragmentation in which majority of Bumiputeras enrolled into domestic public universities whilst
non-bumiputeras got distributed among domestic public and private universities and overseas.
Studies conducted in the past have shown that percentage of admissions within universities of
bumiputeras and non-bumiputeras have drastically changed to 63% Bumiputeras, 29.7% Chinese,
and 6.5% Indians (Khoo, 2005) and have probably increased since then.
Such as the case with scholarships, students receive different benefits on basis of their race such as
Bumiputera are generally more accepted into public universities by a significant percentage
compared to that of other local racial minorities, also universities within Malaysia have been noted
to be practicing discrimination in awarding scholarships (Ramasamy, 2004: 151). Race and ethnicity
play major influential factors in the pursuit of a childs education but studies showcased that some
national news journalists conclude that local universities have done poorly in integrating ethnic
diversity (Kamaruzaman, 2006; Sidek, 2007). Dilip Lahiri (2008), points out that the indian minority
also faces discrimination in other sectors other than just education such as business, allotment of
land, etc. but even after Malaysias independence, all the other ethnic localities gained equal rights
and opportunities but what is practiced and what is experienced is still different to what it
perceived/written.
Looking back at the history of Malaysia, the institutionalized policies of the New Economic Policy
and the Affirmative Action Policy laid the groundwork of favoring the majority group (Malays) out
of the three ethnic groups (Singh, 2013). Article 153 of the constitution supports the affirmative
action policy safeguarding the preferred treatment to Bumiputeras and also the indigenous groups
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(Orang Asli, Sabahans, & Sarawakians) but on specific conditions so initially, there are meant to be
a means of bringing balance to the country within the different sectors but it is being abused and
used against its local minority counterparts (Lee, 2012; Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, 1976; Ratnam,
1965). Not much studies conducted talk about if private institutions abuse the Affirmative Action
Policy to gain an advantage over local minority groups.
Current findings related to limitations foretell that students will not speak much about their own
personal experiences which could have a number of reasons behind it such as withholding
information about their personal experiences, respondents could just say that their
interaction/relationship with ethnic groups are good even though their social interaction is only at an
acquaintance level (Jasmine, 2014). Respondents may also be sensitive discussing such a topic and
may not want to paint themselves in a negative light lest it may clash (Jasmine, 2014).
Due to the lack of understanding of other ethnic groups, it could be concluded that not much study
conducted if the functions of prejudice and stereotyping act as a factor of effect within the education
sector amongst the three major ethnic groups. Self-analysing of ones own ethnic can also lead to
degradation of ethnic images, in other words, it could be said that giving into ones own ethnic
stereotypical norms can change perspectives of their own culture (Healy, 2009; Ibrahim et. Al,
2013). Stereotypical attitudes can decrease social interactions of other ethnic groups from ones
perspective. Studies showcase for such cases that although not explicitly experienced, individualistic
views can still keep the trend of prejudice (Hadi, 2003).
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how to proced in researching this topics advancement and how to solve it. The research conducted
will pave way for said future researchers to further contribute to the topic, with enough time given
for research, this issue will be brought to light and help change policies not just in institutes but to
an overall degree to better accommodate the local minorities.
The following research not only provides insight on the issue but a much greater gain of cultural
knowledge and understanding, and the ability to get along with those of different ethnic
backgrounds and races. This will increase interracial policies among institutions, businesses, and
ultimately, the government of Malaysia. This study further looks into what degree of racial profiling
is experienced by students and to what degree it is reported/observed. Such topics of discussion will
help in bringing peaceful behaviour among individuals within societies.
Besides racial profiling, social integration amongst different localities and internationals be observed
and could benefit those around them to start the practice as well, this can also result in motivation to
address issues where needed. It can further open culture diversification among localities plus it can
also remove stereotyping of races, moreover it will also benefit the current and upcoming generation
to help avoid repeating history and bring culture diversification to the country.
Over the general viewpoint of beliefs given, this study not only highlights the issue presented and its
many factors which give it strength but it also bring forth opportunities of the many solutions in
dealing with it.
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Quota sampling makes it impossible to detect a potential sampling error, since the sample is not
chosen via random selection. Even if a proportion of the population is estimated correctly, the
sample selection may be biased, and since statistical inferences cannot be made from the sample to
the population, it leads to generalization problems. It is also difficult to have an accurate quota frame
due to the unavailability of current information on certain topics
In this research the population will be divided into two groups Bumiputera and non-Bumiputera and
three sub-groups.
There can be difficulty in ensuring pure bracketing - this can lead to interference in the interpretation
of the data.
The presentation of results - the highly qualitative nature of the results can make them difficult to
present in a manner that is usable by practitioners.Because the samples are generally very small, can
we ever say that the experiences are typical?
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Majority of the women promoted were promoted in accordance to which they knew. A number of
barriers were highlighted personality, preference for family, lack of confidence, lack of leadership
charisma, insufficient experience, society expectation, lack of informal network, geographical
relocation, limited access to professional training, quota, low self esteem, competitive examination,
lack of power, perceived lack of compatibility, no mentoring system and difficulty in finding
husband (Abdul Ghani Azmi, I.1 , Syed Ismail, S. H. and Basir, S. A.,2011).(names appear like this
DENIS ZEMTSOV, ESTELLA MALEK, NABEEL SIDDIKI
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in the journal)
Racial and ethnic stratification alludes frameworks of disparity in which some altered gatherings
enrollment, for example, race, religion, or national cause is a noteworthy standard for positioning
social positions and their differential prizes. Race is socially characterized on the premise of an
assumed basic hereditary legacy bringing about recognizing physical attributes. Ethnicity alludes to
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the state of being socially as opposed to physically unmistakable. Ethnic people groups are bound
together by temperance of normal family line and a typical social foundation.
In connection to comprehend social stratification in view of or around the idea of ethnicity, there are
two primary territories that we have to talk about:
Firstly, those structures where natural attributes, (for example, skin shading) are a deciding normal
for an individual's position in a stratification framework.
In such social orders, both prejudice and racialism are drilled legitimately (that is, it is viewed as
typical for a general public all in all to oppress specific ethnic gatherings).
Standardized Racialism
Analysts can start this investigation by taking a gander at the first of the classes noted above, for the
most part since social orders that have drilled regulated racialism have a tendency to be simpler to
depict and evaluate. Researcehrs picked this hypothesis to show how race or ethnicity work together
with assessment by individuals in training region. Hypothesis is demonstrating race imbalance in the
public arena, because of that specialists approach it this study.
3.0 Introduction.
Racial profiling by law enforcement is commonly defined as a practice that targets people for
suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Creating a profile about
the kinds of people who commit certain types of crimes may lead officers to generalize about a
particular group and act according to the generalization rather than specific behavior.
Racial profiling can cause multiple problems. Several law enforcement agencies have gone through
expensive litigation over civil rights concerns. Police-citizen relations in those communities have
been strained, making policing all the more challenging. Most importantly, racial profiling is
unlikely to be an effective policing strategy as criminals can simply shift their activities outside the
profile (e.g., if racial profiling begins with police stopping black males in their teens and twenties
for being drug carriers, criminals may start using other demographic groups such as Hispanics,
children or the elderly to move drugs).
Despite training to avoid discrimination, officers may still rely on cultural stereotypes and act on
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their perceptions of a person's characteristics (such as age, race or gender). (National Institute of
Justice, 2013).
Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this
continuum are quantitative methods and at the other end of the continuum are Qualitative methods
for data collection.(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)
The Quantitative data collection methods, rely on random sampling and structured data collection
instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce
results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize.
Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to
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estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may
be randomly assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data
on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the
dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a
larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. .(Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001)
Interviews
In Quantitative research(survey research),interviews are more structured than in Qualitative research
(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).
In a structured interview,the researcher asks a standard set of questions and nothing more (Leedy
and Ormrod, 2001).
Face -to -face interviews have a distinct advantage of enabling the researcher to establish rapport
with potential participants and therefor gain their cooperation. These interviews yield highest
response rates in survey research. They also allow the researcher to clarify ambiguous answers and
when appropriate, seek follow-up information. Disadvantages include impractical when large
samples are involved time consuming and expensive (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).
Telephone interviews are less time consuming and less expensive and the researcher has ready
access to anyone on the planet who has a telephone. Disadvantages are that the response rate is not
as high as the face-to- face interview but considerably higher than the mailed questionnaire. The
sample may be biased to the extent that people without phones are part of the population about
whom the researcher wants to draw inferences.
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Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): is a form of personal interviewing, but instead of
completing a questionnaire, the interviewer brings along a laptop or hand-held computer to enter the
information directly into the database. This method saves time involved in processing the data, as
well as saving the interviewer from carrying around hundreds of questionnaires. However, this type
of data collection method can be expensive to set up and requires that interviewers have computer
and typing skills.
Questionnaires
Paper-pencil-questionnaires can be sent to a large number of people and saves the researcher time
and money. People are more truthful while responding to the questionnaires regarding controversial
issues in particular due to the fact that their responses are anonymous. But they also have
drawbacks. Majority of the people who receive questionnaires don't return them and those who do
might not be representative of the originally selected sample.(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)
Web based questionnaires : A new and inevitably growing methodology is the use of Internet based
research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on which you would click on an address that would
take you to a secure web-site to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and less
detailed. Some disadvantages of this method include the exclusion of people who do not have a
computer or are unable to access a computer. Also the validity of such surveys are in question as
people might be in a hurry to complete it and so might not give accurate responses (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001).
Questionnaires often make use of Checklist and rating scales. These devices help simplify and
quantify people's behaviors and attitudes. A checklist is a list of behaviors, characteristics, or other
entities that te researcher is looking for. Either the researcher or survey participant simply checks
whether each item on the list is observed, present or true or vice versa. A rating scale is more useful
when a behavior needs to be evaluated on a continuum. They are also known as Likert scales.
(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001)
Method that will be used in this research is Qualitative data Collection Method. Qualitative
researchers are mainly concerned with meaning (e.g., how individuals make sense of the world, how
they experience events, what meaning they attribute to phenomena). In other words, they are more
preoccupied with the quality of experience, rather than causal relationships. Qualitative data
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collection methods play an important role in impact evaluation by providing information useful to
understand the processes behind observed results and assess changes in peoples perceptions of their
well-being. Furthermore qualitative methods can be used to improve the quality of survey-based
quantitative evaluations by helping generate evaluation hypothesis; strengthening the design of
survey questionnaires and expanding or clarifying quantitative evaluation findings. These methods
are characterized by the following attributes:
they tend to be open-ended and have less structured protocols (i.e., researchers may change the data
collection strategy by adding, refining, or dropping techniques or informants)
they rely more heavily on interactive interviews; respondents may be interviewed several times to
follow up on a particular issue, clarify concepts or check the reliability of data
they use triangulation to increase the credibility of their findings (i.e., researchers rely on multiple
data collection methods to check the authenticity of their results)
generally their findings are not generalizable to any specific population, rather each case study
produces a single piece of evidence that can be used to seek general patterns among different studies
of the same issue
Regardless of the kinds of data involved, data collection in a qualitative study takes a great deal of
time. The researcher needs to record any potentially useful data toughly, accurately, and
systematically, using field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs and other suitable means. The
data collection methods must observe the ethical principles of research.
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A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The people who take part are
referred to as participants. Sampling is the process of selecting participants from the population.
The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn.
General is ability refers to the extent to which we can apply the findings of our research to the target
population we are interested in.
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same
proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or
focused phenomenon.
The main reason why researchers choose quota samples is that it allows the researchers to sample a
subgroup that is of great interest to the study. If a study aims to investigate a trait or a characteristic
of a certain subgroup(racial groups), this type of sampling is the ideal technique.
Quota sampling also allows the researchers to observe relationships between subgroups. In some
studies, traits of a certain subgroup interact with other traits of another subgroup. In such cases, it is
also necessary for the researcher to use this type of sampling technique.
The groups in this searcher are Bumiputeras and Non-Bumiputeras: Chinese, Malays, Indians.
Participants will be chosen by following Variables and Criteria:
Variable
Nationality
Criteria
Only Malaysians will be chosen
Race
Age
Programme of Study
Level of Study
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papered questionnaires.
Interviews would assist in asking the more complex questions of why and how? And also help
in understanding better of results presented. The interviews would consist of questions regarding the
respondents information and experiences. The main goal of interviews will assist in obtaining
respondents views. Interviews are a flexible method of surveying in terms of conducting interviews
and where the time and place it takes as well.
Questionnaires help in asking the what questions and getting factual data. Questionnaires can also
help participants remain anonymous which can help in the sensitive topic of racial profiling
experiences of students. Questionnaires help in gaining information quick in a short period of time
from a large amount of participants. The questionnaires will consist of three parts. Part A would
consist of introductory questions of the participant which will not exceed more than 5 questions
whereas Part B consists of questions regarding the matter at hand. The number of questions will be
ranged from 20 to 25. Part C would be the conclusion to the survey asking of feedback and opinions.
The end result of both these methods will help us better understand the research topic and to proceed
further with the end conclusion of whether or not racial profiling is prevalent in this time and age.
And what factors affects the percentage of racial profiling experiences.
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The analysis of the data will be phenomenology, which is the direct investigation and description of
phenomena as consciously experienced, without theories about their causal explanations or their
objective reality.
It therefore seeks to understand how people construct meaning of their perceived a racial profiling
encounters
This analysis will be using a clean transcription that catches the essential importance behind given
explanations yet does not sort them precisely as spoken. Linguistic blunders are adjusted and sounds
or words that don't add to the essential message are removed (Brittany, 2015). It requires the
examiner to take one piece of data (E.g. one meeting, one enunciation or one subject) and balance it
with each and every other piece of data that are either equivalent or different. In the midst of this
strategy, the researcher begins to look at what makes this bit of data particular and/or like diverse
bits (Glasser, 1965)
Second, since research consistently incorporates a great deal of support and coordination among
different people in different establishments and moral benchmarks advance the qualities that are
vital to shared work for instance, trust, obligation common appreciation and reasonableness.
As previously stated above the structure of the questions should not only show respect for one group
but to all the individuals involved in the study hence getting meaningful data and feedback.
Moral standards in research create open support for study. Individuals will most likely back an
investigation only if they can trust the quality and respectability of the examination.
Finally, a vast bit of the measures of investigation advance a collection of other vital great and social
qualities, for instance, social commitment, human rights, and animal welfare, consistence with the
law, and general wellbeing and security. Moral disappointments in research can alter the outcomes
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of the results. Researchers who fail to adhere to moral standards and principles may jeopardize the
entire study and well being of the participants.
3.9 Summary
In conclusion the above step are what will be executed in the collection and analysis of the data.
Using interviews and questionnaires will do the data collection and analysis will be
phenomenological, which is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously
experienced, without theories about their causal explanations or their objective reality.
The pilot testing will be done to ensure that the method Is viable for the study.
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