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Types:
Atrophy
Skin becomes thin or has a smooth or finely wrinkled surface
secretory function is reduced, and the skin surface dries.
Aging leads to skin atrophy, including subcutaneous lipoatrophy, striae
atrophicae caused by steroids (Chapter 18), kraurosis vulvae and macular
atrophy.
Scaling
Abnormal thickening of the skin surface and formation of scaly white lamellae
Desquamation is the detachment of scales from the skin surface
Fine scaling is called pityriasis; larger scaling is called large lamellar
scaling; thick silver-gray scales are called micaceous scales, visible in
psoriasis and fish-scale-like large scaling, are called ichthyosiform scales
There are two mechanisms of scale formation:
- Retention hyperkeratosis: such as in ichthyosis, horny cell layers are
too cohesive to exfoliate normally; they exfoliate only after accumulating
abnormally.
- In proliferation hyperkeratosis, such as in psoriasis, the epidermis
exfoliates abnormally from over-proliferation. Blisters and pustules may
become scales secondarily.
Crust
Solidified keratin and exudate that forms on an erosion or on ulcerous skin
A crust of clotted blood is called a bloody crust (commonly called a scab)
Callus (tylosis)
localized, proliferated, and thickened epidermal horny cell layers
commonly called a corn
Clavus
the horny cell layer becomes wedged into the skin by prolonged physical
stimulation, such as pressure produced by wearing shoes for long periods of time
Scar, keloid
It is the reactive proliferation of dermal collagen after the skin is injured (Fig.
4.17). Healing usually leaves a flat scar